Geography Folder.kmz

Geography Folder

Continental Divides Folder

Continental Divides - Baltic Peninsula
Continental divides ;

Continental Divide - Julian Alps and Croatian Coastline

Continental Divide - Slovenia and Croatia

Continental Divide - Croatia and Bosnia

Continental Divide - Dineric Alps between Bosnia and Herzegovina

Continental Divide - Montenegro and Dinaric Alps

Continental Divide - Serbia and Bosnia

Continental Divide - Macedonia (from Thessaly, Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria)

Continental Divide - Balkan Mts between North and South Bulgaria

Continental Divide - Northeastern Bulgaria High Point

Continental Divide - Northern Epiros Southern Albania

Continental Divide - Eastern Epiros, Arachthos River Drainage

Continental Divide - Thessaly and West Greece

Continental Divide - Epirus and West Greece

Continental Divide - Northern Peloponnesos

Continental Divide - Arcadia Region, Central Peloponnesos, Greece

Continental Divide - Albania Serbia (Kosovo)

Continental Divide - Albania (Kosovo) Serbia

Continental Divide - Bulgaria Serbia Iskar River Balkan Mountains

Continental Divides - Asia Minor
Continental divides ;

Continental Divide - Greater Lydia or Western Asia Minor

Continental Divide - Lycia

Continental Divide - Caria from Pamphylia

Continental Divide - Caria, Rhodes Bay, Gulf of Cos, Dalyan Cayi River

Continental Divide - Galatia to Cappadocia and Georgia

Continental Divide - Southern Armenia

Continental Divide - Paphlagonia Bithynia

Continental Divide - Galatia Bithynia

Continental Divide - Paphlagonia and Pontus

Continental Divide - Between Cappadocia and Pontine

Continental Divide - Cilicia Lykaonia

Continental Divide - Cilicia, Greater Syria and Arabian Plate
Arabian Plate and Cilicia ;

Continental Divides - British Moorlands
British Moorlands;

Continental Divide - East and West England

Scottish Highlands area (moorland)

Scottish Highlands (moorland)
Scottish Highlands (moorland) ;

Southerland Uplands (moorland)

Southern Uplands (moorland)

Lake District moorland area
Lake District moorland area;

Lake District (moorland)
Lake District (moorland);

Forest of Bowland area

Forest of Bowland (moorland)
Forest of Bowland (moorland);

Rombalds and Ilkley Moor area (moorland)

Rombalds Moor including Ilkley Moor (moorland)

West Pennine Moors area (moorland)

West Pennine Moors (moorland)
West Pennine Moors (moorland) ;

North Yorkshire Moors area

North Yorkshire Moors (moorland)
North Yorkshire Moors; Moorland: uncultivated hill lands or wetlands; St Edwin, King and Martyr, Commemorated October 12 ;

Dark Peak moorland area
Dark Peak (moorland);

Bleaklow moor (of Dark Peak)
Bleaklow moor;

Dark Peak (moorland)
Dark Peak (moorland);

White Peak (moorland)
White Peak;

Saddleworth Moor (moorland)
Saddleworth Moor (moorland) ;

Staffordshire Moorlands area

Staffordshire Moorlands

Mynydd Hiraethog area (moorland)

Mynydd Hiraethog (moorland)
Mynydd Hiraethog (moorland) ;

Migneint area (moorland)
Migneint (moorland) ;

Migneint (moorland)
Migneint (moorland) ;

Desert of Wales area (moorland)

Desert of Wales (moorland, Cambrian Mountains)
Desert of Wales area (moorland)

Shropshire Hills (moorland)
Shropshire Hills (moorland) ;

Shropshire Hills (moorland)

Somerset Levels and Moors area
Somerset Levels and Moors ;

Somerset Levels (wetlands)
Somerset Levels (moors) ;

Mendip Hills
Mendip Hills;

Blackdown Hills
Blackdown Hills;

Exmoor area (moorland)
Exmoor (Moorland) ;

Exmoor (moorland)
Exmoor (Moorland) ;

Dartmoor area (moorland)
Dartmoor (moorland) ;

Dartmoor (moorland)
Dartmoor (moorland) ;

Bodmin Moor
Bodmin Moor;

Bodmin Moor area
Bodmin Moor area ;

Continental Divides - Sussex Divide

Continental Divide - between Essex and Canterbury

Continental Divide - between Wesse and Essex

Continental Divides - Broads, Herford Divide

Continental Divides - Broads, Rivers Cam and Ouse Divide

Continental Divide - between Essex and The Broads

Continental Divide - European Divides
Continental divides ;

Continental Divide - Spain and France (Mediterranean and Atlantic)

Continental Divides - Rousilon County, Aude River, France and Spain

Continental Divide - Central Spain and Portugal

Continental Divide - Gironde Divide in Southwest France

Continental Divide - Belgium and France, Scheldt and Somme Rivers

Continental Divide - Britany Divide in Western France

Continental Divide - Normandy Divide in Western France

Continental Divide - Poitevin Marsh, between Northern and Southern France

Continental Divide - Belgium and France, Oise-Seine River Drainage

Continental Divide - Germany and France, Muse and Seine Rivers

Continental Divide - Germany and Belgium, Muse and Scheldt Rivers

Continental Divide - Ardennes Mountains South of the Siegfried Line

Continental Divide - Rhine North Sea vs. Danube Black Sea

Continental Divide - Germany and Poland, between Elbe and Order Rivers

Continental Divide - Studets Mts between Czech and Germany

Continental Divide - Poland and Lithuania, Narew and Neman River Drainages

Continental Divide - Prussia - Poland and Lithuania, Neman River

Continental Divide - Lithuania and Latvia, Western Divna Drainage

Continental Divide - Latvia and Russia, Lakes Region

Continental Divide - Latvia and Estonia Border, Western Dvina Drainage

Continental Divide - Pskov Lakes Divide - Estonia and Russia

Continental Divide - Pskov Novgorod, Pskov St Petersburg

Continental Divide - between Novgorod and St Petersburg, along Volkhov

Continental Divide - Alps (Po River and Adriatic Sea)

Continental Divide - Northern Italy from Rome's Tiber River

Continental Divide - Rome Rivers from Naples Rivers

Continental Divide - Naples Rivers from Southern Italy

Continental Divide - Ukraine

Continental Divide - Muravsky Trail

Continental Divide - Upper Muravsky Trail

Continental Divide - Valdai Hills

Continental Divide - Mologda Extension

Continental Divide - Lower Valdai Hills

Continental Divide - Lithuania, Poland and Russia (Dnieper Bug Canal area)

Continental Divide - Norway, Sweden, and Finland

Continental Divide - Finland Sweden Waters

Continental Divide - Western St Petersburg Area

Continental Divide - Vologda, Northern White Sea Rivers from Southern Volga Rivers

Continental Divide - Vega and Onega Rivers from Kubena River

Continental Divide - Vega and Northern Dvina Rivers from Onega River

Continental Divide - Vega Sukhona Rivers

Continental Divides - Afganistan, Persia, Pakistan

Continental Divide - Afganistan

Continental Divide - Lake Urmia, Kurdistan, Iran

Continental Divide - Namak Lake Sink, Parthia, Tehran Region, Isfahan Crossroads

Continental Divide - Gavkhouni Basin Sink

Continental Divide - Jaz Murian Basin Sink

Continental Divide - Bakhtegan Lake Sink

Continental Divide - Thar Desert India Pakistan

Continental Divide - Arabian Penninsula

Continental Divide - Euro-Asian Divides, Ural Mountains and Ural River

Continental Divide - Siberia (Mongolian Plateau, Lake Baikal, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea)

Continental Divide - Northern Connector

Continental Divide - Stanovoy Range

Continental Divide - Caspian Sea, Perm, Urals, to Arctic Ocean

Continental Divide - Black Sea to Caspean Sea, Caucasus Mountains

Continental Divide - Geogria from Armenia

Continental Divide - Upper Volga Oka Rivers Divide

Continental Divide - Boldino Heights Divide

Continental Divide - Volga Upland and Chuvash

Continental Divide - Volga Upland

Continental Divide - Between Scythia and Russia

Continental Divide - Between Scythia and Russia, High Point

Continental Divide - Don River Volga River Divide

Continental Divide (Trubeza, Yakhroma, Kirzach and Peksah River Sources)

Continental Divide - Upper Volga Connector

Continental Divide - Australian Divides

Continental Divide - East Coast Australia

Continental Divide - Central Australia

Continental Divide - North American Divides

Continental Divide of the Americas

Continental Divide - United States

Continental Divide - Canada and Alaska

Continental Divide - Panama thru Mexico

Continental Divide - South America to Panama

Continental Divide - South America

Playas Valley, east of the Continental Divide
Playas Valley, forms eastern edge of the Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Animas Valley, east of Continental Divide
Animas Valley, just east of the Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Gila National Forest, Continental Divide
Gila National Forest, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Reserve, New Mexico, Continental Divide
Reserve, New Mexico, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Pie Town, New Mexico, Continental Divide
Pie Town, New Mexico, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Cibola National Forest, west of Continental Divide
Cibola National Forest, western border of Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

El Malpais National Monument, Continental Divide
El Malpais National Monument, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

San Pedro Parks Wilderness. Continental Divide
San Pedro Parks Wilderness. Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Chama River Canyon Wilderness, near Continental Divide
Chama River Canyon Wilderness; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Carson National Forest, west of Continental Divide
Carson National Forest, west of Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Cumbres Pass, NM, Continental Divide
Cumbres Pass, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Wolf Creek Pass, CO, Continental Divide
Wolf Creek Pass, CO, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Canby Mt., CO, Continental Divide
Rio Grande River Source, Canby Mt., CO, Continental Divide;

Collegiate Peaks Wilderness, Continental Divide
Collegiate Peaks Wilderness, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Mount Elbert, Continental Divide
Mount Elbert, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Grays Peak, Continental Divide
Grays Peak, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Continental Divide - Llano Escatado

Rocky Mountain National Park, Continental Divide
Rocky Mountain National Park, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Rabbit Ears Pass, CO, Continental Divide
Rabbit Ears Pass, CO, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Medicine Bow National Forest, Battle Pass, WY, Continental Divide
Medicine Bow National Forest, Battle Pass, WY, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Bridger-Teton National Forest, WY, Continental Divide
Bridger-Teton National Forest, WY, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Two Ocean Pass, WY, Continental Divide
Two Ocean Pass, WY, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Henrys Lake, ID, Continental Divide
Henrys Lake, ID, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Lima, MT, Continental Divide
Lima, MT, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Bitterroot Range, ID, Continental Divide
Bitterroot Range, ID, Continental Divide ; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Lemhi Pass, ID & MT, Continental Divide
Lemhi Pass, ID & MT, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Centennial Mountains, Continental Divide
Centennial Mountains, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Chief Joseph Pass, ID & MT, Continental Divide
Chief Joseph Pass, ID & MT, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Anaconda Mountain Range, MT, Continental Divide
Anaconda Mountain Range, MT, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Circle of Butte, MT, Beaverhead Deerlodge NF, Continental Divide
Circle of Butte, Beaverhead Deerlodge NF, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Helena, MT, Continental Divide
Helena, MT, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Lincoln, MT, Continental Divide
Lincoln, MT, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Scapegoat Wilderness, MT, Continental Divide
Scapegoat Wilderness, MT, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Bob Marshall Wilderness, MT, Continental Divide
Bob Marshall Wilderness, MT, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Triple Divide Peak, MT, Continental Divide
Triple Divide Peak, MT, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Glacier National Park, MT, Continental Divide
Glacier National Park, MT, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Cape Prince of Wales, AK, Continental Divide
Cape Prince of Wales, AK, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Brooks Range, AK, Continental Divide
Brooks Range; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Porcupine River, AK & YT, Continental Divide
Porcupine River, AK & YT, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Yukon, Continental Divide
Yukon Territory, CanadaContinental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Cassiar Mountains, BC, Continental Divide
Cassiar Mountains, BC, Continental Divide ; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Omineca Mountains, BC, Continental Divide
Omineca Mountains, BC, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Nechako Plateau, of Interior Plateau, BC, Continental Divide
Nechako Plateau, of Interior Plateau, BC, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Summit Lake. BC. Continental Divide
Summit Lake. BC. Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

McGregor Plateau, Continental Divide
McGregor Plateau, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

120th Meridian West, BC & AB, Continental Divide
120th Meridian West, BC & AB, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Snow Dome, BC & AB, Canada, Continental Divide
Snow Dome (Canada); Artic Divide; Great Divide of the Americas ;

Waterton Lakes National Park, Continental Divide
Waterton Lakes National Park, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Chihuahua (state, Mexico), Continental Divide
Chihuahua (state, Mexico), Continental Divide ; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Durango (state, Mexico), Continental Divide
Durango (state, Mexico), Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Zacatecas (state, Mexico), Continental Divide
Zacatecas (state, Mexico), Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Aguascalientes (state, Mexico), Continental Divide
Aguascalientes (state, Mexico), Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Jalisco (state, Mexico), Continental Divide
Jalisco (state, Mexico), Continental Divide ; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Guanajuato (state, Mexico), Continental Divide
Guanajuato (state, Mexico), Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Queretaro (state, Mexico), Continental Divide
QuerÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â©taro (state, Mexico), Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Federal District, Mexico City, Continental Divide
Federal District, Mexico City, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Morelos (state, Mexico), Continental Divide
Morelos (state, Mexico), Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Puebla (state, Mexico), Continental Divide
Puebla (state, Mexico), Continental Divide ; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Oaxaca (state, Mexico), Continental Divide
Oaxaca (state, Mexico), Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Chiapas (state, Mexico), Continental Divide
Chiapas (state, Mexico), Continental Divide ; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Southern Guatemala, Continental Divide
Southern Guatemala, Continental Divide ; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Southwestern Honduras, Continental Divide
Southwestern Honduras, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Western Nicaragua, Continental Divide
Western Nicaragua, Continental Divide ; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Western and Southwestern Costa Rica, Continental Divide
Western and Southwestern Costa Rica, Continental Divide ; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Southern Panama, Continental Divide
Southern Panama, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Andes Mountains, Continental Divide
Andes Mountains, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Western Columbia, Continental Divide
Western Columbia, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Central Ecuador, Continental Divide
Central Ecuador, Continental Divide ; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Western and Southwestern Peru, Continental Divide
Western and Southwestern Peru, Continental Divide ; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Eastern Chile, Continental Divide
Eastern Chile, Continental Divide; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Southern Chile, Western Patagonia, Continental Divide
Western Patagonia, Continental Divide ; Continental Divide of the Americas;

Northwest Territories, Smokey River Folder

Continental Divide - Eastern Divide

Eastern Divide 1 (Lake Okeechobee)

Eastern Divide 2

Eastern Divide 3 (Georgia)

Eastern Divide 4

Eastern Divide 5

Eastern Divide 25 (Cumberland (National) Road)

Eastern Divide 28 (Pennsylvania Mainline Canal)

The Fall Line, waterfalls

Continental Divide - St Lawarence Divide

Continental Divide - St Lawrence Divide

St Lawrence Divide (Cape Breton Island)

St Lawrence Divide (New Brunswick)

St Lawrence Divide (Lake Champlain, near Rutland, VT)

St Lawrence Divide (near Ottawa, Canada)

St Lawrence Divide (Oneida, NY)

St Lawrence Divide (Finger Lakes)

St Lawrence Divide (Erie)

Saint Lawarence Divide (Cleveland)

Saint Lawrence Divide (Chicago)

St Lawrence Divide (Milwaukee)

St Lawrence Divide (Oneida, WI)

Continental Divide - Artic Divide

Snow Dome, BC & AB, Canada, Artic Divide
Snow Dome (Canada); Artic Divide; Great Divide of the Americas

Continental Divides - Nunavut Territory, Canada

Continental Divide - Laurentian Divide

Laurentian Divide 1 (Killinig Island, Cape Chidley)
Laurentian Divide;

Laurentian Divide 2

Laurentian Divide 3

Laurentian Divide 4

Triple Divide Peak, MT, Laurentian Divide
Triple Divide Peak (Montana); Laurentian Divide;

Continental Divide - Utah Great Basin

Continental Divide - South Platte River

Great Plains area

High Plains area

High Plains Area (before the Black Hills)

Continental Divide - Upper South Platte River

Great Basin of Utah, Oregon, Idaho and California

Continental Divide - Columbia River

Continental Divides - North and South Idaho

Continental Divide - Yukon Fraser

Purcell Trench 200 Miles Golden to Bonners

Continental Divide - Indonesia, Vietnam, Burma, India, and China Divides

Continental Divide - Malaysia, Burma, China, Tibet, and India

Continental Divide - Tibetan Plateau

Continental Divide - Southern Manchuria and North Korea

Continental Divide - Mongolian Plateau

Continental Divide - The Spine of Vietnam

Continental Divide - Hong Kong, Xi and Pearl Rivers

Continental Divide - South American Divides

Continental Divide - Through Brazil, Bolivia, and Argentina

Continental Divide - African Divides

Continental Divide - South African Deserts

Continental Divides -East African

Contintal Divide - Albertine Rift

Continental Divide - Around Libya

Continental Divide - Northwest Africa from Timbuktu

Continental Divide - Senegal to Ghana

Continental Divide - Algiers

Continental Divide - Timbuktu to Albertine Rift

Continental Divide - West from Central Africa

Continental Divide - South Africa

Continental Divide - (Ocean Divides - 6,000 year old Earth)
Hydroplate Theory (the new theory) ; Walt Brown's free Online Book explaining the relatively new Hydroplate Theory with multimedia ; Weak arguments against the new Hydroplate Theory ;

Continental Divide - The Big Crack (See Hydroplate Theory, 6,000 year old Earth)
Hydroplate Theory (the new theory) ; Walt Brown's free Online Book explaining the relatively new Hydroplate Theory with multimedia ; Weak arguments against the new Hydroplate Theory ;

Continental Divide - The Trenches opposite the Big Crack (See Hydroplate Theory, 6,000 year old Earth
Hydroplate Theory (the new theory) ; Walt Brown's free Online Book explaining the relatively new Hydroplate Theory with multimedia ; Weak arguments against the new Hydroplate Theory ;

Continental Divide - Hawaii Midway Line of Mountains (underwater)

Continental Divide - Australia to Alaska

Continental Divide - Southern Connector

Continental Diviides - India

Continental Divide - Ganges River

Continental Divide - Western Ghats

Continental Divide - Southern India

Continental Divide - Godavari River

Continental Divide - Eastern Ghats

Continental Divide - Burma India Border

Continental Divides - Carpatians Transylvania Romania

Continental Divide - Bijor Mts Transylvania - Northern Transylvania, Oradea to Cluj

Continental Divide - Apuseni Mts Transylvania

Continental Divide - Apuseni to Carpatians, between waters to north and south

Continental Divide - Carpatians Transylvania

Geography - Continental United States

USA Folder, US Capital, Washington, D.C., America

US, 1600, 17th Century Folder

United States - 13 Colonies North America area, New England

Delaware River

Susquehanna River

Susquehanna River West Branch

Husdon River

Mowhawk River

Schoharie Creek

Potomac River

Potomac River South Branch

Monocacy River

Patapsco River

Shenandoah River

Shenandoah River North Fork

Shenandoah River South Fork

Shenandoah River North River (South Fork Shenandoah River)

James River

Rivanna River

Appotomattox River

Maury River

Jackson River

Bullpasture River

Cowpasture River

Cowpasture River Source (along the border)

Calfpasture River

Calfpasture River Source (Gordon's Peak)

Roanoke River

Chowan River

Rocky Mount Greenville River

Goldsboro River

Cape Fear River

Fort Bragg River

Deep River (from High Point, NC)

Pee Dee River

Uwharrie River (from High Point, NC)

Little Pee Dee River

Yadkin River

Catawba River

Cooper River source, Lake Moultrie to the fall line

Wateree River in SC Catawba River in NC

Saluda River

Broad River (Carolinas)

Ashley River above the source

Savanna River

Tugaloo River

Keowee River

Chatooga River

Tallulah River

Altamaha River

Oconee River

Ocmulgee River

Flint River

Chattahoochee River

Apalachiocola River, FL

Androscoggin River

Merrimack River

Ashuelot River

Connecticut River

Sugar River

Charles River

Acushnet River
Acushnet River;

Neponset River

Mystic River

Blackstone River

Swift River 1

Swift River 2

Swift River 3

Saint Laurence River Folder, New France 1534–1763, British defeat French 1758
Saint Laurence River;

Saint Laurence River

Saint Laurence River Source (Lake Ontario)
Saint Laurence River;

Saint Laurence River Mouth (Gulf of Saint Laurence)

Canada, St Laurence River Mouth, Rideau Canal Folder, Montreal, Ottawa, Kingston, Toronto

Rideau Canal
Rideau Canal ;

Rideau Canal (Montreal)
Rideau Canal ;

Rideau Canal (Ottawa)
Rideau Canal ;

Ottawa, Canad (Saint Laurence Seaway)
Canada; JOHN HORDEN MISSIONARY BISHOP IN CANADA, 1893, Commemorated December 15 ; JOHN MUIR, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944; ERIC LIDDELL MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22 ; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Rideau Canal (Kingston, Ontario)

Cataraqui River Mouth (Lake Ontario)
Cataraqui River ;

Little Cataraqui Creek Mouth (Lake Ontario)

Kingston, Ontario, Eastern Canada (Saint Laurence River Source)
Kingston, Ontario; MARY (MOLLY) BRANT, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE MOHAWKS, 1796, Commemorated April 16 ;

St Pauls Anglican Church, 137 Queen St, Kingston, ON
St. Paul's Anglican Church, 137 Queen Street (at Montreal) , Kingston, ON K7K 1A8; MARY (MOLLY) BRANT, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE MOHAWKS, 1796. Commemorated April 16;

Cataraqui, near Kingston, Ontario (Saint Laurence River Source, Lake Ontario)
MARY (MOLLY) BRANT, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE MOHAWKS, 1796;

Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Rideau Canal, Saint Laurence River Source, Saint Laurence Seaway)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944, Commemorated January 24;

Rice Lake, Ontario (near Peterborough)
Rice Lake, Ontario (near Peterborough); ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902), Commemorated June 12;

Peterborough, Ontario (near Toronto)
Rice Lake, Ontario (near Peterborough); ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902), Commemorated June 12;

Petersburg, Ontario (Wilmot, between London and Toronto)
Petersburg, Ontario (between London and Toronto); ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902), Commemorated June 12;

Mississippi River Folder, New France 1534–1763
Mississippi River;

Mississippi River

Mississippi River Route

Illinois, Western Illinois, Illinois River Folder, Chicago to St Louis

Illinois River

Illinois River Source (St Lawrence Divide)

Illinois River 2 (Jubilee)

Jubilee, IL and Jubilee College (Illinois River 2, south of Chicago, Philander Chase) 1839
Jubilee, IL and Jubilee College (Illinois River 2, south of Chicago, Philander Chase) 1839; PHILANDER CHASE, BISHOP OF OHIO, AND OF ILLINOIS, 22 SEPT. 1852, Commemorated September 22; Chase was born in New Hampshire in 1775. He graduated from Dartmouth, and then entered the ministry in the Episcopal Church. He served congregations in Lake George, Poughkeepsie, New Orleans and Hartford, but felt the calling to preaching on the frontier and so moved west in 1817. He became bishop of Ohio in 1818, and also founded Kenyon College, raising the necessary funds in England. He ran into conflicts, both in his diocese and in the college, and so resigned his positions in 1831 and moved to Michigan. However, the newly-formed diocese of Illinois called him in 1835 to be its bishop, and he served in this position until his death, and as Presiding Bishop from 1843. Much more can be found on a site devoted to Philander Chase, at Kenyon College. A biography of him is also available from the Internet Archive.

Illinois River Mouth (St Louis, Mississippi River 7)

Madison, IL, across the river from St. Louis, MO (Illinois and Missouri Rivers, Mississippi 7)
Madison, IL, across the river from St. Louis, MO; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31;

US, 1700, 18th Century Folder, Great Awakening, Declaration of I, Constitution, Presidents Washington and Adams

Ohio River Folderi, began 1749, French Indian War 1754-63, Pittsburg, Portsmouth and Cincinatt

Ohio River Route
Ohio River

Ohio River

Ohio River Source (Point State Park, Pittsburg)

Ohio River 1 (Allegany River Mouth, Pittsburg)

Ohio River 1 (Monongahela River Mouth, Pittsburg)

Ohio River 9 (Ashland, Kentucky)

Ohio River 11 (Scioto River Mouth, Portsmouth, Ohio)

Ohio River 12 (Little Miami River Mouth, Cincinatti, OH)

Ohio River 15 (Louisville, Kentucky)

Ohio River 18 (Evansville, Indiana)

Ohio River 20 (Cumberland River Mouth, Smithland, KY)

Ohio River 20 (Tennessee River Mouth, Paducah, KY)

Ohio River 21 (Cairo, Illinois)

Ohio River Mouth (Mississippi River 8)

US, 1775, Wilderness Road Folder (Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, to Ohio)

Wilderness Road South to Nashville from Cumberland Gap

Wilderness Road North Fork to Boonesborough (for salt)

Wilderness Road North Fork 5 - Boonesborough, KY (for salt)

Bluegrass region, Kentucky
Bluegrass region;

Wilderness Road West Fork to Louisville, Falls of the Ohio from Cumberland Gap

Tennessee River

Holsten River

Clinch River

Cinch River 2

Cumberland River

US, 1800, 19th Century Folder, War of 1812, Civil War, Spanish American War

US 1804-1806, Lewis and Clark Expedition Folder

Missouri River

Lewis and Clark Expedition

US, 1811, National Road Folder, 1811-Present (Cumberland Road, National Pike)

National Road (Western Maryland to Central Illinois)
National Road 1811-37

White River (Illinois) West Fork

White River Central Fork

White River East Fork

White River West Fork 3 (Indianapolis)

Wabash River

Wabash River 3 (Terre Haute, IN)

Kaskaskia River

Ohio River Route

Miami River

Miami River, Great Miami River, Miami Valley
Miami River, Great Miami River, Miami Valley;

Scioto River

Scioto River 3 (Olentangy River, National Road, Columbus, OH)

Olentangy River

National Road (Cumberland Road) 7 (Zanesville, OH)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; Zanesville, Ohio;

Ohio River 3 (National Road 5, Wheeling (Creek), WV, OH)

US, 1817, Erie Canal Folder, Started 1817, Completed 1825

Erie Canal

Erie Canal (Onondaga Formation (Escarpment))
Erie Canal; Onondaga Formation (Escarpment);

Erie Canal 1 (Albany, New York, Hudson River)
Albany, New York, Hudson River;

Erie Canal 2 (Watervliet, New York)

Erie Canal 3 (Cohoes, New York)

Erie Canal 4 (Crescent, New York)

Erie Canal 5 (Rexford, New York)

Erie Canal 6 (Rome, New York)

Erie Canal 7 (toward Oneida Lake)

Erie Canal 8 (Canastota, New York)

Erie Canal 9 (Syracuse, New York)

Erie Canal 10 (Rochester, New York)

Finger Lakes Region (Upstate New York)
Finger Lakes Region; Iroquois League; Mohawk Valley; ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, AMELIA BLOOMER, SOJOURNER TRUTH, HARRIET ROSS TUBMAN: FOUR AMERICAN PIONEERS OF BLACK RIGHTS AND WOMEN'S RIGHTS, Commemorated July 20 ; DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931) ; ELIE NAUD, (ELIAS NEAU), HUGUENOT WITNESS TO THE FAITH, 7 Sept. 1722; JOHN HENRY HOBART, BISHOP OF NEW YORK (12 SEPT 1830) ; MARY (MOLLY) BRANT, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE MOHAWKS, 1796;

Erie Canal 11 (Buffalo, New York, Lake Erie)
Buffalo, New York, Lake Erie;

US, 1821, Santa Fe Trail Folder, 1821
Santa Fe Trail;

Santa Fe Trail 834 Miles

Santa Fe Trail Southern Route 787 Miles

Santa Fe Trail North to Trappers Trail and Morman Trail 293 Miles

Kansas River

Smoky Hill River

Arkansas River

Cimarron River

Canadian River

Pecos River

Rio Grande River

El Camino Real, 1598, Santa Fe, NM to Mexico City, Mexico City Folder
El Camino Real Santa Fe, NM to Mexico City

El Camino Real Sante Fe, NM to Mexico City

US, 1824, Saint Lawrence Seaway Folder, first locks 1824, Canada, huge US impact
Saint Lawrence Seaway;

Canada, Eastern Canada
Eastern Canada; ERIC LIDDELL MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22 ; MARY (MOLLY) BRANT, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE MOHAWKS, 1796, Commemorated April 16 ; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Saint Lawrence Seaway

Saint Lawrence Seaway (Western End)
Saint Lawrence Seaway;

Saint Lawarence Seaway (Sault Ste. Marie)
Saint Lawrence Seaway; Saint Mary's, Ontario (Sault Ste. Marie); John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902);

Saint Mary's, Ontario (Sault Ste. Marie)
Saint Mary's, Ontario (Sault Ste. Marie); John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902);

Ontario, Canada (Saint Lawarence Seaway and Hudson Bay)
Ontario, Canada (Saint Lawarence Seaway and Hudson Bay); Charles Fox Parham, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1929, Commemorated January 29 ;

Ojibwa People, Ontario (Saultiers) and Michigan
Ojibwa People; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902), Commemorated June 12;

Ojibwe Lands (Outlet Lake Superior, Eastern Canada)
Ojibwe Lands: Because many Ojibwe were historically formerly located mainly around the outlet of Lake Superior, which the French colonists called Sault Ste. Marie, they referred to the Ojibwe as Saulteurs. Ojibwe who subsequently moved to the prairie provinces of Canada have retained the name Saulteaux. Ojibwe who were originally located about the Mississagi River and made their way to southern Ontario are known as the Mississaugas. ROBERT McDONALD, Commemorated December 15; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902), Commemorated June 12;

Saint Lawrence Seaway (Welland Canal)
Welland Canal

Salford, Ontario
Salford, Ontario ; Aimee Semple McPherson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1944, Commemorated September 27 ;

Saint Lawrence Seaway (Montreal)

Saint Lawrence Seaway (Eastern End)

Newfoundland
Newfoundland; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940;

Great Northern Peninsula, Northern Newfoundland
Great Northern Peninsula; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940;

St Anthony, Great Northern Penninsula, Newfoundland
St Anthony, Newfoundland and Labrador; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940 ;

Indian Harbour, Labrador (Laurentian Divide 3)
Indian Harbour, Newfoundland; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940 ;

Canada, Saint Laurence Seaway North, Laurentian Divide 1-7 Folder, Northeastern CAN

Labrador (Laurentian Divide 2)
Labrador; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940;

Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940;

Canada, Saint Laurence River Folder, Eastern CAN

Canada, St Lawarence Divide Folder, Southeastern CAN

New Brunswick Province, Eastern Canada
New Brunswick Province, Canada; William Lloyd Garrison of WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON AND MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESSES, 1879, Commemorated December 17 ;

All Saints Cathedral, Halifax, New Brunswick Province, 1907
All Saints Cathedral, Halifax, 1907 ; Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16;

US, 1826, Pennsylvania Main Line Canal Folder, started 1826, completed 1834

Pennsylvania Main Line Canal 1 (Philidelphia)
Pennsylvania Main Line Canal ;

Pennsylvania Main Line Canal 2

Pennsylvania Main Line Canal 3

Pennsylvania Main Line Canal 4

Pennsylvania Main Line Canal 5 (Hollidaysburg)

Pennsylvania Main Line Canal 6 (Johnstown)

Pennsylvania Main Line Canal 7 (Pittsburg)
Pennsylvania Main Line Canal

Pennsylvania Main Line Canal (Philadelphia to Pittsburg)

US, 1830, Old Spanish Trail, (same as auto trail) Jacksonville Beach, Florida to San Diego, California

Old Spanish Trail (auto trail) Jacksonville Beach, Florida, 1830

US, 1843, Oregon Trail Folder

Oregon Trail - Independence, MO to Oregon City, OR

Little Blue River

Platte River

North Platte River

Sweetwater River

Big Sandy Creek

Green River

Blacks Fork River

Bear River

Snake River

Columbia River

US, 1849, California Trail Folder

California Trail (City of Rocks to Wells and the down Humboldt River)

Salt Lake Cutoff (for both Oregon Trail and California Trail)

California Trail (Raft River Section)

Malad River (Utah)

Raft River

Humboldt River

North Fork Humboldt River

Reese River

Little Humbolt River

Californai Trail - Forty Mile Desert Section

California Trail (Truckee River Section)

Truckee River

West Fork Carson River

East Fork Carson River

Sacramento River

Feather River

Feather River 1

Sutter By-Pass

North Fork Yuba River

Middle Fork Yuba River

South Fork Yuba River

California Trail (Nevada City, CA Route from Emigrant Gap, CA)
Nevada City Road;

Truckee Route to Yuba City, Sutter, 1850, HWY 20, later to Fort Brag ( Mendocino), and North Coast
Highway 20 History;

Yuba River

Amerian River

Middle Fork American River

South Fork American River

South Fork American River Second Source

California Trail - South Fork American River Section, Hwy 50

California Trail (Sonora Road, Carson River, West Walker River, Sonora Pass, Hwy 108)

San Joaquin River

San Joaquin River North Fork

Merced River

US, 1859, Central Overland Route Folder

Central Overland Route (Salt Lake City, UT to Carson City, NV)
Central Overland Route ;

US, 1869,Transcontinental Railroad, Alameda, CA, Council Bluffs, IA, New York, NY

Transcontinental Railroad, I80, Alameda, CA, Council Bluffs, IA, New York, NY

US, 1870-1883, Northern Pacific Railway - from Midwest to Bozeman Pass

NP St Paul to Deluth thru White Bear Lake, Lake Superior Division, NP Railroad
White Bear Lake
Superior[edit] in Duluth, Minnesota, the Lake Superior Division's main routes were from Duluth to Ashland, Wisconsin, Duluth to Staples, Minnesota, and Duluth to White Bear Lake, Minnesota. The division encompassed 631 route miles; 356 in main line and 274 in branches.

St Paul Division, NP Railroad, St Paul to Staples and Dillman near Fargo

Red River

NP Railroad Fargo and Yellowstone River Divisions - Dillworth, MN to Livingston, MT
NP Railroad Yellowstone River Division
in Fargo, North Dakota, the Fargo Division's main routes were from Dilworth to Mandan, North Dakota. The division encompassed 1,167 route miles; 216 in main line and 951 in branches.
in Glendive, Montana, the Yellowstone Division's main routes were from Mandan, North Dakota, to Billings, Montana, and from Billings to Livingston, Montana. The division encompassed 875 route miles; 546 in main line and 328 in branches.

Yellowstone River

Deluth to Ashland, Wisconsin, Lake Superior Division, NP Railroad, HWY 2
Superior[edit] in Duluth, Minnesota, the Lake Superior Division's main routes were from Duluth to Ashland, Wisconsin, Duluth to Staples, Minnesota, and Duluth to White Bear Lake, Minnesota. The division encompassed 631 route miles; 356 in main line and 274 in branches.

Deluth to Staples, MN thru Brainerd, NP Railroad Headquarters. Lake Superior Division
Superior[edit] in Duluth, Minnesota, the Lake Superior Division's main routes were from Duluth to Ashland, Wisconsin, Duluth to Staples, Minnesota, and Duluth to White Bear Lake, Minnesota. The division encompassed 631 route miles; 356 in main line and 274 in branches.

Deluth to White Bear Lake, MN, and Saint Paul, Lake Superior Division, NP Railroad

St Croix River (WI MN Border)

US, 1883-1889, Northern Pacific Railway - Pacific Expansion from Bozeman Pass West through Stampede Pass (I90)

NP Railroad Tacoma Division Yakima to Tacoma over Stampede Pass through Auburn

Green River Folder

Green River 2 from Stampede Pass

Puyallup River Folder

White River Source 2, Clearwater River

White River

Puyallup River Source 1 Tahoma Glacier, South Puyallup River

Puyallup River Source 1, Puyallup Glacier, North Puyallup River

Mowich River

Carbon River

Puyallup River

Wilkerson Coal Fields, Black Diamond to Meeker through Puyallup and Orting, NP Railroad

Clark Fork River

Missoula, Arlee, Jocko, Flathead River, Paradise, Spokane Divison, NP Railroad

Flathead River

Idaho Division Parradise Mt to Yakima, WA throuth Spokane, WA, Northern Pacific RWY

Yakima River

NP Railroad - Rocky Mt Division - Logan to Garrison via Butte and Homestake Pass
Rocky Mountain[edit] in Missoula, Montana, the Rocky Mountain main routes were from Livingston to Paradise, Montana via Helena, Montana and Mullan Pass, from Logan, Montana, to Garrison, Montana, via Butte, Montana, and Homestake Pass. division encompassed 892 route miles; 563 in main line and 330 in branches. It was home to the principal central district repair facility at Livingston, Montana.

NP Railroad Rock Mt Division - Livingston to Paradise via Helena
Rocky Mountain[edit] in Missoula, Montana, the Rocky Mountain main routes were from Livingston to Paradise, Montana via Helena, Montana and Mullan Pass, from Logan, Montana, to Garrison, Montana, via Butte, Montana, and Homestake Pass. division encompassed 892 route miles; 563 in main line and 330 in branches. It was home to the principal central district repair facility at Livingston, Montana.

NP Railroad, Rocky Mt Division - Phillipsburg Mines, Smelter and Rock Creek

Clark Fork River (Butte, Deer Lodge, Anaconda, Silver Bow Creek)

Clark Fork River (Warm Springs Creek)

US, 1885-1890, Southern Pacific Railroad

Chicago, St Louis, Kansas City, Southern Pacific Railroad

Kansas City, Tucumcari, Southern Pacific Railroad

El Paso Tocumcari, Southern Pacific Railroad

Nogales Loop, Southern Pacific Railroad

El Paso to Yuma, Southern Pacific Railroad

Yuma to Los Angeles, Southern Pacific Railroad

Yuma to San Diego Spur, Southern Pacific Railroad

LA to Watsonville near Fresno, Southern Pacific Railroad

Watsonville to Willis, Southern Pacific Railway

Watsonville, Oakland, Sacramento to Klamath Falls, Southern Pacific Railroad

Mount Shasta, CA, Southern Pacific Railroad

Klamath, Eugene, Salem Beaverton to Portland, South Pacific Railroad

Sabine River

Brazos River

Colorado River (Texas)

San Antonio to New Orleans, Southern Pacific Railroad

Devils River (Texas)

El Paso to San Antonio, Southern Pacific Railroad

US, 1889, Great Northern Hi-Line Road

Hi-Line Road - US 2 - Great Northern RWY (Great Lakes to Spokane)

Flathead River and Lake, and Lake McDonald

North Fork Flathead River

South Fork Flathead River

Middle Fork Flathead River

Wenatchee River

Stevens Pass Creek

Spokane Rivers, Kootenai River Folder, BC, MT, ID, BC

Kootenai River

Spokane Rivers, Kootenai River 15, Moyie River Folder, Cranbrook BC, Bonners Ferry, ID

Moyie River

David Thompson's Camp on Great Road of the Flatheads
David Thompson's Camp, , on the Great Road of the Flat Heads"";

Spokane Rivers, Columbia River Folder

Snohomish River Folder

Snohomish River

Snoqalmie River

Snoqualmie River South Fork

Snoqualmie River, Middle Fork

Snoqualmie River North Fork

Skykomish River

Skykomish River South Fork

Skykomish River North Fork

Pilchuck River

US, 1900, 20th Century Folder, World War I, World War II, Korean War, Viet Nam War, Gulf War

US, 1905-1913, Los Angeles Aquaduct, Colorado Aquaduct 1933, California Aquaduct, 1963

Los Angeles Aqueduct, 1905-1913
Los Angeles Aqueduct; Los Angeles Aqueduct system, comprising the Los Angeles Aqueduct (Owens Valley aqueduct) and the Second Los Angeles Aqueduct, is a water conveyance system, built and operated by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power.[6] Owens Valley aqueduct was designed and built by the city's water department, at the time named The Bureau of Los Angeles Aqueduct, under the supervision of the department's Chief Engineer William Mulholland.[7] The system delivers water from the Owens River in the Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains to Los Angeles, California. as the California water wars, its construction was controversial from the start, as water diversions to Los Angeles eliminated the Owens Valley as a viable farming community.[8] The continued operation has led to public debate, legislation, and court battles over the environmental impacts of the aqueduct on Mono Lake and other ecosystems. Los Angeles Aqueduct[edit] aqueduct project began in 1905 when the voters of Los Angeles approved a US$1.5 million bond for the 'purchase of lands and water and the inauguration of work on the aqueduct'. On June 12, 1907, a second bond was passed with a budget of US$24.5 million to fund construction.[9][10] began in 1908 and was divided into eleven divisions and a cement plant. The number of men who were on the payroll the first year was 2,629 and this number peaked at 6,060 in May 1909. In 1910, employment dropped to 1,150 due to financial reasons but rebounded later in the year. Between 1911 and 1912 employment ranged from 2,800 to 3,800 workers. The number of laborers working on the aqueduct at its peak was 3,900.[11][12][13][14] In 1913, the City of Los Angeles completed construction of the first Los Angeles Aqueduct.

Caifornia Aqueduct, 1963-1968
Caifornia Aqueduct; Governor Edmund G. Brown California Aqueduct is a system of canals, tunnels, and pipelines that conveys water collected from the Sierra Nevada Mountains and valleys of Northern and Central California to Southern California.[4] Named after California Governor Edmund Gerald "Pat" Brown Sr., the over 400-mile (640 km) aqueduct is the principal feature of the California State Water Project. aqueduct begins at the Clifton Court Forebay at the southwestern corner of the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. aqueduct then heads south, eventually splitting into three branches: the Coastal Branch, ending at Lake Cachuma in Santa Barbara County; the West Branch, conveying water to Castaic Lake in Los Angeles County; and the East Branch, connecting Silverwood Lake in San Bernardino County. The Department of Water Resources (DWR) operates and maintains the California Aqueduct, including one pumped-storage hydroelectric plant, Gianelli Power Plant. Gianelli is located at the base of San Luis Dam, which forms San Luis Reservoir, the largest offstream reservoir in the United States. Castaic Power Plant, while similar and which is owned and operated by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, is located on the northern end of Castaic Lake, while Castaic Dam is located at the southern end.

Kings River

Kings River Middle Fork

Kings River Mouth (California Aqueduct)

Californai Aqueduct West Branch

California Aqueduct East Branch

California Aqueduct Coastal Branch

16 Miles South Southeast from Kettlerman City

Colorado River Aqueduct, 1933-1939
Colorado River Aqueduct; Colorado River Aqueduct, or CRA, is a 242 mi (389 km) water conveyance in Southern California in the United States, operated by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD). aqueduct impounds water from the Colorado River at Lake Havasu on the California-Arizona border, west across the Mojave and Colorado deserts to the east side of the Santa Ana Mountains. It is one of the primary sources of drinking water for Southern California. conceived by William Mulholland and designed by Chief Engineer Frank E. Weymouth of the MWD, it was the largest public works project in southern California during the Great Depression. The project employed 30,000 people over an eight-year period and as many as 10,000 at one time.[2] system is composed of two reservoirs, five pumping stations, 62 mi (100 km) of canals, 92 mi (148 km) of tunnels, and 84 mi (135 km) of buried conduit and siphons. Average annual throughput is 1,200,000 acre⋅ft (1.5 km3).[2]

Colorado River

US, 1906-1909, Milwalkee Road, Pacific Extension
US, 1909, Milwalkee Road, Pacific Extension the 1890s, the company's directors felt they had to extend the railroad to the Pacific to remain competitive with other railroads. A survey in 1901 estimated costs to build to the Pacific Northwest as $45 million (equal to $1.4 billion today). In 1905, the board approved the Pacific Extension, now estimated at $60 million, equal to $1.73 billion today. The contract for the western part of the route was awarded to Horace Chapin Henry of Seattle. The subsidiary Chicago, Milwaukee and Puget Sound Railway Company was chartered in 1905 to build from the Missouri River to Seattle and Tacoma.[6] 1899 route map from Chicago to Lake Superior began in 1906 and was completed three years later. The route chosen was 18 miles (29 km) shorter than the next shortest competitor's, as well as better grades than some, but it was an expensive route, since the Milwaukee Road received few land grants and had to buy most of the land or acquire smaller railroads. two main mountain ranges that had to be crossed, the Rockies and the Cascades, required major civil engineering works and additional locomotive power. completion of 2,300 miles (3,700 km) of railroad through some of the most varied topography in the nation in only three years was a major feat. company maps denote five mountain crossings: Belts, Rockies, Bitterroots, Saddles, and Cascades. These are slight misnomers as the Belt mountains and Bitterroots are part of the Rockies. route did not cross over the Little Belts or Big Belts, but over the Lenep-Loweth Ridge between the Castle Mountains and the Crazy Mountains. 1910, an enormous forest fire erupted in Idaho and many railroad bridges were burned, including a 725-mile long bridge.[citation needed] historians question the choice of route, since it bypassed some population centers and passed through areas with limited local traffic potential. of the line paralleled the Northern Pacific Railway. Trains magazine called the building of the extension, primarily a long-haul route, "egregious" and a "disaster."[7] George H. Drury listed the Pacific Extension as one of several "wrong decisions" made by the Milwaukee Road's management which contributed to the company's eventual failure.[8] in 1909, several smaller railroads were acquired and expanded to form branch lines along the Pacific Extension.[9]: 15  Montana Railroad formed the mainline route through Sixteen Mile Canyon as well as the North Montana Line which extended North from Harlowton to Lewistown. This branch led to the settlement of the Judith Basin and, by the 1970s, accounted for 30% of the Milwaukee Road's total traffic.[9]: 75  Gallatin Valley Electric Railway, originally built as an interurban line, was extended from Bozeman to the mainline at Three Forks. In 1927, the railroad built the Gallatin Gateway Inn, where passengers traveling to Yellowstone National Park transferred to buses for the remainder of their journey.[9]: 83  White Sulphur Springs & Yellowstone Park Railway, originally built by Lew Penwell and John Ringling, primarily carried lumber and agricultural products.[9]: 86  1920 Milwaukee Road timetable map. conditions in the mountain regions of the Pacific Extension proved difficult. Winter temperatures of −40 °F (−40 °C) in Montana made it challenging for steam locomotives to generate sufficient steam. line snaked through mountainous areas, resulting in "long steep grades and sharp curves". provided an answer, especially with abundant hydroelectric power in the mountains, and a ready source of copper in Anaconda, Montana.[10] 1914 and 1916, the Milwaukee Road implemented a 3,000 volt direct current (DC) overhead system between Harlowton, Montana, and Avery, Idaho, a distance of 438 miles (705 km).[11] with the result, the Milwaukee electrified its route in Washington between Othello and Tacoma, a further 207 miles (333 km), between 1917 and 1920.[12] section traversed the Cascades through the 2¼ mile (3.6 km) Snoqualmie Tunnel, just south of Snoqualmie Pass and over 400 feet (120 m) lower in elevation. The single track tunnel's east portal at Hyak included an adjacent company-owned ski area (1937−1950).[13][14][15][16] the 1984 abandonment of the Pacific Extension, Tacoma Rail purchased all of Milwaukee's lines south of Tacoma. in 1990, the Chehalis-Centralia Railroad began operating over the section from Centralia to Curtis. In 2010 the line was sold to the Port of Chehalis and in 2019, The railroad purchased the line from Chehalis to Ruth. In 2021 the section from Highway 6 West to Curtis was leased. the 645 miles (1,038 km) of main-line electrification represented the largest such project in the world up to that time, and would not be exceeded in the US until the Pennsylvania Railroad's efforts in the 1930s.[17] two separate electrified districts were never unified, as the 216-mile (348 km) Idaho Division (Avery to Othello) was comparatively flat down the St. Joe River to St. Maries and through eastern Washington, and posed few challenges for steam operation.[12] Electrification cost $27 million, but resulted in savings of over $1 million per year from improved operational efficiency.[18] Boxcab electric locomotive pulling a passenger train in a canyon An EF-1 boxcab hauls the Olympian through Montana Canyon in 1925. The Chicago, Milwaukee and Puget Sound Railway was absorbed by the parent company on January 1, 1913.[6] The Pacific Extension, including subsequent electrification, cost the Milwaukee Road $257 million, over four times the original estimate of $60 million. To meet this cost, the Milwaukee Road sold bonds, which began coming due in the 1920s.[19] Traffic never met projections, and by the early 1920s, the Milwaukee Road was in serious financial condition. This state was exacerbated by the railroad's purchase of several heavily indebted railroads in Indiana. company declared bankruptcy in 1925 and reorganized as the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad in 1928. In 1929, its total mileage stood at 11,248 miles (18,102 km).[20] 1927, the railroad launched its second edition of the Olympian as a premier luxury limited passenger train and opened its first railroad-owned tourist hotel, the Gallatin Gateway Inn in Montana, southwest of Bozeman, via a spur from Three Forks. company scarcely had a chance for success before the Great Depression hit. Despite innovations such as the famous Hiawatha high-speed trains that exceeded 100 mph (160 km/h), the railroad again filed for bankruptcy in 1935. The Milwaukee Road operated under trusteeship until December 1, 1945. WWII the CMSt.P&P sponsored one of the Army's MRS units the 757th Railroad Shop Battalion. Two Skytop Lounges in their fourth Milwaukee Road paint scheme, matching Union Pacific colors. These cars were part of the Twin Cities Hiawatha equipment pool. Milwaukee Road enjoyed temporary success after World War II. Out of bankruptcy and with the wartime ban on new passenger service lifted, the company upgraded its trains. Olympian Hiawatha began running between Chicago and the Puget Sound over the Pacific Extension in 1947,[21] and the Twin Cities Hiawatha received new equipment in 1948.[22] accelerated and was complete by 1956.[23][24] In 1955, the Milwaukee Road took over from the Chicago and North Western's handling of Union Pacific's Overland Route streamliners between Chicago and Omaha.[21] whole railroad industry found itself in decline in the late 1950s and the 1960s, but the Milwaukee Road was hit particularly hard. The Midwest was overbuilt with a plethora of competing railroads, while the competition on the transcontinental routes to the Pacific was tough. The premier transcontinental streamliner, the Olympian Hiawatha, despite innovative scenic observation cars, was mothballed in 1961, becoming the first visible casualty. resignation of President John P. Kiley in 1957 and his replacement with the fairly inexperienced William John Quinn was a pivotal moment. From that point onward, the road's management was fixated on merger with another railroad as the solution to the Milwaukee's problems. mergers had to be approved by the Interstate Commerce Commission, and in 1969 the ICC effectively blocked the merger with the Chicago and North Western Railway (C&NW) that the Milwaukee Road had counted on and had been planning for since 1964. The ICC asked for terms that the C&NW was not willing to agree to. The merger of the "Hill Lines" was approved at around the same time, and the merged Burlington Northern came into being. 1970s[edit] An electric locomotive with its pantographs down A Little Joe at Deer Lodge, Montana in October 1974 after the end of electrified operation. formation of Burlington Northern in 1970 from the merger of Northern Pacific, Great Northern, Burlington Route, and the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway on March 3 created a stronger competitor on most Milwaukee Road routes. To boost competition, the ICC gave the Milwaukee Road the right to connect with new railroads in the West over Burlington Northern tracks. on its Pacific Extension increased substantially to more than four trains a day each way[25] as it began interchanging cars with Southern Pacific at Portland, Oregon and Canadian railroads at Sumas, Washington.[26] railroad's foothold on transcontinental traffic leaving the Port of Seattle increased such that the Milwaukee Road held a staggering advantage over BN, carrying nearly 80% of the originating traffic along with 50% of the total container traffic leaving the Puget Sound (prior to severe service declines after roughly 1974).[citation needed] 1970, the president of Chicago and North Western offered to sell the railroad to the Milwaukee Road outright. William John Quinn refused,[27] stating that it now believed only a merger with a larger system, not a slightly smaller one, could save the railroad. Almost immediately, the railroad filed unsuccessfully with the ICC to be included in the Union Pacific merger with the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad. the mid-1970s, deferred maintenance on Milwaukee Road's physical plant, which had been increasing throughout the 1960s as it attempted to improve its financial appearance for merger, was beginning to cause problems. railroad's financial problems were exacerbated by their practice of improving its earnings during that period by selling off its wholly owned cars to financial institutions and leasing them back. The lease charges became greater, and more cars needed to be sold to pay the lease payments. railroad's fleet of cars was becoming older because more money was being spent on finance payments for the old cars rather than buying new ones. This contributed to car shortages that turned away business. Milwaukee Road chose at this time to end its mainline electrification. Its electric locomotive fleet was reaching the end of its service life, and newer diesel locomotives such as the EMD SD40-2 and the GE Universal Series were more than capable of handling the route. The final electric freight arrived at Deer Lodge, Montana on June 15, 1974.[28][29] 1976, the Milwaukee Road exercised its right under the Burlington Northern merger to petition for inclusion based on its weak financial condition. The ICC denied it on March 2, 1977.[30][31]

Milwalkee Road Chicago, Milwalkee, to Bozeman, Mt, I94 along the Missouri

Milwalkee Road Pacific Extension, Bozeman to Tacoma

Cedar River

US, 1913, West Coast Railroad, After LA Aquaduct

US, 1913, West Coast Railroad, after LA Aquaduct, Vancouver to San Diego, I5 Corridor

US, 2000, 21st Century Folder, Iraq and Afghanastan Wars

US Capitol, Washington, DC, 10 Mile Square Folder, Patomac and Anacostia Rivers

Anaostia River

Geography - Assryian, Babylonian, Persian Empires

Persia Folder, its roads, and rivers

Persia (Iran)
Persia (Iran); The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Martyr Golinduc, in Holy Baptism Mary, of Persia, Commemorated July 12 ; Martyr Salome the Georgian, Commemorated on July 20 ; Martyr Razhden of Persia the Georgian, Commemorated on August 3; Martyr Eudokia of Persia, Commemorated on August 4; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; Martyr Heliodorus of Persia, Commemorated August 20 ; Hieromartyr Athanasius the Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430) ; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Martyr Aithalas of Persia, Commemorated on September 1 ; Martyr Hermione the Daughter of St Philip the Deacon, Commemorated on September 4; Martyr Aithalas of Persia ; Martyr Abdias (Abidas) of Persia, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated on September 6 ; Martyr Ia of Persia, Commemorated on September 11 ; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia; Martyr Dada of Persia, Commemorated September 29 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812) ; Martyr Memelchtha of Persia, Commemorated October 5 ; Martyr Benjamin the Deacon of Persia, Commemorated October 13 ; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated October 19 ; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated October 28 ; Hieromartyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on November 1 ; Hieromartyr John the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 1 ; Martyr Acindynus of Persia, Commemorated on November 2 ; 7,000 Martyrs who suffered in Persia, Commemorated on November 2 ; Martyr Akepsimas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 3; St Snandulia of Persia; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28); Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia,Commemorated on October 28; Hieromartyr John the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 1 Hieromartyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on November 1; Hieromartyr Milus the Bishop in Persia, Commemorated on November 10 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, November 16; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); Hieromartyr Nerses of Persia, Commemorated on November 20; Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated November 24 ; Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29 ; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Martyr Ananias of Persia, Commemorated on December 1 ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7 ; Martyr Akepsimas of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable Arsenius of Latros, Commemorated on December 13 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ; Prophet Malachi, Commemorated January 3 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5 ; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY (6 January) ; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated January 10 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated January 20 ; Prophet Daniel; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated January 22 ; Translation of the relics of St Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 24 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29 ; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Ignatius, the Godbearer and Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on January 29 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated February 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated February 18 ; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated February 19 ; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated February 20 ; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœUnsleeping OnesÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on March 3; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Martyr Christina of Persia, Commemorated on March 13; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; Martyr Desan the Bishop and 272 others in Persia, Commemorated on April 9; Monkmartyr Bademus (Vadim) of Persia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on April 10; Martyr Azades (Azat) the Eunuch of Persia, Commemorated on April 14; Hieromartyr Simeon the Bishop in Persia, and those with him in Persia, Commemorated on April 17; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Martyr Bata the Persian, Commemorated on May 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; Martyr Simeon of Persia, Commemorated on May 18; Hieromartyr Helladius the Bishop in the East, Commemorated on May 28; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9; 5 Martyred Nuns beheaded in Persia, Commemorated on June 9; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11 ; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Martyr Marinus and his wife and children and those with them at Rome, Commemorated on July 6 ;

Zargos Mountains - Around the Fertile Crescent
Zargos Mountains, around the Fertile Crescent;

Parthia (Northern Rivers and Tehran Regions, Namek Sink, Northeastern Iran or Persia)
Parthia; Parthis Map Ochus River Map; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated October 6 ; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated November 16 ; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Gulf of Oman, south of Persia
Gulf of Oman;

Persia, Isfahan, Crossroads at Isfahan Folder, Central PER

Isfahan, Persia (Crossroads NS and EW)
Isfahan, Persia (Crossroads NS and EW); Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated September 13 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the œDeliverer from PotionsÂ, Commemorated on December 22 ; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1;

Persia, Isfahan,Zayanderud River Folder

Zayanderud River

Isfahan Crossroads NS Tehran to Suza and Persian Gulf

Isfahan Crossroads EW Elimais to Merv

Isfahan Crossroads EW Bagdad to Merv

Persia, Tigris River Folder, Western PER, Assyria

Tigris River

Tigris River Route

Persia, Bahu Kalat River Folder, Gulf of Oman, Southeastern PER

Bahu Kalat River

Dashtiari River

Dasht River

Persia, Kurdustan and Azerbaijan Folder, Tabriz, Northwestern PER

Persian Azerbaijan - Northwest Persia, Tabriz
Persian Azerbaijan - Azerbaijan in Northwest Persia ; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Tabriz, Northwest Persia, Azerbaijan
Tabriz, Northwest Persia, Azerbaijan; Persian Azerbaijan - Azerbaijan in Northwest Persia ; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Zarrine River (River of Kurdustan)

Gadar River

Barandouz River 1

Barandouz River 2

Aji Chay River

Quri Chay River

Persia, Artaz Region Folder, Northwestern PER, Zangmar River

Zangmar River

Artaz region, Persia (Mardistan, Armenia)
Mardistan, Armenia; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated August 21 ; Venerable Arsenius of Latros, Commemorated on December 13 ;

Persia, Northern Iran, Northern Rivers Folder, North Central PER

Persia, Northern Iran, Northern Rivers, Atrek River Folder, Parthia

Atrek River

Safid River

Shah Rud River

Kojoor River

Azad Kuh River

Haraz River

Persia, Namak Lake (sink) Folder, Tehran ( Rey or Rages, Media), North Central PER

Namak Lake (a sink)
Namak Lake;

Parthia (northeastern Iran or Persia, Tehran Region, Namek Sink, Isfahan Crossroad)
Parthia; Parthis Map Ochus River Map; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated October 6 ; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated November 16 ; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Parsiism - Kings of Epiphany - Parthian Empire of Persia 247BC - 224AD
Parsiism, Perianism, Zorastrainism ; Parthian Empire of Persia 247BC - 224AD ; Ctesiphon, Persia; EPIPHANY - Kings of Epiphany, Commemorated January 6 ;

Rages, Media, Persia (Rey or Tehran)
Rages, Media, Persia; Tobit; Tobit 4 Tobit Gives Instructions to His Son 4That same day Tobit remembered the money that he had left in trust with Gabael at Rages in Media, 2and he said to himself, ˜Now I have asked for death. Why do I not call my son Tobias and explain to him about the money before I die? Then he called his son Tobias, and when he came to him he said, ˜My son, when I die,* give me a proper burial. Honour your mother and do not abandon her all the days of her life. Do whatever pleases her, and do not grieve her in anything. 4Remember her, my son, because she faced many dangers for you while you were in her womb. And when she dies, bury her beside me in the same grave. 5 ˜Revere the Lord all your days, my son, and refuse to sin or to transgress his commandments. Live uprightly all the days of your life, and do not walk in the ways of wrongdoing; 6for those who act in accordance with truth will prosper in all their activities. To all those who practise righteousness* 7give alms from your possessions, and do not let your eye begrudge the gift when you make it. Do not turn your face away from anyone who is poor, and the face of God will not be turned away from you. 8If you have many possessions, make your gift from them in proportion; if few, do not be afraid to give according to the little you have. 9So you will be laying up a good treasure for yourself against the day of necessity. 10For almsgiving delivers from death and keeps you from going into the Darkness. 11Indeed, almsgiving, for all who practise it, is an excellent offering in the presence of the Most High. 12 ˜Beware, my son, of every kind of fornication. First of all, marry a woman from among the descendants of your ancestors; do not marry a foreign woman, who is not of your father'™s tribe; for we are the descendants of the prophets. Remember, my son, that Noah, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, our ancestors of old, all took wives from among their kindred. They were blessed in their children, and their posterity will inherit the land. 13So now, my son, love your kindred, and in your heart do not disdain your kindred, the sons and daughters of your people, by refusing to take a wife for yourself from among them. For in pride there is ruin and great confusion. And in idleness there is loss and dire poverty, because idleness is the mother of famine. 14 ˜Do not keep over until the next day the wages of those who work for you, but pay them at once. If you serve God you will receive payment. Watch yourself, my son, in everything you do, and discipline yourself in all your conduct. 15And what you hate, do not do to anyone. Do not drink wine to excess or let drunkenness go with you on your way. 16Give some of your food to the hungry, and some of your clothing to the naked. Give all your surplus as alms, and do not let your eye begrudge your giving of alms. 17Place your bread on the grave of the righteous, but give none to sinners. 18Seek advice from every wise person and do not despise any useful counsel. 19At all times bless the Lord God, and ask him that your ways may be made straight and that all your paths and plans may prosper. For none of the nations has understanding, but the Lord himself will give them good counsel; but if he chooses otherwise, he casts down to deepest Hades. So now, my child, remember these commandments, and do not let them be erased from your heart. Money Left in Trust with Gabael 20 ˜And now, my son, let me explain to you that I left ten talents of silver in trust with Gabael son of Gabrias, at Rages in Media. 21Do not be afraid, my son, because we have become poor. You have great wealth if you fear God and flee from every sin and do what is good in the sight of the Lord your God.™

Qom River

Karaj River

Jajrood River

Persia, Halil River Folder (Kerman) South Southeast PER

Halil River

Kerman, Persia (high point, home of Shapur II the Great)
Shapur II the Great; Kerman, Persia; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4 ; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6;

Persia, Shiraz Folder, Southwest PER

Shiraz, Persia
Shiraz; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated September 13 ; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Persia, Suza and Persian Gulf Folder, South Southwest PER

Suza, Iran (Persian Gulf, Isfahan Crossroads North South)
Suza, Iran (Persian Gulf) ; Hieromartyr Milus the Bishop in Persia, Commemorated November 10 ; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31;

Mond River

Bushehr River

Bushehr River 2

Bishapur, South Southwest Persia (Bushehr River near Kazerun) Saphur II
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 309-379, Saphor II the Great, Bishapur ; Kerman, Persia; Bishapur, Persia (Eslamabad); Sapor II (310-331), Sasanian Persian Empire ; Martyr Eudokia of Persia, Commemorated August 4 ; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Heliodorus of Persia, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Aithalas of Persia, Commemorated on September 1 ; Martyr Ia of Persia, Commemorated on September 11 ; Martyr Memelchtha of Persia, Commemorated on October 5 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Hieromartyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on November 1 ; Hieromartyr John the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 1; 7,000 Martyrs who suffered in Persia, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Acindynus of Persia, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Akepsimas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 3; St Snandulia of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; Hieromartyr Milus the Bishop in Persia, Commemorated on November 10; Hieromartyr Nerses of Persia, Commemorated on November 20; Martyr Ananias of Persia, Commemorated on December 1; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28; Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28 ; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; Martyr Desan the Bishop and 272 others in Persia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Monkmartyr Bademus (Vadim) of Persia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on April 10; Martyr Azades (Azat) the Eunuch of Persia, Commemorated on April 14; Hieromartyr Simeon the Bishop in Persia, and those with him in Persia, Commemorated on April 17; Martyr Ananias the Presbyter in Persia, Commemorated on April 17; Martyr Bata the Persian, Commemorated on May 1; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; Hieromartyr Helladius the Bishop in the East, Commemorated on May 28; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; 5 Martyred Nuns beheaded in Persia, Commemorated on June 9; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Persia, Media Region of Persia Folder, West Central PER

Media region of Persia, Northwest of Isfahan Crossroads, Ecbatana
Media or Median Empire; Taken Captive to Nineveh: Tobit Chapter 1:10 After I was carried away captive to Assyria and came as a captive to Nineveh, everyone of my kindred and my people ate the food of the Gentiles, 11but I kept myself from eating the food of the Gentiles. 12Because I was mindful of God with all my heart, 13the Most High gave me favour and good standing with Shalmaneser,* and I used to buy everything he needed. 14Until his death I used to go into Media, and buy for him there. While in the country of Media I left bags of silver worth ten talents in trust with Gabael, the brother of Gabri. 15But when Shalmaneser* died, and his son Sennacherib reigned in his place, the highways into Media became unsafe and I could no longer go there. Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, November 16 ;

Diyala River

Persia, Karum River Folder (Chaldeans) West Southwest PER

Karum River

Land of the Chaldeans (far southeastern Messopotamia)
Land of the Chaldeans ; Job 1:1-22, Job, Job and His Family, Attack on JobÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™s Character, Job Loses Property and Children;

Karun River Source (Zard-Kuh)
Zard-Kuh;

Karun River (Ahvas)
Ahvas;

Karun River (Koohran River Mouth)

Karun River Mouth (Euphrates River Mouth)

Elymais or Elam (at the head of the Persian Gulf)
Elymais or Elam (at the head of the Persian Gulf); Tobit Chapter 2, Tobit back in Nineva, again burying the dead, becomes blind from sparrow droppings, protected by Ahikar his nephew before Ahikar goes to Elymais 7 When the sun had set, I went and dug a grave and buried him. 8And my neighbours laughed and said, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜Is he still not afraid? He has already been hunted down to be put to death for doing this, and he ran away; yet here he is again burying the dead!ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ 9That same night I washed myself and went into my courtyard and slept by the wall of the courtyard; and my face was uncovered because of the heat. 10I did not know that there were sparrows on the wall; their fresh droppings fell into my eyes and produced white films. I went to physicians to be healed, but the more they treated me with ointments the more my vision was obscured by the white films, until I became completely blind. For four years I remained unable to see. All my kindred were sorry for me, and Ahikar took care of me for two years before he went to Elymais. ;

Mesopotamia Folder (Tigris and Euphrates)

Mesopotamia (Land of the Rivers)
Mesopotamia; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Hieromartyr Polychronius the Bishop of Babylon, Commemorated July 30 ; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21; Hieromartyr Athanasius the Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 22 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 ; New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16; Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9; St Abercius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Hieropolis, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Domnina with her daughters of Syria, Commemorated October 4 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated October 6 ; Venerable Julian the Hermit of Mesopotamia, Commemorated October 18 ; Venerable Abramius the Recluse of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on October 29 ; Apostle Urban of the Seventy; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cosmas of Asia Minor, Commemorated November 1 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Damian of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on November 1; Martyr Athenodorus of Mesopotamia, Commemorated December 7 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated on December 20 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated February 9 ; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; Martyr Suchias and his Soldiers in Georgia, Commemorated on April 15 ; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Martyr Bata the Persian, Commemorated on May 1; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12 ; Martyr Tigrius the Presbyter of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 16; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Mesopotamia, Euphrates River Folder

Euphrates River Route

Euphrates River - Western Euphrates

Euphrates River

Mesopotamia, Tigris River Folder

Geography - Roman Empire

Roman Roads Folder

Roman Amber Road Folder, Northern Italy, Venice to St Petersburg

Amber Road (Mediterranean Sea to Baltic Sea)
Amber Road Folder, Venice, Italy, Slovenia, Pannonia, including Austria and Moravia, Czech Lands, Poland, Prussia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, St Petersburg

Amber Road 1 (Venice, Italy)

Venice, Northern Italy (Adige River Mouth, Amber Road)
Venice; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Venerable Paul the Founder of the Xeropotamou Monastery On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 28 ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); St Phanourius, Commemorated on August 27; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated November 6 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on April 3 ; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Nicephorus of Chios, Commemorated on May 1; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on May 29; JOHN XXIII (Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli), BISHOP OF ROME, 1963, Commemorated June 3 ;

Teutonic Knights (Venice, Northern Italy, Amber Rd, 1291-1309)
Teutonic Knights (Venice, 1291-1309); St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16;

Padua, Northern Italy (near Venice, Adige River Mouth, Adriatic Sea)
Padua, Northern Italy; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated on October 18 ;

Amber Road 2 (Aquileia, Italy)

Amber Road 3 (Ljubljana, Slovenia)

Amber Road 4 (Ptuj, Slovenia)

Amber Road 4b (Vienna, Austria, Danube River 5)

Amber Road 5 (Brno, Moravia, Czech Republic)

Amber Road 6 (Bouzov Castle, Czech Republic)

Amber Road 7 (Klodzko, Poland)

Amber Road 8 (Wroclaw, Poland)

Amber Road 9 (Milicz Ponds)

Amber Road 10 (Wielkopolska, Poland)

Amber Road 11 (Biskupin, Poland)

Amber Road 12 (Malbork, Poland)

Amber Road 13 (Gdansk, Poland)

Amber Road 14 (Kaliningrad, Prussia)

Amber Road 15 (Yantarny, Prussia)

Amber Road 16 (Nida, Lithuania)

Amber Road 17 (Palanga, Lithuania)

Amber Road 18 (Riga, Latvia)

Amber Road 19 (Tallinn, Estonia)

Amber Road 20 (St Petersberg)

Roman Albania, Roman Roads Folder

Albania, K Triangle Folder, Via Egnatia, Western K Triangle

Kutmichevitsa Triangle - K Triangle
Kutmichevitsa triangle Saloniki-Skopje-Vlora; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25;

Appian Way 336 Miles or 540 Kilometers
Appian Way;

K Triangle Saloniki-Skopje-Vlora
Kutmichevitsa triangle Saloniki-Skopje-Vlora; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25;

K Triangle Skopje-Salonik-Vlora
Kutmichevitsa triangle Saloniki-Skopje-Vlora; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25;

K Triangle Vlora-Saloniki-Skopje

Valona, Albania (Aous River Mouth. K Triangle, Via Egnatia)
Valona, Albania; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the œDeliverer from PotionsÂ, Commemorated on December 22 ; Martyr Theodota who suffered under Diocletian, Commemorated December 22 ; Virginmartyr Anysia at Thessalonica, Commemorated on December 30 ;

Via Egnatia Folder (Main East West Roman Road)

Via Egnatia (The East West Roman Road)
Key towns along the Via Egnatia East West Roman Road Listed from west to east: Ancient name Modern name Modern country Dyrrachium, later Epidamnos Durras Albania Claudiana Peqin Albania Apollonia By the village of Pojani (7 km W of Fier) Albania Masio Scampa Elbasan Albania Lychnida Ohrid North Macedonia Resen Resen North Macedonia Heraclea Bitola North Macedonia Florina Florina Greece Edessa Edessa Greece Pella Pella Greece Thessalonike Thessaloniki Greece Pydna Possibly Kitros, 6 km SW of modern Pydna Greece Amphipolis Amfipoli Greece Philippi 14 km NW of Kavala Greece Neapolis Kavala Greece Traianoupolis Traianoupoli Greece Kypsela kypsala Turkey Aenus Enez Turkey Aproi Turkey Adrianople Edirne (not on the main Via Egnatia) Turkey Perinthus, later Heraclea Village of Marmaraere Turkey Caenophrurium Sinekli in Silivri district Turkey Selymbria Silivri Turkey Melantias Turkey Rhegion l Turkey Byzantium Turkey

Via Egnatia - Dyrrachium
Via Egnatia - Dyrrachium;

Via Egnatia - Claudiana
Via Egnatia - Claudiana ;

Via Egnatia - Bottom of the K Triangle Claudiana to Thessalonica

Via Egnatia - Thessalonica
Via Egnatia - Thessalonica;

Via Egnatia - Pydna
Via Egnatia - Pydna;

Via Egnatia - Pydna to Thessalonica

Via Egnatia - Amphipolis
Via Egnatia - Amphipolis;

Via Egnatia - Philippi
Via Egnatia - Philippi;

Via Egnatia - Neapolis
Via Egnatia - Neapolis;

Via Egnatia - Traianoupolis
Via Egnatia - Traianoupolis;

Via Egnatia - Kypsela
Via Egnatia - Kypsela ;

Via Egnatia - Kypsela to Perinthus

Via Egnatia - Aenus or Enos
Via Egnatia - Aenus or Enos;

Via Egnatia - Enos to Kypsela

Via Egnatia - Apros
Via Egnatia - Apros;

Via Egnatia - Adrianople
Via Egnatia - Adrianople ;

Via Egnatia - Drizipara
Drizipara, Bulgaria (on Via Egnatia, Martyr Alexander of Rome); Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13;

Drizipara, Bulgaria (on Via Egnatia, Martyr Alexander of Rome)
Drizipara, Bulgaria (on Via Egnatia, Martyr Alexander of Rome); Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13;

Via Egnatia - Perinthus or Heraclea Thracia
Via Egnatia - Perinthus or Heraclea;

Via Egnatia - Caenophrurium
Via Egnatia - Caenophrurium;

Via Egnatia - Selymbria
Via Egnatia - Selymbria ;

Via Egnatia - Melantias
Via Egnatia - Melantias;

Via Egnatia - Rhegion
Via Egnatia - Rhegion;

Via Egnatia - Byzantium
Via Egnatia - Byzantium;

Albania, Via Egnatia Folder (Main East West Roman Road, K Triangle)

Via Egnatia (The East West Roman Road)
Key towns along the Via Egnatia East West Roman Road Listed from west to east: Ancient name Modern name Modern country Dyrrachium, later Epidamnos Durras Albania Claudiana Peqin Albania Apollonia By the village of Pojani (7 km W of Fier) Albania Masio Scampa Elbasan Albania Lychnida Ohrid North Macedonia Resen Resen North Macedonia Heraclea Bitola North Macedonia Florina Florina Greece Edessa Edessa Greece Pella Pella Greece Thessalonike Thessaloniki Greece Pydna Possibly Kitros, 6 km SW of modern Pydna Greece Amphipolis Amfipoli Greece Philippi 14 km NW of Kavala Greece Neapolis Kavala Greece Traianoupolis Traianoupoli Greece Kypsela Turkey Aenus Enez Turkey Aproi Village of Kermeyan Turkey Adrianople Edirne (not on the main Via Egnatia) Turkey Perinthus, later Heraclea Village of MarmaraereaŸlisi Turkey Caenophrurium Sinekli in Silivri district Turkey Selymbria Silivri Turkey Melantias Turkey Rhegion Kaekmece, 15 km W of Istanbul Turkey Byzantium, later Constantinople Istanbul Turkey

Roman, Macedonia, Roman Roads Folder, K Triangle

Greece, Macedonia, Via Egnatia Folder (Main East West Roman Road)

Via Egnatia (The East West Roman Road)
Key towns along the Via Egnatia East West Roman Road Listed from west to east: Ancient name Modern name Modern country Dyrrachium, later Epidamnos DurrÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â«s Albania Claudiana Peqin Albania Apollonia By the village of Pojani (7 km W of Fier) Albania Masio Scampa Elbasan Albania Lychnida Ohrid North Macedonia Resen Resen North Macedonia Heraclea Bitola North Macedonia Florina Florina Greece Edessa Edessa Greece Pella Pella Greece Thessalonike Thessaloniki Greece Pydna Possibly Kitros, 6 km SW of modern Pydna Greece Amphipolis Amfipoli Greece Philippi 14 km NW of Kavala Greece Neapolis Kavala Greece Traianoupolis Traianoupoli Greece Kypsela ÃƒÂ„Ã‚Â°psala Turkey Aenus Enez Turkey Aproi (Apros, Apris, AprÃƒÂ„Ã‚Â«) Village of Kermeyan Turkey Adrianople Edirne (not on the main Via Egnatia) Turkey Perinthus, later Heraclea Village of MarmaraereÃƒÂ„Ã‚ÂŸlisi Turkey Caenophrurium Sinekli in Silivri district Turkey Selymbria Silivri Turkey Melantias Turkey Rhegion KÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¼ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â§ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¼kÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â§ekmece, 15 km W of Istanbul Turkey Byzantium, later Constantinople Istanbul Turkey

Roman Bithynia, Roman Roads Folder

Connecting Rivers Route (Akarcay and Sakarya Rivers)

Great Road from Ephesus thru Colossae to the Euphrates at Melitine

Roman Serbia, Roman Roads Folder

Serbia, Roman Road, Via Militaris Folder, from Belgrade, Serbia to Adrianopolis, Bulgaia

Roman Road, Via Militarius

Roman Road, Via Militaris 1, Singidunum (Belgrade)
Roman Road, Via Militarius 1, Singidunum (Belgrade); Roman Road, Via Militarius;

Roman Road, Via Militaris 2 , Viminacium, Roman Moesia Superior (Prima) Capitol
Viminacium, capital of Roman Moesia Superior (Prima), on Via Militarius; Saint Donatus, Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30;

Roman Road, Via Militaris 3 (Naissus or Nish, Serbia (South Morava River 5)
Roman Road, Via Militaris 3 (Naissus or Nish, Serbia (South Morava River 5) Nish, Serbia; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

Hemus Pass
Saturninus and Traianus blocked the Goths near the passes of the Haemus, building a line of fortifications that repulsed the Gothic attacks. The two generals hoped to force the Goths to suffer through the cold winter and the scarcity of food in order to force them into submission; alternatively, the two generals planned to call back the sentinels, luring the Goths of Fritigern into an open-field battle in the plains between the Haemus and the Danube, where they were confident of winning.[2] Fritigern did not accept battle, but enlisted Hunnic and Alan reinforcements. Saturninus realised that he could no longer fight the enemy with his troops, lifted the block on the mountain passes, and retired.[3] magister militum per Thracias, Emperor Theodosius I, who had succeeded Valens after his death in the Battle of Adrianople, entrusted Saturninus to negotiate peace with the Goths: in October 382 he signed a treaty according to which the Goths were to live in the Low Danube as foederati. successful negotiation guaranteed Saturninus the imperial favour, and he was appointed consul for the year 383. Themistius dedicated to him a panegyric. 400 Saturninus was serving under the Eastern Emperor Arcadius, when the magister militum Gainas deposed and exiled him.

Roman Road, Via Militaris 5, Philippopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria (Maritza River 5)
Philippoplis; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated on August 20; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated November 5 ; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 8; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19;

Roman Road, Via Militaris 6, Adrianopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria
Adrianople; Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on August 3; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St. Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind oneÂ, Commemorated on October 9; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22 ; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated October 28 ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Roman Armenia, Roman Roads Folder

Armenia, Roman Roads, Kizilirmak River Folder, Great Road from Ephesus to Euphrates, Cappadocia

Kizilirmak River

Kizilirmak River Source (Imranli)
Imranli;

Kizilirmak River 1 (Sivas or Sebastea)

Sebaste, Armenia (high point, Iris River Source, Kizilirmak River 1)
Sebaste, Cappadocia; Hieromartyr Athenogenes the Bishop of Heracleopolis, Commemorated on July 16; Martyr Antiochus the Physician of Sebaste, Commemorated on July 16; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379); Martyr Severian of Sebaste, Commemorated on September 9; Martyr Irenarchus at Sebaste, Commemorated on November 28 ; Martyr Eustratius at Sebaste, Commemorated December 13 ; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1 ; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9 ; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9;

Kizilirmak River 2 (near Charsianon Fortress)

Kizilirmak River 3 (near Pinarbasi, Cappadocia)

Kizilirmak River 4 (Caesurea (Kayseri), Cappadocia)

Cappadocia, Armenia (Central Anatolia)
Cappadocia; Martyr Hilary of Ancyra, Commemorated July 12 ; Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated on July 12 ; Martyr Marcian of Iconium, Commemorated on July 13 ; Hieromartyr Athenogenes the Bishop of Heracleopolis, Commemorated on July 16; Martyr Antiochus the Physician of Sebaste, Commemorated on July 16; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Venerable Anthusa the Abbess of Mantinea in Asia Minor, Commemorated on July 27; St Irene Chrysovolantou, Commemorated on July 28; Martyr Julitta at Caesarea, Commemorated July 31 ; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 31; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; St Simeon Stylites, the Elder, Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 7 ; Martyr Severian of Sebaste, Commemorated on September 9 ; Martyr Theodota at Nicea, Commemorated on September 17 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30; Martyr Orestes of Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 10 ; Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 24 ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19; Martyr Julitta at Caesarea, Commemorated on July 31 ; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 31; St Meletius the New, Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Mamas of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Martyr Theodotus of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Martyr Theodota at Nicea, Commemorated September 17 ; Venerable Igantius the Abbot in Asia Minor, Commemorated September 27 ; 33 Holy Martyrs of Melitene, Commemorated November 6 ; Martyr Orestes of Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 10 ; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; Venerable Theodora of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated December 30 ; Martyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated January 1 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1 ; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated on January 11 ; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated January 14 ; Martyr Speusippus in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Macarius the Stylite of Martkobsk, Georgia, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; Martyr Eubulus at Caesarea, Cappadocia, February 2 ; Martyr Blaise of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated February 3 ; Virginmartyr Dorothy at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated Febuary 6 ; Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates œthe GeneralÂ, Commemorated on February 8 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated February 9 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Agapitus the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia, Commemorated February 18 ; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18; St Agapitus the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia, Commemorated February 18; St Leo of Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 28; Hieromartyr Theodotus the Bishop of Cyrenia, Commemorated on March 2; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Martyr Quadratus and the rest of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 10; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Venerable Thomas the Fool of Syria, Commemorated on April 24; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Akaki Asistavi of Georgia, Commemorated on May 7; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16 ; Glorification of the Venerable Zebulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; Martyr Basiliscus the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on May 22; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Sardis, Commemorated on May 27; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; Martyr Hermias at Comana, Commemorated on May 31 ; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Hieromartyr Terence the Bishop of Iconium, Commemorated on June 21; Martyr Hyacinthus of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 3; Martyr Theodotus at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 4; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia, Commemorated on July 7;

Caesurea (Kayseri), Armenia, Cappadocian Capital (Great Road, Kizilirmak River 4)
Caesurea, Cappadocia; Martyr Antiochus the Physician of Sebaste, Commemorated on July 16; Martyr Julitta at Caesarea, Commemorated on July 31; Martyr Mamas of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Martyr Theodotus of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2; Martyr Theodotus of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated September 2 ; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 7 ; Martyr Theodota at Nicea, Commemorated September 17 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30; Martyr Barlaam of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated November 19 ; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Iconium, Commemorated on November 23 ; Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 24 ; Venerable Theodora of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated December 30 ; Martyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated January 1 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated January 1 ; Martyr Gordius at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 3 ; St Carterius of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 8 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; Martyr Eubulus at Caesarea, Cappadocia, February 2 ; Martyr Blaise of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated February 3 ; Virginmartyr Dorothy at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated Febuary 6 ; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); Martyr Quadratus and the rest of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 10; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Venerable Thomas the Fool of Syria, Commemorated on April 24; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Hyacinthus of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 3; Martyr Theodotus at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 4;

Maza, temporary name of Caesarea (Kayseri) Armenia, by Julian the Apostate
Maza, temporary name of Caesarea (Kayseri) Armenia, by Julian the Apostate Eupsychius was filled with zeal for the Lord, and he destroyed the temple. He knew that this would inevitably result in his punishment. Saint Eupsychius distributed all his possessions to the poor and prepared himself for martyrdom. enraged emperor Julian loosed his wrath not only upon Saint Eupsychius, but against all the inhabitants of this city. Some of the citizens were executed, while the more respectable were sent into exile. Christian clergy were drafted into military service, and he looted the churches of anything valuable. The city was deprived of its title Caesarea [i.e. “Imperialâ€] and resumed its original name of Maza. He also imposed a severe tax on the inhabitants. The emperor threatened to annihilate the city altogether, if the people did not build a new pagan temple in place of the one destroyed. tried to compel Saint Eupsychius to offer sacrifice to idols. For many days they tormented the saint on a rack, and also with iron claws. But his faith was firm, and the judge sentenced the martyr to be beheaded with a sword. Julian embarked on a campaign against the Persians, marching through Cappadocia and approaching Caesarea. Danger threatened the city, since the emperor intended to raze it to its foundations. But then Saint Basil the Great (January 1), showing Julian the proper respect as sovereign authority, came out to meet him carrying with him three loaves of barley bread, which he ate. The emperor ordered his retainers to take the loaves, and to give Saint Basil a pinch of hay saying, “You have given us barley, cattle fodder. Now receive hay from us in return.â€ saint answered, “O Emperor, we bring you that which we ourselves eat, and you give us cattle feed. You mock us, since you, by your might, are not able to transform hay into bread, the essential food of mankind.â€ angrily retorted, “I’ll shove this hay down your throat when I return here from Persia. I shall raze this city to its very foundations, and plow over this ground and turn it into a field. I know that it was on your advice that the people dared to destroy the statues and temple of Fortuna.â€ this the emperor continued on his way, but soon perished in his campaign against the Persians. He was struck down in the year 363 by the holy Great Martyr Mercurius (November 24). the emperor’s demise, the Christians of the city of Caesarea built a splendid church over the grave of Saint Eupsychius, and from his holy relics they received help and healing. Caesurea, Cappadocia; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Holy Martyr Eupsychius was born in the city of Caesarea in Cappadocia and received a Christian upbringing by his illustrious parents. the reign of Julian the Apostate (361-363), Saint Eupsychius entered into a Christian marriage. Caesarea there was a pagan temple to the goddess Fortuna, whom Julian the Apostate revered. As Eupsychius was going to his wedding, the pagans were offering sacrifice to the goddess Fortuna. Eupsychius was filled with zeal for the Lord, and he destroyed the temple. He knew that this would inevitably result in his punishment. Saint Eupsychius distributed all his possessions to the poor and prepared himself for martyrdom. enraged emperor Julian loosed his wrath not only upon Saint Eupsychius, but against all the inhabitants of this city. Some of the citizens were executed, while the more respectable were sent into exile. Christian clergy were drafted into military service, and he looted the churches of anything valuable. The city was deprived of its title Caesarea [i.e. “Imperialâ€] and resumed its original name of Maza. He also imposed a severe tax on the inhabitants. The emperor threatened to annihilate the city altogether, if the people did not build a new pagan temple in place of the one destroyed. tried to compel Saint Eupsychius to offer sacrifice to idols. For many days they tormented the saint on a rack, and also with iron claws. But his faith was firm, and the judge sentenced the martyr to be beheaded with a sword. Julian embarked on a campaign against the Persians, marching through Cappadocia and approaching Caesarea. Danger threatened the city, since the emperor intended to raze it to its foundations. But then Saint Basil the Great (January 1), showing Julian the proper respect as sovereign authority, came out to meet him carrying with him three loaves of barley bread, which he ate. The emperor ordered his retainers to take the loaves, and to give Saint Basil a pinch of hay saying, “You have given us barley, cattle fodder. Now receive hay from us in return.â€ saint answered, “O Emperor, we bring you that which we ourselves eat, and you give us cattle feed. You mock us, since you, by your might, are not able to transform hay into bread, the essential food of mankind.â€ angrily retorted, “I’ll shove this hay down your throat when I return here from Persia. I shall raze this city to its very foundations, and plow over this ground and turn it into a field. I know that it was on your advice that the people dared to destroy the statues and temple of Fortuna.â€ this the emperor continued on his way, but soon perished in his campaign against the Persians. He was struck down in the year 363 by the holy Great Martyr Mercurius (November 24). the emperor’s demise, the Christians of the city of Caesarea built a splendid church over the grave of Saint Eupsychius, and from his holy relics they received help and healing.

Comana, Armenia (Pontica, Armenia, Cappadocia or Cilicia, Zamanti Seyhan River Valley)
Comana (Cappadocia); Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ; Martyr Basiliscus the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on May 22; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Martyr Hermias at Comana, Commemorated on May 31;

Cucusus, Armenia, Cappadocian Cucusus in the Taurian wilderness
Cucusus, Cappadocian Cucusus in the Taurian wilderness; Saint Paul the Confessor, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6;

Mount Argeos, Armenia
Mount Argeos; Hieromartyr Blaise the Bishop of Sebaste, Commemorated February 11;

Prokopion, Armenia, Asia Minor
Prokopion (renamed Urgup by the Turks) ; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27;

Sasima, Armenia
Sasima, St Basil the Great made St Gregory bishop of the city of Sasima, a small town between Caesarea and Tyana. ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389) ;

Nazianzos, Cappadocia, Armenia (Great Road from Ephesus)
Nazianzos; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389) ; Saint Caesarius, brother of Saint Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on March 9;

Tyana, Armenia, Cappadocia and Cilicia
Tyana the Hittite Capital; Martyr Orestes of Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 10 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379) ; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389);

Kizilrmak River 5 (Nyssa, Cappadocia)

Nyssa, Cappadocia, Armenia (Kizilirmak River 5)
Nyssa, Cappadocia; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated November 17 ; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1 ; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated January 9 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated January 10; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated January 10 ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395);

Kizilirmak River 6 (Paphlagonia)

Armenia, Roman Roads, Euphrates Kizilirmak Rivers Folder, Great Road, Syria

Euphrates River Source (Murat River)

Euphrates River Source

Euphrates River 1

Arabrak (Arabraces), Armenia (Euphreates River 1)
Arabrak (Arabraces), Armenia ; Martyr Eustratius at Sebaste, Commemorated on December 13 ;

Euphrates River 2 (Melitene)

Armenia, Roman Roads, Edessa and Melitene area Folder, Top Left of the Fertile Crescent

Edessa area of Euphrates River

Armenia, Roman Roads, Edessa and Melitene, Euphrates River Folder, Great Road

Melitene, Armenia (Intersection Road from Ephesus and Euphrates River 2)
Malatya; Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated September 1 ; Uncovering of the relics St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on September 15; Martyr Polyeuctus of Melitene, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia; Martyr Eudoxius; St Acacius the Confessor, Commemorated on March 31; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Eutychius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on May 28;

Erevan (Yerevan Fortress, Melitene)
Erevan (Yerevan Fortress, Melitene); Arab Muslim Conquest of Armenia 639;

Euphrates River 3 (Samosata and Edessa)

Samosata, Armenia (Euphrates River 3)
Samosata; Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17 ; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Romanus at Samosata, Commemorated January 29 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated February 19 ; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Edessa, Armenia (Intersection and Euphrates River 3)
Edessa, Syria; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Simeon of Emessa the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 21; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Translation of the Image "œNot-Made-By-Hands"Â of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in August, Commemorated on August 16; Translation of the Image "œNot-Made-By-Hands"Â of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in AugustÂ, Commemorated on August 16 ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated August 21 ; Thaddeus, Apostle of the Seventy, was by descent a Hebrew, and he was born in the Syrian city of Edessa. The holy Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy must be distinguished from Saint Jude, also called Thaddeus or Levi (June 19), who was one of the Twelve Apostles. he came to Jerusalem for a feastday, he heard the preaching of John the Forerunner. After being baptized by him in the Jordan, he remained in Palestine. He saw the Savior, and became His follower. He was chosen by the Lord to be one of the Seventy Disciples, whom He sent by twos to preach in the cities and places where He intended to visit (Luke. 10: 1). the Ascension of the Savior to Heaven, Saint Thaddeus preached the good news in Syria and Mesopotamia. He came preaching the Gospel to Edessa and he converted King Abgar, the people and the pagan priests to Christ. He backed up his preaching with many miracles (about which Abgar wrote to the Assyrian emperor Nerses). He established priests there and built up the Edessa Church. Abgar wanted to reward Saint Thaddeus with rich gifts, but he refused and went preaching to other cities, converting many pagans to the Christian Faith. He went to the city of Beirut to preach, and he founded a church there. It was in this city that he peacefully died in the year 44. (The place of his death is indicated as Beirut in the Slavonic MENAION, but according to other sources he died in Edessa. According to an ancient Armenian tradition, Saint Thaddeus, after various tortures, was beheaded by the sword on December 21 in the Artaz region in the year 50). Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated on September 1 ; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; Martyr Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Eudoxius, Commemorated September 6 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Martyr Domnina with her daughters of Syria, Commemorated on October 4; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Antioch, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9; Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15 ; Martyr Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated October 15 ; Venerable Abramius the Recluse of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on October 29 ; Martyr and Confessor Gurias of Edessa, Commemorated on November 15 ; St Theodoulus the Eparch of Constantinople, Commemorated December 3 ; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated December 10 ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Eustratius the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Sarbelus of Edessa, January 29 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons; Martyr Domnina with her daughters of Syria; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the "Unsleeping Ones", Commemorated February 23 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on March 28 ; Apostle Trophimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15 ; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the "œUnsleeping Ones"Â, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Edessa, Armenia (abundant water)
Edessa in Syria which is also called upper Messopotamia. County of Edessa; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Simeon of Emessa the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 21; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; Translation of the Image "œNot-Made-By-Hands"Â of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in August"Â, Commemorated on August 16; Translation of the Image "Not-Made-By-Hands" of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in AugustÂ, Commemorated on August 16 ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated August 21 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; Martyr Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated September 5 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Martyr Domnina with her daughters of Syria, Commemorated on October 4; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Antioch, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9; Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15 ; Martyr Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated October 15 ; Venerable Abramius the Recluse of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on October 29 ; Martyr and Confessor Gurias of Edessa, Commemorated on November 15 ; St Theodoulus the Eparch of Constantinople, Commemorated December 3 ; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated December 10 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; St Eustratius the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; Abgar monastery; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Sarbelus of Edessa, January 29 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on March 28; Apostle Trophimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Martyr Michael "œthe Black-Robed"Â of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the "œUnsleeping Ones"Â, Commemorated on July 3 ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9;

Unsleeping Ones Monastery, Edessa, Armenia, about 400 (Euphrates River 3)
Unsleepinge Ones Monastery, Edessa, Armenia advanced through all the degrees of monastic obedience, he received a blessing from the igumen to dwell in the wilderness. The saint lived an ascetical life in the wilderness, taking only the Holy Gospel with him. Afterwards, the Lord summoned him to preach to pagans. He converted to the faith the local city-head Rabbul, who afterwards prospered in the service of the Church, attaining the rank of bishop, and for thirty years, he occupied the bishop’s cathedra in the city of Edessa. Saint Alexander settled not far from the Euphrates River. Monks gathered around him, attracted by the loftiness of his prayerful asceticism and spiritual experience. A monastery of 400 monks eventually sprang up there. the holy igumen in his prayerful zeal decided to offer never-ceasing praise to the Lord at the monastery both by day and by night. For three years the holy abba prayed that God might reveal to him whether it was pleasing to Him to establish such a monastic rule. He received an answer by divine revelation. All the monks were divided into twenty-four watches of prayer. Changing shifts each hour, two choirs sang the holy Psalms both day and night, except when divine services were celebrated in church. Hence the name “Monastery of Unsleeping Ones,â€ since the ascetics offered unceasing praise to God. Alexander guided the monastery on the Euphrates for twelve years. Thereafter, having left the experienced Elder Trophimus as igumen, he set off with some chosen brethren through the cities bordering on Persia, to preach the Gospel. Having arrived at Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, he also established a monastery there with his Rule of unceasing praise. The abba died at a great old age after fifty years of monastic struggles. His death occurred in the year 430. Venerable Alexander, founder of the Monastery of the “Unsleeping Onesâ€, Commemorated on February 23

Hellenopolis, Syria (Edessa area)
Hellenopolis ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9;

Jacob's Ladder, Haran, Edessa, Syria
Jacob's Ladder, Haran ; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God, Commorated on September 7 ;

Carrhae, Armenia (modern Harran, near Edessa)
Carrhae (modern Harran) ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14 ;

Constantina, Armenia and Syria (Kurdish Turkey, NE of Edessa)
Constantina; Great Martyr Irene, Commemorated on May 5; was deposed by his son Sapor, who persecuted Christians with an even greater zeal than his father had done. Saint Irene went to her home town of Magedon in Persia to meet Sapor and his army, and ask him to end the persecution. When he refused, Saint Irene prayed and his entire army was blinded. She prayed again and they received their sight once more. In spite of this, Sapor refused to recognize the power of God. Because of his insolence, he was struck and killed by a bolt of lightning. this, Saint Irene walked into the city and performed many miracles. She returned to the tower built by her father, accompanied by the priest Timothy. Through her teaching, she converted five thousand people to Christ. Next, the saint went to the city of Callinicus, or Callinicum (possibly on the Euphrates River in Syria). The ruler of that place was King Numerian, the son of Sebastian. When she began to teach about Christ, she was arrested and tortured by the pagan authorities. They enclosed her inside three bronze oxen, one after another, which were heated until they were red-hot. When the Great Martyr was placed within the third ox, it began to walk about, and then it split asunder. Saint Irene emerged from it as if from the fires of hell. This resulted in thousands of souls converting to the faith of Christ. the approach of death, Numerian instructed his eparch Babdonus to continue torturing the saint in order to force her to sacrifice to idols. Once again, the tortures were ineffective, and many people turned to Christ. ’s holy martyr then traveled to the city of Constantina, forty miles northeast of Edessa. By 330, the Persian king Sapor II (309-379) had heard of Saint Irene’s great miracles. To prevent her from winning more people to Christ, she was arrested, beheaded, and then buried. However, God sent an angel to raise her up again, and she went into the city of Mesembria. After seeing her alive and hearing her preach, the local king was baptized with many of his subjects. Wishing to convert even more pagans to Christianity, Saint Irene went to Ephesus, where she taught the people and performed many miracles. The Lord revealed to her that the end of her life was approaching. Then Saint Irene left the city accompanied by six people, including her former teacher Apellian. On the outskirts of the town, she found a new tomb in which no one had ever been buried. After making the Sign of the Cross, she went inside, directing her companions to seal the entrance to the cave with a large stone, which they did. She also told them that that no one should move the stone until four days had passed. returned after only two days, and found that the stone had been rolled away and the tomb was empty. There are conflicting accounts about her holy relics being taken to Constantinople and other places, including Patras, Samos, and Patmos. According to the Western Martyrologies, Saint Irene was martyred in Thessaloniki after being thrown into the fire, while according to the Menologion of Emperor Basil II, Saint Irene completed her martyric contest by being beheaded. Irene led thousands of people to Christ through her preaching, and by her example. The Church continues to honor her memory and to seek her heavenly intercession. She is invoked by those wishing to effect a swift and happy marriage. In Greece, she is also the patron saint of policemen. Saint Irene is also one of the twelve Virgin Martyrs who appeared to Saint Seraphim of Sarov (January 2) and the Diveyevo nun Eupraxia on the Feast of the Annunciation in 1831. By her holy prayers, may the Lord have mercy upon us and save us. Amen.

Zeugma, Syria (Euphrates River 3.5)
Zeugma, Syria; St Publius the Ascetic of Syria, Commemorated January 25 ;

Kobane, Syria (Euphrates River 3.5)
Kobane, Syria;

Euphrates River 4 (Hieropolis, Syria)

Armenia, Edessa and Melitene, Euphrates River 4, Sajur River Folder

Sajur River 1

Sajur River 2

Sajur River 3

Sajur River Source (two streams at Gaziantep)

Sajur River Mouth (Hieropolis and Pethor, Euphrates River 4)

Hieropolis in Syria (Sajur River Mouth, Euphrates River 4)
Hieropolis in Syria (Euphrates River 4) 30 kilometers west of the Euphrates; Martyr Domnina with her daughters of Syria, Commemorated on October 4; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip, Commemorated November 14 ;

Pethor (Sajur River Mouth, Euphrates River 4)
Pethor (Sajur River Mouth, Euphrates River 4); Numbers 22:1-21. Balak Summons Balaam (from Pethor) to Curse Israel;

Euphrates River 5 (Kings Highway)

Callinicus, or Callinicum, Armenia or Syria (Euphrates River 5)
Callinicus, or Callinicum; Great Martyr Irene, Commemorated on May 5; was deposed by his son Sapor, who persecuted Christians with an even greater zeal than his father had done. Saint Irene went to her home town of Magedon in Persia to meet Sapor and his army, and ask him to end the persecution. When he refused, Saint Irene prayed and his entire army was blinded. She prayed again and they received their sight once more. In spite of this, Sapor refused to recognize the power of God. Because of his insolence, he was struck and killed by a bolt of lightning. this, Saint Irene walked into the city and performed many miracles. She returned to the tower built by her father, accompanied by the priest Timothy. Through her teaching, she converted five thousand people to Christ. Next, the saint went to the city of Callinicus, or Callinicum (possibly on the Euphrates River in Syria). The ruler of that place was King Numerian, the son of Sebastian. When she began to teach about Christ, she was arrested and tortured by the pagan authorities. They enclosed her inside three bronze oxen, one after another, which were heated until they were red-hot. When the Great Martyr was placed within the third ox, it began to walk about, and then it split asunder. Saint Irene emerged from it as if from the fires of hell. This resulted in thousands of souls converting to the faith of Christ. the approach of death, Numerian instructed his eparch Babdonus to continue torturing the saint in order to force her to sacrifice to idols. Once again, the tortures were ineffective, and many people turned to Christ. ’s holy martyr then traveled to the city of Constantina, forty miles northeast of Edessa. By 330, the Persian king Sapor II (309-379) had heard of Saint Irene’s great miracles. To prevent her from winning more people to Christ, she was arrested, beheaded, and then buried. However, God sent an angel to raise her up again, and she went into the city of Mesembria. After seeing her alive and hearing her preach, the local king was baptized with many of his subjects.

Euphrates River 6 (Chebar River Mouth)

Euphrates River 7 (Bagdagi)
Euphrates River;

Euphrates River 8 (Faluja)

Euphrates River 9 (Babylon)

Euphrates River 10

Euphrates River 11 (Samara)

Euphrates River 12

Euphrates River 13 (Tigris River)

Euphrates River Mouth (Persian Gulf)

Armenia, Roman Roads, Silk Road to Great Road and Yerevan Trade Route Folder

Silk Road Great Road Trade Route

Silk Road Great Road Trade Route 1 - Trebizond, Pontine, Armenia (Black Sea, Silk Road, Harsit River)
Trebizond (Black Sea, Silk Road) ; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated January 21; Martyr Eugene at Trebizond; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated February 17; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5;

Trebizond, Pontine, Armenia (Black Sea, Silk Road, Harsit River)
Trebizond (Black Sea, Silk Road) ; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated January 21; Martyr Eugene at Trebizond; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated February 17; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5;

Sild Road, Great Road Trade Route 2 - Patara (high point, Pontine, Armenia)
Patara (Cappadocia); city lay on the major trade road from Trapezus on the Black Sea to Satala, and thence to Lake Van. Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route

Patara (high point on Trade Route connecting Silk Road Trebazond to Great Road at Mietelene to Yaravan)
Patara (Cappadocia); city lay on the major trade road from Trapezus on the Black Sea to Satala, and thence to Lake Van. Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route

Silk Road Great Road Trade Route 3 - Satala, Pontine, Armenia (on the road from Trabzon to Samosata and Lake Van)
Satala, Pontine, Armenia; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route

Silk Road to Great Road Trade Route 4 - Kemah Fortress, a high point
Kemah Fortress, a high point ; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route

Silk Road Great Road Trade Route 5 - Melitene, Armenia (Intersection Road from Ephesus and Euphrates River 2)
Malatya; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated September 1 ; Uncovering of the relics St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on September 15; Martyr Polyeuctus of Melitene, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia; Martyr Eudoxius; St Acacius the Confessor, Commemorated on March 31; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Eutychius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on May 28;

Armenai, Roman Roads, Great Road To Yerevan Trade Route Folder - via Upper Euphrates

Great Road to Yerevan Armenia Trade Route via Upper Euphrates River

Great Road to Yerevan Armenia via Euphrates River Trade Route 1 - Samosata and Edessa, Armenia (Euphrates River 3)
Samosata; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17 ; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Romanus at Samosata, Commemorated January 29 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated February 19 ; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Great Road to Yerevan Trade Route 2 - Melitene, Armenia (Intersection Road from Ephesus and Euphrates River 2)
Malatya; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated September 1 ; Uncovering of the relics St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on September 15; Martyr Polyeuctus of Melitene, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia; Martyr Eudoxius; St Acacius the Confessor, Commemorated on March 31; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Eutychius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on May 28;

Great Road to Yerevan Trade Route 3 - Armenia, 1071, Battle of Manzikert at Lake Van on Upper Euphrates
Armenia, Battle of Manzikert 1071; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route

Great Road to Yerevan Trade Route 3 - Lake Van, Taron Region
Lake Van; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route Taron Region; Arab Muslim Conquest of Armenia 639;

Great Road to Yerevan Trade Route 4 - Euphrates River Source (Murat River Source)
Murat River Source, the Major Source of the Euphrates; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8;

Great Road to Yervan Trade Route 5 - Erevan (Yerevan Fortress, Melitene)
Erevan (Yerevan Fortress, Melitene); Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route Arab Muslim Conquest of Armenia 639;

Roman Bulgaria, Roman Roads Folder

Bulgaria, Roman Roads, Via Militaris Folder, from Belgrade, Serbia to Adrianopolis, Bulgaia

Roman Road, Via Militarius 1, Singidunum (Belgrade)
Roman Road, Via Militarius 1, Singidunum (Belgrade); Roman Road, Via Militarius;

Roman Road, Via Militarius 2 , Viminacium, Roman Moesia Superior (Prima) Capitol
Viminacium, capital of Roman Moesia Superior (Prima), on Via Militarius; Saint Donatus, Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30;

Roman Road, Via Militaris 4, Serdica or Sofia, Bulgaria
Roman Road, Via Militaris 4, Sofia, Bulgaria Sofia occupies a strategic position at the centre of the Balkan Peninsula, on Roman Road. Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26;

Bulgaria, Roman Roads Triangle Folder, Via Egnatia, Eastern Triangle

Kutmichevitsa, Southwest Macedonia or Albania (K Triangle Area)
Kutmichevitsa, (K Triangle Area), the northwestern part of the region of Macedonia and the southern part of Albania, broadly taken to be the area included in the triangle ; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ;

Valona, Albania (Aous River Mouth)
Valona, Albania; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the œDeliverer from PotionsÂ, Commemorated on December 22 ; Martyr Theodota who suffered under Diocletian, Commemorated December 22 ; Virginmartyr Anysia at Thessalonica, Commemorated on December 30 ;

Via Egnatia Folder (Main East West Roman Road, K Triangle)

Via Egnatia (The East West Roman Road, Eastern Triangle)
Key towns along the Via Egnatia East West Roman Road Listed from west to east: Ancient name Modern name Modern country Dyrrachium, later Epidamnos Durras Albania Claudiana Peqin Albania Apollonia By the village of Pojani (7 km W of Fier) Albania Masio Scampa Elbasan Albania Lychnida Ohrid North Macedonia Resen Resen North Macedonia Heraclea Bitola North Macedonia Florina Florina Greece Edessa Edessa Greece Pella Pella Greece Thessalonike Thessaloniki Greece Pydna Possibly Kitros, 6 km SW of modern Pydna Greece Amphipolis Amfipoli Greece Philippi 14 km NW of Kavala Greece Neapolis Kavala Greece Traianoupolis Traianoupoli Greece Kypsela Turkey Aenus Enez Turkey Aproi Village of Kermeyan Turkey Adrianople Edirne (not on the main Via Egnatia) Turkey Perinthus, later Heraclea Village of MarmaraereaŸlisi Turkey Caenophrurium Sinekli in Silivri district Turkey Selymbria Silivri Turkey Melantias Turkey Rhegion Kaekmece, 15 km W of Istanbul Turkey Byzantium, later Constantinople Istanbul Turkey

Roman Road, Via Egnatia - Adrianople
Via Egnatia - Adrianople ;

Rome, Roman Roads Folder

Rome, Italy, Appian Way Folder

Appian Way Route 2

Terracina (Appian Way, south of Rome)
Terracina, near Rome ; Martyr Julian the Presbyter at Terracina, Commemorated October 7 ;

Appian Way (Rome)
Appian Way;

Appian Way (Naples)

Appian Way (Bari)

Appian Way (Brindisi)

Appian Way (Trullo)

Rome, Italy, Via Aurelia Folder

Via Aurelia (Roman Road, Pisa to Rome)
Via Aurelia;

Via Aurelia 1 (Pisa)
Via Aurelia, Roman Road from Pisa to Rome; Pisa;

Via Aurelia 2 (Cosa)
Via Aurelia 2 (Cosa);

Via Aurelia 3 - Alsium

Via Aurelia 4 - Aurelian gate, Porta St Pancrazio
Via Aurelia, Roman Road from Pisa to Rome - Aurelian gate, Rome aka Porta Pia. The Aurelian gate is known today as the Porta St Pancrazio. Martyr Pancratius, Commemorated on May 12;

Rome, Italy, Via Salaria Folder

Salarian Way, Via Salaria
Via Salaria;

Via Nomentana (ancient road from Rome to Nomentana, only 23 K)
Via Nomentana (ancient road from Rome to Nomentana, only 23 K, probably same route as the longer Via Salaria (Salt Road)); Virginmartyr Agnes of Rome, Commemorated January 21 ;

Via Salaria 1 (Porta Salaria Gate, Aurelain Walls)
Porta Salaria Gate, Gardens of Sallust, Aurelian Walls;

Via Salaria 2 (Rieti)
Rieti;

Interocrea (Antrodoco, between the mountains, Via Salaria) Severus brings back dead man in 6th C
Interocrea (Antrodoco, between the mountains); St Severus the Presbyter of Interocrea in Italy, Commemorated on June 27; Severus the Presbyter during the sixth century served in a church of the Most Holy Theotokos in the village of Interocrea in Central Italy. He was noted for his virtuous and God-pleasing life. One time, when the saint was working in his garden, cutting grapes in the vineyard, they summoned him to administer the Holy Mysteries for the dying. Saint Severus said: “Go back, and I’ll catch up with you soon.â€ remained only but a few more grapes to cut off, and Saint Severus dallied for awhile in the garden to finish the work. When he arrived at the sick person’s home, they told him that the person was already dead. Saint Severus, regarding himself as guilty in the death of a man without absolution, started to tremble and loudly he began to weep. He went into the house where the deceased lay. loud groans and calling himself a murderer, in tears he fell down before the dead person. Suddenly the dead man came alive and related to everyone that the demons wanted to seize his soul, but one of the angels said, “Give him back, since the priest Severus weeps over him, and on account of his tears the Lord has granted him this man.â€ Saint Severus, giving thanks to the Lord, confessed and communed the resurrected man with the Holy Mysteries. That man survived for another seven days, then joyfully went to the Lord.

Via Salaria 3 (Asculum, Ascoli Piceno)
Ascoli Piceno;

Via Salaria 4 (Castrum Truentinum, Adriatic Sea)
Castrum Truentinum;

Adrianium, Italy (Hadrianium)
Adrianium, Italy (Hadrianium) ; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30;

Theato, Italy
Theato, Italy; Martyr Eleutherius of Constantinople, Commemorated August 14

Via Salaria 5 (Ancona)
Ancona;

Roman Province Macedonia

Greece, Macedonia, K Triangle area of Macedonia Folder, Kutmichivitsa, Albania, Via Egnatia

Ochrid, Greater Macedonia and Albania (Roman Roads, largest city on Lake Ochrid)
Ochrid (largest city on Lake Ochrid); Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated July 27 ; Slavs; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25 ; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated December 23 ; Venerable Gregory of Ochrid; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20;

Bitolya, Center of K Triangle, Macedonia (Pelagonia Valley) Capital of First Bulgarian Empire
Bitolya ; Venerable Nectarius of Bitolya and Mt Athos, Commemorated December 5 ; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15 ;

Heraclea Lyncestis, Macedonia (center of K Triangle)
Heraclea Lyncestis;

Galatea Region of West Macedonia
Galatea Region; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

Verroia, Macedonia (Beroea, west of Axios River Mouth, K Triangle, Via Egnatia Roman Road)
Verroia; Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated August 19 ; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated August 24; Apostle Carpus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Dionysius of Olympus, Commemorated January 24 ; Apostle Carpus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 26;

Kastoria, K Triangle, Macedonia
Kastoria, Macedonia; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ;

Kastorian Hills, K Triangle, Macedonia, Greece
Kastoria, Macedonia; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ;

Koritsa (Kastorian hills, right on Via Egnatia of K Triangle)
Koritsa (Kastorian hills) ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ;

Pidna, Macedonia
Pidna; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; Martyr Alexander of Macedonia, Commemorated on March 13 ;

Mount Peristeros, Macedonia
Mount Peristeros; Venerable Euthymius the New of Thessalonica, and Monk of Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 15;

Prespa Lakes Region, Macedonia, Greece and Albania
Prespa Lakes (Lake Ohrid and Lake Prespa); St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15;

Roman Provinces Folder

Roman Province of Raetia Area

Roman Province of Albania Area

Roman Province of Germania Area, only 16 years

Roman Province of Egypt Area

Roman Province of Syria Area (in Zargos Mts except for Antioch and Damascus)

Roman Province of Bithynia and Pontus Coastline Area

Roman Province of Crete and Cyrene, Libya Area

Roman Province of Mesopotamia Area (inside Zaragos Mts)

Roman Province of Corsica and Sardinia Area

Roman Province of Sicily Area

Roman Province of Achaia Area

Roman Buffer State Armenia, Greater Armenia Area till 461

Roman Province of Britain Area

Roman Province of Gaul Area

Roman Province of Hispania Area

Roman Province of Illyricum Area - Illyria and Slavonia

Roman Province of Pannonia Area - Little Hungarian Plain - Danube - Drava - and Alpen Foothills

Roman Province of Pannonia Area - Slavonia - Between Sava and Drava Rivers in Croatia

Roman Province of Bithynia and Pontus Coastline

Bithynia Folder, its rivers and mountains

Bithynia Province (Lower Sakarya River at its center)
Bithynia Province (southwest coast of the Black Sea); Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Martyr Hilary of Ancyra, Commemorated July 12 ; Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated on July 12 ; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 25; Hieromartyr Hermolaus at Nicomedia, Commemorated July 26 ; Greatmartyr and Healer Panteleimon, Commemorated July 27 ; Martyr Theodota in Bithynia, Commemorated on July 29; Righteous Nonna the mother of St Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on August 5; Martyr Anicetus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on August 12 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Diomedes the Physician of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 16; Martyr Straton of Nicomedia, Commemorated on August 17 ; Martyr Thyrsus at Caesarea, in Bithynia, Commemorated August 17 ; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; Martyr Tation (Tatio) of Claudiopolis, Commemorated on August 24; Martyr Adrian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on August 26 ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; Martyr Callista with her brothers at Nicomedia, Commemorated September 1 ; Hieromartyr Anthimus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Basilissa of Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Theophilus the Deacon of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 3 ; Martyr Theodore of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Urban and 79 Companions at Nicomedia, Commemorated September 5 ; Venerable Luke the Abbot, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on September 7; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10 ; St Peter Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated September 10 ; Venerable Paul the Obedient, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on September 10; St Coronatus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 12 ; Hieromartyr Autonomus the Bishop in Italy, Commemorated September 12 ; St Philotheus the Presbyter in Asia Minor, Commemorated on September 15; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on September 16 ; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16 ; Martyr Theodota at Nicea, Commemorated on September 17 ; Venerable Athanasius of Medikion Monastery, Commemorated on October 26 ; St Philotheus the Presbyter in Asia Minor ; Venerable Athanasius of Medikion Monastery ; Venerable Joannicius the Great, Commemorated on November 4 ; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; Monkmartyr and Confessor Stephen the New of Mt St Auxentius, Commemorated November 28 ; Martyr Anna, Commemorated November 28 ; Martyr Paramon in Bithynia, Commemorated on November 29 ; 16Venerable Thomas of Bithynia, Commemorated December 10 ; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; Martyr Thyrsus of Apollonia, Commemorated December 14 ; Virginmartyr Juliana of Nicomedia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Martyr Theodota who suffered under Diocletian, Commemorated December 22 ; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated December 23 ; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "the branded," Confessor, Commemorated December 27 ; 20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia, Commemorated December 28 ; Martyr Philetairus of Nicomedia, Commemorated December 30 ; Apostle Prochorus the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Hieromartyr Theopemptus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; St Eustratius the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Chenolaklos Monastery, Near Chalcedon, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable John Calabytes "the Hut-Dweller", Commemorated January 15 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Virginmartyr Euphrasia of Nicomedia, Commemorated January 19 ; Martyr Bassus at Nicomedia, Commemorated January 20 ; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated January 21; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated January 22 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Venerable Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia, Commemorated February 1 ; 1,003 Martyrs of Nicomedia,Commemorated February 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Iveron", Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated February 14; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18 ; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18; St Agapitus the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia, Commemorated February 18; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21; Venerable Timothy of Symbola in Bithynia, Commemorated February 21 ; St Athanasius the Confessor of Constantinople, Commemorated February 22 ; St Tarasius the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 25; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28 ; Martyr Eudokia of Heliopolis, Commemorated on March 1; St Hesychius the Faster of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 5; St Paul the Confessor the Bishop of Plusias in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9 ; Martyr Quadratus and the rest of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 10; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Martyr Trophimus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 18 ; Martyr Pancharius at Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 19; St Nicetas the Confessor the Archbishop of Apollonias in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Stephen the Wonderworker the Abbot of Tryglia, Commemorated on March 28; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29 ; Appearance of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on March 31; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Nicetas the Confessor the Abbot of Medikion, Commemorated on April 3; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12; Martyr Victor of Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 18; St Cosmas the Bishop of Chalcedon, Commemorated on April 18; Martyr Christopher at Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Nicephorus the Abbot of Catabad, Commemorated on April 19; Martyr Isaac of Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 21; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Martyr Eusebius and Others, at Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 24; MARTYRS OF ARMENIA, 24 April 1915 ; New Martyr Argyra, Commemorated on April 30; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; St Michael of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; Martyr Solochon at Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 17; Hieromartyr Patrick the Bishop of Prusa with his companions, Commemorated on May 19; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; St Nicetas the Bishop of Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 28; Martyr Lucillian and those who suffered with him at Byzantium Commemorated on June 3 EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11 ; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2; St Anatolius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 3; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5 ; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia, Commemorated on July 7; Martyr Epictetus the Presbyter at Halmyris, Commemorated on July 8;

Bithynia, Lower Sakarya River Folder, Central BIT

Sakarya River

Sakarya River 5 (Phrygia and Bythnia)

Sogut, Bithynia (Sakarya River 5.4)
Sogut, Bithynia; St. Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11;

Sakarya River 6 (Nicaea, Bithynia)

Nicaea, Bithynia (on Lake Ascanius in Lower Sakarya)
Nicea (Nicaea); Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on July 21; Martyr Theodota in Bithynia, Commemorated on July 29; Righteous Nonna the mother of St Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on August 5; Martyr Diomedes the Physician of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 16; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on August 17; St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated August 27 ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; Fathers of the First Six Councils; First Council of Nicaea; Second Council of Nicaea; Martyr Theodota in Bithynia; Saint Sava I, first Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30 and January 14; St Peter Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated September 10 ; Venerable Paul the Obedient, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on September 10; Martyr Theodota at Nicea, Commemorated on September 17 ; Arrival of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God in Georgia, Commemorated on September 26 ; Martyr Polychronius the Presbyter, Commemorated on October 7 ; St Theophanes the Confessor and Hymnographer, Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated on October 11 ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16 ; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Martyr Eustathius of Nicea, Commemorated on November 20 ; NICHOLAS OF MYRA, FRIEND OF CHILDREN, GIVER OF GIFTS, CLIMBER OF CHIMNEYS, ETC. (6 DEC 326) ; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated December 23 ; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "the branded," Confessor, Commemorated December 27 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated January 21; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Iveron", Commemorated February 12 ; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21; St Tarasius the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated February 25; Martyr Antonina of Nicea, in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 1; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Martyr Quadratus and the rest of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 10; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); Appearance of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on March 31; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Antonina of Nicea, Commemorated on June 13; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Lake Ascanius
Lake Ascanius; Martyr Antonina of Nicea, in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 1;

Sakarya River 7 (Nicomedia, Bithynia)

Nicomedia, Bithynia (Gulf of Ismid, Lower Sakarya)
Nicomedia; Hieromartyr Hermolaus at Nicomedia, Commemorated July 26 ; Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 25; the banishment of Saint John Chrysostom, someone set fire to a large church, and after this a large part of the city burned down. the supporters of Saint John Chrysostom came under suspicion of arson, and they were summoned for interrogation. They summoned Saint Olympias to trial, rigorously interrogating her. They fined her a large sum of money for the crime of arson, despite her innocence and a lack of evidence against her. After this the saint left Constantinople and set out to Kyzikos (on the Sea of Marmara). But her enemies did not cease their persecution. In the year 405 they sentenced her to prison at Nicomedia, where the saint underwent much grief and deprivation. Saint John Chrysostom wrote to her from his exile, consoling her in her sorrow. In the year 409 Saint Olympias entered into eternal rest. Greatmartyr and Healer Panteleimon, Commemorated on July 27; Great Martyr and Healer Panteleimon was born in the city of Nicomedia into the family of the illustrious pagan Eustorgius, and he was named Pantoleon. His mother Saint Euboula (March 30) was a Christian. She wanted to raise her son in the Christian Faith, but she died when the future martyr was just a young child. His father sent Pantoleon to a pagan school, after which the young man studied medicine at Nicomedia under the renowned physician Euphrosynus. Pantoleon came to the attention of the emperor Maximian (284-305), who wished to appoint him as royal physician when he finished his schooling. hieromartyrs Hermolaus, Hermippus and Hermocrates, survivors of the massacre of 20,000 Christians in 303 (December 28), were living secretly in Nicomedia at that time. Saint Hermolaus saw Pantoleon time and again when he came to the house where they were hiding. Once, the priest invited the youth to the house and spoke about the Christian Faith. After this Pantoleon visited Saint Hermolaus every day. day the saint found a dead child on the street. He had been bitten by a great snake, which was still beside the child’s body. Pantoleon began to pray to the Lord Jesus Christ to revive the dead child and to destroy the venomous reptile. He firmly resolved that if his prayer were fulfilled, he would become a follower of Christ and receive Baptism. The child rose up alive, and the snake died before Pantoleon’s eyes. this miracle, Pantoleon was baptized by Saint Hermolaus with the name Panteleimon (meaning “all-merciful”). Speaking with Eustorgius, Saint Panteleimon prepared him to accept Christianity. When the father saw how his son healed a blind man by invoking Jesus Christ, he then believed in Christ and was baptized by Saint Hermolaus together with the man whose sight was restored. the death of his father, Saint Panteleimon dedicated his life to the suffering, the sick, the unfortunate and the needy. He treated all those who turned to him without charge, healing them in the name of Jesus Christ. He visited those held captive in prison. These were usually Christians, and he healed them of their wounds. In a short time, reports of the charitable physician spread throughout the city. Forsaking the other doctors, the inhabitants began to turn only to Saint Panteleimon. envious doctors told the emperor that Saint Panteleimon was healing Christian prisoners. Maximian urged the saint to refute the charge by offering sacrifice to idols. Saint Panteleimon confessed himself a Christian, and suggested that a sick person, for whom the doctors held out no hope, should be brought before the emperor. Then the doctors could invoke their gods, and Panteleimon would pray to his God to heal the man. A man paralyzed for many years was brought in, and pagan priests who knew the art of medicine invoked their gods without success. Then, before the very eyes of the emperor, the saint healed the paralytic by calling on the name of Jesus Christ. The ferocious Maximian executed the healed man, and gave Saint Panteleimon over to fierce torture. Lord appeared to the saint and strengthened him before his sufferings. They suspended the Great Martyr Panteleimon from a tree and scraped him with iron hooks, burned him with fire and then stretched him on the rack, threw him into a cauldron of boiling tar, and cast him into the sea with a stone around his neck. Throughout these tortures the martyr remained unhurt, and denounced the emperor. this time the priests Hermolaus, Hermippus and Hermocrates were brought before the court of the pagans. All three confessed their faith in the Savior and were beheaded (July 26). order of the emperor they brought the Great Martyr Panteleimon to the circus to be devoured by wild beasts. The animals, however, came up to him and licked his feet. The spectators began to shout, “Great is the God of the Christians!” The enraged Maximian ordered the soldiers to stab with the sword anyone who glorified Christ, and to cut off the head of the Great Martyr Panteleimon. led the saint to the place of execution and tied him to an olive tree. While the martyr prayed, one of the soldiers struck him with a sword, but the sword became soft like wax and inflicted no wound. The saint completed his prayer, and a Voice was heard from Heaven, calling the passion-bearer by his new name and summoning him to the heavenly Kingdom. the Voice, the soldiers fell down on their knees before the holy martyr and begged forgiveness. They refused to continue with the execution, but Saint Panteleimon told them to fulfill the emperor’s command, because otherwise they would have no share with him in the future life. The soldiers tearfully took their leave of the saint with a kiss. the saint was beheaded, the olive tree to which the saint was tied became covered with fruit. Many who were present at the execution believed in Christ. The saint’s body was thrown into a fire, but remained unharmed, and was buried by Christians. Saint Panteleimon’s servants Laurence, Bassos and Probus witnessed his execution and heard the Voice from Heaven. They recorded the life, the sufferings and death of the saint. of the holy relics of the Great Martyr Panteleimon were distributed throughout all the Christian world. His venerable head is now located at the Russian monastery of Saint Panteleimon on Mt. Athos. veneration of the holy martyr in the Russian Orthodox Church was already known in the twelfth century. Prince Izyaslav (in Baptism, Panteleimon), the son of Saint Mstislav the Great, had an image of Saint Panteleimon on his helmet. Through the intercession of the saint he remained alive during a battle in the year 1151. On the Feast of the Great Martyr Panteleimon, Russian forces won two naval victories over the Swedes (in 1714 near Hanhauze and in 1720 near Grenham). Panteleimon is venerated in the Orthodox Church as a mighty saint, and the protector of soldiers. This aspect of his veneration is derived from his first name Pantoleon, which means “a lion in everything”. His second name, Panteleimon, given him at Baptism, which means “all-merciful”, is manifest in the veneration of the martyr as a healer. The connection between these two aspects of the saint is readily apparent in that soldiers, receiving wounds more frequently than others, are more in need of a physician-healer. Christians waging spiritual warfare also have recourse to this saint, asking him to heal their spiritual wounds. holy Great Martyr and Healer Panteleimon is invoked in the Mystery of Anointing the Sick, at the Blessing of Water, and in the Prayers for the Sick. Martyr Anicetus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Diomedes the Physician of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 16; Martyr Straton of Nicomedia, Commemorated August 17 ; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; Martyr Adrian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on August 26 ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; Martyr Callista with her brothers at Nicomedia, Commemorated September 1 ; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated September 2 ; Hieromartyr Anthimus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Theophilus the Deacon of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 3 ; Martyr Basilissa of Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Babylas of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Theodore of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Urban and 79 Companions at Nicomedia, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10 ; St Coronatus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 12 ; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2 ; 20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia, Commemorated on December 28 ; Martyr Callisthene and her father Audactus of Ephesus ; Martyr Eulampius at Nicomedia, Commemorated October 10 ; 200 Martyrs with Eulampius and Eulampia at Nicomedia, Commemorated October 10 ; Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15 ; Martyr Dasius at Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 21; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6 ; Virginmartyr Juliana of Nicomedia, Commemorated on December 21 ; The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ; Afterfeast of the Nativity of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated December 28; 20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia, Commemorated December 28 ; Martyr Philetairus of Nicomedia, Commemorated December 30 ; Apostle Prochorus the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Hieromartyr Theopemptus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Virginmartyr Euphrasia of Nicomedia, Commemorated January 19 ; Martyr Bassus at Nicomedia, Commemorated January 20 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23 ; 1,003 Martyrs of Nicomedia,Commemorated February 7 ; St Athanasius the Confessor of Constantinople, Commemorated February 22 ; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; Theophylactus lived at Constantinople in the eighth century during the time of the Iconoclast heresy. After the death of the iconoclast emperor Leo IV the Khazar (775-780), Emperor Constantine VI (780-797) ascended the throne. At the same time, the holy Patriarch Paul (August 30), not having the strength to continue guiding the flock in the face of iconoclasm, voluntarily resigned his office (784). Saint Tarasius (February 25) was chosen in his place. At that time, he was an eminent imperial counselor. Under the supervision of the new Patriarch the Seventh Ecumenical Council (787) was convened to condemn the Iconoclast heresy. A relatively peaceful time began for the Church, and monasteries again began to fill with monks. Theophylactus, a gifted disciple of Saint Tarasius, with the blessing of the Patriarch, went to a monastery on the coast of the Black Sea with Saint Michael (May 23). The zealous ascetics by their God-pleasing labors and intense prayer were granted the gift of wonderworking by God. During a drought, when the workers in the field were weakened by thirst, the saints prayed and an empty vessel became filled with enough water to last the entire day. several years in the monastery, they were both consecrated as bishops by Patriarch Tarasius. Saint Michael was made Bishop of Synada, and Saint Theophylactus was made Bishop of Nicomedia. the Church of Nicomedia, Saint Theophylactus cared for the flock entrusted to him. He built churches, hospices, homes for wanderers, he generously distributed alms, was the guardian of orphans, widows and the sick, and personally attended those afflicted with leprosy, not hesitating to wash their wounds. the iconoclast Leo the Armenian (813-820) came to the imperial throne, the terrible heresy burst forth with renewed strength. the iconoclast emperor was not able to influence Saint Nicephorus (June 2), the successor of Patriarch Tarasius, who with the other bishops vainly urged Leo not to destroy the peace of the Church. Saint Theophylactus was present at the negotiations of the emperor with the Patriarch. Denouncing the heretics, Saint Theophylactus predicted a speedy death for Leo the Armenian. For his bold prophecy the saint was sent into exile to the fortress Strobil (in Asia Minor). He languished for thirty years until his death, which took place around the year 845. the restoration of icon-veneration in the year 847 under the empress Saint Theodora (February 11) and her son Michael, the holy relics of Saint Theophylactus were returned to Nicomedia. Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9 ; Martyr Quadratus and the rest of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 10; Martyr Trophimus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 18; Martyr Pancharius at Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 19; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; Martyr Victor of Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 18; Martyr Christopher at Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 19; Martyr Isaac of Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 21; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Martyr Eusebius and Others, at Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 24; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; Martyr Lucillian and those who suffered with him at Byzantium, Commemorated on June 3; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia, Commemorated on July 7;

Sakarya River Mouth (Bithynia, Pontus and Black Sea)
Northwest Bithynia, on the coast of the Black Sea, Monk Martyrs Epictetus and Astion, at Halmyris, Commemorated on July 8;

Bithynia, Northwest Bithynia on the Coast of the Black Sea
Northwest Bithynia, on the coast of the Black Sea, Monk Martyrs Epictetus and Astion, at Halmyris, Commemorated on July 8;

Bithynia, Sakkoudion River Folder (Mysia, Mt Olympus), Southern BIT

Mysia Region
Mysia Region; Paul'™s Vision of the Man of Macedonia;

Sakkoudion (Sagarista) River

Sakkodian River (Lower Sakkodian)

Sakkoudion River Source (Mount Olympus)

Mt. Olympus, Bithynia in Asia Minor
Mt. Olympus in Asia Minor; Abgar monastery (on Olympos in Asia Minor); Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated July 12 ; St Irene Chrysovolantou, Commemorated July 28 ; St George Limniotes the Confessor of Mt. Olympus, Commemorated on August 24; St Peter of Atroe, Commemorated September 13 ; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2, From age seven until thirty, Cyprian studied at the most outstanding centers of paganism: on Mount Olympus, in the cities of Argos and Tauropolis, in the Egyptian city of Memphis, and at Babylon; Venerable Euthymius the New of Thessalonica, and Monk of Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 15 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated on November 20 ; Monkmartyr and Confessor Stephen the New of Mt St Auxentius, Commemorated on November 28 ; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated January 21; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable Timothy of Symbola in Bithynia, Commemorated February 21 ; St Paul the Confessor the Bishop of Plusias in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 7; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; St Michael of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13; Hieromartyr Patrick the Bishop of Prusa with his companions, Commemorated on May 19; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1;

Sakkoudion Monastery on Mt Olympos in Bithynia
Sakkoudion Monastery on Mt Olympos in Bithynia; Sakkoudion Monastery on Mt Olympos in Bithynia; St George Limniotes the Confessor of Mt. Olympus, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; 16Venerable Thomas of Bithynia, Commemorated December 10 ; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10;

Olympos Monastery, Bithynia
Sakkoudion Monastery on Mt Olympos in Bithynia; Sakkoudion Monastery on Mt Olympos in Bithynia; St George Limniotes the Confessor of Mt. Olympus, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; 16Venerable Thomas of Bithynia, Commemorated December 10 ; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10;

Abgar monastery, Bithynia (on Olympos, Asia Minor)
Abgar monastery (on Olympos in Asia Minor); Abgar monastery (on Olympos in Asia Minor); Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated on July 12 ; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11; St Eustratius the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 9 ; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10;

Sakkodian River 1 (Prusa and Caesarea)

Prusa, Bithynia (Proussa, Sakkoudion River 1)
Prusa or Plusias, or Cius in Bithynia Venerable Luke the Abbot, Near Constantinople; Venerable Luke the Abbot, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on September 7; St Paul the Confessor the Bishop of Plusias in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 7; New Martyr Argyra, Commemorated on April 30; St Michael of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ; Hieromartyr Patrick the Bishop of Prusa with his companions, Commemorated on May 19; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10;

Prusa Hot Springs or Bursa Hot Springs
Prusa Hot Springs or Bursa Hot Springs; also has thermal baths, old Ottoman mansions, palaces, and several museums. was the first major and second overall capital of the Ottoman State between 1335 and 1363. The city was referred to as Hüdavendigar (meaning God's gift, in Ottoman Turkish, a name of Persian origin) during the Ottoman period, while a more recent nickname is Yesil Bursa (Green Bursa) in reference to the parks and gardens located across its urban fabric, as well as to the vast and richly varied forests of the surrounding region. Mount Uludag, the ancient Mysian Olympus, towers over it, and has a well-known ski resort. Bursa has rather orderly urban growth and borders a fertile plain. The mausoleums of the early Ottoman sultans are located in Bursa, and the city's main landmarks include numerous edifices built throughout the Ottoman period. Bursa also has thermal baths, old Ottoman mansions, palaces, and several museums. Hieromartyr Patrick, Bishop of Prusa, and his companions, Commemorated on May 19;

Bursa Hot Springs at Prusa, Bithynia
Prusa Hot Springs or Bursa Hot Springs; also has thermal baths, old Ottoman mansions, palaces, and several museums. was the first major and second overall capital of the Ottoman State between 1335 and 1363. The city was referred to as Hüdavendigar (meaning God's gift, in Ottoman Turkish, a name of Persian origin) during the Ottoman period, while a more recent nickname is Yesil Bursa (Green Bursa) in reference to the parks and gardens located across its urban fabric, as well as to the vast and richly varied forests of the surrounding region. Mount Uludag, the ancient Mysian Olympus, towers over it, and has a well-known ski resort. Bursa has rather orderly urban growth and borders a fertile plain. The mausoleums of the early Ottoman sultans are located in Bursa, and the city's main landmarks include numerous edifices built throughout the Ottoman period. Bursa also has thermal baths, old Ottoman mansions, palaces, and several museums. Hieromartyr Patrick, Bishop of Prusa, and his companions, Commemorated on May 19;

Plusias, Bithynia
Prusa or Plusias, or Cius in Bithynia; Venerable Luke the Abbot, Near Constantinople; St Paul the Confessor the Bishop of Plusias in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10;

Atroa, Bithynia (Plain of Prusa)
Atroa, Bithynia; Saints Michael and and Arsenius of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3;

Pelecete Monastery near Prusa, Bithynia, 709
Pelecete Monastery near Prusa and Bursa; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Saints Michael and and Arsenius of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10; Pelekete monestary is a former name of the Church Hagios Sergios. Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete; Martyr Theokteristus, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Nicetas the Confessor the Abbot of Medikion, Commemorated on April 3; St Michael of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10;

Apamea, Bithynia (Medikion Monastery, Triglia)
Apamea in Bithynia ; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "the branded," Confessor, Commemorated December 27 ;

Apamea, Bithynia (only Costal city beginning with an A)
Apamea in Bithynia ; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "the branded," Confessor, Commemorated December 27 ;

Caesarea, Bithynia (upper Sakkoudion River Mouth, neak Lake Uluabat)
Caesarea, in Bithynia; Martyr Thyrsus at Caesarea, in Bithynia, Commemorated August 17 ; Martyr Thyrsus of Apollonia, Commemorated December 14 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Nicetas the Confessor the Abbot of Medikion, Commemorated on April 3;

Sakkodian River 2 (Ulabat Lake, Apollonia)

Upper Sakkoudion River Mouth (Uluabat Lake)

Apollonia, in Bithynia (Uluabat Lake, Upper Sakkoudion River Mouth)
Apollonia, in Bithynia , a promentory on the northeast shore near Golyazi ; Martyr Thyrsus at Caesarea, in Bithynia, Commemorated August 17 ; Martyr Thyrsus of Apollonia, Commemorated December 14 ; St Nicetas the Confessor the Archbishop of Apollonias in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 20;

Uluabat Lake

Lower Sakkodian River Source (Uluabat Lake)

Sakkodian River Mouth (Marmara Sea)

Pelekete Monastery, Bithynia, 709
Pelekete Monastery; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelekete, Commemorated on March 28;

Tryglia monestary, Bithynia, near Constantinople, 780
Tryglia in Turkey, or Tryglia monestary near Constantinople; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; Venerable Luke the Abbot, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on September 7; Venerable Stephen the Wonderworker the Abbot of Tryglia, Commemorated on March 28;

Medikion Monastery, Ampamea, Bithynia, 780
Medikion Monastery; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; Venerable Athanasius of Medikion Monastery, Commemorated on October 26 ; Venerable Nicetas the Confessor the Abbot of Medikion, Commemorated on April 3;

Moudania, Bithynia (Chenolakkos [by the goose-pond])
Moudania, Bithynia, Asia Minor; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Chenolaklos Monastery, Near Chalcedon, Commemorated January 14 ;

Chenolakkos Monastery Bithynia (Chenolakkos [by the goose-pond])
Moudania, Bithynia, Asia Minor; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Chenolaklos Monastery, Near Chalcedon, Commemorated January 14 ;

Triglia, Bithynia (east of Sakkoudion River Mouth)
Triglia, Bithynia; Venerable Luke the Abbot, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on September 7;

Batheos (Vatheos) Ryakos (near Triglia, Bithynia)
Batheos (Vatheos) Ryakos (near Triglia, Bithynia); Triglia, Bithynia; Venerable Luke the Abbot, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on September 7;

Triglia Monastery (now Fatih Mosque, Tirilye) 720
Triglia Monastery (now Fatih Mosque, Tirilye) 720; Venerable Stephen the Wonderworker the Abbot of Triglia, Commemorated on March 28;

Khenolakkos Monastery, Triglia, Bithynia (now Fatih Mosque, Tirilye) 720
Triglia Monastery (now Fatih Mosque, Tirilye) 720; Venerable Stephen the Wonderworker the Abbot of Triglia, Commemorated on March 28;

Bithynia, Bosphoras Strait Folder (Chalcedon), Western BIT

Bosphorus Strait, Bithynia and Constantinople
Bosphorus;

Chalcedon, Bithynia (Bosphorus Strait)
Chalcedon; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated on August 31; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on September 16 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; LEO THE GREAT, BISHOP OF ROME, DOCTOR (10 NOV 461) ; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated November 25 ; Martyr Anna, Commemorated on November 28 ; Council of Chalcedon, Commemorated July 17 ; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "the branded," Confessor, Commemorated December 27 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Chenolaklos Monastery, Near Chalcedon, Commemorated January 14 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated January 22 ; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; St Cosmas the Bishop of Chalcedon, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Nicephorus the Abbot of Catabad, Commemorated on April 19; Martyr Solochon at Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 17; St Nicetas the Bishop of Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 28; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11 ; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ; St Anatolius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 3; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia, Commemorated on July 7;

Ausentius, Mt St Auxentius of Bithynia
Mt St Auxentius of Bithynia; Martyr Anna, Commemorated on November 28 ; Monkmartyr and Confessor Stephen the New of Mt St Auxentius, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated February 14;

Trichinarion Monastery, at the foot of Ausentius, Mt St Auxentius of Bithynia
Mt St Auxentius of Bithynia; Martyr Anna, Commemorated on November 28 ; Monkmartyr and Confessor Stephen the New of Mt St Auxentius, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated February 14;

Mt Oxia near Chalcedon (Mt Kayisdag)
Mt Oxia near Chalcedon (Mt Kayisdag), named after Auxentius of Bithynia; Martyr Anna, Commemorated on November 28 ; Monkmartyr and Confessor Stephen the New of Mt St Auxentius, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated February 14;

Chrysopolis, Bithynia
Chrysopolis; Chrysopolis Monastery Chrysopolis in Macedonia? Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Philotheus of Dionysiou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 21; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ;

Symbola, Bosporus, Bythnia (across bridge from Symbola Bosphorus Hotel)
Symbola, Bosporus, Bythnia (Symbola Bosphorus Hotel); Venerable Timothy of Symbola in Bithynia, Commemorated on February 21;

Chrysopolis monastery (at Skutari or Uskudar)
Chrysopolis monastery (at Skutari or Uskudar); Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated August 13 ;

Helenopolis, Bithynia (Gulf of Ismid near Nicomedia)
Helenopolis, Bithynia; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16 ;

Prote Island, Bithynia
Prote Island; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1 ;

Halki seminary, Bithynia, 1844
Halki seminary; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27;

Bithynia, Lycus River Folder, Eastern BIT

Lycus River of Bithynia

Bithyninum, Bithynia (near Lycus River)
Bithyninum, Bithynia ; Hieromartyr Autonomus the Bishop in Italy, Commemorated on September 12; Venerable John Calabytes ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Hut-DwellerÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on January 15;

Monastery of the Unsleeping Ones, Gommon, Northeastern Bithynia (near Lycus River)
Bithyninum, Bithynia ; Hieromartyr Autonomus the Bishop in Italy, Commemorated on September 12; Venerable John Calabytes “the Hut-Dwellerâ€, Commemorated on January 15;

Claudiopolis, Bithynia (near Lycus River)
Claudiopolis (Bithynia); Martyr Tation (Tatio) of Claudiopolis, Commemorated on August 24; Hieromartyr Autonomus the Bishop in Italy, Commemorated September 12 ;

Soreus, Bithynia (Bolu (Bithynium) near Lycus River of Bithynia)
Soreus, Bithynia (Bolu (Bithynium)); Hieromartyr Autonomus the Bishop in Italy, Commemorated on September 12;

Limna, Bithynia near Soreus near Claudiopolis near Bolu
Limna, Bithynia near Soreus near Claudiopolis near Bolu; Hieromartyr Autonomus the Bishop in Italy, Commemorated on September 12;

Lycus (river of Bithynia) Mouth (Black Sea)

Neapolis, Bithynia, Metroon, in Asia Minor (Lycus River Mouth)
Neapolis, Bithynia, Metroon, in Asia Minor; Venerable Philotheus of Dionysiou of Mt Athos, Commemorated October 21 ;

Bithynia, Roman Roads Folder

Roman Province of Mesopotamia Folder

Aninas Monastery (where the Euphrates separates Syria from Persia)
Aninas Monastery (where the Euphrates separates Syria from Persia) Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18;

Samosata, Mesopotamia (Euphrates River 3)
Samosata; Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17 ; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Romanus at Samosata, Commemorated January 29 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated February 19 ; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Carrhae, Mesopotamia (modern Harran, near Edessa)
Carrhae (modern Harran) ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14 ;

Edessa, Messopotamia (Intersection and Euphrates River 3)
Edessa, Syria; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Simeon of Emessa the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 21; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Translation of the Image œNot-Made-By-HandsÂ of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in AugustÂ, Commemorated on August 16; Translation of the Image œNot-Made-By-HandsÂ of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in AugustÂ, Commemorated on August 16 ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated August 21 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated on September 1 ; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; Martyr Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Eudoxius, Commemorated September 6 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Martyr Domnina with her daughters of Syria, Commemorated on October 4; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Antioch, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9; Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15 ; Martyr Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated October 15 ; Venerable Abramius the Recluse of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on October 29 ; Martyr and Confessor Gurias of Edessa, Commemorated on November 15 ; St Theodoulus the Eparch of Constantinople, Commemorated December 3 ; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated December 10 ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Eustratius the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Sarbelus of Edessa, January 29 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons; Martyr Domnina with her daughters of Syria; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the "Unsleeping Ones", Commemorated February 23 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on March 28 ; Apostle Trophimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15 ; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the œUnsleeping OnesÂ, Commemorated on July 3 ;

British Empire - Iraq, in the Fertile Crescent, Ephrates River, Bagdad
British Empire - Iraq, in the Fertile Crescent, Ephrates River, Bagdad; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Baghdadi, Iraq (Euphrates River 7)
Baghdadi;

Babylon, Mesopotamia (between Tigris River 7 and Euphrates River 9)
Babylon Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated July 21 ; Chaldean; Hieromartyr Polychronius the Bishop of Babylon, Commemorated July 30 ; Martyr Parmenius the Presbyter in Babylon; Martyr Helimenas the Presbyter in Babylon; Martyr Chrysotelus the Presbyter in Babylon; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated September 28 ; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia, From age seven until thirty, Cyprian studied at the most outstanding centers of paganism: on Mount Olympus, in the cities of Argos and Tauropolis, in the Egyptian city of Memphis, and at Babylon. Hieromartyr Milus the Bishop in Persia, Commemorated November 10 ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated December 2; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ; Prophet Malachi, Commemorated January 3 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Sunday of the Prodigal Son, Commemorated on March 3; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ;

Kapersana, Mesopotamia (Euphrates River 9)
Kapersana (Euphrates River 9) Venerable Salamanes the Silent of the Euphrates, Commemorated January 23 ;

Chaldea, Messopotamia
Chaldea; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ;

the country beyond the river
Bacchides, Governor of the country beyond the river"ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â”Euphrates, 1 Maccabees ch 7;

Samara, Messopotamia (Euphrates River 11)
Samara (Samawah) on the Euphrates River ; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12 ;

Ur, Chaldea, Messopotamia (Abraham's Home)
Ur, Chaldea, Messopotamia (Abraham's Home) ; Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9;

Tigris River Source (Lake Hazar)

Tigris River 1

Tigris River 2 (Martyropolis, Turkey)

Martyropolis in Mesopotamia (Tigris River 2)
Martyropolis; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16;

Tigris River 3 (Mosul Dam Lake)

Dara, Mesopotamia or Syria, (Tigris River 3)
Dara (Mesopotamia); Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Nisibis, Mesopotamia (Tigris River 3)
Nisibis (Mesopotamia); Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated January 28 ; St Platonida (Platonis) of Nisibis, Syria, Commemorated on April 6; Martyr Bata the Persian, Commemorated on May 1; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Syngara Fortress, Mesopotamia (high point 70 miles West of Tigris River 3)
Syngara Fortress, Mesopotamia; Saint Paul the Confessor, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6;

Anastasiopolis, Mesopotamia (Dura or Dara, Tigris River 3)
Anastasiopolis, Messopotamia (Dura or Dara) Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 ; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Tigris River 4 (Nineveh, Mosul, Arabela, Persia)

Tigris River 5 (Assur, Persia)

Eden, Mesopotamia (Tigris River 5, Ephrates River 7)
Garden of Eden in Mesopotamia; Eden in an abstract view of Mesopotamia ; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated December 20 ;

Garden of Eden, Tree of Life
Garden of Eden in Mesopotamia; Eden in an abstract view of Mesopotamia; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated December 20 ;

Tigris River 6 (Samarra)

Karmanite wilderness, Persia and Mesopotamia (Battle of Samarra, Tigris River 6)
Battle of Samarra, 363, Julian the Apostate's death; Julian left Antioch for a war with the Persians. Near the Persian city of Ctesiphon, Julian came upon an elderly Persian, who agreed to betray his countrymen and guide JulianÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s army. The old man deceived Julian and led his army into the Karmanite wilderness, where there was neither food nor water. Tired from hunger and thirst, JulianÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s army battled against fresh Persian forces. ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Samarra, Messopotamia (Tigris River 6)
Samarra (Tigris River 6); Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10 ; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Tigris River 7 (Bagdad, Babylon, Persia)

Baghdad, Mesopotamia (Tigris River 7)
Baghdad (Tigris River 7) ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Fathers and Mothers of the Klarjeti Wilderness, Commemorated on October 5; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Seleucia, Mesopotamia, Syria & Persia (Tigris River 7)
Seleucia; Hieromartyr Athanasius the Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 22 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11;

Tirgis River 8

Tigris River 9

Tigris River 10 (Elymais, Persia)

Tigris River 11

Tigris River Mouth (Kwait, Euphrates River 13)

Roman Province Achaia (Athens, Corinth and West Greece) Folder

Greece, Corinth, Athens, Achaia (West Greece) Folder

Corinth, Greece (Gulf, Isthmus and Canal of Corinth, Saronic Gulf)
Corinth; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated July 17 ; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on August 18 ; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated September 7 ; Holy Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy Saint Paul writes of him: “God grant mercy to the house of Onesiphorus, for he often refreshed me, and was not ashamed of my bonds. When he was at Rome, he searched for me with great diligence, and found me. May the Lord grant him to find the mercy of the Lord on that day; and you know how much he served me at Ephesus.” (2 Tim 1:16-18). Onesiphorus was bishop at Colophon (Asia Minor), and later at Corinth. He died a martyr in the city of Parium (not far from Ephesus) on the shores of the Hellespont, where he had gone to proclaim Christ among the local pagans. Apostle Aquila of the Seventy; SILAS, MISSIONARY COMPANION OF PAUL, Commemorated January 26 ; StMeletius the New, Commemorated September 1 ; St Phoebe the Deaconess at Cenchreae near Corinth, Commemorated on September 3 ; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated September 7 ; Venerable Luke of Sicily, Commemorated on November 6 ; St Theodotus of Ancyra, Commemorated on November 7 ; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated November 20 ; CLEMENT OF ROME, BISHOP (23 NOV 100) ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ; LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN NT ; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Venerable Dionysius of Aegina, Commemorated December 17 ; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crispus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Rufus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; THE CONVERSION OF THE APOSTLE PAUL, (JANUARY 25) ; LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN. NT; TIMOTHY AND TITUS; Martyr Victorinus of Egypt, Commemorated January 30 ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7; Martyr Quadratus and those with him at Corinth, Commemorated on March 10; Hieromartyr Pionius of Smyrna and those with him, Commemorated on March 11 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Holy Apostles Sosthenes was head of the Corinthian synagogue before his conversion. The Apostle Paul converted him to Christianity and made him his helper in his work. In addressing the Corinthian church, Saint Paul sent greetings from both of them: “Paul, by the will of God called to be an apostle of Jesus Christ, and brother Sosthenes...” (1 Cor.1:1). Afterwards, Saint Sosthenes was made bishop at Colophon (Asia Minor). Sosthenes is also commemorated on December 8 and the Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles on January 4. Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Athanasia the Abbess of Aegina, Commemorated on April 12; Martyr Leonidas of Corinth, Commemorated on April 16; Martyr Adrian of Corinth, Commemorated on April 17; Apostle Jason, of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Chios, Commemorated on May 1; St Peter the Wonderworker and Bishop of Argos, Commemorated on May 3; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; Martyr Heraclius, Commemorated on May 18; Martyr Heliconis of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 28; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24; St Paul the Physician of Corinth, Commemorated on June 28; IRENAEUS, BISHOP OF LYONS, THEOLOGIAN (28 JUN 202) ; St Paul the Physician of Corinth, Commemorated on June 28 ;

Greece, 30-80, Corinth, Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy
Greece, 30-80, Corinth, Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy; was the chief ruler of the synagogue at Corinth, who, according to the Acts of the Apostles, was seized and beaten by the mob in the presence of Gallio, the Roman governor, when he refused to proceed against Paul at the instigation of the Jews (Acts 18:12–17). The motives of this assault against Sosthenes are not recorded. Some manuscripts insert the mob was composed of "Greeks"; others read "Jews".[1] historians identify this Sosthenes with a companion of Paul the Apostle referred to as "Sosthenes our brother", a convert to the Christian faith and co-author of the First Epistle to the Corinthians (1 Corinthians 1:1–2). It is not clear whether this identification is tenable.[1] According to Protestant theologian Heinrich Meyer, "Theodoret and most commentators, including Flatt, Billroth, Ewald, Maier [and] Hofmann, identify Sosthenes with the person so named in Acts 18:17, but this is rightly denied by Michaelis, Pott, Rückert, and de Wette".[2] has also been suggested that Sosthenes is a later name of Crispus, who is mentioned in Acts 18:8 and 1 Corinthians 1:14.[3] is traditionally listed among the Seventy Disciples of Luke 10:1.[4] Corinth; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated July 17 ; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on August 18 ; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated September 7 ; Holy Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy Saint Paul writes of him: “God grant mercy to the house of Onesiphorus, for he often refreshed me, and was not ashamed of my bonds. When he was at Rome, he searched for me with great diligence, and found me. May the Lord grant him to find the mercy of the Lord on that day; and you know how much he served me at Ephesus.” (2 Tim 1:16-18). Onesiphorus was bishop at Colophon (Asia Minor), and later at Corinth. He died a martyr in the city of Parium (not far from Ephesus) on the shores of the Hellespont, where he had gone to proclaim Christ among the local pagans. Apostle Aquila of the Seventy; SILAS, MISSIONARY COMPANION OF PAUL, Commemorated January 26 ; StMeletius the New, Commemorated September 1 ; St Phoebe the Deaconess at Cenchreae near Corinth, Commemorated on September 3 ; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated September 7 ; Venerable Luke of Sicily, Commemorated on November 6 ; St Theodotus of Ancyra, Commemorated on November 7 ; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated November 20 ; CLEMENT OF ROME, BISHOP (23 NOV 100) ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ; LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN NT ; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Venerable Dionysius of Aegina, Commemorated December 17 ; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crispus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Rufus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; THE CONVERSION OF THE APOSTLE PAUL, (JANUARY 25) ; LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN. NT; TIMOTHY AND TITUS; Martyr Victorinus of Egypt, Commemorated January 30 ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7; Martyr Quadratus and those with him at Corinth, Commemorated on March 10; Hieromartyr Pionius of Smyrna and those with him, Commemorated on March 11 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Athanasia the Abbess of Aegina, Commemorated on April 12; Martyr Leonidas of Corinth, Commemorated on April 16; Martyr Adrian of Corinth, Commemorated on April 17; Apostle Jason, of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Chios, Commemorated on May 1; St Peter the Wonderworker and Bishop of Argos, Commemorated on May 3; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; Martyr Heraclius, Commemorated on May 18; Martyr Heliconis of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 28; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24; St Paul the Physician of Corinth, Commemorated on June 28; IRENAEUS, BISHOP OF LYONS, THEOLOGIAN (28 JUN 202) ; St Paul the Physician of Corinth, Commemorated on June 28 ;

Athens, Greece
Athens; Martyr Hermias of Apollonia in Macedonia, Commemorated July 8 ; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated July 17 ; Hieromartyr Valentine the Bishop of Interamna, Terni in Italy, Commemorated on July 30; Martyr and Archdeacon Laurence of Rome, Commemorated on August 10; Venerable Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on August 18 ; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated September 21 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 3 ; Hieromartyr Hierotheus the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 3 ; Apostle Narcissus of the Seventy, Commemorated October 31 ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9 ; Apostle of the Seventy: Quartus, died in Athens, Commemorated on November 10; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; Venerable Dionysius of Aegina, Commemorated December 17 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; Apostle Narcissus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Phlegon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated Janaury 11; Venerable Neophytus of Vatopedi, Mt Athos, Commemorated January 21 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN. NT ; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated January 31 ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7 ; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated February 17 ; Martyr Philothea the Monastic, Commemorated on February 19; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Mark the Anchorite of Athens, Commemorated on April 5; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Athanasia the Abbess of Aegina, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; Martyr Heraclius, Commemorated on May 18; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24; Martyr Felix of Apollonia in Macedonia, Commemorated July 6 ;

Greece (Macedonia, Constantinople, Thessaly, Athens, Peloponnesos, Epiros)
Greece; Venerable Nilus the Myrrhgusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 12; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip, Commemorated on November 14; CLEMENT OF ROME, BISHOP (23 NOV 100) ;

West Greece
West Greece; Apostle Epenetus of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Martyr Myron the Presbyter of Cyzicus, Commemorated on August 17; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God "Kathariotissa", Commemorated September 8 ; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; Apostle Epenetus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Jason of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Tertius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Jason, of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28 ;

Achaia, Roman Province South of Macedonia and Epirus
Achaea[1] or Achaia,[2][3] , was a province of the Roman Empire, consisting of the Peloponnese, eastern Central Greece, and parts of Thessaly. the north, it bordered on the provinces of Epirus vetus and Macedonia. The region was annexed by the Roman Republic in 146 BC following the sack of Corinth by the Roman general Lucius Mummius, who was awarded the cognomen "Achaicus" ("conqueror of Achaea"). became part of the Roman province of Macedonia, which included the whole of mainland Greece. Acts 18:12-28 before Paul's return to Antioch, Syria;

Cenchreae (across the neck from Corinth)
Cenchreae; St Phoebe the Deaconess at Cenchreae near Corinth, Commemorated on September 3; LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN. NT;

Sicyon
Sicyon, 1 Maccabees Ch 15;

Aegae (Achaea), West Greece
Aegae (Achaea), West Greece; Martyr Zenobia of Aegae in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 30;

Argyropolis, Greece (East of Athens River Mouth)
Argyropolis; Apostle Stachys of the Seventy;

Athens River

Nea Makri, Attica (Corinth and Athens area)
Nea Makri; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5;

Hill of Ares (The Aeropagus)
Hill of Ares (The Aeropagus): Areopagus (both a place and a judicial body); Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; Hieromartyr Hierotheus, Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 4;

Rizari Park, Athens (Rizarios Seminary in Athens )
Rizari Park, Athens (Rizarios Seminary in Athens ); Saint Nectarius Kephalas, Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9;

Daphni Monastery, Athens (on the ruins of Apollo) 500 (6th Century)
Daphni Monastery, Athens (on the ruins of Temple of Apollo) 500 (6th Century); Venerable Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on October 9;

Areopagus Council, Athens (Athenian high court, Hill of Ares)
Areopagus Council, Athens (Athenian high court, Hill of Ares); Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; Hieromartyr Hierotheus, Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 4;

Amoman Mountain near Nea Makri
Amoman Mountain near Nea Makri; Monastery of Saint Ephraim, Nea Makri; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5;

Monastery of Saint Ephraim, Nea Makri, 900's
Monastery of Saint Ephraim, Nea Makri; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5;

Marathon, Greece (near Athens)
Marathon, Greece; Apostle Phlegon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated January 11; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8;

Maraton, Greece AKA Marathon, near Athens
Maraton; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated January 11;

Philothei district of Athens
Philothei district of Athens; Philothei; Martyr Philothea the Monastic, Commemorated on February 19;

Kalogreza
Kalogreza; Martyr Philothea the Monastic, Commemorated on February 19;

Attica Region (Attic Penninsula, Athens)
Attica Region; Martyr and Archdeacon Laurence of Rome, Commemorated on August 10; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated Janaury 11; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5;

Boeotia (region in central Greece, near Corinth)
Boeotia; StMeletius the New, Commemorated September 1 ; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; Martyr Hesperus with his wife and sons at Attalia, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Lebadeia, Boetia, Central Greece
Lebadeia, Boetia, Central Greece; St. Seraphim of Labodeia, Commemorated on May 6;

Helicon, Mount Helicon, Boetia
Helicon, Mount Helicon, Boetia; St. Seraphim of Labodeia, Commemorated on May 6;

Dobou, Boetia (West of Helicon) 1592
Dobou, Boetia (West of Helicon) St. Seraphim of Labodeia, Commemorated on May 6;

Aetolia (Mountains North Coast Gulf of Corinth)
Aetolia (Mountains North Coast Gulf of Corinth); Monk Martyrs Jacob, Jacob the Deacon, and Dionysius, of Prodromou, Commemorated on November 1;

Tritonia, Boeotia, Greece (Triton River Flows into Lake Copais)
Tritonia, Boeotia (Triton River Flows into Lake Copais) ; Martyr Hesperus with his wife and sons at Attalia, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Lake Copais, Boetia, near Corinth
Lake Copais, Boetia, near Corinth ;

Mount Helicon (Mount Cytheron?) Hosios Loukas
Mount Helicon (Mt Cytheron?): Both Helicon and Cytheron are close to Steiris and St Luke's Monestary (Hosios Loukas); Hosios Loukas; StMeletius the New, Commemorated September 1 ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7;

Mount Helicon (Mt Ioannou?) Hosios Loukas
Mount Helicon (Mt Ioannou?): Both Helicon and Ioannou are close to Steiris and St Luke's Monestary (Hosios Loukas); Hosios Loukas; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7;

Steiris, Corinth
Steiris; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7;

Hosios Loukas, Corinth
Hosios Loukas; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7;

Ioannou, Mount Helicon (Mt Ioannou?) Hosios Loukas
Mount Helicon (Mt Ioannou?): Both Helicon and Ioannou are close to Steiris and St Luke's Monestary (Hosios Loukas); Hosios Loukas; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7;

Gulf of Corinth

Mount Patra
Mount Patra; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated October 28;

Gulf of Patra

Chelidon, West Greece
Chelidon; Venerable Joannicius the Great, Commemorated on November 4 ;

Eleia, West Greece, Pelopennesos
Eleia, West Greece, Pelopennesos ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16;

Achaia Region, West Greece near Corinth
Achaia Region Northwest Greece, capitol is Patras; Apostle Epenetus of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Martyr Myron the Presbyter of Cyzicus, Commemorated on August 17; Apostle Sosipater of the Seventy, Commemorated November 10 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4; Apostle Epenetus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Tertius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Jason, of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28 ; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936;

Aegina Island (between Athens and Corinth)
Aegina Island; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated November 9 ; Venerable Nikon "Metanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated November 26 ; Venerable Dionysius of Aegina, Commemorated December 17 ; Apostle Crispus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Athanasia the Abbess of Aegina, Commemorated on April 12; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379) ; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Achaea, West Greece
Achaea; Apostle Epenetus of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Jason of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936;

Patra (Patras) in Achaia, West Greece
Patras; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated September 23; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20 ; Apostle Rodion of the Seventy, Commemorated November 10 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; Apostle Jason of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; New Martyr Zachariah, Commemorated on January 20 ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 15; Apostle Jason, of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28;

Penteli Monastery near Athens
Penteli or Pendeli Monastery near Athens; Venerable Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on August 18 ; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated January 31 ;

Vitinela, diocese of Vitineia and Euboea
diocese of Vitineia and Euboea; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated November 9 ;

Euboea (near Athens)
Euboea; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated November 9 ; Venerable Nikon "Metanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated November 26 ; Venerable Neophytus of Vatopedi, Mt Athos, Commemorated January 21 ; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Euripus Strait
Euripus Strait; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19;

Euripa (near Athens)
Euripa; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19;

New Prokopion, Euboia Island
New Prokopion St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Salamis Island, between Athens and Corinth
Salamis Island; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Mount Parnassus

Cephissus River (Boeotia) Source (Mt Parnassus)

Cephissus River Mouth (Boeotia)

Cephissus River (Boeotia)

Triton River Source

Triton River
Triton River flows into Lake Copais ;

Dremvitsa, or Velitsa or Tithorea (in fertile basin North of Corinth)
Dremvitsa, or Velitsa or Tithorea ; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Clement, Bishop of Ochrid, Equal of the Apostles, Nahum, Savva, Gorazd and Angelar were Slavs, disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius (May 11). At first they lived as ascetics in Moravia, where Saint Gorazd succeded Saint Methodius as bishop. He was fluent in Slavonic, Greek and Latin. Saints Clement, Nahum, Angelar and Savva were priests. Enlighteners of the Slavs were opposed by German missionaries, who had the support of the Pope and the patronage of the Moravian prince Svyatopolk. The struggle centered around the questions of the need for divine services in Slavonic, the Filioque and Saturday fasting. Pope Stephen VI prohibited the use of Slavonic in church. proponents of the three-tongued heresy (who wanted to use only Hebrew, Greek, or Latin for Church purposes), after setting aside the ancestral language of the Slavic peoples, brought the disciples of Saint Methodius to trial, including Saint Clement. They subjected them to fierce torture: dragging them through thorns, and holding them in prison for a long time, just as they had done with their spiritual Father, Saint Methodius. 886, some of the prisoners were sold to slave-traders, and ended up in the Venice marketplace. The ambassador of the Byzantine Emperor Basil the Macedonian went to Venice, ransomed the saints and brought them to Constantinople. The older confessors were banished. It is not known where Saint Gorazd went, nor where Saint Savva found shelter. Nahum and Angelar went to Bulgaria. 907 Moravia collapsed under the onslaught of the Magyars, and Moravian refugees escaped along those same paths followed earlier by the saints they had exiled. Bulgarians received the Slavonic confessors with respect and requested them to conduct divine services in the Slavonic language. The Bulgarian prince Boris sought out such people as the disciples of Saint Methodius, who labored for the enlightenment of his nation. The saints immediately began to study Slavonic books collected by the Bulgarian nobles. Angelar soon died, and Saint Clement received the appointment to teach at Kutmichivitsa, a region in southwest Macedonia. In the Eastern Church a worthy man was chosen to be a teacher, someone known for his devout life, and possessed with a gift of words. Saint Clement was a teacher while he was still in Moravia. In Bulgaria, Saint Clement worked as an instructor until 893. He organized a school at the princely court, which attained high esteem during the reign of Simeon. In southwest Macedonia he created separate schools for adults and for children. Clement instructed the children in reading and in writing. The total number of his students was enormous. Those chosen and accepted for the clergy amounted to 3500 men. In the year 893, Saint Clement became Bishop of Dremvitsa, or Velitsa, and Saint Nahum took his place. Clement was the first Bulgarian hierarch to serve, preach and write in the Slavonic language. To this end he systematically prepared clergy from among the Slavic people. The holy bishop labored for the glory of God into his old age. When his strength failed, and he was unable to fulfill his responsibilities in the cathedral, he asked Tsar Simeon to let him retire. Tsar urged the saint not to forsake the cathedral, and Saint Clement agreed to continue his episcopal service. After this he went to Ochrid, to a monastery he founded. There the saint continued with his translation activities and translated important parts of the Pentecostarion. the saint became seriously ill and departed to the Lord in the year 916. The saint’s body was placed in a coffin he made with his own hands, and was buried in Ochrid’s Saint Panteleimon monastery. Clement is considered the first Slavonic author. He not only continued the translation work begun by Saints Cyril and Methodius, but also left behind works of his own composition, the first samples of Slavonic spiritual literature. of the lessons and sermons of Saint Clement were brought to Russia, where they were read and lovingly copied by pious Russian Christians. relics of Saints Gorazd and Angelar rest near Berat in Albania, and Saint Nahum’s relics are in the monastery bearing his name, near Lake Ochrid. Saint Clement is also commemorated on November 25. St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ;

Thebes of Boeotia, Greece, northeast of Corinth
Thebes, A Greek City State in Boetia ; Boetian Plain; Thebes of Boeotia; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated October 20 ; Apostle Rufus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8;

Elateia (the middle of the great fertile basin, North of Corinth)
Elateia (the middle of the great fertile basin); Venerable Philotheus of Dionysiou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 21;

Zeli, Boetia, Central Greece
Zeli, Boetia, Central Greece; St. Seraphim of Labodeia, Commemorated on May 6;

Aitolia, West Greece
Aitolia; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24;

Aetolia, West Greece
Aetolia; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Monkmartyr James of Prodromou on Mt Athos, Commemorated November 1 ;

Akarnania (West Greece)
Akarnania; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated August 24;

Saint Maura Island (Lefkada Island)
Saint Maura Island (Lefkada Island); Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24;

Lepanto (Gulf of Corinth)
Lepanto; Sea Battle of Lepanto (in Gulf of Lepanto now known as Gulf of Corinth); GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936;

Ithaca Island, West Greece
Ithaka Island; Icon of the Mother of God "Kathariotissa", Commemorated September 8 ; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9;

Cephalonia (Kephalonia, West Greece)
Cephalonia (Kephalonia) ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated August 24; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on October 20 ;

Kephalonia (Cephalonia, West Greece)
Cephalonia (Kephalonia) ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated August 24; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on October 20 ;

Omala, Cephalonia, West Greece
Omala Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated October 20 ;

Monastery of Anafonitria (Strophada), Zakynthos Island, West Greece, 14th Century
Monastery of Anafonitria; Venerable Dionysius of Aegina, Commemorated December 17 ;

Zakynthos Island, West Greece
Zakynthos Island; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated October 20; Venerable Dionysius of Aegina, Commemorated December 17 ;

British Empire - Ionian Islands - West Greece - The Seven Islands
British Empire - Ionian Islands - West Greece - The Seven Islands; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Roman Buffer State of Armenia Folder

Armenia Folder, its rivers and mountains, Greater A includes Pontine, Cappadocia, Edessa, Azerbaizhan

Armenia, 331 BC-428 AD, Great Armenia, including Christian Armenia from 1st Century
Great Armenia, Kingdom of Armenia was bordered by Caucasian Albania in the east, by Caucasian Iberia in the north, by the Roman Empire in the west and by Parthia, later succeeded by Sassanid Empire. The border between Caucasian Iberia and Kingdom of Armenia was Kur river, which was also the border between Caucasian Albania and Kingdom of Armenia ; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 31; Martyr Eudoxius, Commemorated September 6 ; New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1 ; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated January 9 ; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated January 10 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9; St Acacius the Confessor, Commemorated on March 31; GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE 1915-1923, Commemorated April 24; MARTYRS OF ARMENIA, 24 April 1915 ; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Armenia, Country between Kura and Tigrus Rivers
Great Armenia, Kingdom of Armenia was bordered by Caucasian Albania in the east, by Caucasian Iberia in the north, by the Roman Empire in the west and by Parthia, later succeeded by Sassanid Empire. The border between Caucasian Iberia and Kingdom of Armenia was Kur river, which was also the border between Caucasian Albania and Kingdom of Armenia ; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 31; Martyr Eudoxius, Commemorated September 6 ; New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1 ; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated January 9 ; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated January 10 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9; St Acacius the Confessor, Commemorated on March 31; GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE 1915-1923, Commemorated April 24; MARTYRS OF ARMENIA, 24 April 1915 ; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Armenia, Greater Armenia Area till 461, buffer state for Western Roman Empire
Greater Armenia till 461, buffer state for Western Roman Empire, also includes Pontine and Cappadocia as revealed in many Saints' stories

Armenia, Eastern part of the Roman Empire
Eastern part of the Roman Empire ; Hieromartyr Helladius the Bishop in the East, Commemorated on May 28;

Armenia, a highland plateau, Aras River Valley, behind Mount Ararat
Armenia; Mount Ararat; Armenian Plateau; Aras River; 45 Holy Martyrs at Nicopolis in Armenia, Commemorated on July 10; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30 ; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 31; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Hieromartyr Emilian, Commemorated on August 18 ; Hieromartyr Emilian, Commemorated on August 18 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE, (24 AUGUST NT) ; Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Eudoxius, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Severian of Sebaste, Commemorated on September 9 ; Uncovering of the relics St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on September 15; New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; Martyr Rhipsime of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; In 1227 Sultan Jalal al-Din of Khwarazm and his army of Turkmen attacked Georgia ; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31 ; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 13 ; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip, Commemorated on November 14 ; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ; Venerable Nikon œMetanoeite,Â the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated on November 26 ; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated on December 2 ; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3 ; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated January 9 ; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated January 10 ; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip; Venerable Nikon "Metanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated January 13 ; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated January 20 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; Venerable Nicholas the Confessor the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on February 4 ; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12 ; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17 ; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29 ; St Acacius the Confessor, Commemorated on March 31; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Nicetas the Confessor the Abbot of Medikion, Commemorated on April 3; Martyr Suchias and his Soldiers in Georgia, Commemorated on April 15; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable John the Disciple of the Venerable Gregory of Decapolis, Commemorated on April 18 ; MARTYRS OF ARMENIA, 24 April 1915 ; GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE 1915-1923, Commemorated April 24; Deportation of Armenian notables in 1915, April 24th ; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Dodo of the St David-Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on May 17; The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Michael of Parekhi, Commemorated on May 27; St Eutychius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on May 28; Venerable Agapitus the Unmercenary Physician of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on June 1; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30 ;

Armenia, Aras River Folder

Aras River

Lake Van, Taron Region
Lake Van; Taron Region; Arab Muslim Conquest of Armenia 639;

Aras River Source (near Erzurum, Turkey)

Eastern part of the Roman Empire, Armenia
Eastern part of the Roman Empire ; Hieromartyr Helladius the Bishop in the East, Commemorated on May 28;

Basiani, Armenia (Aras River Source)
Basiani, Georgia; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Bassiani, Armenia (Aras River Source)
Bassiani, Georgia; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Armenia, Aras River Source, Euphrates River Source Folder

Artaz region, Armenia (high point, Aras River Source, Euphrates River Source)
Artaz region, South of Erzurum, North of Bingol; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ;

Theodosiopolis, Armenia (high point, Aras River Source)
Theodosiopolis, Armenia Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16 ; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1;

Tsikhedidi (Kaledibi), Aras Region, (high point, Rivers Aras and Euphrates Source)
Tsikhedidi (Kaledibi), Aras Region, (high point, Rivers Aras and Euphrates Source) Erzurum, Turkey (NATO Cold War airforce post) ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated August 24 ; Saint Evagrisi, disciple of Saint Shio, Commemorated on February 4; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1;

Aras River 1

Aras River 2

Bagrevand Region, Armenia (Aras River 1 and 2)
Bagrevand; Martyr Suchias and his Soldiers in Georgia, Commemorated on April 15;

Mount Sukaketi (Aras River 2)
Because it is the mountain of the Bagrevand region, this mountain is probably Mount Sukaketi in the story of Martyr Suchias and his Soldiers in Georgia. Bagrevand; Martyr Suchias and his Soldiers in Georgia, Commemorated on April 15;

Aras River 3 (Akhurian River Mouth)

Armenia, Aras River 3, Akhurian River Folder

Akhurian River

Akhurian River Source (Lake Tseli)

Akhurian River 1 (Gyumri, Armenia)

Akhurian River 2 (Yerazgavors, Armenia)

Tsilkan, Armenia
Tsilkan (Tsilkar), Armenia; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated on December 2 ;

Akhurian River 2 (Ani, Armenia)

Anis-Shirakavan, Armenia
Anis-Shirakavan, Armenia ; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30

Akhurian River 3 (Bagaran, Armenia)

Akhurian River 4 (Yervandashat, Armenia)

Akhurian River Mouth (Aras River 3)

Aras River 4 (Metsamor River Mouth)

Armenia, Aras River 4, Metsamor River Folder

Metsamor River

Metsamor River Mouth (Aras River 4)

Aras River 5 (Hrazdan, Azat Rivers)

Armenia, Aras River 5, Hrazdan River Folder

Hrazdan River

Armenian Plateau
Armenian Plateau ; Armenia; Mount Ararat; Aras River; Martyr Romulus and with him many others; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia; Martyr Rhipsime of Armenia; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip; Venerable Nikon "Metanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance; St James the Bishop of Nisibis; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia; Venerable Euthymius the Great; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE; Deportation of Armenian notables in 1915; Venerable Agapitus the Unmercenary Physician of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on June 1; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Erevan (Yerevan Fortress, Hrazdan River Mouth, Aras River 5)
Erevan (Yerevan Fortress, Melitene); Arab Muslim Conquest of Armenia 639;

Alaverdi, Armenia or Georgia (Transcaucasus)
Alaverdi; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia; Venerable Joseph, Abbot of Alaverdi, Georgia, Commemorated September 15 ; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Cathedral of Etchmiadzin, Armenia (Hrazdan River Mouth, Aras River 5)
Cathedral of Etchmiadzin; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Hrazdan River Mouth (Aras River 5)

Armenia, Aras River 5, Azat River Folder

Azat River

Azat River 1

Azat River 2

Azat River Mouth (Aras River 5)

Artashat, Armenian Capital (Azat River Mouth, Aras River 5)
Artashat; Martyr Suchias and his Soldiers in Georgia, Commemorated on April 15;

Aras River 6

Khor Virab (deep well) monestary, Armenia (Aras River 6)
Khor Virab (deep well) monestary; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Mount Ararat, Armenia (south of Aras River 7)
Mount Ararat; Tobit Chapter 1: Courage in Burying the Dead: 16 In the days of Shalmaneser* I performed many acts of charity to my kindred, those of my tribe. 17I would give my food to the hungry and my clothing to the naked; and if I saw the dead body of any of my people thrown out behind the wall of Nineveh, I would bury it. 18I also buried any whom King Sennacherib put to death when he came fleeing from Judea in those days of judgement that the king of heaven executed upon him because of his blasphemies. For in his anger he put to death many Israelites; but I would secretly remove the bodies and bury them. So when Sennacherib looked for them he could not find them. 19Then one of the Ninevites went and informed the king about me, that I was burying them; so I hid myself. But when I realized that the king knew about me and that I was being searched for to be put to death, I was afraid and ran away. 20Then all my property was confiscated; nothing was left to me that was not taken into the royal treasury, except my wife Anna and my son Tobias. ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Midznadzori Wilderness, Armenia (Aras River 19)
Midznadzori Wilderness, Azerbaijan; Zangilan District; Venerable Michael of Parekhi, Commemorated on May 27;

Armenia, Aras River 20, Kalebar River Folder

Kaleybar River

Kaleybar River Source

Kaleybar River 1

Kaleybar River 2

Kaleybar River 3

Kaleybar River Mouth (Aras River 20)

Armenia, Aras River 20, Vorotan River Folder

Vorotan River

Hereti Kingdom, 893-1020. from Azerbaijan to Kakheti, capital, Shaki, Armenia (Vorotan River 1, Aras River 20)
Hereti Kingdom with a capital of Shaki in Armenia; Kingdom of Hereti was a medieval monarchy which emerged in Caucasus on the Iberian-Albanian frontier. Nowadays it roughly corresponds to the southeastern corner of Georgia's Kakheti region and a portion of Azerbaijan's northwestern districts. to traditional accounts, the name of the province originated from the legendary patriarch "Heros", the son of Thargamos, who founded the city of Hereti (later known as Khoranta) at the Alazani River. Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29;

Vorotan River Mouth (Aras River 20)

Aras River Mouth (Kura River 12)

Alban (Baku), Greater Armenia (Aras River Mouth)
Alban (Baku); Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11;

Armenia, Iris Rivers Folder (Central and Southeastern Pontine)

Iris (Yesil) River

Sebaste, Armenia (high point, Kizilirmak River 1, Iris River Source)
Sebaste, Armenia ; Martyr Antiochus the Physician of Sebaste, Commemorated on July 16; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379); Martyr Severian of Sebaste, Commemorated on September 9 ; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Martyr Irenarchus at Sebaste, Commemorated on November 28 ; St. John the Silent of St. Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; Martyr Eustratius at Sebaste, Commemorated December 13 ; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1 ; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9 ; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12 ; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9;

Iris (Yesil) River Source (Sivas or Sabastea)

Kharsian People, Pontine (Charsianon Area, Iris River Source) Armenia
Kharsian People Charsianon Area and Fortress; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated July 31 ;

Charsianon Area, Armenia, Pontine (Kharsian People, Iris River Source) Armenia
Charsianon Area and Fortress; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated July 31 ;

Charsianon Fortress, Armenia, Pontaine (high point, Iris River Source)
Charsianon (Charsia); Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated on July 12 ; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 31 ;

Malenius Family Home at Charsianon, Armenia, Pontine
Malenius; Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated July 12 ; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 31;

Iris (Yesil) River 1 (Cekerek River Mouth)

Cekerek River

Cekerek River 1 (Cekerek)

Cekerek River 2 (Heracleopolis)

Heracleopolis, Pontus, Armenia (Cekerek River 2)
Heracleopolis, Turkey ; Hieromartyr Athenogenes the Bishop of Heracleopolis, Commemorated on July 16;

Cekerek River Mouth (Iris (Yesil) River 1)

Iris (Yesil) River 2 (Tokat)

Tokat, Pontaine, Armenia (Iris or Yesil River 1)
Tokat (Iris or Yesil River) ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812) ;

Comana (Komana), Pontica Armenia (Iris River 2.3)
Komana (Comana), Pontica; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; Alexander, Bishop of Comana, lived during the third century not far from Neocaesarea. He studied the Holy Scripture and knew many scientific disciplines. Taking upon himself the exploit of holy foolishness, the saint lived in poverty, selling coal in the city square. Many, seeing his face always black from the grime of the coal dust, sneered at him with contempt. the Bishop of Comana happened to die, then among the candidates put forth for election as new bishop -- one was a man illustrious, others were learned or eloquent, while yet others were rich. Then Saint Gregory Thaumaturgos, Bishop of Neocaesarea (November 17), having been invited for the ordination of their choice, pointed out, that a bishop ought to have not only outward worthiness and distinction, but foremost of all, a pure heart and holy life. These words caused some to laugh saying: “If outward appearance and nobility of origin be for naught, then even Alexander the collier might be made bishop”. Gregory perceived that it was not without the Providence of God that this man came to be mentioned, and he asked that they call him. The appearance of the saint at the gathering evoked laughter. Having respectfully bowed to Saint Gregory, Saint Alexander stood there deeply absorbed in himself and ignoring the sneering: Saint Gregory put him to the test, and the collier was obliged to reveal that he was formerly a philosopher, and had studied Holy Scripture, but that for the sake of God he had assumed upon himself voluntary poverty and humility. Saint Gregory then took the collier to his own lodging, where he washed off the grime, and gave him clean clothes. Returning then to the assembled people, Saint Gregory in front of everyone began to put to him questions from Holy Scripture, to which Saint Alexander answered like a knowledgeable and wise pastor. Seeing this, all were astonished at his humility and with one accord they elected him their bishop. Gregory ordained him priest, and later bishop. After the imposition of hands the new bishop preached a sermon to the people, full of power and the grace of God. And everyone rejoiced that the Lord had sent them such a wise pastor. Under the emperor Diocletian (284-305) the saint bravely confessed Christ, and refused to worship idols. After tortures they threw him into a fire, and there he departed to God. According to other sources, Saint Alexander suffered instead under the emperor Decius (249-251). St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3;

Komana (Comana), Pontica Armenia (Iris River 2.3)
Komana (Comana), Pontica; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3;

Iris River 3, the Crossroads ( Pontus on the Iris, and Neocaesarea on the Kelkit)
MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1

Iris River Crossroads ( Pontus on the Iris, and Neocaesarea on the Kelkit) Macrina the Younger and Saint Basil
MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1

Pontus, City of Pontus, Armenia (Eupatoria, a crossroads, Isis River 3, Kelkit River 3)
Eupatoria (Pontus); Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated January 30 ; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3;

Iris (Yesil) River 4 (Amasea)

Alasium, Pontine, Armenia (Amasea, Iris River 4)
Alasium or Amasea; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro "œthe Recruit"Â), Commemorated on February 17;

Pontica, Amasea, Pontine, Armenia (Iris River 4)
Amasea; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Agathangelus, Commemorated on January 23; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3; St Hesychius the Faster of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 5; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30;

Amasea, Pontine, Armenia (Iris River 4)
Amasea; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Agathangelus, Commemorated on January 23; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3; St Hesychius the Faster of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 5; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30;

Amasya, Pontica, Armenia (Yesil (Iris) River4)
Amasea; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated January 23; Martyr Agathangelus, Commemorated January 23; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30; Martyr Basiliscus the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on May 22;

Euchaita, Pontine, Armenia (west of Iris River 4)
Euchaita; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated January 30 ; Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates œthe GeneralÂ, Commemorated on February 8; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (œthe RecruitÂ), Commemorated on February 17; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Iris (Yesil) River Mouth (Black Sea)

Amisus, Armenia, Pontine (near Iris River Mouth, on the shore of the sea)
Amisus; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; Martyr Charitina of Amisus, Commemorated October 5 ; St Florus the Bishop of Amisus, Commemorated on December 18 ; Virginmartyr Alexandra of Amisus, Commemorated on March 20;

Armenia, Kelkit River Folder (Eastern Pontine)

Kelkit River

Kelkit River Source (Gumushane (Silver House))
Kelkit River, the road from Armenia to Bithynia; North Anatolian Fault;

Kelkit River 1 (Nicopolis, Armenia)

Nicopolis, Armenia, Pontaine (Kelkit River 1)
Nicopolis (Pontus); 45 Holy Martyrs at Nicopolis in Armenia, Commemorated July 10 ; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated December 3 ;

Colonia, Pontine, Armenia (Koyluhisar or Nicopolis, Kelkit River1)
Colonia in Armenia (Koyluhisar or Nicopolis); St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3 ;

Kelkit River 2 (Pontus)

Pontus Polemoniacus Area, Armenia (Kelkit River 2)
Pontus Polemoniacus Area; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; Venerable Nikon "Metanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated November 26 ; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated December 3 ; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated December 23 ;

Kelkit River 3 (Neocaesarea, Pontus)

Neocaesarea, Pontus, Armenia (Kelkit River 3, Iris River Crossroads) Saint Gregory
Neocaesarea; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17; Gregory the Wonderworker, Bishop of Neocaesarea, was born in the city of Neocaesarea (northern Asia Minor) into a pagan family. received a fine education, from his youth he strived for Truth, but the thinkers of antiquity were not able to quench his thirst for knowledge. Truth was revealed to him only in the Holy Gospel, and the youth became a Christian. the continuation of his studies Saint Gregory went to Alexandria, known then as a center for pagan and Christian learning. The youth, eager for knowledge, went to the Alexandrian Catechetical School, where the presbyter Origen taught. Origen was a famous teacher, possessing a great strength of mind and profound knowledge. Saint Gregory became a student of Origen. Afterwards, the saint wrote about his mentor: “This man received from God a sublime gift, to be an interpreter of the Word of God for people, to apprehend the Word of God, as God Himself did use it, and to explain it to people, insofar as they were able to understand it.” Saint Gregory studied for eight years with Origen, and was baptized by him. ascetic life of Saint Gregory, his continence, purity and lack of covetousness aroused envy among his conceited and sin-loving peers, pagans that they were, and they decided to slander Saint Gregory. Once, when he was conversing with philosophers and teachers in the city square, a notorious harlot came up to him and demanded payment for the sin he had supposedly committed with her. At first Saint Gregory gently remonstrated with her, saying that she perhaps mistook him for someone else. But the profligate woman would not be quieted. He then asked a friend to give her the money. Just as the woman took the unjust payment, she immediately fell to the ground in a demonic fit, and the fraud became evident. Saint Gregory said a prayer over her, and the devil left her. This was the beginning of Saint Gregory’s miracles. returned to Neocaesarea, the saint fled from the worldly affairs into which influential townsmen persistently sought to push him. He went into the desert, where by fasting and prayer he attained to high spiritual accomplishment and the gifts of clairvoyance and prophecy. Saint Gregory loved life in the wilderness and wanted to remain in solitude until the end of his days, but the Lord willed otherwise. bishop of the Cappadocian city of Amasea, Thedimos, having learned of Saint Gregory’s ascetic life, decided to have him made Bishop of Neocaesarea. But having foreseen in spirit the intent of Bishop Thedimos, the saint hid himself from the messengers of the bishop who were entrusted to find him. Then Bishop Thedimos ordained the absent saint as Bishop of Neocaesarea, beseeching the Lord that He Himself would sanctify the unusual ordination. Saint Gregory perceived the extraordinary event as a manifestation of the will of God and he did not dare to protest. This episode in the life of Saint Gregory was recorded by Saint Gregory of Nyssa (January 10). He relates that Saint Gregory of Neocaesarea received the episcopal dignity only after Bishop Thedimos of Amasea performed all the canonical rites over him. this time, the heresy of Sabellius and Paul of Samosata began to spread. They taught falsely concerning the Holy Trinity. Saint Gregory prayed fervently and diligently imploring God and His most pure Mother to reveal to him the true faith. The All-Holy Virgin Mary appeared to him, radiant like the sun, and with Her was the Apostle John the Theologian dressed in archepiscopal vestments. the command of the Mother of God, the Apostle John taught the saint how to correctly and properly confess the Mystery of the Most Holy Trinity. Saint Gregory wrote down everything that Saint John the Theologian revealed to him. The Mystery of the Symbol of the Faith, written down by Saint Gregory of Neocaesarea, is a great divine revelation in the history of the Church. The teaching about the Holy Trinity in Orthodox Theology is based on it. Subsequently it was used by the holy Fathers of the Church: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and Gregory of Nyssa. The Symbol of Saint Gregory of Neocaesarea was later examined and affirmed in the year 325 by the First Ecumenical Council, showing his enduring significance for Orthodoxy. become a bishop, Saint Gregory set off to Neocaesarea. Along the way from Amasea he expelled devils from a pagan temple, the priest of which he converted to Christ. The convert was witness to still another miracle of the saint, at his word a large stone shifted from its place. preaching of the saint was direct, lively and fruitful. He taught and worked miracles in the name of Christ: he healed the sick, he helped the needy, he settled quarrels and complaints. Two brothers sharing an inheritance were not able to agree over the property of their dead father. There was a large lake over which they argued, for each of the brothers wanted the lake for himself. They both gathered their friends together, and were ready to come to blows. Saint Gregory persuaded them to delay their fight until the following day, and he himself prayed all night long at the shore of the lake which sparked the quarrel. When dawn broke, everyone saw that the lake had dried up or gone underground. Through the intense prayer of the saint, now there was only a stream, and its course defined the boundary line. Another time, during the construction of a church, he commanded a hill to move and make room at the place of the foundation. a persecution against Christians began under the emperor Decius (249-251), Saint Gregory led his flock to a faraway mountain. A certain pagan, knowing about the hiding place of the Christians, informed the persecutors. Soldiers surrounded the mountain. The saint went out into an open place, raised up his hands to heaven and ordered to his deacon to do the same. The soldiers searched the whole mountain, and they went several times right past those praying, but not seeing them, they gave up and went away. In the city they reported that there was nowhere to hide on the mountain: no one was there, and only two trees stood beside each other. The informer was struck with amazement, he repented of his ways and became a fervent Christian. Gregory returned to Neocaesarea after the end of the persecution. By his blessing church Feasts were established in honor of the martyrs who had suffered for Christ. his saintly life, his effective preaching, working of miracles and graced guiding of his flock, the saint steadily increased the number of converts to Christ. When Saint Gregory first ascended his cathedra, there were only seventeen Christians in Neocaesarea. At his death, only seventeen pagans remained in the city. The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 25; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated December 23 ; Martyr Troadius of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on March 2; Holy Martyr Troadius suffered for Christ in Neocaesarea, Pontus under the emperor Decius (249-251), enduring horrible tortures. Saint Gregory of Neocaesarea (November 17) foretold his martyrdom and witnessed his sufferings in a vision. He also saw the soul of Saint Troadius departing from his body and hastening joyfully to Heaven. Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18;

Kelkit River Mouth (Yesil River 3)

Armenia, Harsit River Folder (Far Eastern Pontine)

Harsit River

Harsit River Source (Pontic Mountains)
Pontic Mountains or Pontine district of Northeast Asia Minor;

Pontic Mountains
Pontic Mountains or Pontine district of Northeast Asia Minor; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe RecruitÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ), Commemorated on February 17;

Lazeti, Armenia, Pontine (Harsit River Source)
Lazeti; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29;

Laz People, Harsit River Area, Eastern Pontaine - Land of the Laz People
Land of the Laz People; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29;

Laze, Armenia, Capital Artvin (Nigali Valley, Chorokhi River 4)
Laz People, Laze, Armenia, Capital Artvin; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29;

Kordila, Pontine, Armenia (Rize Province Georgia, Harsit River Area Pontine)
Kordila (Rize Province); Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24;

Chaneti, Pontine (Harsit River, Eastern Pontine)
Chaneti ; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29;

Harsit River 1

Harsit River 2

Harsit River 3 (Argyropolis)

Argyropolis, Pontine (Harsit River 3)
Argyropolis (Harsit River 4); Apostle Stachys of the Seventy, Commemorated October 31 ;

Harsit River 4 (near Zigana Pass)

Zigana Pass, Pontine (Harsit River 4)
Zigana Pass; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24;

Harsit River 5

Harsit River Mouth (Black Sea)

Trebizond Empire, 13th-15th Centuries, Pontaine (Black Sea, Silk Road, Harsit River)
Trebizond Empire, 13th-15th Centuries, Pontaine (Black Sea, Silk Road, Harsit River); Trebizond (Black Sea, Silk Road) ; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated January 21; Martyr Eugene at Trebizond; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated February 17; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5;

Pontine Ethiopia (presently Western Georgia)
Pontine Ethiopia (presently Western Georgia); Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9;

Armenia, Tigris River Folder

Martyropolis, Armenia (Tigris River 2)
Martyropolis; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16;

Nisibis, Armenia (Tigris River 3)
Nisibis (Mesopotamia); Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated January 28 ; St Platonida (Platonis) of Nisibis, Syria, Commemorated on April 6; Martyr Bata the Persian, Commemorated on May 1; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Sivapolis (Assur, Assyria)
Sivapolis (Assur, Assyria); Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Dura, Armenia (Tigress River 3)
Dura (Anastasiopolis or Dara, Messopotamia) ; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Anastasiopolis, Armenia (Dura or Dara, Tigris River 3)
Anastasiopolis, Messopotamia (Dura or Dara) Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 ; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Tigris River 6 (Samarra, Persia)

Armenia, Northeast Turkey and West Georgia, Laze Folder

Chorokhi River

Chorokhi River 4 (Nigali Gorge)

Laze, Armenia, Capital Artvin (Chorokhi River 4)
Laz People, Laze, Armenia, Capital Artvin; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29;

Atchara, Armenia (Adjara river region of Southwestern Georgia)
Atchara (Adjara River region of Southwestern Georgia); Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated on February 17; Gallows and a guillotine were erected in the villages of Atcharistsqali, Keda, Chakvi, Khulo, Machakhela, and Gonio. The documents preserved in the manuscript collection at Akhaltsikhe Museum describe in even more horrific detail the martyrdom of the Atcharan Christians. Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29;

Armenia, Ceyhan River Folder, Eastern Cilicia

Ceyhan River

Ceyan River 2nd Source

Ceyan River Source (along the border)

Lake Zagura, Cilicia
Lake Zagura; Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia, Commemorated on July 7;

Miasena Monastery Celicia, near Melitene Armenia
Miasena Monastery ; Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated September 1 ; Uncovering of the relics St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on September 15; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia, Commemorated on July 7;

Ceyhan River Source 2

Ceyan River 1

Ceyan River 2 (Cucusus)

Cucusus, Armenia and Cilicia (near Ceyan River 2), Remote place of several exiles
Cucusus, Syria (near Ceyan River 2), Remote place of several exiles; St. Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6;

Ceyan River 3

Ceyan River 4

Arabian Plate and Cilicia
Arabian Plate and Cilicia; Martyr and Unmercenary Cosmas and his brother in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 17;

Amanus Mountains, Cilicia
Amanus Mountains

Gulf of Isska, Eastern Cilicia, Armenia, near the city of Ossos
Gulf of Isska, near the city of Ossos; Saint Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated on January 11;

Ceyan River 10 (Anazarbus)

Anazarbus, Cilicia (Aleian plain, Ceyhan River 10)
Anazarbus (Aleian plain, Ceyhan River); Martyr Domnina of Anazarbus, Commemorated on October 12 ; Marinus the Elder at Anazarbus, Commemorated October 18 ; Martyr Helladius in Cilicia, Commemorated February 5 ; Martyr Theodula of Anazarbus in Cilicia, Commemorated February 5 ; Martyr Julian of Anazarbus, Commemorated on March 16

Aleian plain, Cilicia
Aleian plain;

Isso (Sis), Cilicia (Aleian River Plain, Ceyhan River 10)
Sis (Isso), Cilicia (Aleian River Plain, Ceyhan River 10); Isso in Cilicia, Sis (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia) ; St. Simeon Stylites, the Elder, Commemorated on September 1; Venerable Martha the Mother of St Simeon Stylites, Commemorated on September 1; Martyr Aristion the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated September 3 ;

Ceyan River 11 (Adana)

Ceyan River 12 (Colophon)

Colophon, Cilicia (Ceyhan River Mouth)
Colophon, Cilicia ; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated September 7 ;

Ceyhan (Prymus) River Mouth (Mediterranean Sea)
Ceyhan River;

Aegeae, Cilicia (Ceyhan River Mouth)
Aegeae, Cilicia; Cilicia, 250-287, Unmercenaries, Saints, Cosmos and Damien; Venerable Joseph of Zaonikiev Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on September 21; Martyr Claudius of Aegae in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 29; Martyr Zenobia of Aegae in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 30; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cosmas of Asia Minor, Commemorated on November 1 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Damian of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on November 1 ;

Armenia, Paphlagonia Folder, Western Pontine

Paphlagonia Region, Pontaine, Armenia (Gangra River, lower Kizilirmak River drainage)
Paphlagonia Region; Hieromartyr Pancratius the Bishop of Taormina in Sicily, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Anthusa the Abbess of Mantinea in Asia Minor, Commemorated on July 27; 90 Venerable Sisters of Mantinea in Asia Minor, Commemorated on July 27; Martyr Callinicus of Gangra in Asia Minor, Commemorated on July 29; Martyr Mamas of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Martyr Theodotus of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania, Commemorated on September 13; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania; St Nicetas the Confessor of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on October 13 ; Venerable Alypius the Stylite of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on November 26 ; Venerable Stylianus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on November 26 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Agathangelus, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Calliopius at Pompeiopolis in Cilicia, Commemorated on April 7 ;

Armenia, Paphlagonia, Lycus River Folder, Farwestern Pontine

Lycus River of Bithynia (and Paphlagonia)

Amastris, Pontus, Armenia
Amastridia; Martyr Hyacinthus of Amastris, Commemorated on July 18 ; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Amastridia, Pontus, Armenia
Amastridia; Martyr Hyacinthus of Amastris, Commemorated on July 18 ; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Heraclea, Pontica, Armenia (Lycus River Mouth, Black Sea)
Heraclea Pontica (Lycus River Mouth, Black Sea) ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated on September 16; Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates "the General", Commemorated February 8 ; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Armenia, Paphlagonia, Lower Kizilirmak River Folder

Mantinea in Paphlagonia Asia Minor
Mantinea Asia Minor is somewhere in the Paphlagonia Region; Mantinea in Greece ; Regions of Ancient Greece - Asia Minor; Asia Minor; Venerable Anthusa the Abbess of Mantinea in Asia Minor, Commemorated July 27; 90 Venerable Sisters of Mantinea in Asia Minor, Commemorated July 27 ;

Pompeiopolis, Paphlagonia
Pompeiopolis, Paphlagonia; The exact location of Pompeiopolis, Paphlagonia is 45 km north of Kastamonu, to the north of TaÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â…ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂŸkÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â¶prÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â¼, in the valley of the GÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â¶kÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â„ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â±rmak (Roman name Amnias, or Amneus). Martyr Calliopius at Pompeiopolis in Cilicia, Commemorated on April 7;

Adrianopolis, Paphlogonia
Adrianopolis, Paphlogonia; Venerable Alypius the Stylite of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on November 26 ; Venerable Stylianus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on November 26 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated on December 1 ;

Black Sea (Varangian Sea, Romania to Georgia)
Black Sea (Varangian Sea, Romania to Georgia); Note: Wikipedia assumes the Varangian Sea was the Baltic Sea, but the stories of the saints refer to the Black Sea as the Varangian Sea. Varangians; Varangian Sea (Black Sea), Both Sides of Varangian Sea (Romania and Georgia); St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on July 22 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; Virginmartyr Alexandra of Amisus, Commemorated on March 20; Martyr Rufinus the Deacon at Sinope, Commemorated on April 7; Apostle Simon Zealotes, Commemorated on May 10 ; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Varangian Sea (Black Sea, Romania to Georgia)
Black Sea; Note: Wikipedia assumes the Varangian Sea was the Baltic Sea, but the stories of the saints refer to the Black Sea as the Varangian Sea. Varangians; Varangian Sea (Black Sea), Both Sides of Varangian Sea (Romania and Georgia); St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on July 22 ; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; Virginmartyr Alexandra of Amisus, Commemorated on March 20; Martyr Rufinus the Deacon at Sinope, Commemorated on April 7; Apostle Simon Zealotes, Commemorated on May 10; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Kizilirmak River 7 (Paphlagonia)

Armenia, Paphlagonia, Pontine, Lower Kizilirmak River 7, Gangra River Folder

Gangra River

Gangra River Source (along the border)

Gangra, Paphlagonia, Armenia (rich well watered valley, Gangra River)
Gangra; Martyr Callinicus of Gangra in Asia Minor, Commemorated on July 29; Martyr Theodotus of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Martyr Callinicus of Gangra in Asia Minor; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16; Martyr Eustathius of Nicea, Commemorated on November 20 ; Venerable Alypius the Stylite of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on November 26 ; Venerable Stylianus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on November 26 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on December 10; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Agathangelus, Commemorated on January 23; Martyr Eustathius of Nicea; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Calliopius at Pompeiopolis in Cilicia, Commemorated on April 7 ;

Gangra River Mouth (Kizilirmak River 7)

Battle of the River Amnia (89 BC)
Battle of the River Amnia; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ;

Armenia, Paphlagonia, Pontine, Lower Kizilirmak River 7, Amnia River Folder

Amnia River

Amnia River Region
Amnia River Region is on the Amnia River near the Battle of Amnia; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ;

Amnia River Source (Kasaba, Paphlagonia)

Pompeiopolis, Paphlagonia, Armenia (Amnia River Source)
Pompeiopolis, Paphlagonia; Martyr Calliopius at Pompeiopolis in Cilicia, Commemorated on April 7;

Amnia River 1

Amnia River 2

Amnia River 3

Amnia River Mouth (Kizilirmak River 7)

Amnia, Paphlagonia, Armenia (probably here at the mouth of the Amnia River)
Amnia (probably here at the mouth of the Amnia River); Amnia River Region is on the Amnia River near the Battle of Amnia; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ;

Kizilirmak River 8 (Paphlagonia)

Kizilirmak River Mouth (Black Sea)

Sinope, Paphlagonia, Armenia (Pontine Capital, near Kizilirmak River Mouth, Black Sea)
Sinope, Turkey (Black Sea); Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on July 22 ; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated August 9 ; Cappadocian city of Tianum and Sinope; Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on September 22 ; Martyr Phocas the Gardener of Sinope, Commemorated on September 22 ; Apostle Philologus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5 ; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30 ; Martyr Rufinus the Deacon at Sinope, Commemorated on April 7; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26;

Armenia, Roman Roads Folder

Roman Spain and Portugal Folder, Hispania

Roman Spain and Portugal, Hispania
Roman Spain and Portugal, Hispania;

Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal, not Georgia)
Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal, not Georgia) ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated September 14 ;

Iberian System (Range)
Iberian System Range;

Pyrenees Mountains (Spain and France)
Pyrenees Mountains;

Sierra Nevada Mountains, Spain
Sierra Nevada Mountains, Spain;

Spain and Portugal, North Spain, Way of St James (Camino Real) Folder

Way of Saint James (Compostela)
Way of Saint James; JAMES BAR-ZEBEDEE, APOSTLE (25 JULY 41) ;

Compostela, Spain (Way of Saint James)
Compostela; JAMES BAR-ZEBEDEE, APOSTLE (25 JULY 41) ; PARENTS OF THE VIRGIN MARY, (26 JULY NT) ;

Santiego d' Compostela, Spain (Way of Saint James)
Compostela; JAMES BAR-ZEBEDEE, APOSTLE (25 JULY 41) ; PARENTS OF THE VIRGIN MARY, (26 JULY NT) ;

Galicia (Spain)
Galicia (Spain); Priestmartyr John Kochurov ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Way of St James (Ponferrada)

Way of St James (Astorga)

Mayorga, Valladolid Province, Spain
Mayorga, Valladolid Province, Spain; TORIBIO DE MOGROVEJO, Commemorated 23 August, 1606;

Way of St James (Leon)

Leon, Spain (Way of St James)
Leon, Spain; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4;

VII Gemina Legion, Founded in 74, in Leon, Spain
VII Gemina Legion, Founded in 74, in Leon, Spain; St. Fructuosis of Tarragona, Spain, Commemorated on January 21;

Way of St James (Burgos)

Way of St James (Logrono)

Way of St James (Puente la Reina-Gares)

Way of St James (Pampelune)

Pamplona Basin

Pamplona, Northern Spain (Ebro River 4, Pamplona Basin, Way of St James)
Pamplona; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Way of St James (Roncevaux)

Way of St James (Ostabat)

Way of St James (Camino Real)

Way of St James (Puente la Reina de Jaca)

Way of St James (Jaca)

Way of St James (Oloron)

Lourdes, Southwest France (Healing Spring, East of Oloron, France on Way of St James, Spain)
Lourdes; Bernadette of Lourdes, Nun and Visionary, 16 April 1879 ;

Spain and Portugal, Northeast Spain, Ebro River Folder

Ebro River

Ebro River Source (Fontibre, Green Spain)
Ebro River Source1 (Fontibre, Green Spain);

Ebro River 1

Ebro River 2

Ebro River 3

Ebro River 4 (Pamplona Basin)

Ebro River 6 (Gallego River)

Spain and Portugal, Northeast Spain, Ebro River 6, Gallego River Folder, Zaragosa

Gallego River

Gallego River Source (near Col du Pourtalet (pass))
Col du Pourtalet;

Gallego River 1 (Tena Valley)
Tena Valley;

Gallego River Mouth (Elbro River 6)

Zaragossa, Spain (Ebro River 6)
Saragossa (Ebro River 6); VINCENT OF SARAGOSSA, DEACON AND MARTYR (22 JAN 304) ;

Saragossa, Spain (Gallego River, Ebro River 6)
Saragossa (Ebro River 6); VINCENT OF SARAGOSSA, DEACON AND MARTYR (22 JAN 304) ;

Augustopolis AKA Saragossa (Gallego River, Ebro River 6)
Augustopolis (now Saragossa, Spain); Martyr Vincent of Spain, Commemorated on November 11 ;

Aragon (Zaragoza, Gallego River Mouth, Ebro River 6)
Aragon; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Ebro River 7 (Cinca and Segre Rivers)

Spain and Portugal, Northeast Spain, Ebro River 7, Cinca River Folder

Cinca River

Cinca River Source (Circo de Pineta)
Circo de Pineta in Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park;

Cinca River 1 (Barossa River Mouth)
Cinca River (Aragon);

Cinca River Mouth (near Segre River Mouth)

Barossa River

Barossa River Source (Pyrenees Mountains)

Barossa River Mouth (Cinca River 1)

Spain and Portugal, Northeast Spain, Ebro River 7, Segre Rivers Folder

Segre River

Segre River Source (north slope Pic del Segre, Pyranees Mountains)

Segre River 1 (Catalan Depression, Catalonia)

Catalan Central Depression
Catalan Central Depression;

Catalonia, Spain (Caalan Depression, Segre River 1)
Catalonia; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23;

Cardener River

Segre River 2 (Noguera Ribagorcana)

Spain and Portugal, Segre River 2, Noguera River Folder

Noguera Ribagorcana River

Noguera Ribagorcana River Source (Pyrenees Mts)
Noguera RibagorÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â§ana;

Noguera Ribagorcana River Mouth (Segre River 2)

Segre River Mouth (Cinca River and Elbro River 7)

Ebro River Mouth (Balearic Sea)

Tarragona, Spain (Elbro River Mouth, Balearic Sea)
Tarragona, Spain (Balearic Sea) ; St Fructuosis of Tarragona, Spain, Commemorated January 21 ;

Spain and Portugal, Central Spain, Portugese Rivers Folder, Duero and Tagus Rivers

Portugal
Portugal; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; Muslim Fulani Slave Raiders; Portuguese slave traders; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31 ; ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated February 15; JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

Spain and Portugal, Central Spain, Portugese Rivers, Duero River Folder

Duero River

Duero River Source (Picos de Urbion)

Picos de Urbion (Iberian System)
Picos de Urbion;

Duero River 1

Duero River 2 (Osma)

Osma, Spain (Duero River 2)
Osma; DOMINIC PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221);

Osma Cathedral, 1232
Osma Cathedral, 1232; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221);

Duero River 3

Duero River 4 (Castile and Leon, Adaja River Mouth)

Castile and Leon, Spain (Duero River 4)
Castile and Leon; Kingdom of Leon; Kingdom of Castile; DOMINIC PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ;

Spain and Portugal, Portugese Rivers, Duero River 4, Adaja River Folder

Adaja River

Adaja River Source (Gredos Mountain Range)

Adaja River 1 (Avila)

Avila, Spain (at Portugal and Spain's Adaja River 1)
Avila (Adaja River); TERESA OF AVILA, REFORMER AND CONTEMPLATIVE (15 OCT 1582);

Monestary Dedicated to St Joseph, Spain
Monestary Dedicated to St Joseph; Discalced Carmelites; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ;

Fontiveros, Spain (Adaja River 1)
Fontiveros, Spain; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ;

Adaja River Mouth (Duero River 4)

Duero River 5

Duero River 6 (Tormes River)

Spain and Portugal, Central Spain, Portugese Rivers, Duero River 6, Tormes River Folder, Salamanca, Castile

Tormes River

Tormes River Source (Mountain range of Gredos)

Tormes River 1 (El Barco de Avila)

Tormes River 2

Tormes River 3

Tormes River 4 (Salamanca)

University of Salamanca, Spain
University of Salamanca, Spain ; TORIBIO DE MOGROVEJO, Commemorated 23 August, 1606;

Salamanca, Spain (Tormes River 4)
Salamanca, Spain (Tormes River 4); IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Castile (Historical Region, Central Spain)
Castile (Hitorical Region, Central Spain) ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; was born in 1214 and became King of France when twelve years old. His mother, the half-English Blanche of Castile, was regent during his minority, and an influence while she lived. In 1234 he married Margaret of Provence, sister of Eleanor the wife of Henry III of England (no, not the couple from A Lion in Winter--that was Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine: this is two generations later). worked for the political unification of France, yielding Limoge, Cahors, and Perigeux to Henry in exchange for Henry's renunciation of all claims to Normandy, Anjou, Maine, Touraine, and Poitou (Treaty of Paris, 1259). He yielded French claims to Rousillon and Barcelona in exchange for the yielding of Spanish claims to Provence and Languedoc (Treaty of Corbeil, 1258). He largely eliminated the feuding and wars among French nobles and vassals that had ravaged France before his time. He protected vassals from oppression, and required their lords to fulfill their obligations. He reformed the system of taxation. He reformed the courts, so that every man in France, regardless of his station, had a far better chance of receiving justice than had previously been the case. He promoted the writing down of the law, so that it was clear what the laws were, and made major strides toward eliminating trial by combat in favor of trial by jury. (Trial by combat decided the guilt or innocence of the accused by a combat between the accused and the accuser, either personally or by proxy, with God being called on to uphold the right. Trial by ordeal required the accused to prove his innocence by, for example, walking across a bed of hot coals. Both were hold-overs from pre-Christian Frankish Law, and were vigorously denounced by many clergy, but took a long time to die out.) His reputation for integrity was such that foreign monarchs regularly asked him to arbitrate their disputes. founded a hospital for the poor, sick, and blind, known as the Quinze-Vingts (the Fifteen Score, originally for 300 inmates). His reign coincided with the great era of the building of Gothic cathedrals in France. Robert de Sorbon, the founder of the Sorbonne (University of Paris) was his confessor and his personal friend, and Thomas Aquinas was a frequent guest at his table. (Once, it is said, Thomas dropped out of the conversation, lost in thought, and then suddenly struck the table with his fist and exclaimed, "That is a decisive argument against the Manichees!" Louis at once called for writing materials, so that Thomas could record the argument before he had a chance to forget it.) of Louis in Tunis, from an illuminated mauscript of the history of FranceHe fought in two Crusades, both of which were total failures. In 1248 he led an army to the island of Cyprus, and was there joined by 200 English knights. In 1249 they proceeded to Egypt and took the city of Damietta, but discipline broke down and Louis was unable to keep the soldiers from looting. Disease ravaged the camp, and in 1250 the army suffered a disastrous defeat at Mansurah and Louis himself was taken prisoner. His Arab captors were quick to recognize in him a mixture of military valor and personal holiness, and were accustomed to kneel when speaking to him. He and his handful of surviving companions were released on the surrender of Damietta and the payment of a large ransom. He sailed to Palestine, visited the few Holy Places that were accessible, and returned to France in 1254. In 1270 he joined another crusade, which landed in Tunis, where he immediately caught typhoid fever and died on 25 August. His biography, by a friend and comrade in arms, the Sieur Jean de Joinville, is available in English in Chronicles of the Crusades, Penguin Paperbacks. by James Kiefer Castile (historical region);

Tormes River 5

Tormes River Mouth (Duero River)

Duero River Mouth (Atlantic Ocean)

Northern Portugal - Land of the Galatian People
Galatia - Northern Portugal - Land of the Galatian People;

Spain and Portugal, Central Spain, Portugese Rivers, Tagus River Folder

Tagus River

Tagus River Source (Teruel, Albarracin Mountains)

Albarracin Mountains
Albarracin Mountains;

Aragon (Northeastern Spain)
Aragon; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); VINCENT OF SARAGOSSA, DEACON AND MARTYR (22 JAN 304) ;

Tagus River 1 (Sacedon)

Tagus River 2 (near Madrid. Jarama River)

Spain and Portugal, Central Spain, Portugese Rivers, Tagus River 2, Jarama River Folder

Jarmama River

Jarama River Source (Sierra de Ayllon)

Jarama River 1 (Madrid, Henares River Mouth)

Spain and Portugal, Central Spain, Portugese Rivers, Tagus River 2, Jarama River 1 , Henares River Folder

Henares River

Henares River Source (Sierra Ministra)

Henares River (Overview)

Henares River 1

Henares River 2

Henares River 3 (Guadalajara)

Henares River 4 (Alcala)

Alcala, Spain (Henares River 4)
Alcala; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556) ;

Henares River Mouth (Madrid, Jarama River 1)

Madrid, Spain (Henares River Mouth, Jarama River 1)
Madrid, Spain (Henares River Mouth, Jarama River 1); BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18;

Carpetania, Spain (near Madrid, Hanares Mouth, Jarama River 1)
Carpetania; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated February 15;

Castile, Spain (Madrid, Henares River Mouth, Jarama River 1)
Crown of Castile (court of Ferdinand and Isabella, the rulers of Spain); DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Jarama River Mouth (Tagus River 2)

Tagus River 3 (Toledo)

Toledo, Spain (a crossroads, Tagus River 3)
Toledo, Spain; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated September 23 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9;

Castile-La Mancha, Spain (down near Toledo, Tagus River 3)
Kingdom of Castile; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221);

Spain and Portugal, Central Spain, Portugese Rivers, Tagus River 3, El Escorial River Folder

El Escorial River

Order of Saint Augustine Headquarters (El Escorial River Source)
Order of Saint Augustine Headquarters (El Escorial); MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546);

Tagus River 4 (Talavera de la Reina)

Tagus River 5 (Valdeverdeja)

Guadalupe monastery, Guadalupe, in Extremadura, Spain (Tagus 5), statue hidden from Moslems, Christopher Columbus
Guadalupe monastery; Royal Monastery of Santa MarÃa of Guadalupe is a Roman Catholic monastic establishment built during the 14th century located in Guadalupe, in Extremadura, Spain. It is located at the foot of the eastern side of the Sierra de las Villuercas and was one of the most important and fine monasteries in the country for more than four centuries. UNESCO declared it a World Heritage Site in 1993. monastery had its origins in the late 13th century, when a shepherd from Cáceres, named Gil Cordero, discovered on the bank of the Guadalupe River a statue of the Blessed Virgin,[1] which had been apparently hidden by local inhabitants from Moorish invaders in 714. On the site of his discovery a chapel was built, dedicated under the title of Our Lady of Guadalupe.[2] Alfonso XI, who visited the chapel more than once, invoked Santa Maria de Guadalupe in the Battle of Rio Salado. After gaining the victory, he ascribed it to the Madonna's intercession, declared the church at Guadalupe a royal sanctuary and undertook an extensive rebuilding program. 1389, the Hieronymite monks took over the monastery and made it their principal house. Construction works continued under the auspices of the order's first prior, and in 1474 Henry IV of Castile was entombed in Guadalupe, next to his mother. Ferdinand II of Aragon issued the Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe at the monastery on 21 April 1486, thus effectively ending the onerous evil customs allowing medieval nobles in Catalonia to maltreat the remensa peasants and tie them to their lands. monastery has rich associations with the New World, including the Guadeloupe island in the Caribbean. It was here in Extremadura where Christopher Columbus made his first pilgrimage after discovering America in 1492 and where he first thanked heaven for his discovery. after the monks from Guadalupe founded the famous monastery of Escorial, which was much closer to the royal capital, Madrid, Santa Maria de Guadalupe retained the royal patronage. It remained the most important cloister in Spain until the Confiscation of monasteries in 1835. In the 20th century, the monastery was revived by the Franciscan Order and Pope Pius XII declared the shrine a "Minor Papal Basilica" in 1955. BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ;

Tagus River 6 (Alcantara Dam, Spain)

Tagus River 7 (Vila Velha de Radao, Portugal)

Tagus River 8 (Santarem)

Tagus River Mouth (Atlantic Ocean near Lisbon)

Lisbon, Portugal
Lisbon, Portugal; ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ;

Lumiar District of Lisbon, Portugal (Tagus River Mouth)
Lumiar District of Lisbon, Portugal; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated on February 1;

Spain and Portugal, West Portugal, Azores Folder

Azores, Portugal
Azores, Portugal; JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

Spain and Portugal, North Spain, Green Spain Folder, Bay of Biscay

Green Spain
Green Spain;

Old Castile (Santander (now Cantabria) Green Spain)
Old Castile; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14;

Biscay Region, Spain and France (Bay of Biscay)
Biscay Region; Basque People; FRANCIS XAVIER Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ;

Gipozkoa, Basque province of Gipozkoa, Green Spain
Gipozkoa IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556) ;

Spain and Portugal, Barcelona Folder, Besos and Llobregat Rivers, Northeast of Ebro River

Llobregat River

Llobregat River Source (along the border)

Llobregat River Valley
Llobregat River Valley;

Montserrat Mountaiin (near Barcelona)
Montserrat Mountain (near Barcelona) ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Besos River

Besos River Source (along the border)

Besos River Valley
Besos River Valley;

Barcelona, Northeastern Spain (Mouth of Besos and Llobregat Rivers)
Barcelona; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); Virginmartyr Eulalia of Barcelona, Commemorated on August 22; St Felix of Spain, Commemorated August 22 ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23 ;

Niverta Islands
Since these are the only Islands off the Spanish mainland, Niverta Island must be one of these Balearic Islands. Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ;

Spain and Portugal, Guadiana, Guadelete and Guadalquivir Rivers Folder, Gibraltar, Vandalusia

Guadiana River

Guadiana River Source (Villarrubia de los Ojos)

Guadiana River Mouth

Guadalquivir River

Guadalquivir River Source (Sierra de Cazorla)

Ubeda, Spain (Guadalquivir River Source)
Ubeda, Spain; JOHN OF THE CROSS, MYSTIC AND MONASTIC REFORMER, 1591, Commemorated December 14;

Al-Andalus, 711-1492, Islamic Iberia, Islamic Spain and Portugal
Al-Andalus, 711-1492, Islamic Iberia, Islamic Spain and Portugal; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, Commemorated May 28;

Sierra de Cazorla
Sierra de Cazorla;

Guadalquivir River 1 (Cordova)

Cordova, Spain (Guadalquivir River 1)
Cordova; St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated August 27 ;

Guadalquivir River 2 (Seville)

Seville, Spain (Guadalquivir River 2)
Seville; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4;

Andalusia, Spain (Vandalusia - Land of the Vandals)
Andalusia, Spain (Vandalusia - Land of the Vandals); AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ;

Vandalusia, Spain (Andalusia - Land of the Vandals)
Andalusia, Spain (Vandalusia - Land of the Vandals); AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ;

Guadalquivir River Mouth (Gulf of Cadiz)

Guadalete River

Guadalete River Source (Sierra de Grazalema)

Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park
Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park;

Guadalete (river)

Guadalete River Mouth (Cadiz, Gulf of Cadiz)

Gibraltar, British Overseas Territory
Gibraltar, British Overseas Territory ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); George Whitefield of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15 ;

British Empire - Gibraltar, British Overseas Territory
Gibraltar, British Overseas Territory ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); George Whitefield of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15 ;

Cadiz, Spain (Guadalete River Mouth, Gibraltar)
Cadiz; JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

Spain and Portugal, East and Southeast Spain, Gulf of Valencia

Valencia (Gulf of Valencia, south of Elbrow River mouth)
Valencia (Gulf of Valencia); Martyr Vincent of Spain, Commemorated November 11 ;

Montserrat, Gulf of Valencia, Spain
Montserrat, Gulf of Valencia, Spain; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Manresa, Gulf of Valencia, Spain
Manresa, Gulf of Valencia, Spain; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Roman North Africa Province Folder, 146BC - 429AD

Africa, North Africa, 146 BC - 429 AD, Roman province
Africa (Roman province); 7 Holy Maccabee Martyrs, Commemorated on August 1; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE, BISHOP AND MARTYR (15 SEP 258) ; St Peter the Tax-Collector, Commemorated on September 22; Martyr Andrew of Syracuse, martyred in Africa, Commemorated on September 23; St Crispina, Commemorated December 5 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Perpetua, a woman of Carthage, Commemorated February 1 ; PERPETUA AND HER COMPANIONS, MARTYRS AT CARTHAGE (7 MAR 202); Martyr Terence and 40 others beheaded at Carthage, Commemorated on April 10; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; St Monica, Commemorated on May 4; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leaders of the Apostles, Peter and Paul, Commemorated on June 29 ;

Africa, North Africa, 429 - 643, Vandal Kingdom, Hippo and Carthage
North Africa, 429-534, Vandal Kingdom in North Africa; Africa (Roman province); 7 Holy Maccabee Martyrs, Commemorated on August 1; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE, BISHOP AND MARTYR (15 SEP 258) ; St Peter the Tax-Collector, Commemorated on September 22; Martyr Andrew of Syracuse, martyred in Africa, Commemorated on September 23; St Crispina, Commemorated December 5 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Perpetua, a woman of Carthage, Commemorated February 1 ; PERPETUA AND HER COMPANIONS, MARTYRS AT CARTHAGE (7 MAR 202); Martyr Terence and 40 others beheaded at Carthage, Commemorated on April 10; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; St Monica, Commemorated on May 4; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leaders of the Apostles, Peter and Paul, Commemorated on June 29 ;

Africa, North Africa, 643-1581, Medieval Arabic Africa
Similar to the Roman Province Africa, Africa (Medieval Arabic Africa); Martyr Andrew of Syracuse, martyred in Africa, Commemorated on September 23 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Crispina, Commemorated December 5 ; 62 Martyred Priests of Africa, martyred by the Arians, Commemorated December 8 ; 300 Martyred laypeople of Africa, martyred by the Arians, Commemorated December 8; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Perpetua, a woman of Carthage, Commemorated February 1 ; PERPETUA AND HER COMPANIONS, MARTYRS AT CARTHAGE (7 MAR 202); GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936;

Africa, North Africa, Carthage and Tunis Folder

Carthage, North Africa
Carthage; Carthagian Empire; Virginmartyr Julia of Carthage, Commemorated on July 16 ; Apostle Epenetus of the Seventy, Commemorated on July 30; Holy Apostle of the Seventy Epenetus was a disciple of the Savior. Holy Apostle Epenetus was made bishop at Carthage. In his Epistle to the Romans, the holy Apostle Paul writes: “Greet my dear Epenetus, who is the firstfruits of Achaia unto Christ” (Rom. 16:5). Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated on August 31 ; CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE, BISHOP AND MARTYR (15 SEP 258) ; 49 Martyrs with Callistratus, Commemorated September 27 ; Martyr Callistratus, Commemorated on September 27 ; Martyr Terence and 39 ohers of Carthage, Commemorated on October 28 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Venerable Domnica of Constantinople, Commemorated January 8 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Perpetua, a woman of Carthage, Commemorated February 1 ; PERPETUA AND HER COMPANIONS, MARTYRS AT CARTHAGE (7 MAR 202); Martyr Photina (Svetlana), the Samaritan Woman, and Her Sons, Commemorated on March 20; Martyr Terence and 40 others beheaded at Carthage, Commemorated on April 10; St Monica, Commemorated on May 4; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ;

Vandal Kingdom, Hippo and Carthage, North Africa, 429 - 643,
North Africa, 429-534, Vandal Kingdom in North Africa; Africa (Roman province); 7 Holy Maccabee Martyrs, Commemorated on August 1; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE, BISHOP AND MARTYR (15 SEP 258) ; St Peter the Tax-Collector, Commemorated on September 22; Martyr Andrew of Syracuse, martyred in Africa, Commemorated on September 23; St Crispina, Commemorated December 5 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Perpetua, a woman of Carthage, Commemorated February 1 ; PERPETUA AND HER COMPANIONS, MARTYRS AT CARTHAGE (7 MAR 202); Martyr Terence and 40 others beheaded at Carthage, Commemorated on April 10; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; St Monica, Commemorated on May 4; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leaders of the Apostles, Peter and Paul, Commemorated on June 29 ;

Vandal Kingdom in North Africa, 429-534,
North Africa, 429-534, Vandal Kingdom in North Africa; The Vandal Kingdom (Latin: Regnum Vandalum) or Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans (Latin: Regnum Vandalorum et Alanorum) was established by the Germanic Vandal people under Gaiseric. It ruled in North Africa and the Mediterranean 435â€“534 CE. In 429 CE, the Vandals, estimated to number 80,000 people, had crossed by boat from Hispania to North Africa. They advanced eastward, conquering the coastal regions of what is now Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. In 435, the Roman Empire, then ruling North Africa, allowed the Vandals to settle in the provinces of Numidia and Mauretania when it became clear that the Vandal army could not be defeated by Roman military forces. In 439 the Vandals renewed their advance eastward and captured Carthage, the most important city of North Africa. The fledgling kingdom then conquered the Roman-ruled islands of Mallorca, Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica in the western Mediterranean. In the 460s, the Romans launched two unsuccessful military expeditions by sea in an attempt to overthrow the Vandals and reclaim North Africa. The conquest of North Africa by the Vandals was a blow to the beleaguered Western Roman Empire as North Africa was a major source of revenue and a supplier of grain (mostly wheat) to the city of Rome. Although primarily remembered for the sack of Rome in 455 and their persecution of Nicene Christians in favor of Arian Christianity, the Vandals were also patrons of learning. Grand building projects continued, schools flourished, and North Africa fostered many of the most innovative writers and natural scientists of the late Latin-speaking Western Roman Empire.[5] The Vandal Kingdom ended in 534, when it was conquered by Belisarius in the Vandalic War and incorporated into the Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine Empire). 62 Martyred Priests of Africa, martyred by the Arians, Commemorated on December 8; 300 Martyred laypeople of Africa, martyred by the Arians, Commemorated on December 8;

Carthage, North Africa (modern Tunis)
Carthage (modern Tunis) ; Virginmartyr Julia of Carthage, Commemorated on July 16 ; 7 Holy Maccabee Martyrs, Commemorated on August 1; Apostle Epenetus of the Seventy, Commemorated on July 30; Holy Apostle of the Seventy Epenetus was a disciple of the Savior. Holy Apostle Epenetus was made bishop at Carthage. In his Epistle to the Romans, the holy Apostle Paul writes: “Greet my dear Epenetus, who is the firstfruits of Achaia unto Christ” (Rom. 16:5). Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430) ; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated on August 31; CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE, BISHOP AND MARTYR (15 SEP 258) ; Martyr Callistratus, Commemorated on September 27 ; 49 Martyrs with Callistratus, Commemorated September 27 ; Martyr Perpetua, a woman of Carthage, Commemorated February 1 ; PERPETUA AND HER COMPANIONS, MARTYRS AT CARTHAGE (7 MAR 202) ; MONNICA, MOTHER OF AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (4 MAY 387); Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ;

Tunis, Tunisia, North Africa
Tunis, Tunisia, Africa; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270);

Exarchate of Africa, Carthage as Capital
Exarchate of Africa, Carthage as Capital;

Tunisia, North Africa
Tunisia; MONNICA, MOTHER OF AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (4 MAY 387);

Africa (The Continent Africa)
Africa; LILLIAN TRASHER MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961, Commemorated December 19 ; Martyr Callistratus, Commemorated on September 27 ; THOMAS AQUINAS, PRIEST, FRIAR, AND THEOLOGIAN (28 JAN 1274) ; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ;

Thacora (strategic point)
Thacora (Tagora) in Africa; Numidia; St Crispina, Commemorated December 5 ;

Curubis, Tunisia, North Africa
Curubis or Korba, Tunisia Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated August 31 ;

Africa, North Africa, Algeria Folder, Algiers and Hippo

Algeria, North Africa
Algeria; CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated December 1 ;

Tamanrasset, Algeria
Tamanrasset; CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated December 1 ;

Tolga, Algeria
Tolga; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga ;

Thacora (Tagora) Algeria, North Africa
Thacora (Tagora) in Africa; Numidia; St Crispina;

Numidia (Algeria) and Numidians
Numidia (Algeria) and Numidians; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated on August 31;

Vandal Kingdom North Africa, Hippo and Carthage
Vandal Kingdom North Africa; 62 Martyred Priests of Africa, martyred by the Arians, Commemorated on December 8 ; 300 Martyred laypeople of Africa, martyred by the Arians, Commemorated on December 8 ;

Hippo, Algeria, North Africa
Hippo; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); MONNICA, MOTHER OF AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (4 MAY 387); St Monica, Commemorated on May 4 ; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leaders of the Apostles, Peter and Paul, Commemorated on June 29; of Saint Augustine, Bishop of Hippo the Holy Church piously remembers the sufferings of the Holy Glorious and All-Praised Apostles Peter and Paul. Peter, the fervent follower of Jesus Christ, for the profound confession of His Divinity: “Thou art the Christ, the Son of the Living God,â€ was deemed worthy by the Savior to hear in answer, “Blessed art thou, Simon ... I tell thee, that thou art Peter [Petrus], and on this stone [petra] I build My Churchâ€ (Mt.16:16-18). On “this stoneâ€ [petra], is on that which thou sayest: “Thou art the Christ, the Son of the Living Godâ€ it is on this thy confession I build My Church. Wherefore the “thou art Peterâ€: it is from the “stoneâ€ [petra] that Peter [Petrus] is, and not from Peter [Petrus] that the “stoneâ€ [petra] is, just as the Christian is from Christ, and not Christ from the Christian. Do you want to know, from what sort of “rockâ€ [petra] the Apostle Peter [Petrus] was named? Hear the Apostle Paul: “Brethren, I do not want ye to be ignorant,â€ says the Apostle of Christ, “how all our fathers were all under the cloud, and all passed through the sea; and all were baptized unto Moses in the cloud and in the sea; and did all drink the same spiritual drink: for they drank of that spiritual Rock that followed them: and that Rock was Christâ€ (1 Cor.10: 1-4).... Lord Jesus Christ, in the final days of His earthly life, in the days of His mission to the race of man, chose from among the disciples His twelve Apostles to preach the Word of God. Among them, the Apostle Peter for his fiery ardor was vouchsafed to occupy the first place (Mt.10:2) and to be as it were the representative person for all the Church. Therefore it is said to him, preferentially, after the confession: “I will give unto thee the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth, shall be bound in the heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth: shall be loosed in heavenâ€ (Mt.16: 19). Therefore it was not one man, but rather the One Universal Church, that received these “keysâ€ and the right “to bind and loosen.â€ And that it was actually the Church that received this right, and not exclusively a single person, turn your attention to another place of the Scriptures, where the same Lord says to all His Apostles, “Receive ye the Holy Spiritâ€ and further after this, “Whose soever sins ye remit, they are remitted unto them: and whose soever sins ye retain, are retainedâ€ (John 20: 22-23); or: “whatsoever ye bind upon the earth, shall be bound in Heaven: and whatsoever ye shall loose on earth, shall be loosened in heavenâ€ (Mt.18:18). Thus, it is the Church that binds, the Church that loosens; the Church, built upon the foundational cornerstone, Jesus Christ Himself (Eph 2:20), doth bind and loosen. Let both the binding and the loosening be feared: the loosening, in order not to fall under this again; the binding, in order not to remain forever in this condition. Therefore “Iniquities ensnare a man, and everyone is bound in the chains of his own sins,â€ says Wisdom (Prov 5:22); and except for Holy Church nowhere is it possible to receive the loosening. His Resurrection the Lord entrusted the Apostle Peter to shepherd His spiritual flock not because, that among the disciples only Peter alone was pre-deserved to shepherd the flock of Christ, but Christ addresses Himself chiefly to Peter because, that Peter was first among the Apostles and as such the representative of the Church; besides which, having turned in this instance to Peter alone, as to the top Apostle, Christ by this confirms the unity of the Church. “Simon of Johnâ€ -- says the Lord to Peter -- “lovest thou Me?â€ -- and the Apostle answered: “Yea, Lord, Thou knowest that I love Theeâ€; and a second time it was thus asked, and a second time he thus answered; being asked a third time, seeing that as it were not believed, he was saddened. But how is it possible for him not to believe That One, Who knew his heart? And wherefore then Peter answered: “Lord, Thou knowest all; Thou knowest that I love Thee.â€ “And sayeth Jesus to himâ€ all three times “Feed My sheepâ€ (John 20:15-17). this, the triple appealing of the Savior to Peter and the triple confession of Peter before the Lord had a particular beneficial purpose for the Apostle. That one, to whom was given “the keys of the kingdomâ€ and the right “to bind and to loose,â€ bound himself thrice by fear and cowardice (Mt.26:69-75), and the Lord thrice loosens him by His appeal and in turn by his confession of strong love. And to shepherd literally the flock of Christ was acquired by all the Apostles and their successors. “Take heed, therefore unto yourselves, and to all the flock,â€ the Apostle Paul urges church presbyters, “over which the Holy Spirit hath made you overseers, to feed the Church of God, which He hath purchased with His own bloodâ€ (Acts 20:28); and the Apostle Peter to the elders: “Feed the flock of God which is among you, taking the oversight thereof not by constraint, but willingly: not for filthy lucre, but of a ready mind: neither as being lords over God’s heritage, but being examples to the flock. And when is appeared the Prince of pastors, ye will receive unfading crowns of gloryâ€ (1 Pet. 5:2-4). is remarkable that Christ, having said to Peter: “Feed My sheep,â€ did not say: “Feed thy sheep,â€ but rather to feed, good servant, the sheep of the Lord. “Is Christ divided? was Paul crucified for you? or were ye baptized in the name of Paul?â€ (1 Cor.1:13). “Feed My sheepâ€. Wherefore “wolfish robbers, wolfish oppressors, deceitful teachers and mercenaries, not being concerned about the flockâ€ (Mt.7:15; Acts 20:29; 2 Pet 2:1; John 10:12), having plundered a strange flock and making of the spoils as though it be of their own particular gain, they think that they feed their flock. Such are not good pastors, as pastors of the Lord. “The good shepherd giveth his life for the sheepâ€ (John 10:11), entrusted to Him by the chief Shepherd Himself (1 Pet 5:4). And the Apostle Peter, true to his calling, gave his soul for the very flock of Christ, having sealed his apostleship by a martyr’s death, is now glorified throughout all the world. Apostle Paul, formerly Saul, was changed from a robbing wolf into a meek lamb. Formerly he was an enemy of the Church, then is manifest as an Apostle. Formerly he stalked it, then preached it. Having received from the high priests the authority at large to throw all Christians in chains for execution, he was already on the way, he breathed out “threatenings and slaughter against the disciples of the Lordâ€ (Acts 9:1), he thirsted for blood, but “He that dwells in the Heavens shall laugh him to scornâ€ (Ps 2:4). When he, “having persecuted and vexedâ€ in such manner “the Church of Godâ€ (1Cor.15:9; Acts 8:5), he came near Damascus, and the Lord from Heaven called to him: “Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou Me?â€ and I am here, and I am there, I am everywhere: here is My head; there is My body. There becomes nothing of a surprise in this; we ourselves are members of the Body of Christ. “Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou Me; it is hard for thee to kick against the goadâ€ (Acts 9:4-5). Saul, however, “trembling and frightenedâ€, cried out: “Who art Thou, Lord?â€ The Lord answered him, “I am Jesus Whom thou persecutest.â€ Saul suddenly undergoes a change: “What wantest Thou me to do?â€ -- he cries out. And suddenly for him there is the Voice: “Arise, and go to the city, and it shall be told thee what thou must doâ€ (Acts 9:6). Here the Lord sends Ananias: “Arise and go into the streetâ€ to a man, “by the name of Saul,â€ and baptize him, “for this one is a chosen vessel unto Me, to bear My name before the Gentiles, and kings, and the children of Israelâ€ (Acts 9: 11, 15, 18). This vessel must be filled with My Grace. “Ananias, however, answered: Lord, I have heard from many about this man, how much evil he hath done to Thy saints in Jerusalem: and here he hath authority from the chief priests to bind all who call on Thy Nameâ€ (Acts 9:13-14). But the Lord urgently commands Ananias: “Search for and fetch him, for this vessel is chosen by Me: for I shall show him what great things he must suffer for My name’s sakeâ€ (Acts 9:11, 15-16). actually the Lord did show the Apostle Paul what things he had to suffer for His Name. He instructed him the deeds; He did not stop at the chains, the fetters, the prisons and shipwrecks; He Himself felt for him in his sufferings, He Himself guided him towards this day. On a single day the memory of the sufferings of both these Apostles is celebrated, though they suffered on separate days, but by the spirit and the closeness of their suffering they constitute one. Peter went first, and Paul followed soon after him. Formerly called Saul, and then Paul, having transformed his pride into humility. His very name (Paulus), meaning “small, little, less,â€ demonstrates this. What is the Apostle Paul after this? Ask him, and he himself gives answer to this: “I am,â€ says he, “the least of the Apostles... but I have labored more abundantly than all of them: yet not I, but the grace of God, which was with meâ€ (1 Cor.15:9-10). so, brethren, celebrating now the memory of the holy Apostles Peter and Paul, remembering their venerable sufferings, we esteem their true faith and holy life, we esteem the innocence of their sufferings and pure confession. Loving in them the sublime quality and imitating them by great exploits, “in which to be likened to themâ€ (2 Thess 3: 5-9), and we shall attain to that eternal bliss which is prepared for all the saints. The path of our life before was more grievous, thornier, harder, but “we also are compassed about with so great a cloud of witnessesâ€ (Heb 12: 1), having passed by along it, made now for us easier, and lighter, and more readily passable. First there passed along it “the author and finisher of our faith,â€ our Lord Jesus Christ Himself (Heb 12: 2); His daring Apostles followed after Him; then the martyrs, children, women, virgins and a great multitude of witnesses. Who acted in them and helped them on this path? He Who said, “Without Me ye can do nothingâ€ (John 15: 5).

Tagaste in Numidia, Algeria, North Africa
Tagaste in Numidia, North Africa ; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); St Crispina, Commemorated December 5 ; St Monica, Commemorated on May 4 ; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ;

Theveste, North Africa (a crossroads)
Theveste (or Tebessa); St Crispina, Commemorated December 5 ;

Africa, North Africa, Morocco Folder

Morocco, North Africa
Morocco; CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated December 1 ; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Barbary Pirates, North Africa (Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Libya, Mauritania)
Barbary Coast of the Moors; Moors of the Barbary Coast ; Morocco; CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated December 1 ; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Barbary Coast of the Moors, North Africa (Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Libya, Mauritania)
Barbary Coast of the Moors; Moors of the Barbary Coast ; Morocco; CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated December 1 ; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Moors of the Barbary Coast, North Africa (Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Libya, Mauritania)
Moors of the Barbary Coast ; Barbary Coast of the Moors; Morocco; CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated December 1 ; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mauretania, North Africa
Mauretania; Martyr Mertius of Mauretania, Commemorated January 12 ;

Africa, North Africa, Libya Folder

Libya, North Africa
Libya Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated October 5 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4; Martyr Theophilus the Deacon, in Libya, Commemorated January 8 ; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9;

Necropolis (an example of large Christian graveyards, Tripoli)
Necropolis (an example): these large Christian graveyards (Jedars or walls) were throughout northern Algeria and Libya. Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25;

Pentapolis, North Africa (Benhgazi)
Pentapolis, North Africa (Benhgazi) ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9 ; Hieromartyr Theodore the Bishop of Cyrene in Libya, Commemorated July 4 ;

Cyrene in Libya, North Africa
Cyrene in Libya; Hieromartyr Theodore the Bishop of Cyrene in Libya, Commemorated July 4 ;

Roman Province of Cilicia Folder

Cilicia Folder, its rivers and roads

Cilicia Region of Asia Minor
Cilicia Region of Asia Minor ; Cilicia (Roman province); Cilicia; Martyr Julita (Ulita) of Tarsus, Commemorated July 15 ; Martyr Callinicus of Gangra in Asia Minor, Commemorated on July 29; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Martyr Leontius of Perge in Pamphylia, Commemorated on August 1 ; Martyr Aristion the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 3 ; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated August 19; Hieromartyr Athanasius the Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 22 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated September 1 ; Venerable Martha the Mother of St Simeon Stylites, Commemorated on September 1 ; Martyr Sozon of Cilicia. Commemorated September 7 ; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 7; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ; Uncovering of the relics St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on September 15; St Theodore of Tarsus the Archbishop of Canterbury, Commemorated September 19 ; THEODORE OF TARSUS, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (19 SEP 690); Martyr Zosimas the Hermit of Cilicia, Commemorated on September 19 ; Martyr Zenaida (Zenais) of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 11 ; Martyr Tarachus at Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 12 ; Martyr and Unmercenary Cosmas and his brother in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 17; St Abercius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Hieropolis, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on October 22 ; Martyr Claudius of Aegae in Cilicia, Commemorated October 29 ; Hieromartyr Zenobius of Aegae in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 30 ; Martyr Elias in Cilicia, Commemorated on December 19; Martyr Cyrenia in Cilicia, Commemorated on November 1 ; Martyr Boniface at Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on December 19 ; Martyr Elias in Cilicia, Commemorated on December 19 ; Righteous Aglaida (Aglae) of Rome, Commemorated on December 19 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Jason of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23 ; St Macedonius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; THE CONVERSION OF THE APOSTLE PAUL, (JANUARY 25) ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; Martyr Theodula of Anazarbus in Cilicia, Commemorated February 5 ; Martyr Helladius in Cilicia, Commemorated February 5 ; Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe GeneralÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 8 ; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated February 12; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated February 19 ; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17 ; Martyr Calliopius at Pompeiopolis in Cilicia, Commemorated on April 7 ; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Tarsus, in Asia Minor, Commemorated on May 4; Martyr Conon of Isauria, Commemorated on March 5; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); Martyr Julian of Anazarbus, Commemorated on March 16; Martyr Papas of Lyconia, Commemorated on March 16; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Apostle Jason, of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28 ; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Tarsus, in Asia Minor, Commemorated on May 4; Martyr Thallelaeus at Aegae in Cilicia, Commemorated on May 20; Martyr Basiliscus the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on May 22; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Martyr Hermias at Comana, Commemorated on May 31 ; St Zosimus of Cilicia the Bishop of Babylon in Egypt, Commemorated on June 4; St Ephraim the Patriarch of Antioch, Commemorated on June 8; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11 ; Martyr Doulas of Cilicia, Commemorated on June 15; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Paul, Commemorated on June 29;

Cilicia, Ceyhan River Folder, Eastern Cilicia

Lake Zagura, Cilicia
Lake Zagura; Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated September 1 ; Miasena Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos was thrown into Lake Zagura in the ninth century in an effort to save it from the iconoclasts. After a long time, the wonderworking icon emerged from the water unharmed and was brought to the Miasena Monastery. Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia, Commemorated on July 7;

Miasena Monastery Celicia, near Melitene Armenia
Miasena Monastery ; Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated September 1 ; Miasena Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos was thrown into Lake Zagura in the ninth century in an effort to save it from the iconoclasts. After a long time, the wonderworking icon emerged from the water unharmed and was brought to the Miasena Monastery. Uncovering of the relics St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on September 15; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia, Commemorated on July 7;

Cucusus, Cilicia (near Ceyan River 2), Remote place of several exiles
Cucusus, Syria (near Ceyan River 2), Remote place of several exiles; St. Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6;

Arabian Plate and Cilicia, Zargos Mountains around the Fertile Crescent
Arabian Plate and Cilicia; Martyr and Unmercenary Cosmas and his brother in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 17;

Gulf of Isska, Cilicia, near the city of Ossos
Gulf of Isska, near the city of Ossos; Saint Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated on January 11;

Rossos, Cilicia, Gulf of Isska, on this coastal road, near the city of Ossos
Gulf of Isska, near the city of Ossos; Martyrs Kyriaina and Juliana in Cilicia, Commemorated on November 1; Saint Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated on January 11;

Aleian Plain, Upper Aleian plain, Cilicia
Aleian plain;

Kadirli River

Kilgen River

Mehmetli River and Dam

Anazarbus, Cilicia (Mehmetli River at Kilgen River at Aleian plain, Ceyhan River 10)
Anazarbus (Aleian plain, Ceyhan River); Martyr Domnina of Anazarbus, Commemorated on October 12 ; Marinus the Elder at Anazarbus, Commemorated October 18 ; Martyr Helladius in Cilicia, Commemorated February 5 ; Martyr Theodula of Anazarbus in Cilicia, Commemorated February 5 ; Martyr Julian of Anazarbus, Commemorated on March 16

Kilgen River Mouth, Ceyan River 10

Aleian plain, Lower Aleian Plain, Cilicia
Aleian plain;

Colophon, Cilicia (Ceyhan River Mouth) Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy
Colophon, Cilicia ; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated September 7 ; Onesiphorus was bishop at Colophon (Asia Minor), and later at Corinth. He died a martyr in the city of Parium (not far from Ephesus) on the shores of the Hellespont, where he had gone to proclaim Christ among the local pagans.

Cilicia, Seyhan River Folder, Celicia and Cappadocia, Central Celicia, Tarsus

Seyhan River

Cilicia, Seyhan River Source, Zamanti and Goksu Rivers Folder, Cappadocia

Zamanti River in Cappadocia (Source of the Seyhan)

Zamanti River Source (Pinarbasi, Cappadocia)

Zamanti River 1

Zamanti River 2 (Comana)

Komana (Comana), Cilicia (Pontica, Cappadocia or Cilicia, Zamanti Seyhan River Valley)
Comana (Cappadocia); Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ; Martyr Basiliscus the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on May 22; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Martyr Hermias at Comana, Commemorated on May 31;

Comana (Komana), Cilicia (Pontica, Cappadocia or Cilicia, Zamanti Seyhan River Valley)
Comana (Cappadocia); Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ; Martyr Basiliscus the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on May 22; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Martyr Hermias at Comana, Commemorated on May 31;

Cucusus, Cilicia, Cappadocian Cucusus in the Taurian wilderness
Cucusus, Cappadocian Cucusus in the Taurian wilderness; Saint Paul the Confessor, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6;

Zamanti River 3 (Yahyali)

Zamanti River (Overview)

Zamanti River 4

Zamanti River 5

Zamanti River Mouth (Seyhan River Source)

Goksu River (source of the Seyhan)

Goksu River Source (Comana, Cappadocia)

Seyhan River Source (Aldag)

Sarus (Seyhan River) River Source (Anti-Taurus Mountains, Aladag)

Anti-Taurus Mountains
Anti-Taurus Mountains;

Seyhan River 1

Seyhan River 2

Seyhan River 3

Seyhan River 4 (Adana)

Antioch, Cilicia (Seyan River 4, Adana)
Antioch, Cilicia (Seyan River 4, Adana); Pancras of Taormina; Hieromartyr Pancratius the Bishop of Taormina in Sicily, Commemorated on July 9;

Incirlik Air Base (Seyhan River 4, Adana)
Incirlik Air Base; Aleian plain;

Mopsuestia, Cilicia
Mopsuestia is 12 Miles East of Adana.

Seyhan River 5 (Overview)

Seyhan River Mouth (Cape Deli, Mediterranean Sea)

Tarsus, Cilicia (Seyhan River Mouth)
Tarsus; Martyr Julita (Ulita) of Tarsus, Commemorated July 15 ; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Martyr Diomedes the Physician of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 16; Martyr Diomedes was born in Cilician Tarsus. He was a physician, and a Christian, and he treated not only ills of the body but also of the soul. He enlightened many pagans with belief in Christ, and baptized them. The Church venerates him as a healer and mentions him during the Mystery of Holy Unction. Diomedes traveled much, converting people to the true Faith. When he arrived in the city of Nicea, the emperor Diocletian (284-305) sent soldiers to arrest him. Along the way from Nicea to Nicomedia, he got down from the cart so as to pray, and he died. proof of carrying out their orders, the soldiers cut off his head, but became blinded. Diocletian gave orders to take the head back to the body. When the soldiers fulfilled the order, their sight was restored and they believed in Christ. Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; Hieromartyr Athanasius the Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 22; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; Martyr Aristion the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 3 ; St Theodore of Tarsus the Archbishop of Canterbury, Commemorated September 19 ; THEODORE OF TARSUS, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (19 SEP 690); Martyr Pelagia of Tarsus, Commemorated October 7 ; Martyr Zenaida (Zenais) of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 11 ; Martyr Tarachus at Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 12 ; St Abercius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Hieropolis, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Marinus the Elder at Anazarbus, Commemorated October 18 ; Martyr Cyrenia in Cilicia, Commemorated on November 1 ; Martyr Boniface at Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on December 19 ; Righteous Aglaida (Aglae) of Rome, Commemorated on December 19; Righteous Aglaida (Aglae) of Rome, Commemorated on December 19 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Jason of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Eustratius the Wonderworker, Commemorated January 9 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Agathangelus, Commemorated January 23 ; THE CONVERSION OF THE APOSTLE PAUL, (JANUARY 25) ; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Apostle Jason, of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Tarsus, in Asia Minor, Commemorated on May 4; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Paul, Commemorated on June 29;

Mercin, Cilicia (Seyhan River Mouth)
Mercin; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ;

Pompeiopolis, Cilicia (near Seyhan River Mouth)
Cilician Pompeiopolis ; Martyr Sozon of Cilicia, Commemorated September 7 ; Martyr Theotecnus of Antioch, Commemorated October 10 ; Martyr Calliopius at Pompeiopolis in Cilicia, Commemorated on April 7;

Cilicia, Limonlu River Folder, Southwestern Cilicia

Limonlu River

Limonlu River Source

Sebaste, Mercin, Cilicia (Limonlu River Mouth)
Sebaste, Mercin; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; Hieromartyr Blaise the Bishop of Sebaste, Commemorated February 11; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated February 12; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395);

Cilicia, Cilician Gates Folder, Western Cilicia

Cicilian Gates

Heraclea Cybistra (Cilician Gates)
Heraclea Cybistra: the entry pont into the hills on the way to Cilicia; Martyr Aristion the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 3 ; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe GeneralÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 8 ; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; St Ephraim the Patriarch of Antioch, Commemorated on June 8 ;

Alexandria in Cilicia (Asia Minor, Cilician Gates route)
Alexandria in Cilicia (Asia Minor), Alexandria is probably Kitikien of the Ptolemaic Empire, along the Cilician Gates route ; Martyr Anthony of Alexandria, Commemorated on August 9; Martyr Anthony, a native of the city of Alexandria, was a Christian. For his confession of faith they tied him to a tree and tore at his body with iron hooks, and then sentenced him to burning. Standing in the fire, he calmly exhorted those standing about to toil not for the body but for the soul in aspiring towards God. After the fire flared up, the body of the saint remained unharmed. The time of his death is unknown. Martyr Aristion the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 3 ; Aristion was the bishop of lesser Alexandria in Cilicia (Asia Minor). He was born in the small town of Aribazo in the eparchy of Apamea, Syria at the beginning of the second century. His parents were pagans, and he spent his early years in an atmosphere of idolatry. do not know what sort of early education Saint Aristion received, nor where he studied, but it did not satisfy his search for the truth. A ten-year-old boy who lived in the same town, the future martyr Anthony, showed him the path which led to the truth. Anthony instructed him in the true Faith, and Aristion increased in piety and zeal for God. is significant that Anthony, despite the constant fear of persecution, exile and even danger to his own life, was not just a member of the local church, but also preached the Faith to others. It is certain that Aristion prayed for his young friend and remembered his courage and strength, for Anthony’s efforts to bring Aristion to the saving Faith had born fruit and were not in vain. Not only did Anthony give himself to the Church through his martyrdom at the age of twenty, he also gave it another saint and martyr: Saint Aristion later, Saint Aristion was consecrated bishop for Isso in Cilicia, which is found in lesser Alexandria. He was a good shepherd to his flock, and cared diligently for their souls. day the ruler of Alexandria had Saint Aristion arrested because he was a Christian. Although he was placed on public trial, the holy bishop was calm and showed no fear. His whole demeanor made the Roman eparch realize that it would not easy to deal with this man who stood before him. He tried to turn Aristion from Christ through flattery and promises of reward, but the saint stood firm. Seeing that his words had no effect on the bishop, he threatened him with fierce tortures. He was not influenced by these threats, however. Aristion stood before the eparch and his counselors, gazing at them with love and concern for their salvation. Even in his weakness, this captive was stronger than his captors, and he refused to offer sacrifice to the pagan gods. a multitude of idolaters, Saint Aristion spoke of the Triune God, by Whom all things were created. He also told them about the Incarnation of the Lord Jesus Christ, which was accomplished through God’s saving dispensation. He explained that Christ brings salvation to fallen man, thereby giving him another chance to attain the true purpose of his life—theosis. “How poor these soulless statues of the gods are,” the bishop said, “and how helpless the eparch looks in his radiant apparel.” who heard the saint speak were amazed and asked one another where he got such courage. Aristion invited them to believe in the truth which he was revealing to them. Those who watched understood that this holy man was someone special, and they wanted to hear more about his beliefs. Roman eparch could not find any way to resist Aristion except through violence, so he sentenced him to death. He commanded his soldiers to prepare a large furnace and then throw him into the flames.The saint went to his martyrdom without resistance, remaining brave and strong until the end. The few Christians who were present tried not to weep.They whispered prayers for him, and were saddened because their father was leaving them. They knew, however, that their archpastor would not cease praying for them, especially now that he was going to Christ. They could hear Saint Aristion singing hymns in the fire until his last breath. eparch did not know what a terrible mistake he had made. He did not realize that death is not the end for men, nor for the truth. Nothing could separate Saint Aristion from the Fountain of Life, and so the Lord bestowed upon him an imperishable crown of glory. the flames died down, his spiritual children approached the furnace and collected as many of his bones as they could. With great reverence they put the holy relics in a secret place, which remains unknown to the present day. more detailed biography of the saint has been published (in Greek): THE HOLY HIEROMARTYR ARISTION, by John G. Thalassinos (Athens, 2003). This volume also contains the Service to the saint, which was composed by Hieromonk Athanasius of Simonopetra Monastery on Mt. Athos.

Tyana, Cilicia and Cappadocia
Tyana the Hittite Capital; 33 Holy Martyrs of Melitene, Commemorated on November 7; Martyr Orestes of Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 10 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379) ; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389);

Roman Britain

Roman Britain, Roman Great North Road Folder

Great North Road

Great North Road - Shelby to York to Topcliffe

Great North Road (A1) - Smithfield

Smithfield, North London (Great North Road (AI), Smithfield)
Smithfield, North London (Great North Road (AI), Smithfield); Roger Williams of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5;

Rolls Chapel, London at Maughan Library (near Smithfield and Great North Road)
Rolls Chapel, London at Maughan Library; JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOP and THEOLOGIAN (1752), Commemorated June 16;

Great North Road (A1) - Angel, Islington

Great North Road (A1) - Alconbury
At Alconbury, the Great North Road joined the Old North Road, an older route from London which follows the Roman Ermine Street. Here a milestone records mileages to London via both routes: 65 by the Old North Road and 68 by the Great North Road.[4] From Alconbury the Great North Road follows the line of Ermine Street north, through Stilton and Stamford as far as Colsterworth (at the A151 junction).

Great North Road (A10) - Stilton

Great North Road (A1) - Stamford

Great North Road (A1) - Colsterworth
At Colsterworth the Great North Road diverges west of the Roman road and continues through Grantham, Newark, Retford and Bawtry to Doncaster. North of Doncaster the Great North Road again follows a short section of Ermine Street called Roman Rigg or Roman Ridge. Further north the Great North Road crossed the Roman Dere Street near Boroughbridge from where it went via Dishforth and Topcliffe to Northallerton and then through Darlington and Durham. A road forked off to the left at the bridge in Boroughbridge to follow Dere Street, thence from Scotch Corner to Penrith and on to Glasgow. Part of this route was used for the original A1, with a local road from Scotch Corner via Barton to Darlington making the link back to the old Great North Road.

Great North Road (A1) - Doncaster
Great North Road (A1) - Doncaster (left to Ferrybridge and Edinburgh, right to Selby and York)

Great North Road (A1) - Roman Ridge

Great North Road (A1) - Ferrybridge (to Edinburgh)

Great North Road (A1) - Boroughbridge (Overview)

Great North Road (A1) - Dishforth
Great North Road (A1) - Dishforth (right to Topcliffe and Darrington, left to Scotch Corner and Glascow or Scotch Corner, Darrington and Edinburgh)

Great North Road (A1) - Topcliffe

Great North Road (A1) - Northallerton

Great North Road (A1) - Scotch Corner (to Glasgow turn left)
Great North Road (A1) - Scotch Corner (to Glasgow, Scotland turn left; continue on A1 to Edinburg, Scotland)

Great North Road (A1) - Darlington

Great North Road (A1) - Durham

Great North Road (A1) - Selby (to York)

Great North Road (A1) - York

Great North Road (A1) - Edinburgh

Great North Road (A1) - Glasgow

Roman Britain to Scotland and Roman Wall Folder - The Wall - Hadrian's Wall, in England

The Roman Wall - Hadrian's Wall

The Wall - Hadrian's Roman Wall
The Wall - Hadrian's Wall; Hadrian's Wall Path; NINIAN OF GALLOWAY, BISHOP, MISSIONARY TO SCOTLAND (16 SEP 430);

Wallsend
Wallsend;

Heddon-on-the-Wall
Heddon-on-the-Wall;

Chollerford
Chollerford;

Vercovicium (Housesteads, a Roman Fort)
Vercovicium (Housesteads, a Roman Fort) ;

Greenhead, Northumberland
Greenhead, Northumberland;

Carlisle, Cumbria
Carlisle, Cumbria ;

Bowness-on-Solway
Bowness-on-Solway;

Roman Gaul

Roman Gaul, German Frontier Folder- Roman Limes Germanticus
Frontier (Limes) Germanticus;

Germany, German Frontier, Lower Rhine Frontier Folder

Roman German Frontier - Lower Limes Germanica

Roman German Frontier - Katwijk, South Holland, Netherlands
Roman German Frontier - Katwijk;

Roman German Frontier- Valkenburg, South Holland
Valkenburg, South Holland

Roman German Frontier - Leiden, South Holland
Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Alphen aan den Rijn, South Holland
Alphen aan den Rijn;

Roman German Frontier - Zwammerdam
Roman German Frontier - Zwammerdam;

Roman German Frontier - Bodegraven, South Holland

Roman German Frontier - Woerden, Central Netherlands
Woerden, Central Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Vleuten, Central Netherlands
Vleuten, Central Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Utrecht, Central Netherlands
Utrecht, Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Fectio, Central Netherlands
Roman German Frontier - Fectio, Central Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Rijswijk, Gelderland
Rijswijk, Gelderland; Central Eastern Netherlands

Roman German Frontier - Maurik, Gelderland
Maurik, Gelderland, Central Eastern Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Kesteren, Gelderland
Kesteren, Gelderland;

Roman German Frontier - Arnhem, Gelderland
Arnhem, Gelderland, Eastern Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Duiven, Eastern Netherlands
Duiven, Eastern Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Herwen, Eastern Netherlands
Herwen, Gelderland, Eastern Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Kleve, Germany
Kleve, Northwest Rineland, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Bedburg-Hau, Germany
Bedburg-Hau, Northwest Rineland, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Kalkar, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Kalkar, Northwest Rineland, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Xanten, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Xanten, Northwest Rineland, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Moers, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Moers, Rhine River 10, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Krefeld, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Krefeld, Rhine River 9.5, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Neuss, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Neuss, Rhine River 9, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Monheim am Rhein, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Monheim am Rhein, Rhine River 8.5, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Dormagen, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Dormagen, Rhine River 8.5, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Cologne, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Cologne, Rhine River 8, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Bonn, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Bonn, Rhine River 7, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Remagen, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Remagen, Rhine River 6.5, Germany;

Germany, German Frontier, Upper Rhine Frontier Folder

Roman German Frontier - Upper Limes Germanticus

Roman German Frontier - Rheinbrohl, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Rheinbrohl, Rhineland Palentine, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Bad Ems, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Bad Ems, Rhineland Plaz, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Bad Schwalbach, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Bad Schwalbach, Hesse, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Bad Homburg vor der HÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¶he, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Bad Homburg vor der HÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¶he, Hesse, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Wetterau, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Wetterau, Hesse, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Grobkrotzenburg, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Grobkrotzenburg, Hesse, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Miltenberg, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Miltenberg, Bavaria, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Rehberg (Harz) Mountain, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Rehberg (Harz) Mountain, Lower Saxony, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Buchen, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Buchen, Badem Wurttemburg, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Osterburken, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Osterburken, Baden Wurttemburg, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Jagsthausen, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Jagsthausen, Baden Wurttemburg, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Welzheim, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Welzheim, Baden Wurttemburg, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Lorch (Wurttemberg), Germany
Roman German Frontier - Lorch (Wurttemberg), Baden Wurttemburg, Germany:

Germany, German Frontier, Rhaetian Frontier Folder
Roman Province of Rhaetia; Reschen Pass;

Roman German Frontier - Rhaetian Limes Germaticus

Roman German Frontier - Aalen, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Aalen, Baden Wurttemburg, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Gunzenhausen, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Gunzenhausen, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Weibenburg in Bayern, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Weibenburg in Bayern, Middle Franconia, Germany;

Roman German Frontier, Kipfenberg, Germany
Roman German Frontier, Kipfenberg, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Regensburg, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Pfunz Roman Fort, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Pfunz Roman Fort, Bavaria, Germany;

Gaul Folder, South of the Roman Fortresses in Western Germany, till 486

Gaul (France, Western Germany, and Northwest Italy) before the year 486
Gaul and Roman Gaul; St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31; Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 5; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; Martyr Nazarius of Milan, Commemorated on October 14 ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated December 7 ; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated on December 18 ; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Martyr Speusippus in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated January 16 ; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; BLANDINA AND HER COMPANIONS, (Formerly THE MARTYRS OF LYONS), (2 JUNE 177) ; Glorification of the Venerable Zabulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Martyr Frontasius of Gaul, Commemorated on June 4; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Gaul (South of the German Frontier) before the year 486
Gaul and Roman Gaul; St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31; Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 5; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; Martyr Nazarius of Milan, Commemorated on October 14 ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated December 7 ; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated on December 18 ; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Martyr Speusippus in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated January 16 ; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; BLANDINA AND HER COMPANIONS, (Formerly THE MARTYRS OF LYONS), (2 JUNE 177) ; Glorification of the Venerable Zabulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Martyr Frontasius of Gaul, Commemorated on June 4; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Gaul (modern France)
Gaul (modern France); Martyr Nazarius of Milan, Commemorated on October 14 ; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated on December 18 ; Martyr Speusippus in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 16 ; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Martyr Frontasius of Gaul, Commemorated on June 4;

Germania, not Germany, the fertile plain North of this Line, difficult to protect
Germania, not Germany, the fertile plain North of this Line and South of Sweden, difficult to protect. It is bounded on the East by the Vistula, on the South by the Mountains, and on the West by Rhine and its Roman German Frontier. ;

Gaul, Roman Roads Folder

Gaul, German Frontier Folder- Roman Limes Germanticus
Frontier (Limes) Germanticus;

Gaul, German Frontier, Lower Rhine Frontier Folder

Gaul, German Frontier, Upper Rhine Frontier Folder

Gaul, German Frontier, Rhaetian Frontier Folder
Roman Province of Rhaetia; Reschen Pass;

Lutetia, Gual (ancient name for Paris)
Lutetia (ancient name for Paris); Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop. Commemorated on October 9; Dionysius (or Denis) has, for many centuries, been regarded as the patron saint of France. is believed that Saint Dionysius was sent to preach the Gospel at Lutetia Parisiorum (modern Paris) in Gaul around 250. He was beheaded in 258 with the priest Rusticus and the deacon Eleutherius at Montmartre (Hill of the Martyrs). A later legend claims that Saint Dionysius carried his severed head from Montmartre to his burial place at Vicus Catulliacus, now known as Saint Denis. The abbey of Saint-Denis, where French kings were interred, was built on the site of their martyrdom. identification of this Saint Dionysius with Saint Dionysius the Areopagite (October 3) appears to be an error made by a ninth century writer. Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; to one tradition, he was killed at Lutetia (ancient name of Paris, France) in the year 96 during the persecution under the Roman emperor Dometian (81-96). Today most scholars and theologians believe that Saint Dionysius the Areopagite did not die in Gaul, and that Saint Dionysius (or Denys) of Paris is a different saint with the same name. Dionysius lived originally in the city of Athens. He was raised there and received a classical Greek education. He then went to Egypt, where he studied astronomy at the city of Heliopolis. It was in Heliopolis, along with his friend Apollophonos where he witnessed the solar eclipse that occurred at the moment of the death of the Lord Jesus Christ by Crucifixion. “Either the Creator of all the world now suffers, or this visible world is coming to an end,” Dionysius said. Upon his return to Athens from Egypt, he was chosen to be a member of the Areopagus Council (Athenian high court). the holy Apostle Paul preached at the place on the Hill of Ares (Acts 17:16-34), Dionysius accepted his salvific proclamation and became a Christian. For three years Saint Dionysius remained a companion of the holy Apostle Paul in preaching the Word of God. Later on, the Apostle Paul selected him as bishop of the city of Athens. And in the year 57 Saint Dionysius was present at the repose of the Most Holy Theotokos. the lifetime of the Mother of God, Saint Dionysius had journeyed from Athens to Jerusalem to meet Her. He wrote to his teacher the Apostle Paul: “I witness by God, that besides the very God Himself, there is nothing else filled with such divine power and grace. No one can fully comprehend what I saw. I confess before God: when I was with John, who shone among the Apostles like the sun in the sky, when I was brought before the countenance of the Most Holy Virgin, I experienced an inexpressible sensation. Before me gleamed a sort of divine radiance which transfixed my spirit. I perceived the fragrance of indescribable aromas and was filled with such delight that my very body became faint, and my spirit could hardly endure these signs and marks of eternal majesty and heavenly power. The grace from her overwhelmed my heart and shook my very spirit. If I did not have in mind your instruction, I should have mistaken Her for the very God. It is impossible to stand before greater blessedness than this which I beheld.” the death of the Apostle Paul, Saint Dionysius wanted to continue with his work, and therefore went off preaching in the West, accompanied by the Presbyter Rusticus and Deacon Eleutherius. They converted many to Christ at Rome, and then in Germany, and then in Spain. In Gaul, during a persecution against Christians by the pagan authorities, all three confessors were arrested and thrown into prison. By night Saint Dionysius celebrated the Divine Liturgy with angels of the Lord. In the morning the martyrs were beheaded. According to an old tradition, Saint Dionysius took up his head, proceeded with it to the church and fell down dead there. A pious woman named Catulla buried the relics of the saint. writings of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite hold great significance for the Orthodox Church. Four books of his have survived to the present day: On the Celestial Hierarchy On the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy On the Names of God On Mystical Theology In additional, there are ten letters to various people. book On the Celestial Hierarchies was written actually in one of the countries of Western Europe, where Saint Dionysius was preaching. In it he speaks of the Christian teaching about the angelic world. The angelic (or Celestial-Heavenly) hierarchy comprises the nine angelic Ranks: Seraphim Cherubim Thrones Dominions Powers Authorities Principalities Archangels Angels The account of the Synaxis of the Bodiless Powers of Heaven is located under November 8. purpose of the divinely-established Angelic Hierarchy is the ascent towards godliness through purification, enlightenment and perfection. The highest ranks are bearers of divine light and divine life for the lower ranks. And not only are the sentient, bodiless angelic hosts included in the spiritual light-bearing hierarchy, but also the human race, created anew and sanctified in the Church of Christ. book of Saint Dionysius On the Ecclesiastical Hierarchies is a continuation of his book On the Celestial Hierarchies. The Church of Christ, like the Angelic ranks, in its universal service is set upon the foundation of priestly principles established by God. the earthly world, for the children of the Church, divine grace comes down indescribably in the holy Mysteries of the Church, which are spiritual in nature, though perceptible to the senses in form. Few, even among the holy ascetics, were able to behold with their earthly eyes the fiery vision of the Holy Mysteries of God. But outside of the Church’s sacraments, outside of Baptism and the Eucharist, the light-bearing saving grace of God is not found, neither is divine knowledge nor theosis (deification). book On the Names of God expounds upon the way of divine knowledge through a progression of the Divine Names. Dionysius’ book On Mystical Theology also sets forth the teaching about divine knowledge. The theology of the Orthodox Church is totally based upon experience of divine knowledge. In order to know God it is necessary to be in proximity to Him, to have come near to Him in some measure, so as to attain communion with God and deification (theosis). This condition is accomplished through prayer. This is not because prayer in itself brings us close to the incomprehensible God, but rather that the purity of heart in true prayer brings us closer to God. written works of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite are of extraordinary significance in the theology of the Orthodox Church, and also for late Medieval Western theology. For almost four centuries, until the beginning of the sixth century, the works of this holy Father of the Church were preserved in an obscure manuscript tradition, primarily by theologians of the Alexandrian Church. The concepts in these works were known and utilized by Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Dionysius the Great, pre-eminent figures of the catechetical school in Alexandria, and also by Saint Gregory the Theologian. Saint Dionysius of Alexandria wrote to Saint Gregory the Theologian a Commentary on the “Areopagitum.” The works of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite received general Church recognition during the sixth-seventh centuries. relevant are the Commentaries written by Saint Maximus the Confessor (January 21). (trans. note: although many scholars suggest that the “Areopagitum” was actually written by an anonymous sixth century figure who employed the common ancient device of piously borrowing an illustrious name, this in no way diminishes the profound theological significance of the works.) the Russian Orthodox Church the teachings of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite about the spiritual principles and deification were at first known through the writings of Saint John of Damascus (December 4). The first Slavonic translation of the “Areopagitum” was done on Mt. Athos in about the year 1371 by a monk named Isaiah. Copies of it were widely distributed in Russia. Many of them have been preserved to the present day in historic manuscript collections, among which is a parchment manuscript “Works of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite” belonging to Saint Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus (September 16) in his own handwriting. to one tradition, he was killed at Lutetia (ancient name of Paris, France) in the year 96 during the persecution under the Roman emperor Dometian (81-96). Today most scholars and theologians believe that Saint Dionysius the Areopagite did not die in Gaul, and that Saint Dionysius (or Denys) of Paris is a different saint with the same name. Demetrius of Rostov says that the Hieromartyr Dionysius was beheaded in Athens, and that many miracles were worked at his grave. Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop. Commemorated on October 9; Dionysius (or Denis) has, for many centuries, been regarded as the patron saint of France. is believed that Saint Dionysius was sent to preach the Gospel at Lutetia Parisiorum (modern Paris) in Gaul around 250. was beheaded in 258 with the priest Rusticus and the deacon Eleutherius at Montmartre (Hill of the Martyrs). later legend claims that Saint Dionysius carried his severed head from Montmartre to his burial place at Vicus Catulliacus, now known as Saint Denis. abbey of Saint-Denis, where French kings were interred, was built on the site of their martyrdom. identification of this Saint Dionysius with Saint Dionysius the Areopagite (October 3) appears to be an error made by a ninth century writer.

Nanterre, Gaul (Seine River 5, Paris Area)
Nanterre (Seine River 5) ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ;

Nogent-Sur-Seine, Gaul (near Paris, Seine River 4)
Nogent-Sur-Seine, France (near Paris, Seine River 4); Venerable Cloud (Clodoald) the Abbot-Founder of Nogent-Sur-Seine Near Paris, Commemorated September 7 ;

Auxerre, Gaul (Yonne River 2)
Auxerre, France (Yonne River) ; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31 ; Gaul; Britain; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ;

Mediolanum, Gaul (now Milan, Northern Italy)
Mediolanum (Milan); Martyr Nazarius of Milan, Commemorated on October 14; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7 ; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated on December 18 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11;

Munchen (Munich), Gaul (Isar River, Bavaria)
Munich (Isar River, Bavaria); Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated January 31; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Cremona, Gaul and Northern Italy (Adda River at Po River 3)
Cremona, Northern Italy and Gaul (Adda River at Po River 3); St. Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated on July 13 ;

Cenomanis, Gaul and France (Le Mans, Sarthe River 5)
Cenomanis, Gaul (Le Mans, Sarthe River 5); St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ;

Aptia Julia, Gaul, France
Aptia Julia; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27;

Marseille, Gaul (Rhone River Mouth)
Marseille; THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Raoul Wallenberg and Carl Lutz, Commemorated July 16 ; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; FRANCIS OF ASSISI, FRIAR (4 OCT 1226); THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Hiram "Harry" Bingham IV; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 29;

Septimania, Southern Gaul
Septimania, Gaul; Islamic Invasion of Gaul; Arab Muslim Conquest of Hispania 711-718;

Thenon, Gaul (Gironde area, N-S and E-W Crossroads)
Thenon (N-S and E-W Crossroads) ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ;

Lugdunum (Lyons), Gaul (Rhone River 4)
Lugdunum (Lyons in France); Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; Hieromartyr Hippolytus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated January 30 ;

Vienne, Gaul (Claine River 3)
Vienne, France; BLANDINA AND HER COMPANIONS, (Formerly THE MARTYRS OF LYONS), (2 JUNE 177) ;

Poitiers, Gaul (Clain River 3)
Poitiers; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; CECILIA OF ROME, MARTYR AT ROME, c. 280, Commemorated November 22; St Hilary the Bishop of Poitiers, Commemorated January 13 ; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367) ;

Bordeaux, Gaul (Garonne River Mouth)
Bordeaux, France; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated January 23 ;

Vienne, Gaul (Rhone River 5)
Vienne, Isere, France; BLANDINA AND HER COMPANIONS, (Formerly THE MARTYRS OF LYONS), (2 JUNE 177)

Arles, Gaul (Rhone River 8)
Arles (Rhone River 8); St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26;

Langres, Gaul (Champagne-Ardenne, Marne River Source)
Langres Cathedral; Martyr Speusippus in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 16 ;

Burgundy, Gaul (Morvan Hills, rivers source area, Saone drainage)
Burgundy; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530) ; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

Besancon, Gaul (Doubs River 2)
Besancon, France on the Doubs River; Venerable John Calabytes "the Hut-Dweller", Commemorated January 15 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Francia, Frankland, Gaul (Doubs River 2)
Francia, Frankland, Gaul (Doubs River 2) Besancon, France on the Doubs River; Venerable John Calabytes "the Hut-Dweller", Commemorated January 15 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Tours, Gaul (Loire River 22)
Tours; Battle of Tours 732; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804) ; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 27 ;

Breton or Brittany Region, Gaul
Brittany; EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA, KING AND MARTYR (20 NOV 870); St Brannock of Braunton, Commemorated January 7 ; St. Elian, Missionary to Cornwall, England, Commemorated on January 13; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

Amiens, Gaul (a former crossroads, Somme River 5)
Amiens (a former crossroads); MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated November 11 ;

Tournai, Gaul (Capital of Francia or Frankland, 421-508)
Tournai, Gaul (Capital of Francia 421-508); Glorification of Venerable Zabulon and Sosanna, parents of Saint Nino, Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20;

Beauvais, Gaul (Avalon River Mouth, Therain River 4)
Beauvais; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

Rheims, Gaul (near Aisne River 29, Champagne-Ardenne, Marne Department)
Rheims (near Aisne River 29) ; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530) ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ;

Orleans, Gaul (Loire River 20)
Orleans; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253); JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ;

Narbonum, Southern Gaul (Aude River Mouth, Mediterranean Sea)
Narbonum; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated December 18;

Troyes, Gaul (Seine River 2)
Troyes (Seine River 2), City of Tricassinum (Troyes); Martyr Patroclus of Troyes, Commemorated August 17 ;

Treves, Gaul (Trier Germany), (Saar River Mouth, Moselle River 5)
Trier in Germany; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; Emperor Maximian (305-311) ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Rhine Frontier, Gaul and Roman Empire (Limes Germanicus, Roman Line of Forts in Germany)
Rhine Frontier, Gaul and Roman Empire (Limes Germanicus, German Line of Forts); Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

Roman Province of Syria Folder

Syria Folder, its rivers and mountains, Greater Syria - The Fertile Crecent

Syria, 64 BC-314 AD, Roman Province (Antioch)
Syria, Roman Province; Hieromartyr Pancratius the Bishop of Taormina in Sicily, Commemorated on July 9 ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; St Hilarion of Tvali, Commemorated on July 24; Appearance of the Smolensk ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœDirectressÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Martyr Acacius of Apamea, Commemorated July 28 ; Virginmartyr Seraphima (Serapia) of Antioch, Commemorated on July 29; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; 7 Holy Maccabee Martyrs, Commemorated on August 1; Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on August 3; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Gabriel I the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 1 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 5; St Agabbas of Syria, Commemorated on November 22 ; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on December 20 ; St Philogonius the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commerated December 30 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Aristarchus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; St Flavian, Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 16 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8 ; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Venerable Thomas the Fool of Syria, Commemorated on April 24; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; Hieromartyr Erasmus the Bishop of Formia in Campania, Commemorated on May 4; Martyr Hesychius of Antioch, Commemorated on May 10; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11; Martyr Eustochius of Ancyra, Commemorated on June 23; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, Georgian, Commemorated on June 27; IRENAEUS, BISHOP OF LYONS, THEOLOGIAN (28 JUN 202) ; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœUnsleeping OnesÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on July 3 ; St George the God-Bearer, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Martha the Mother of the Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Syria, 314-637, Byzantine Province (Antioch and Apamea)
Syria - Byzantine Province (Antioch and Apamea), 314-637;

Syria, 526, Antioch earthquake
Syria - 526 Antioch earthquake; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; Venerable Zosimus of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on June 8;

Syria, 637, Arab Moslem Conquest of Antioch, Iron Bridge Battle
Syria, 637, Arab Moslem Conquest of Antioch; Battle of the Iron Bridge; In 637, during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, Antioch was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate during the Battle of the Iron Bridge.;

Syria, Orontes River Folder, Northern SYR, Antioch, Homs, Apamea

Orontes River

Orontes River Source (Great Springs of Labweh)

Seleucia ad Belum, Syria (at the headwaters of the Orantes River)
Seleucia ad Belum, Syria (at the headwaters of the Orantes River); Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated on August 22;

Kadesh, Syria (Orantes River 1, Lake of Homs)
Kadesh, Syria (Orantes River 1, Lake of Homs) ; Kadesh of the Levant, 1 Maccabees Ch 11; Battle of Kadesh, 1274BC, Egypt and the Hittites, Largest Chariot Battle ever fought;

Orontes River 1 (Lake of Homs, Kadesh)

Ash Sha'irat Airbase

Orontes River 2 (Homs, Emessa)

Emessa, Syria (Homs, Orontes River 2)
Emesa, Syria (Homs); Venerable Simeon of Emessa the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 21; dispassion (apathia); Venerable Romanus the Melodist, "œSweet-Singer"Â, Commemorated on October 1 ; Martyr Galacteon and his wife at Emesa, Commemorated on November 5 ; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated November 12 ; Martyr Silvanus Bishop of Emesa, Commemorated January 29 ; Martyr Julian of Emesa, Commemorated on February 6 ; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated February 24 ; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27;

Homs, Syria (Lake of Homs, Emessa, Orontes River 2)
Homs; Martyr Galacteon and his wife at Emesa, Commemorated on November 5 ; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23;

Orontes River 3 (Arethusa)

Arethusa (see and city) near Apameia, Syria
Arethusa (see and city) near Apameia, Syria; Hieromartyr Mark the Bishop of Arethusa, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29 ;

Orontes River 4 (Hamath)

Hamath, Syria (Orontes River 4)
Hamath, Syria;

Orontes River 5 (Apamea, Seleukia)

Apamea, Syria (Orontes River 5)
Apamea, Syria; Martyr Acacius of Apamea, Commemorated July 28 ; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, "Procopius in Apamea on the way to Alexandria" ; Hieromartyr Marcellus the Bishop of Apamea, Commemorated August 14 ; Martyr Aristion the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 3 ; Apostle Aristarchus of the Seventy, Commemorated September 27 ; Martyr Anthony of Apamea, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Marcellus the Abbot of the Monastery of the "Unsleeping Ones", Commemorated December 29 ; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Martyr Maurice at Apamea in Syria, Commemorated February 22 ; Martyr Quadratus and the rest of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 10 ; Hieromartyr Mark the Bishop of Arethusa, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Apostle Aristarchus of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15; St Pausicacus the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 13; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8;

Seleukia (Orantes River 5)
Seleukia; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24;

Targala in Byzantine Syria, near its Capital, Apamea
Targala in Byzantine Syria, near its Capital Apamea; Venerable Thalassius Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 22; Venerable Limnaeus Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 22

Byzantine Syria (Theodosius)
Byzantine Syria (Theodosius) ; Venerable Thalassius Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 22; Venerable Limnaeus Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 22

Khan Sheikhun, Sarin Gas
Khan Sheikhun, Serin Gas

67.5 Miles

Orontes River 6 (Lake of Antioch)

Syria, Orontes River 6, Afrin River Folder

Afrin River

Afrin River Source (Kartal Mountains)

Afrin River 1 (Cyrrhus, Syria)

Cyrrhus, Syria (Afrin River 1)
Cyrrhus; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2 ; Venerable Akepsimas the Hermit of Cyrrhus in Syria, Commemorated on November 3 ; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25 ; Venerable James the Solitary of Syria, Commemorated November 26 ; Venerable Marcian of Cyrrhus in Syria, Commemorated January 18 ; Venerable Mausimas the Syrian, Commemorated January 23 ; St Mares the Singer in Syria, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Peter the Hermit of Galatia Near Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Venerable Maron the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated February 14 ; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Marana of Syria, Commemorated on February 28 ; Virginmartyr Domnina of Syria, Commemorated on March 1 ;

Afrin River 2 (Queig (Aleppo) River Mouth)

Syria, Orontes River 6, Afrin River 2, Queig (Aleppo) River folder

Queig (Aleppo) River

Queig (Aleppo) River Source (Southwestern Aintab plateau)

Queig (Aleppo) River 1 (Chalcis)

Chalcis, Syria (Queig (Aleppo) River 1)
Chalcis, Syria; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Queiq (Aleppo) River 2 (Beroea, Aleppo, Syria's largest city)

Aleppo, Syria or Armenia (Beroea), (Queig (Aleppo) River 2)
Aleppo; Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 19; St Simeon Stylites, the Elder, Commemorated September 1 ; Venerable Martha the Mother of St Simeon Stylites, Commemorated on September 1 ; St Macarius the Stylite of Martkobsk, Georgia, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21;

Lavra of St Simeon, Aleppo, Syria or Armenia
Aleppo; Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 19; St Simeon Stylites, the Elder, Commemorated September 1 ; Venerable Martha the Mother of St Simeon Stylites, Commemorated on September 1 ; St Macarius the Stylite of Martkobsk, Georgia, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21;

Veria (or Berea) in Syria (Queig (Aleppo) River 2)
Beroea in Syria, modern day Aleppo; Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated February 21 ; Venerable Marana of Syria, Commemorated on February 28 ;

skete monastery of St John the Forerunner, Veria, Berea, Syria

Queig (Aleppo) River 3

Queig (Aleppo) River 4

Queig (Aleppo) River 5

Queig (Aleppo) River Mouth (Afrin River 2)

Afrin River 3

Afrin River 4

Telanissa (Taladah), Syria (Afrin River 4, Site of Simeon the Elder's Pillar)
Telanissa (Taladah), Syria (Afrin River 4, Site of Simeon the Elder's Pillar); St. Simeon Stylites, the Elder, Commemorated on September 1;

Afrin River 5

Afrin River Mouth (Lake Antioch, Orontes River 6)

Orontes River 7 (Antioch)

Antioch, Syria (Orontes River 7)
Antioch (Orontes River 7); St George the God-Bearer, Commemorated July 3 ; Venerable Martha the Mother of the Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger, Commemorated July 4 ; Hieromartyr Pancratius the Bishop of Taormina in Sicily, Commemorated on July 9 ; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; Virginmartyr Seraphima (Serapia) of Antioch; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; St Hilarion of Tvali, Commemorated on July 24; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Â Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Virginmartyr Seraphima (Serapia) of Antioch, Commemorated on July 29; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; 7 Holy Maccabee Martyrs, Commemorated on August 1; Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on August 3; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Gabriel I the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; St Simeon Stylites, the Elder, Commemorated September 1 ; Hieromartyr Babylas the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; Apostle Evodius (Euodias) of the Seventy, Commemorated September 7 ; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; Martyr Trophimus of Synnada, Commemorated on September 19 ; Protomartyr and Equal of the Apostles Thekla, Commemorated on September 24; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2 ; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Antioch, Commemorated October 8 ; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife, Commemorated on October 9 ; Martyr Juventinus at Antioch, Commemorated on October 9 ; St Publia the Confessor and Deaconess of Antioch, Commemorated on October 9 ; Martyr Theotecnus of Antioch, Commemorated October 10 ; Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated on October 18 ; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER) ; IGNATIUS OF ANTIOCH, BISHOP AND MARTYR (17 OCT 107) ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20 ; JAMES OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND MARTYR (23 OCT NT); St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople ; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 13 ; Martyr Roman the Deacon of Caesarea, Commemorated November 18 ; Martyr Romanus the Deacon, of Caesarea, Commemorated on November 18 ; The youth Barulus, Commemorated on November 18; Martyr Barlaam of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated November 19 ; Martyr Theodore of Antioch, Commemorated on November 23 ; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25 ; St Romanus, Commemorated on November 27 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29 ; ANDREW THE APOSTLE, (30 NOV NT) ; Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on December 20 ; St Philogonius the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 25 ; Venerable Marcellus the Abbot of the Monastery of the "Unsleeping Ones", Commemorated December 29 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; St Sylvester the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on January 2 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Euodius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated January 10; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated Janaury 11; St Ephraim the Lesser, Commemorated January 18 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; SILAS, MISSIONARY COMPANION OF PAUL, Commemorated January 26 ; Venerable Palladius the Hermit, of Antioch; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Ignatius, the Godbearer and Bishop of Antioch ; St Aphraates of Persia; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated January 30 ; Venerable Peter the Hermit of Galatia Near Antioch, in Syria; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple; Martyr Nicephorus of Antioch, in Syria; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated February 13 ; Venerable Maron the Hermit of Syria; St Flavian, Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 16; St Eugene the Presbyter and Confessor at Antioch, Commemorated February 19 ; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated February 21 ; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the "Unsleeping Ones". Commemoratedd December 29; St Sylvester the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on January 2; Venerable Palladius the Hermit, of Antioch, Commemorated on January 28 ; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Ignatius, the Godbearer and Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29 ; Venerable Peter the Hermit of Galatia Near Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; Martyr Nicephorus of Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 9 ; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated February 13 ; St Flavian, Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 16 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21; Hieromartyr Polycarp the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœUnsleeping OnesÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 23; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Martyr Julian of Anazarbus, Commemorated on March 16; St Cyril the Bishop of Catania, Commemorated on March 21 ; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; St Ephraim the Great of Atsquri, Commemorated on April 15; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Venerable Thomas the Fool of Syria, Commemorated on April 24; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303; Hieromartyr Erasmus the Bishop of Formia in Campania, Commemorated on May 4; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Repose of the Venerable Shio the Anchorite of Georgia, Commemorated on May 9; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9 ; Repose of the Venerable Shio the Anchorite of Georgia, Commemorated on May 9; Martyr Hesychius of Antioch, Commemorated on May 10; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Second Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on May 22 Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; St Ephraim the Patriarch of Antioch, Commemorated on June 8; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); Venerable Theophanes of Antioch, Commemorated on June 10; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Martyr Eustochius of Ancyra, Commemorated on June 23; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, Georgian, Commemorated on June 27; IRENAEUS, BISHOP OF LYONS, THEOLOGIAN (28 JUN 202) ; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœUnsleeping OnesÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on July 3 ; St George the God-Bearer, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Martha the Mother of the Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Antigonia, Syria, Antioch (Orantes River 7), Island of Antigonia (may be Cyprus?)
Antigonia, Syria, Antioch (Orantes River 7); Saint Methodius, Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 14;

Cathedral Church in Antioch, Syria (Domus Aurea (Antioch))
Cathedral Church in Antioch, Syria (Domus Aurea (Antioch)) Antioch (Orontes River 7); Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; Theodoritus was a presbyter and keeper of sacred vessels at the cathedral church in Antioch. This church was built and richly adorned by the emperor Saint Constantine the Great (May 21) and his son Constantius, and the people called it the Golden church. Having occupied the throne after the death of the emperor Constantius (337-361), Julian the Apostate (361-363) decided to restore paganism throughout the Roman Empire. emperor appointed his uncle, also named Julian, as prefect of Antioch. He ordered him to close the Christian churches, and to send the valuables within them to the imperial treasury. Wanting to please the emperor, the prefect, also an apostate from Christianity, set about his impious task with zeal. at Antioch with the dignitary Felix, he gave orders to lock up the priest Theodoritus under guard, and he began his plundering, defiling the altar and the holy altar table. One of those present, Euzoios, tried to admonish him for his impiety, and for this he was killed. Julian accused Theodoritus of hiding the church valuables, but the venerable keeper of vessels denied the accusation and openly denounced Julian for his apostasy. beastly tortures, the holy martyr maintained his faith in Christ the Savior, and predicted a speedy death for Julian and the emperor for their sacrilege. soldiers torturing the faithful presbyter were struck by his firmness and endurance, and by the power of the Word of God. They were converted to Christ, for which they were drowned in the sea. holy confessor was beheaded. The mockery and sacrilege of the pagans did not go unpunished, and the predictions of Saint Theodoritus were soon fulfilled. The prefect Julian died in agony from a grievous illness, and the emperor Julian perished in a campaign against the Persians.

Tvali Monastery, Syria (somewhere not far from Antioch)
Tvali Monastery St Hilarion of Tvali, Commemorated on July 24; Hilarion of Tvali (Tulashvili) served as abbot of Khakhuli Monastery in southwestern Georgia at the beginning of the 11th century. his work The Life of George of the Holy Mountain, George the Lesser writes that Venerable Hilarion was outstanding in virtue and celebrated for his sermons and ascetic labors. Hilarion raised the young George of the Holy Mountain to be a brilliant writer, translator, theologian and patriot. From him George also received a blessing to enter the monastic life. to the chronicle Life of Kartli, Saint Hilarion was a famous translator and writer and an eminent theologian. Saint Hilarion moved from Khakhuli to Tvali Monastery, not far from Antioch, where he remained for the rest of his life. According to the 19th-century historian-iconographer Michael Sabinin, Saint Hilarion reposed in the year 1041. St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the œUnsleeping OnesÂ, Commemorated on July 3;

Orontes River Mouth (Antioch, Latakia Bay)

Black Mountains or Wonderful Mountain West, near Antioch
Black Mountains or Wonderful Mountain, East or West, near Antioch; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated February 6 ; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, Georgian, Commemorated on June 27; St George the God-Bearer, Commemorated on July 3;

Wonderful Mountain or Black Mountains East, near Antioch
Black Mountains or Wonderful Mountain, East or West, near Antioch; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated February 6 ; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, Georgian, Commemorated on June 27; St George the God-Bearer, Commemorated on July 3;

Desert of Chalcis, southeast of Antioch
Desert of Chalcis, southeast of Antioch St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; Jerome of Stridon was born into a Christian family in the city of Stridon located on the border between Dalmatia and Pannonia. full name is Eusebius Hieronymos Sophronius. His parents sent him to Rome, where he studied the secular sciences. At the beginning of his life in the capital, the youth was captivated by worldly vanities and fell into temptation. At the end of his time in Rome, Jerome resolved to change his life and to live in goodness and purity. the youth was about 20 years old, he accepted holy Baptism. After this he visited in Gaul (France). Then Saint Jerome decided to dedicate himself totally to God, and to become a monk. about the year 372 Saint Jerome returned to his native city, but his parents had already departed this life. On him fell the responsibility of raising his younger sisters and his brother Paulinian. These cares forced him to put aside his plans to enter a monastery, at least for a time. made arrangements for the care of his siblings, he journeyed to the East with several of his friends. 374, he decided to dwell in the desert of Chalcis southeast of Antioch. There he remained for about 5 years, combining work on the Holy Scriptures with austere ascetic deeds. Besides this, Saint Jerome mastered the Hebrew and Chaldean languages. this period he began his correspondence with numerous persons upon a variety of questions. About 120 letters, considered as authentically written by Saint Jerome, have been preserved. the beginning of the 360s there arose a controversy between the proponents of bishops Meletius, Paulinos and Vitalis. The controversy also reached the monastery where Saint Jerome toiled. In consequence, the disputes caused him to leave the monastery and go to Antioch. Here Bishop Paulinos ordained him to the priesthood. Saint Jerome visited Constantinople and conversed with the holy hierarchs Gregory the Theologian and Gregory of Nyssa the year 381 he set off for Rome. At Rome he continued his studies. The holy Pope Damasus I (366-384), who also devoted much of his time to the study of Holy Scripture, made Jerome his secretary. because the saint denounced the morals of the contemporary Christian society, a whole party of those bearing malice towards the saint came forward to spread slanders about him. a three year stay at Rome, Saint Jerome felt compelled to abandon this city for good. Together with his brother Paulinian and friends, Saint Jerome visited the Holy Land, and also the monks of the Nitria wilderness monastery. the year 386 he settled into a cave at Bethlehem near the cave where Christ was born, and there he began a life of austere asceticism. was the period of blossoming of his creative activity. Attending to the studies of his time, Saint Jerome left to the Church a rich written legacy: collections of dogmatic-polemic works, moral-ascetic works, commentaries on Scripture, and historical works. the most important of his works was a new translation the books of the Old and New Testaments into the Latin language. This Latin translation is called the “Vulgate,” and it passed into general use throughout the Western Church. Jerome lived through the fall of his beloved city Rome, which was sacked by the Goths in the year 410. In the year 411 a new ordeal beset the saint, Bethlehem was invaded by wild Bedouin Arabs. Only through the mercy of God was the community of the aged ascetic saved from complete destruction. He finished his life at the cave in Bethlehem. Saint Jerome is believed to have reposed in 420. relics were transferred from Bethlehem to Rome in 642, but their present location is unknown. His hand is enshrined in a church near Rome’s Piazza Farnese.

Daphne (a suburb of Antioch)
Daphne (a suburb of Antioch) Martyr Theodore of Antioch, Commemorated on November 23 ; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the "œUnsleeping Ones", Commemorated on July 3;

Seleucia by the sea (Orantes River Mouth)
Seleucia by the sea (Orantes River Mouth); Seleucia by the sea, 1 Maccabees Ch 11; Acts 12:24-13:5, Paul and Barnabas Commissioned, Apostles Preach in Cyprus;

Syria, Lebanon Border and Laodicea, Syria Folder, Western SYR

Mount Lebanon (Mount Libanus)
Mount Lebanon; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Hieromartyr Erasmus the Bishop of Formia in Campania, Commemorated on May 4;

Mount Lebanon Range
Mount Lebanon Range;

Anti-Lebanon mountains
Anti-Lebanon mountains including Mt Hermon;

Eleutherus River (Syrian Border with Lebanon)
Eleutherus River, 1 Maccabees Ch 11, Ch 12;

Aradus (Arwad)
Aradus, 1 Maccabees Ch 15;

Laodicia, Syria
Laodicea in Syria; Apostle Lucius of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 10; Apostle Lucius of the Seventy, Commemorated September 10; Saint Luke (or Loukias) Luke, or Loukias (not the Evangelist), lived during the first century. Some lists of these Saints identify him as the Evangelist Luke, who was also one of the 70 Apostles, but Greek sources say he was someone other than the Evangelist Luke (άλλος του Ευαγγελιστή Λουκά). However, Saint Demetrios of Rostov, and Slavic Tradition say that he was the Evangelist Luke (See his Life on October 18). Saint was consecrated as the Bishop of Laodikeia in Syria, and completed the course of his life spreading the Gospel and caring for his flock, as a faithful servant of Jesus Christ. Apostle Lucius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; ----------- Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13;

Latakia, Syria (built on old Laodicia)
Latakia or Laodicia; Apostle Lucius of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 10; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13;

Eleutherus River Source (Mt Lebanon)

Biblos, Lebanon, Greater Syria, Levant
Biblos; Apostle Mark of the Seventy, Commemorated September 27 ; Apostle Mark of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Martyr Aquilina of Byblos in Syria, Commemorated on June 13 ;

Eleutherus River 1 (Homs Gap)
Homs Gap, the Gateway to Syria;

Eleutherus River Mouth (Tripoli, Mediterranean Sea)

Syria, Damascus Folder, Southern SYR

Syria, Damascus History Folder

Syria, Damascus, 9 BC - AD 40, Aretas IV Philopatris, King of Damascus, whose daugter was divorced from Herod Antipas, war with Herod
Syria, 9 BC - AD 40, Aretas IV Philopatris, King of Damascus, whose daugter was divorced from Herod Antipas, war with Herod; IV Philopatris [1] was the King of the Nabataeans from roughly 9 BC to AD 40. daughter Phasaelis was married to, and divorced from, Herod Antipas. Herod then married his stepbrother's wife, Herodias. It was opposition to this marriage that led to the beheading of John the Baptist. After he received news of the divorce, Aretas invaded the territory of Herod Antipas and defeated his army. Damascus (Barada River foothills); The Beheading of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist John, Commemorated on August 29 ; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT), Commemorated June 24;

Syria, Damascus, Way of the Sea Folder (Egypt to Syria)

Way of the Sea (Egypt to Syria)

Way of the Sea 1 (El-Qantarah)

Way of the Sea 2 (Pelusium)

Way of the Sea 3 (Arish, Egypt)

Way of the Sea 4 (Rafah, Gaza Strip, Palestine)

Way of the Sea 5 (Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine)

Way of the Sea (Askalon, Gaza Strip, Palestine)

Way of the Sea 6 (Ashdod, Gaza Strip, Palestine)

Way of the Sea 7 (Joppa, Israel)

Way of the Sea 8 (Caesarea, Dor, Israel)

Way of the Sea 9 (Megiddo, Israel)

Way of the Sea 10 (Jezreel Valley)

Way of the Sea 11 (Tiberias, Israel)

Way of the Sea 12 (Migdal, Israel)

Way of the Sea 13 (Capernaum, Israel)

Way of the Sea 14 (Hazor, Israel)

Way of the Sea 15 (Jacob's Ford, Israel)

Way of the Sea 17 (Damascas, Syria)

Damascus, Syria (Barada River foothills, Way of the Sea 17, Kings Highway 17)
Damascus (Barada River foothills); St Joseph of Damascus and his companions, Commemorated July 10 ; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Three HandsÂ on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; The Beheading of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist John, Commemorated on August 29 ; Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 1 ; Martyr Tarachus at Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 12 ; St Cosmas the Hymnographer the Bishop of Maiuma, Commemorated on October 12 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated October 19 ; Martyr Caesarius at Damascus, Commemorated on November 1 ; Martyr Victor at Damascus, Commemorated on November 11 ; Martyr Stephanida of Spain, Commemorated November 11 ; JOHN OF DAMASCUS, HYMN-WRITER, DEFENDER OF ICONS (4 DEC 750) ; Martyr John of Damascus, Commemorated December 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 25 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; THE CONVERSION OF THE APOSTLE PAUL, (JANUARY 25) ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; PETER AND PAUL, APOSTLES AND MARTYRS (29 JUN 64); The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11 ; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT); Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Three HandsÂ, Commemorated on June 28; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leaders of the Apostles, Peter and Paul, Commemorated on June 29; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Paul, Commemorated on June 29 ; PETER AND PAUL, APOSTLES AND MARTYRS (29 JUN 64); The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leaders of the Apostles, Peter and Paul, Commemorated on June 29 ; St Andrew the Archbishop of Crete, Commemorated on July 4;

Way of the Sea 16 (Golan Heights, Israel)

Barada (Abana) River

Barada (Abana) River Source (Lake Barada, 8k from Zabadani)

Barada River (Abana) (Damascus)

Oasis of Ghouta (7 branches of the Brada River)
Oasis of Ghouta;

Barada River Sink (Damascus)

Pharpar River

Pharpar River Source (Mt Hermon)

Mount Hermon, Damascus, Syria
Mount Hermon;

Pharpar River Sink (Damascus)

Syria, Kings Highway Folder, Greater Syria, Left half of the Fertile Crescent

Kings Highway (Nile River, Egypt to Euphrates River, Syria)

Kings Highway 1 (Heliopolis, Egypt)

Kings Highway 2 (Clysma, Egypt)

Kings Highway 3 (Mitla Pass, Egypt)

Kings Highway 4 (Nekhel Fortress, Egypt)

Kings Highway 5 (Eilat and Aquaba, Israel)

Kings Highway 6 (Arabah of the Jordan Rift)

Kings Highway 7 (Petra, Jordan)

Kings Highway 8 (Maan, Jordan)

Kings Highway 9 (Shaubak, Bozrah, Jordan)

Kings Highway 10 (Sela, Edom, Jordan)

Kings Highway 11 (Kerak, Moab, Jordan)

Kings Highway 12 (Madaba, Jordan)

Kings Highway 13 (Moab, Jordan)

Kings Highway 14 (Rabbah Ammon/Philadelphia, Jordan)

Kings Highway 15 (Gerasa, Jordan)

Kings Highway 16 (Bosra, Syria)

Bosra in Syria (Kings Highway 16)
Bosra in Syria; Martyr Peter of Capetolis. Commemorated October 4 Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commerated December 30 ;

Kings Highway 17 (Damascus, Syria)

Damascus, Syria (Barada River foothills, Kings Highway 17, Way of the Sea 17)
Damascus (Barada River foothills); St Joseph of Damascus and his companions, Commemorated July 10 ; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Three HandsÂ on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; The Beheading of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist John, Commemorated on August 29 ; Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 1 ; Martyr Tarachus at Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 12 ; St Cosmas the Hymnographer the Bishop of Maiuma, Commemorated on October 12 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated October 19 ; Martyr Caesarius at Damascus, Commemorated on November 1 ; Martyr Victor at Damascus, Commemorated on November 11 ; Martyr Stephanida of Spain, Commemorated November 11 ; JOHN OF DAMASCUS, HYMN-WRITER, DEFENDER OF ICONS (4 DEC 750) ; Martyr John of Damascus, Commemorated December 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 25 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; THE CONVERSION OF THE APOSTLE PAUL, (JANUARY 25) ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; PETER AND PAUL, APOSTLES AND MARTYRS (29 JUN 64); The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11 ; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT); Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Three HandsÂ, Commemorated on June 28; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leaders of the Apostles, Peter and Paul, Commemorated on June 29; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Paul, Commemorated on June 29 ; PETER AND PAUL, APOSTLES AND MARTYRS (29 JUN 64); The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leaders of the Apostles, Peter and Paul, Commemorated on June 29 ; St Andrew the Archbishop of Crete, Commemorated on July 4;

Antiochian Monastery of the Mother of God, Saidnaya, Damascas, Syria, 547
Antiochian Monastery of the Mother of God, Saidnaya, Syria, 547; Saint Eulogius, Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 13;

Kings Highway 18 (Tadmor, Syria)

Kings Highway 19 (Resafa, Syria, (Euphrates River 5))

Syria, Edessa and Melitene area Folder, Top Left of the Fertile Crescent

Syria, Edessa and Melitene, Euphrates River Folder, Great Road

Melitene, Syria (Intersection Road from Ephesus and Euphrates River 2)
Malatya; Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated September 1 ; Uncovering of the relics St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on September 15; Martyr Polyeuctus of Melitene, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia; Martyr Eudoxius; St Acacius the Confessor, Commemorated on March 31; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Eutychius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on May 28;

Samosata, Syria (Euphrates River 3)
Samosata; Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17 ; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Romanus at Samosata, Commemorated January 29 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated February 19 ; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Edessa, Syria (Intersection and Euphrates River 3)
Edessa, Syria; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Simeon of Emessa the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 21; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Translation of the Image œNot-Made-By-HandsÂ of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in AugustÂ, Commemorated on August 16; Translation of the Image œNot-Made-By-HandsÂ of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in AugustÂ, Commemorated on August 16 ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated August 21 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated on September 1 ; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; Martyr Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Eudoxius, Commemorated September 6 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Martyr Domnina with her daughters of Syria, Commemorated on October 4; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Antioch, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9; Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15 ; Martyr Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated October 15 ; Venerable Abramius the Recluse of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on October 29 ; Martyr and Confessor Gurias of Edessa, Commemorated on November 15 ; St Theodoulus the Eparch of Constantinople, Commemorated December 3 ; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated December 10 ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Eustratius the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Sarbelus of Edessa, January 29 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons; Martyr Domnina with her daughters of Syria; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the "Unsleeping Ones", Commemorated February 23 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on March 28 ; Apostle Trophimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15 ; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the œUnsleeping OnesÂ, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Edessa, Syria (abundant water)
Edessa in Syria which is also called upper Messopotamia. County of Edessa; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Simeon of Emessa the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 21; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; Translation of the Image œNot-Made-By-HandsÂ of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in AugustÂ, Commemorated on August 16; Translation of the Image œNot-Made-By-HandsÂ of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in AugustÂ, Commemorated on August 16 ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated August 21 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; Martyr Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated September 5 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Martyr Domnina with her daughters of Syria, Commemorated on October 4; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Antioch, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9; Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15 ; Martyr Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated October 15 ; Venerable Abramius the Recluse of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on October 29 ; Martyr and Confessor Gurias of Edessa, Commemorated on November 15 ; St Theodoulus the Eparch of Constantinople, Commemorated December 3 ; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated December 10 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; St Eustratius the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; Abgar monastery; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Sarbelus of Edessa, January 29 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on March 28; Apostle Trophimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Martyr Michael œthe Black-RobedÂ of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the œUnsleeping OnesÂ, Commemorated on July 3 ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9;

Abgar monestary, Edessa, Syria
Abgar monastery; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; Martyr Michael œthe Black-Robed of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23;

Carrhae, Syria (modern Harran, near Edessa)
Carrhae (modern Harran) ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14 ;

Constantina, Syria (Kurdish Turkey, NE of Edessa)
Constantina; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5;

Kobane, Syria (Euphrates River 3.7)
Kobane, Syria;

Syria, Edessa and Melitene, Euphrates River 4, Sajur River Folder

Callinicus, or Callinicum, Syria (Euphrates River 5)
Callinicus, or Callinicum; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5 ;

Syria, Eastern Syria, Gozan, Nisibis and River Chebar Folder, Top Right of the Fertile Crescent

Syria, Eastern Syria (River Chebar, Al-Hasakah)
Eastern Syria (River Chebar, Al-Hasakah); Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; Martyr Sergius in Syria, Commemorated on October 7 ;

River Chebar
River Chebar; Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated on July 21 ;

River Chebar Source (Sikan Springs)
Sikan Springs;

Theodosiopolis, Syria (near Chebar River Source)
Theodosiopolis, Syria; New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated September 16 ;

Gozan, Syria, Chebar River, Assyrian captivity, 740 BC
Gozan, Syria, Assyrian captivity, 740 BC 2 Kings 17:5-8,13-18, Israel Carried Captive to Assyria;

River Chebar 1

Nisibis, Syria (Tigris River 3, Chebar River 1)
Nisibis, Syria; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; St Platonida (Platonis) of Nisibis, Syria, Commemorated on April 6; Martyr Bata the Persian, Commemorated on May 1; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Martyropolis, Syria, Mesopotamia, and Armenia (Tigris River 2)
Martyropolis; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16;

Dura, Syria
Dura (Anastasiopolis or Dara, Messopotamia) ; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

River Chebar 2

River Chebar Mouth (Euphrates River 6)

Assyria (Assyria (Chebar) River Mouth, Syria)
Assyria; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17 ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated January 5;

Halah, Assyria (Chebar (Habor) River Mouth, Euphrates River 6)
Halah, Assyria; 2 Kings 17:5-8,13-18;

Roman Province of Egypt Folder

Egypt Folder, its river and roads

Egypt (aka Rahab)
Egypt; Rahab; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Anthony of Alexandria, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Psoi of Egypt, Commemorated August 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 31; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Cyriacus and 11 others at Alexandria, Commemorated September 6 ; St Euphrosynus the Cook, of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Venerable Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; Martyr Chronides of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 13; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated on September 18; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated September 28 ; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated October 8 ; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; Martyr Varus, Commemorated October 19 ; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated November 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated November 12 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); St John of Egypt, Commemorated December 2 ; Hieromartyr Theodore the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 3 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Martyr Juliana at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated December 4 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; Martyr Akepsimas of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24 ; Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe MercifulÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 27 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5 ; Martyr Julian at Antinoe in Egypt, Commemorated January 8 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Victorinus of Egypt, Commemorated January 30 ; Virginmartyr Apollonia, Commemorated February 9 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Martyr Theodotion of Egypt, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated on January 31 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; Virginmartyr Martha in Egypt, Commemorated February 6 ; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated February 13 ; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated February 17 ; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3 ; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11 ; Martyr Nicander of Egypt, Commemorated on March 15 ; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Zachariah the Recluse, Commemorated on March 24 ; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Venerable Mark the Anchorite of Athens, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Hieromartyr Paphnutius of Jerusalem, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Polybius the Bishop in Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16 ; Martyr Solochon at Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 17 ; Martyr Caluf of Egypt, Commemorated on May 19; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20; Martyr Meletius Stratelates who suffered in Galatia, Commemorated on May 24; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; Virginmartyr Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Martyr Philosophus at Alexandria, Commemorated on May 31 ; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Anubius the Confessor and Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9 ; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; St Doulas the Passion-Bearer of Egypt, Commemorated on June 15 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God the ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœMilk-GiverÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

British Empire - Egypt - Lower Nile River below the Cataracts and the Sinai
Egypt; Rahab; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Anthony of Alexandria, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Psoi of Egypt, Commemorated August 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 31; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Cyriacus and 11 others at Alexandria, Commemorated September 6 ; St Euphrosynus the Cook, of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Venerable Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; Martyr Chronides of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 13; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated on September 18; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated September 28 ; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated October 8 ; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; Martyr Varus, Commemorated October 19 ; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated November 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated November 12 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); St John of Egypt, Commemorated December 2 ; Hieromartyr Theodore the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 3 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Martyr Juliana at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated December 4 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; Martyr Akepsimas of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24 ; Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe MercifulÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 27 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5 ; Martyr Julian at Antinoe in Egypt, Commemorated January 8 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Victorinus of Egypt, Commemorated January 30 ; Virginmartyr Apollonia, Commemorated February 9 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Martyr Theodotion of Egypt, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated on January 31 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; Virginmartyr Martha in Egypt, Commemorated February 6 ; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated February 13 ; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated February 17 ; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3 ; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11 ; Martyr Nicander of Egypt, Commemorated on March 15 ; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Zachariah the Recluse, Commemorated on March 24 ; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Venerable Mark the Anchorite of Athens, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Hieromartyr Paphnutius of Jerusalem, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Polybius the Bishop in Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16 ; Martyr Solochon at Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 17 ; Martyr Caluf of Egypt, Commemorated on May 19; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20; Martyr Meletius Stratelates who suffered in Galatia, Commemorated on May 24; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; Virginmartyr Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Martyr Philosophus at Alexandria, Commemorated on May 31 ; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Anubius the Confessor and Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9 ; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; St Doulas the Passion-Bearer of Egypt, Commemorated on June 15 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God the ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœMilk-GiverÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

Egypt, Cataracts of the Nile, Aswan Dam

Egypt (capital Cairo and Goshen)
Egypt; Goshen; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Anthony of Alexandria, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Psoi of Egypt, Commemorated August 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 31; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Cyriacus and 11 others at Alexandria, Commemorated September 6 ; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; Venerable Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; St Euphrosynus the Cook, of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; Martyr Chronides of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 13 ; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated on September 18; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ; Martyr Paphnutius in Egypt, Commemorated on September 25 ; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated October 19 ; Martyr Varus, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated on November 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated November 12 ; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2 ; Hieromartyr Theodore the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 3 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated December 4 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Akepsimas of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe MercifulÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 27 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated September 28 ; Church New Year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush"; Venerable Ammon; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 3; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5 ; Martyr Julian at Antinoe in Egypt, Commemorated January 8 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Theodotion of Egypt, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated on January 31 ; Martyr Victorinus of Egypt, Commemorated January 30 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; Virginmartyr Martha in Egypt, Commemorated February 6 ; Virginmartyr Apollonia, Commemorated February 9 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated February 13 ; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated February 17 ; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2 ; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3 ; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11 ; Martyr Nicander of Egypt, Commemorated on March 15; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Zachariah the Recluse, Commemorated on March 24 ; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Mark the Anchorite of Athens, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Hieromartyr Paphnutius of Jerusalem, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Polybius the Bishop in Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16 ; Martyr Solochon at Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 17; Martyr Caluf of Egypt, Commemorated on May 19; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20; Martyr Meletius Stratelates who suffered in Galatia, Commemorated on May 24; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; Virginmartyr Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Martyr Philosophus at Alexandria, Commemorated on May 31 ; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Anubius the Confessor and Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9 ; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; St Doulas the Passion-Bearer of Egypt, Commemorated on June 15 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God the ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœMilk-GiverÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9;

Egypt (Sinai Peninsula)
Sinai Peninsula; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; Martyr Varus, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated November 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12 ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7;

Egypt, 640-641, Arab Conqest of Babylon Fortress Egypt
Arab Muslim Conqest of Babylon Fortress Egypt 640; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated on January 14;

Egypt, Goshen, Alexandria Side Folder

Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt
Alexandria; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on July 14 ; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia ; Martyr Anthony of Alexandria, Commemorated on August 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 31; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated September 2 ; Martyr Cyriacus and 11 others at Alexandria, Commemorated September 6 ; Venerable Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; St Euphrosynus the Cook, of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; Martyr Chronides of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 13; St Peter the Tax-Collector, Commemorated on September 22 ; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife, Commemorated on October 9 ; Martyr Chronides of Alexandria, Commemorated September 13 ; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 25 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated October 5 ; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21 ; Martyr Eutropia of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 30 ; Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 31 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 5 ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 13 ; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17 ; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24 ; Virginmartyr Mastridia of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25 ; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25 ; ANDREW THE APOSTLE, (30 NOV NT) ; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated November 30; Hieromartyr Theodore the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 3 ; Martyr Juliana at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated December 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24 ; The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 25 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated on January 31 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Virginmartyr Apollonia, Commemorated February 9 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated February 13 ; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated February 17 ; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18 ; Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28 ; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3 ; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11 ; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16 ; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30 ; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373) ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Virginmartyr Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Martyr Philosophus at Alexandria, Commemorated on May 31 ; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4 ; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9 ; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ; St Anatolius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 3; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

Catechetical School of Alexandria, St Mark, 62-400
Egypt, 62-400, Catechetical School of Alexandria; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ;

Library at Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt, by P II Philadelphus in 285 BC
Library at Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt; Alexandria; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ;

Pharos Island, lighthouse of Alexandria, Egypt
Pharos Island, Alexandria, Egypt; Monastic Martyr and Confessor Stephen the New, Commemorated on November 28;

Catechetical School of Alexandria, Founded by Apostle Mark in 62, or Pantaenus in 181
Catechetical School of Alexandria, Founded by Apostle Mark, AD 50 Approx.; The Catechetical School of Alexandria was a school of Christian theologians and priests in Alexandria.[1] The teachers and students of the school (also known as the Didascalium) were influential in many of the early theological controversies of the Christian church. It was one of the two major centers of the study of biblical exegesis and theology during Late Antiquity, the other being the School of Antioch. According to Jerome the Alexandrian school was founded by John Mark the Apostle. The earliest recorded dean was supposedly Athenagoras (176).[citation needed] He was succeeded by Pantaenus 181, who was succeeded as head of the school by his student Clement of Alexandria in 190.[2] Other notable theologians with a connection to the school include Origen, Gregory Thaumaturgus, Heraclas, Dionysius "the Great", and Didymus the Blind. Others, including Jerome and Basil, made trips to the school to interact with the scholars there. Continuity with the ancient school is claimed by the Coptic Theological Seminary, Cairo. Hieromartyr Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 5; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?);

Egypt, Goshen, Alexandria side, Egyptian Desert Locations Folder
There were three deserts in northern Egypt: the first was the Cells (the inner desert), so designated because of the many cells carved into the rocks. The second was called Skete (utter desert). The third was the Nitrian desert which reached the western bank of the Nile.

Egyptian desert
Egyptian Desert (Nitrian Desert) ; There were three deserts in northern Egypt: the first was the Cells (the inner desert), so designated because of the many cells carved into the rocks. The second was called Skete (utter desert). The third was the Nitrian desert which reached the western bank of the Nile. Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Hellius of Egypt; gift of clairvoyance and directed animals to his service;; Venerable Sisoes the Great; Venerable Psoi of Egypt, Commemorated August 9 ; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Pimen the Great. St. Pimen was Located at one of the Egyptian Monestaries.; Martyr Paphnutius in Egypt, Commemorated September 25; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt,Commemorated on October 4; 546 Martyred Companions of Paphnutius in Egypt; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated December 8; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2 ; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Anubius the Confessor and Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Egyptian Desert Fathers (Scetes Desert)
Scetis ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated August 16; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405 ; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated August 28 ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt,Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5 ; Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2 ; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

one of the Egyptian monasteries
one of the Egyptian monasteries Venerable Pimen the Great. St. Pimen was Located at one of the Egyptian Monestaries.; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29;

Syrian Monastery, Egypt, 6th Century
Syrian Monastery, Egypt, 6th Century;

Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great, Sketis Desert, 360
Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great, Sketis Desert;

Paromeos Monastery, Sketis Desert, 335
Paromeos Monastery, Sketis Desert;

Monastery of Saint Pishoy, 4th Century
Monastery of Saint Pishoy, 4th Century;

Egyptian Sand Sea
Egyptian Sand Sea, Egyptian Desert; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky;

Scetes monasteries, Egyptian Desert, 330, 360 of them
Scetes monestary; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8 ; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10;

Scetis, Egyptian Desert
Scetis ; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife, Commemorated on October 9 ; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Nitrian desert and Caves of Scetis
Nitrian desert; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9;

Nitrean Desert (Egyptian Hermits)
Nitria; Nitrian Desert ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt,Commemorated on October 4; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19 ;

Monestary of the Cells (Kellia), Egyptian Desert, 338
Monestary of the Cells (Kellia), Egyptian Desert, 338; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10 ; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29;

Nitria (first Lavra, Lake Nitria) 330
Nitria; Nitrian Desert ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilk-GiverÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Lake Nitria
Lake Nitria, Lake Nitria is one kilometer south of Nitria; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated December 5; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5;

Canopis, Egypt
Canopis, Egypt ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Cyrus was a noted physician in the city of Alexandria, where he had been born and raised. He was a Christian and he treated the sick without charge, not only curing their bodily afflictions, but also healing their spiritual infirmities. He would say, “Whoever wishes to avoid being ill should refrain from sin, for sin is often the cause of bodily illness.â€ Preaching the Gospel, the holy physician converted many pagans to Christ. During the persecution by Diocletian (284-305), Saint Cyrus withdrew into Arabia, where he became a monk. He continued to heal people by his prayer, having received from God the gift to heal every sickness. the city of Edessa at this time lived the soldier John, a pious Christian. When the persecution started, he went to Jerusalem and there he heard about Saint Cyrus. He began to search for him, going first to Alexandria and then to Arabia. When Saint John finally found Saint Cyrus, he remained with him and became his faithful follower. learned of the arrest of the Christian woman Athanasia and her three young daughters. Theoctiste was fifteen; Theodota, was thirteen; and Eudoxia, was eleven. Saints Cyrus and John hastened to the prison to help them. They were concerned that faced with torture, the women might renounce Christ. Cyrus and John gave them courage to endure what lay before them. Learning of this, the ruler of the city arrested Saints Cyrus and John, and seeing their steadfast and fearless confession of faith in Christ, he brought Athanasia and her daughters to witness their torture. The tyrant did not refrain from any form of torture against the holy martyrs. The women were not frightened by the sufferings of Saints Cyrus and John, but courageously continued to confess Christ. They were flogged and then beheaded, receiving their crowns of martyrdom. the same place they executed the Holy Unmercenaries Cyrus and John. Christians buried their bodies in the church of the holy Evangelist Mark. In the fifth century the relics of Saints Cyrus and John were transferred from Canopis to Manuphin. Later on their relics were transferred to Rome, and from there to Munchen (Munich) (another account is located under June 28). Cyrus and John are invoked by those who have difficulty in sleeping. Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated January 31 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; Translation of the Relics of the holy and wonderworking Unmercenaries Cyrus and John, Commemorated on June 28; Transfer of the Relics of the Holy Martyrs, Unmercenaries and Wonderworkers, Cyrus and John from the city of Konopa, near Alexandria (where they suffered in the year 311) to the nearby village of Manuphin, took place in the year 412. Egyptian village prompted fear in everyone, since in a former time there was a pagan temple inhabited by evil spirits. Theophilus (385-412) wanted to cleanse this place of demons, but he died. His wish was fulfilled by his successor in the See of Alexandria, the holy Patriarch Cyril (412-444). prayed fervently in carrying out this project. An angel of the Lord appeared in a vision to the hierarch and commanded the venerable relics of Saints Cyrus and John be transferred to Manuphin. His Holiness Patriarch Cyril did the angel’s bidding and built a church at Manuphin in the name of the holy martyrs. that time this place was purified of the Enemy’s influence, and by the prayers of the holy Martyrs Cyrus and John there began to occur many miracles, healings of the sick and infirm. An account Saints Cyrus and John is located under January 31.

Manuphin, Egypt (village nearby Canopis)
Canopis, Egypt ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Cyrus was a noted physician in the city of Alexandria, where he had been born and raised. He was a Christian and he treated the sick without charge, not only curing their bodily afflictions, but also healing their spiritual infirmities. He would say, “Whoever wishes to avoid being ill should refrain from sin, for sin is often the cause of bodily illness.â€ Preaching the Gospel, the holy physician converted many pagans to Christ. During the persecution by Diocletian (284-305), Saint Cyrus withdrew into Arabia, where he became a monk. He continued to heal people by his prayer, having received from God the gift to heal every sickness. the city of Edessa at this time lived the soldier John, a pious Christian. When the persecution started, he went to Jerusalem and there he heard about Saint Cyrus. He began to search for him, going first to Alexandria and then to Arabia. When Saint John finally found Saint Cyrus, he remained with him and became his faithful follower. learned of the arrest of the Christian woman Athanasia and her three young daughters. Theoctiste was fifteen; Theodota, was thirteen; and Eudoxia, was eleven. Saints Cyrus and John hastened to the prison to help them. They were concerned that faced with torture, the women might renounce Christ. Cyrus and John gave them courage to endure what lay before them. Learning of this, the ruler of the city arrested Saints Cyrus and John, and seeing their steadfast and fearless confession of faith in Christ, he brought Athanasia and her daughters to witness their torture. The tyrant did not refrain from any form of torture against the holy martyrs. The women were not frightened by the sufferings of Saints Cyrus and John, but courageously continued to confess Christ. They were flogged and then beheaded, receiving their crowns of martyrdom. the same place they executed the Holy Unmercenaries Cyrus and John. Christians buried their bodies in the church of the holy Evangelist Mark. In the fifth century the relics of Saints Cyrus and John were transferred from Canopis to Manuphin. Later on their relics were transferred to Rome, and from there to Munchen (Munich) (another account is located under June 28). Cyrus and John are invoked by those who have difficulty in sleeping. Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated January 31 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Cyrus was a noted physician in the city of Alexandria, where he had been born and raised. He was a Christian and he treated the sick without charge, not only curing their bodily afflictions, but also healing their spiritual infirmities. He would say, “Whoever wishes to avoid being ill should refrain from sin, for sin is often the cause of bodily illness.â€ Preaching the Gospel, the holy physician converted many pagans to Christ. During the persecution by Diocletian (284-305), Saint Cyrus withdrew into Arabia, where he became a monk. He continued to heal people by his prayer, having received from God the gift to heal every sickness. the city of Edessa at this time lived the soldier John, a pious Christian. When the persecution started, he went to Jerusalem and there he heard about Saint Cyrus. He began to search for him, going first to Alexandria and then to Arabia. When Saint John finally found Saint Cyrus, he remained with him and became his faithful follower. learned of the arrest of the Christian woman Athanasia and her three young daughters. Theoctiste was fifteen; Theodota, was thirteen; and Eudoxia, was eleven. Saints Cyrus and John hastened to the prison to help them. They were concerned that faced with torture, the women might renounce Christ. Cyrus and John gave them courage to endure what lay before them. Learning of this, the ruler of the city arrested Saints Cyrus and John, and seeing their steadfast and fearless confession of faith in Christ, he brought Athanasia and her daughters to witness their torture. The tyrant did not refrain from any form of torture against the holy martyrs. The women were not frightened by the sufferings of Saints Cyrus and John, but courageously continued to confess Christ. They were flogged and then beheaded, receiving their crowns of martyrdom. the same place they executed the Holy Unmercenaries Cyrus and John. Christians buried their bodies in the church of the holy Evangelist Mark. In the fifth century the relics of Saints Cyrus and John were transferred from Canopis to Manuphin. Later on their relics were transferred to Rome, and from there to Munchen (Munich) (another account is located under June 28). Cyrus and John are invoked by those who have difficulty in sleeping. Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated January 31 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; Translation of the Relics of the holy and wonderworking Unmercenaries Cyrus and John, Commemorated on June 28; Transfer of the Relics of the Holy Martyrs, Unmercenaries and Wonderworkers, Cyrus and John from the city of Konopa, near Alexandria (where they suffered in the year 311) to the nearby village of Manuphin, took place in the year 412. Egyptian village prompted fear in everyone, since in a former time there was a pagan temple inhabited by evil spirits. Theophilus (385-412) wanted to cleanse this place of demons, but he died. His wish was fulfilled by his successor in the See of Alexandria, the holy Patriarch Cyril (412-444). prayed fervently in carrying out this project. An angel of the Lord appeared in a vision to the hierarch and commanded the venerable relics of Saints Cyrus and John be transferred to Manuphin. His Holiness Patriarch Cyril did the angel’s bidding and built a church at Manuphin in the name of the holy martyrs. that time this place was purified of the Enemy’s influence, and by the prayers of the holy Martyrs Cyrus and John there began to occur many miracles, healings of the sick and infirm. An account Saints Cyrus and John is located under January 31.

Salamis monastery near Alexandria, Egypt
Salamis monastery, somewhere near Alexandria; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated August 31 ;

Antipolis (opposite (other side from)) Alexandria
Antipolis (opposite (other side from)) Alexandria; Virginmartyr Rhais of Alexandria, Commemorated September 5 ; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ;

St Menas Monastery southwest of Alexandria, Oktodekadian monastery, 650
St Menas Church southwest of Alexandria, Oktodekadian monastery ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated on November 11 ; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ;

St Menas Church southwest of Alexandria, Oktodekadian monastery, 650
St Menas Church southwest of Alexandria, Oktodekadian monastery ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated on November 11 ; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ;

Egypt, Goshen, Pelusium Side Folder

Egypt, Goshen, Pelusium Side, Way of the Sea Folder (Egypt to Syria) Pelusium

Pelusium, Egypt (Way of the Sea 2)
Pelusium; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated February 4 ; Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 31 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Ostrachina, Northeast Goshen, Egypt
Ostrachina, Northeast Goshen, Egypt; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9;

Egypt, Goshen, Pelusium Side, Kings Highway Folder, Heliopolis

Heliopolis, Egypt (intersection Kings HWY and Way to the Sea)
Heliopolis, Egypt ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 3 ; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ;

Damietta, Goshen, Egypt
Damietta, Egypt ; Louis IX, (25 August 1270) ;

Tanis, Egypt
Tanis or Tathnis; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ;

Zoan (Pi-Ramses), Moses' Miracles before Pharoh
Zoan (Pi-Ramses); Psalm 78: Part II

Tathnis aka Tahpanhes, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times, 597 BC
Tathnis aka Tahpanhes, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Thmuis, Egypt
Thmuis; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ;

Mansurah, Goshen, Egypt
Mansurah, Egypt ; Louis IX (25 August 1270) ;

Cairo, Egypt (Goshen, Pelusium Side)
Cairo, Egypt; Venerable Akepsimas the Hermit of Cyrrhus in Syria, Commemorated November 3 ;

Egypt, Nile River Folder, Thebaid, Tabenna and Cairo

Nile River

White Nile 10 (Sudan-Egypt border)

Blue Nile 19 (Egypt)

Blue Nile 18 (Ethopia)

Nile River Way

Nile River Way (Alexandria)

Nile River Source 1 (Blue Nile Spring Mt Gish, Ethiopia)
Mt Gish Blue Nile Spring (sacred source of the Nile, at 9,000 ft elevation, in Ethiopia); Gish Abay Spring;

Nile River Source 2 (Blue Nile and White Nile confluence, Sudan)

Nile River 1 (Shendi, Sudan)

Nile River 2 (Atbara, Sudan)

Abarta River Mouth (Nile River 2)

Nile River 3

Nile River 4

Nile River 5

Nile River 9 (Sudan)

Nile River 10 (Egypt)

Nile River 11 (Aswan Dam)

Syene, Aswan, named for Syenite
Syene, Aswan, named for Syenite;

Nile River 12 (Tabenna)

Tabenna, Upper Egypt (Nile River 12)
Tabenna, in Upper Egypt; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife, Commemorated on October 9; Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Maria's monestary, 323
Maria's monestary on the other side of the Nile from Tabenna which is located on an Island in the Nile (this is the largest island?) near Thebes. Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15;

Tabennisi monastery (Nile River 12) 323
Tabennisi monastery on Tabenna (probably the largest island in upper Egypt); Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Pachomius' Tabennisi monastery (Nile River 12) 323
Tabennisi monastery on Tabenna (probably the largest island in upper Egypt); Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Pathysian desert could be near Pathris, Egypt
Pathysian desert could be near Pathris, Egypt, on the Nile ; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12;

Nile River 13 (Thebes, Thebaid)

Thebaid Region (Upper Egypt, Nile River 13)
Thebaid; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Thebaid Region of Ancient Egypt; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated September 16 ; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated September 18 ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated October 4 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 3 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated January 17 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Thebes, Egypt (Nile River 13)
Thebes, Egypt; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated September 18 ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated October 4 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable John the Chozebite, Commemorated on October 28; St John the Chozebite the Bishop of Caesarea, in Palestine; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated December 8 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; Martyr Caluf of Egypt, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12;

Pathros, aka Thebaid, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times
Pathros, aka Thebaid, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Shenesit (Nile River 13), Anthony's Fort
Shenesit; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15;

Anthony's Fort Across the River from Thebaid, Shenesit (Nile River 13)
Shenesit; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15;

Nile River 14 (Assiout)

Lycopolis, Middle Egypt (Nile River 14)
Lycopolis; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27;

Assiout, Egypt (Nile River 14)
Assiout, Egypt; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ;

Lillian Trasher Orphanage, Assiout, Egypt (Nile River 14) 1912
Lillian Trasher Orphanage, Assiout, Egypt (Nile River 14); Assiout, Egypt; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ;

Nile River 15 (Hermopolis and Antinoe)

Hermopolis, Middle Egypt (Nile River 15)
Hermopolis (Nile River); St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Bishop Dioscorus; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12 ;

desert of Hermopolis
desert of Hermopolis; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ;

Antinoe, Thebaid, Egypt (Nile River 15)
Antinoe or Antinopolis; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; Martyr Julian at Antinoe in Egypt, Commemorated January 8 ; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20;

Nile River 16 (Oxyrhynchos)

Oxyrhynchos (Upper Thebaid, Nile River 16)
Oxyrhynchos (Upper Thebaid); St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; St John of Egypt, Commemorated December 2 ; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12;

Heracleopolis, Egypt

Nile River 17 (Memphis)

Nile River Mouth (Heliopolis, Cairo, Nile Delta, Mediteranean Sea)

Cairo, Egypt (Nile River Mouth)
Cairo, Egypt; Venerable Akepsimas the Hermit of Cyrrhus in Syria, Commemorated November 3 ;

Babylon Fortress, Egypt
Babylon Fortress, Egypt; St Zosimus of Cilicia the Bishop of Babylon in Egypt, Commemorated on June 4;

Memphis, Egypt
Memphis, Egypt; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2, From age seven until thirty, Cyprian studied at the most outstanding centers of paganism: on Mount Olympus, in the cities of Argos and Tauropolis, in the Egyptian city of Memphis, and at Babylon; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8;

Itjtawy, Egyptian Capitol, near Memphis
Itjtawy, Egyptian Capitol; iis the name of the royal city founded as a new capital by Twelfth Dynasty Egyptian King Amenemhat I, who ruled from approximately 1991 BC to 1962 BC, during year 20 of his reign.[1] As yet, the exact location of the royal city remains unidentified. Itjtawy is known to have been located in the Faiyum region and documentation exists that its cemeteries were located at Lisht, el-Lahun, and Dahshur. of the capital may have been a strategic move. The site for Itjtawy may have been chosen for its proximity to the source of Asiatic incursions into Egypt, in order to help prevent further attacks.[2] Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ; Holy Prophet and God-Seer Moses was of the tribe of Levi, the son of Abram and Jochabed (Exodus 6:20). His life is described in the Bible (Exodus 2 through Deuteronomy 34:12). was born in Egypt around 1689 B.C. When Pharaoh ordered all male children of the Hebrew slaves to be killed (Exodus 1:22), Moses’ mother placed him in a basket of papyrus coated with pitch, and set him adrift on the Nile. Pharaoh’s daughter found him and raised him as her own son. the age of eighty, Moses fled to Midian, where he spoke to God in the Burning Bush on Mt. Horeb (Exodus 3:2). God chose Moses to lead His people from the slavery of Egypt. They crossed the Red Sea as if it were dry land, and for forty years they wandered in the desert. in the land of Moab, Moses went to the top of Mt. Nabau, or Nebo (Deuteronomy 32:49), which is called Phasga (Deut. 34:1). There, according to the will of God, he died in 1569 B.C. at the age of 120 without entering the Promised Land. first two Biblical Odes are attributed to Moses: “Let us sing to the Lord...” (Exodus 15:1-9), which was sung on the shores of the Red Sea after the Hebrews had crossed it. “Attend, O heaven...” (Deut. 32:1-43) was sung in the land of Moab, a few days before Moses’ death. He is also regarded as the author of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Old Testament). holy Prophet Moses performed many miracles during his lifetime, and also after his death. He appeared on Tabor with the Prophet Elias at the Transfiguration of the Lord (August 6). the day that Saint John of the Ladder (March 30) was installed as abbot of Mt. Sinai, the Prophet Moses was seen going around and giving orders to the cooks, stewards, and servants. When the guests had gone and the monks were sitting at table, they wondered what had become of the stranger who had been giving orders. Saint John said, “Our Lord Moses does nothing strange by serving in the place which belongs to him.”

Troe, only mountain near Memphis, Egypt
Troe, only mountain near Memphis, Egypt; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2, From age seven until thirty, Cyprian studied at the most outstanding centers of paganism: on Mount Olympus, in the cities of Argos and Tauropolis, in the Egyptian city of Memphis, and at Babylon; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8;

Egypt, Sinai Peninsula Folder, Sinai Monastery, an icon of Horeb in Median

Sinai Peninsula, Egypt
Sinai Peninsula; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Varus, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated November 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7;

Sinai Desert, Egypt
Sinai Desert, Egypt; Martyr Gordius at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 3;

Mount Sinai - Horeb in Egypt
Mount Sinai - Horeb in Egypt, Saint Helena, Constantine's Mother made a mistake as to the location of the Desert of Sin and therefor Sinai and Mount Horeb. She put Horeb in Egypt and not in Midian. Many miracles still happened in this mistaken location; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12 ; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on November 29 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos; Venerable Hesychius of Mt. Horeb; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated October 4 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19;

Mount Horeb (Sinai) in Egypt
Mount Sinai - Horeb in Egypt, Saint Helena, Constantine's Mother made a mistake as to the location of the Desert of Sin and therefor Sinai and Mount Horeb. She put Horeb in Egypt and not in Midian. Many miracles still happened in this mistaken location; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12 ; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on November 29 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos; Venerable Hesychius of Mt. Horeb; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated October 4 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19;

Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mt. Sinai, Egypt, 565
St. Catherinea's Monastery on Mt. Sinai, Egypt ; St Catherine's Monastery on Mt. Sinai; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush", Commemorated September 4 ; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; St Zosimus of Cilicia the Bishop of Babylon in Egypt, Commemorated on June 4; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20;

Sinai monastery, Egypt, 565
Sinai monastery; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated November 29 ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of "œthe Ladder"Â, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7;

Goshen to Red Sea Crossing at Nevitot
Distance: 531 km (about 8 hours 16 mins)
Map data ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â‚ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â©2011 ORION-ME

Raithu, Sinai Penninsula, Egypt
Raithu; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of "œthe Ladder"Â, Commemorated on March 30;

Hazeroth, Sinai Penninsula, Egypt
Hazeroth, in Numbers Chapters 11, 12 and 33

Elim, Sinai Penninsula, Egypt
Elim, The Desert of Sin is between Elim and Mt Horeb (Mt Sinai) in Midian; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14;

Mara in the Wilderness of Shur, Sinai, Egypt
Mara in the Wilderness of Shur, Egypt;

Egypt, Roman Roads Folder

Cataracts of the Nile

Roman Province of Germania, only 16 years

Germany Folder, its Rivers, forests and mountains

Germany
Germany; CONRAD WEISER, WITNESS TO PEACE and RECONCILIATION, 1760, Commemorated July 13 ; THOMAS A KEMPIS, PRIEST, MONK, AND WRITER (24 JULY 1471) ; Johann Sebastian Bach of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ; Albrecht Durer of ALBRECHT DuœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRueœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Lucas Cranach of ALBRECHT DrueœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Matthias Grunewald of ALBRECHT DuœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUEÂœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553, ARTISTS, 5 August ; CATHERINE WINKWORTH, Poet, Commemorated August 7 ; Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 16; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906) ; William Tyndale of WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE], TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians; KARL BARTH PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10 ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Venerable Joasaph of Snetogorsk, Pskov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945); OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804); Johannes Kepler of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23 AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605); BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754); Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Germany, Eastern Germany, Order River Folder, Germany Poland Border

Oder River

Oder River Source (Selesian Beskids)

Oder River 1 (Czech Republic)

Oder River 2 (Czech Republic)

Oder River 3 (Poland)

Oder River 4

Oder River 5

Oder River 6 (Opolsk)

Oder River 7

Oder River 10 (Amber Road, Wroclaw, Poland)

Oder River 17 (Poland)

Oder River 18 (Lusatian River, G P Border)

Germany, Eastern Germany, Order River 18, Lusatian Neisse River Folder

Lusatian Neisse River

Jizera Mountains
Jizera Mountains;

Lusatian Mountains, Germany and Czech Republic
Lusatian Mountains;

Sokol Peak (Lusatian Mountains)
Sokol Peak (Lusatian Mountains);

Lusatian Neisse River Source (Jizera Mountains)

Lusatian Neisse River 1

Lusatian Neisse River 2 (Berthelsdorf, Hernhut and Gorlitz)

Lusatian Neisse River 3

Lusatian Neisse River 4

Lusatian Neisse River Mouth (Oder River 18)

Zittau, Germany (tripoint Poland, Chech, and Germany)

Gorlitz, Germany (Lusatian Neisse River 2)
Gorlitz, Germany (Lusatian Neisse River 2) ; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Berthelsdorf, Germany (Lusatian Neisse River 2)
Berthelsdorf; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Herrnhut, Germany (Lusatian Neisse River 2)
Herrnhut; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Zinzendorf, Herrnhut (Lusatian Neisse River 2)
Zinzendorf (Herrnhut); NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Oder River 19 (Germany Poland Border)

Oder River 20 (Warta River Mouth)

Oder River 21 (G P Border)

Oder River 22 (G P Border)

Oder River 23 (G P Border)

Oder River 24 (Poland)

Oder River Mouth (Gulf of Pomerania, Baltic Sea)

Germany, Eastern Germany, Berlin Folder ( Elbe River 18.5, Spree and Havel Rivers)

Spree River

Spree River Source (Upper Lusatia)

Spree River 1 (Ebersbach, Gorlitz)
Spree River 1 (Ebersbach, Gorlitz);

Spree River 2 (Oppach)
Spree River 2 (Oppach);

Spree River 3 (Bautzen)
Spree River 3 (Bautzen);

University of Berlin, Germany, 1810
University of Berlin; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945);

Spree River 4 (Spremberg)
Spree River 4 (Spremberg);

Spree River 5 (Cottbus)
Spree River 5 (Cottbus);

Spree River 6 (Lubbenau, Spreewald Wetlands)
Spree River 6 (Lubbenau, Spreewald Wetlands);

Spree River 7 (Leibsch)
Spree River 7 (Leibsch);

Spree River 8 (Furstenwalde)
Spree River 8 (Furstenwalde);

Spree River 9 (Dameritzsee)
Spree River 9 (Dameritzsee);

Spree River 10 (Lake Muggelsee)
Spree River 10 (Lake Muggelsee);

Spree River 11 (Kopenick)
Spree River 11 (Kopenick, River Dahme Mouth);

Spree River Mouth (Havel River 1)

Berlin, Capitol of Germany (Spree River Mouth, Havel River 1)
Berlin; Lucas Cranach of ALBRECHT DUÂœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUÂœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 16; DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945); NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Havel River

Havel River Source (Mecklenburg)
Havel River Source (Mecklenburg Lake Plateau);

Havel River 1 (Spandau)
Havel River 1 (Spandau);

Havel River 2 (Brandenburg an der Havel)
Havel River 1 (Brandenburg an der Havel);

Havel River Mouth (Elbe River 18.5)
Havel River Mouth (Elbe River 18.5);

Germany, North Central Germany, Elbe River Folder

Elbe River

Elbe River Source (Krkonose Mountains)
Krkonose Mountains;

Elbe River 1 (Sudetenland, Sudetes Mountains)

Krkonose (Sudetes) Mountains
Krkonose Mountains;

Elbe River 2 (Hradee Kralove, Czech Republic)

Elbe River 3 (Czech Republic)

Elbe River 4 (Prague, Vltava River Mouth)

Elbe River 5 (Vltava River Mouth)

Elbe River 6 (Czech Republic)

Elbe River 7 (Czech Republic)

Elbe River 8 (Czechoslovakia)

Elbe River 9 (Germany)

Elbe River 10 (Dresden, Saxony)

Dresden, Saxony, Germany (Elbe River 10) Catherine Winkworth, Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf
Dresden; CATHERINE WINKWORTH, POET, 7 August 1878; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Saxony, Germany (Upper Elbe River) Lucas Cranch, Nikolas Ludwig von Zinzendorf
Saxony; Lucas Cranach of ALBRECHT DuœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRuœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Cranach the Elder, 4 October 1472 - 16 October 1553) was a German Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving. He was court painter to the Electors of Saxony for most of his career, and is best known for his portraits, both of German princes and those of the leaders of the Protestant Reformation, whose cause he embraced with enthusiasm, becoming a close friend of Martin Luther. He also painted religious subjects, first in the Catholic tradition, and later trying to find new ways of conveying Lutheran religious concerns in art. He continued throughout his career to paint nude subjects drawn from mythology and religion. He had a large workshop and many works exist in different versions; his son Lucas Cranach the Younger, and others, continued to produce versions of his father's works for decades after his death. (More at Wikipedia) NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Elbe River 11 (Germany)

Elbe River 12 (Germany)

Elbe River 13 (Wittenberg)

Wittenberg, Germany, Lutherhaus (Elbe River 13)
Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546); OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ;

Elbe River 15 (Saale River Mouth)

Germany, Central Germany, Elbe River 15, Saale River Folder

Saale River

Saale River Source (Waldstein Ridge)
Waldstein Ridge;

Saale River 1

Hof, Bavaria (Saale River 1)
Hof, Bavaria (Saale River 1) ; George Fredrick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ;

Saale River 2 (Ebersdorf)

Ebersdorf, Thuringa, Germany (Saale River 2)
Ebersdorf, Saale River; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Saale River 3

Saale River 4

Saale River 9 (Weisse Elster and Parthe Rivers)

Germany, Central Germany, Elbe River 15, Saale River 9, Ilm River Folder

Ilm (Thuringia) River

Weimar, Thuringa (Ilm (Thuringa) River 4)
Weimar (Ilm (Thuringa) River 4) ; John Sebastian Bach of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ;

Buchenwald concentration camp (Ilm River 4) 1937
Buchenwald concentration camp; DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945);

Erfurt, Germany (Ilm River 3)
City of Erfurt; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546);

Thuringian Forest
Thuringian Forest;

Ilm (Thuringia) River Source (Thuringian Forest)
Ilm (Thuringia) River Source (near this point somewhere)

Ilm (Thuringia) River 1

Ilm (Thuringia) River 2

Ilm (Thuringia) River 3 (Erfurt)

Ilm (Thuringia) River 4 (Weimar, Erfut and Buchenwald)

Ilm (Thuringia) River Mouth (Saale River 9)

Germany, Central Germany, Elbe River 15, Saale River 9, Weisse Elster, Parthe and Pleisse Rivers Folder

Weisse Elster River

Weisse Elster River Source (along the border)

Weisse Elster River 1

Weisse Elster River 2

Weisse Elster River 3

Weisse Elster River Mouth (Saale River 9)

Parthe River

Parthe River Source (along the border)

Parthe River 1

Parthe River 2

Parthe River 3 (Pleisse River Mouth)

Parthe River Mouth (Halle, Saale River 9)

Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany (Saale River 9, Parthe River Mouth)
Halle, Saxony-Anhalt ; George Fredrick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Halle on the Saale river
Halle, Saxony-Anhalt ; George Fredrick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ;

Halle University (Parthe River Mouth, Saale River 9) 1502
Halle University; George Fredrick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787;

Pleisse River

Pleisse River Source

Pleisse River 1

Pleisse River 2

Pleisse River 3

Pleisse River Mouth (Parthe River 3)

Leipzig (four rivers, Pleisse, Parthe,Weisse, and Saale)
Leipzig (three rivers: Parthe, Pleisse, and Saale); George Fredrick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ;

Saale River Mouth (Elbe River 15)

Coethen (Anhalt region, Saale Mouth, Elbe River 14)
Coethen (Anhalt region, Saale Mouth, Elbe River 14); Johann Sebastian Bach of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ;

Elbe River 17 (near Berlin)

Elbe River 20 (Techin)

Elbe River 21 (Hamburg)

Hamburg, Germany (Elbe River 21, Port of Hamburg)
Hamburg (Elbe River 21, Port of Hamburg); ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865);

Elbe River Mouth (North Sea)

Germany, Northeastern Germany, North German Plain Folder

North German Plain
North German Plain;

Saxonia (North German Plain)
The Saxons were a confederation of tribes from the Northern German Plain; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31; ALFRED THE GREAT, KING OF THE WEST SAXONS (26 OCT 899) ; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA, KING AND MARTYR (20 NOV 870); AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605); BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ;

Techin (North German Plain, Elbe River 20)
Techin - Lake Boissow and Lake Neuenkirchen South Nature Reserve has an area of ca. 86 hectares and incorporates part of the town of Zarrentin am Schaalsee in the local subdistricts (Germarkungen) of Boissow, Techin, Neuhof and Neuenkirchen. Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 16;

Germany, Central Germany, Harz Mountains Area Folder

Harz Mountains
Harz Mountains;

Germany, South Central Germany, Weser River Folder

Weser River

Weser River Source (Rivers Fulda and Werra)

Germany, South Central Germany, Weser River Source, Werra River Folder

Werra River

Werra River Source (Thuringian Forest)

Werra River 1

Werra River 2

Werra River 3

Werra River 6 (Wartburg and Eisenach, Thuringia)

Wartburg, Thuringa, Germany (Werra River 6)
Wartburg is a castle. ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231);

Eisenach, Thuringia, Germany (Werra River 6)
Eisenach, Thuringia, Germany; ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231) ; Johann Sebastian Bach of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ;

Werra River 7 (Geismar)

Geismar, Germany (Werra River 7, Harz Mts, Sacred Oak of Thor at Geismar, Boniface)
Geismar; Sacred Oak of Thor at Geismar; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754); Hesse, in the presence of a large crowd of pagans, he cut down the Sacred Oak of Geismar, a tree of immense age and girth, sacred to the god Thor. It is said that after only a few blows of his axe, the tree tottered and crashed to the ground, breaking into four pieces and revealing itself to be rotted away within. It was the beginning of a highly successful missionary effort, and the planting of a vigorous Christian church in Germany, where Boniface was eventually consecrated bishop. He asked the Christian Saxons of England to support his work among their kinsmen on the continent, and they responded with money, books, supplies, and above all, with a steady supply of monks to assist him in teaching and preaching.

Werra River Mouth (Fulda River Mouth, Weser River Source)

Germany, South Central Germany, Weser River Source, Fulda River Folder

Fulda River

Fulda River Source (Rhon Mountains)

Rhon Mountains

Fulda River 1

Fulda River 2

Fulda River 3 (Overview)

Knull Mountains
Knull Mountains;

Fulda River 4

Fulda River Mouth (Werra River Mouth, Weser River Source)

Weser River 1

Goettingen University, Germany (Weser River 1) 1734
Goettingen University; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787; KARL BARTH PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10 ;

Weser River 2 (Overview)

Weser River 3

Weser River 4

Einbeck, Germany (Weser River 4)
Einbeck, Germany HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 178;

Weser Uplands
Weser Uplands;

Munster, University of Munster (not far from Weser River 6) 1780
University of Munster ; KARL BARTH PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10 ;

Halle (Westfalen), Bundesland of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Halle (Westfalen), Bundesland of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany;

Wiehen Hills
Wiehen Hills;

Halle, Bentheim, Lower Saxony, Germany

Weser River 11 (Bremen)

Bremen, Germany (Weser River 11)
Bremen (Weser River 11); Hanseatic League; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865);

Weser River Mouth (North Sea)

Bremerhaven, Germany (Weser River Mouth, North Sea)
Bremerhaven, Germany (Weser River Mouth, North Sea); New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Germany, Southern Germany, Danube Area Folder

Danube River

Southern Germany (Danube River)
Southern Germany; CONRAD WEISER, WITNESS TO PEACE and RECONCILIATION, 1760, Commemorated July 13 ; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179) ;

Affstatt Village, Wurttemberg (Danube River Source)
Affstatt Village, Wurttemberg; CONRAD WEISER, WITNESS TO PEACE and RECONCILIATION, 1760, Commemorated July 13 ;

Tubingen, Southern Germany (Danube River Source)
Tubingen, Southern Germany (Danube River Source); England, 1508-1569, Bible Translator and Bishop, Miles Coverdale; WILLIAM TYNDALE and MILES CLOVERDALE, TRANSLATOR OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569);

Swabia, Angle of the Rhine and Danube Area, Alemanni People
Swabia, Angle of the Rhine and Danube Area, Alemanni People; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11;

Bingen, Baden-Warttemberg
Bingen, Baden-Warttemberg; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN

Danube Source (Germany's Black Forest)

Danube River 2 (Ulm, Germany)

Danube River 3 (Munich (Isar) and Inn Rivers)

Germany, Southern Germany, Danube 3, Isar River Folder (Bavaria, Munich

Munich, Germany (Isar River, Bavaria)
Munich (Isar River, Bavaria); Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated January 31; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Munich (Isar) River

Bavaria (German Bavarian Alps, Munich area, Danube and Isar Rivers)
Bavaria; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754); Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Karwendel Range Northern Alps
Karwendel Range Northern Alps ;

Dachau Death Camp, near Munich, Germany
Dachau Death Camp; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Munich (Isar) River Source (Karwendel Alps, Austria)

Munich (Isar) River 1 (Munich)

Munich (Isar) River Mouth (Danube River 3)

Loisach River

Loisach River Source (Zugspitze, near Ehrwald, Germany)
Loisach River;

Loisach River 1 (Garmish-Partenkirchen, Loisach Valley)

Loisach River Mouth (Munich (Isar) River)

Germany, Southern Germany, Danube 3, German Czech Border Folder

Schoenberg Prison (Bohemian Forest) 1938
Schoenberg Prison is also Flossenberg Concentration Camp . DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945);

Flossenberg Concentration Camp (Bohemian Forest) 1938
Schoenberg Prison is also Flossenberg Concentration Camp. DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945);

Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge Mountains, German Czech Border)
Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge Mountains)

Bohemian Forest (Bohmerwald Mountains, Southern Germany)
Bohemian Forest;

Germany, West Germany, German Frontier Folder- Roman Limes Germanticus
Frontier (Limes) Germanticus;

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River Folder

Rhine River

Rhine River Trade Route

Rhine River Source (Grisons, Switzerland)
Grisons, Switzerland; Grison Alps;

Vosges Mt Range, France
Vosges Mt Range

Rhine River 1 (Basel, Switzerland)

Colmar(Rhine River 1.5) Ballon d'Alsace Mts in Vosages Mts, on the Maginot Line, France
Colmar, Alsace, on the Maginot Line, France; Matthias Grunewald of ALBRECHT DÜRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRÜNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553, ARTISTS, 5 August, Commemorated August 5; Grunewald, (c. 1470 - August 31, 1528), was an important German Renaissance painter of religious works, who ignored Renaissance classicism to continue the expressive and intense style of late medieval Central European art into the 16th century. Only ten paintings—several consisting of many panels—and thirty-five drawings survive, all religious, although many others were lost at sea in the Baltic on their way to Sweden as war booty. His reputation was obscured until the late nineteenth century, and many of his paintings were attributed to Albrecht Dürer, who is now seen as his stylistic antithesis. His largest and most famous work is the Isenheim Altarpiece in Colmar, Alsace. (More at Wikipedia)

Rhine River 2 (Strausburg, France)

Strausburg, France (Rhine River 2, German Border)
Strausburg, Alsace, France ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, Commemorated May 28 ;

Alemanni, Land of the Alemanni, Upper Rhine River, Swabia
Alemanni, 496, Upper Rhine River, Land of the Alemanni, Clovis, Franks; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530);

Rhine River 3 (Karlsruhe, Germany)

Palatinate Forest

Bad Bergzabern, Rhineland Palintate, Siegfried Line, Germany (Rhine River 3)
Bad Bergzabern, Rhineland Palatinate, Germany England, 1508-1569, Bible Translator and Bishop, Miles Coverdale; WILLIAM TYNDALE and MILES CLOVERDALE, TRANSLATOR OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569);

Siegfried Line - German Line between Germany and France
Siegfried Line - German Line between Germany and France;

Maginot Line - French line between France and Germany
Maginot Line;

Rhine River 4 (Mannheim)

Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg (Rhein River 4) 1386
Heidelberg University; RICHARD THEODORE ELY, October 8, ECONOMIST, 1943;

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River 4, Speyer, Walk to Canossa in 1077 Folder

Walk to Canossa

Walk to Canossa - from Speyer
Walk to Canossa; from Speyer ; to confrontation at Canossa ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Walk to Canossa - Mont Cenis Pass
Mont Cenis Pass;

Walk to Canossa - to Canossa
Walk to Canossa; from Speyer ; to confrontation at Canossa ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Palatinate Region (Rhine River 4)
Palatinate (region); CONRAD WEISER, WITNESS TO PEACE and RECONCILIATION, 1760, Commemorated July 13 ; Pennsylvania Dutch from Palantine Region;

Worms, West Germany (Rhine River 4)
Worms (Rhine River 4) ; William Tyndale of WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE], TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569);

Walk to Canossa in 1077 Folder

Heppenheim, Germany (in the Rhine rift)
Heppenheim; Rhine rift; DAMIEN of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889, Commemorated April 15 ; MARIANNE of MOLOKAI, RELIGIOUS 1918;

Heppenheim, Hesse, Germany (Rhine River 4.1)
Heppenheim, Hesse, Germany; DAMIEN and MARIANNE of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889; RELIGIOUS 1918, Commemorated April 15;

Mount St Disibode Monastery, Rhineland-Palatinate, Rhine 4, 640, Missionary for Ireland, Hildegard for 39 yrs
Mount St Disibode and Disbodenburg; is a monastery ruin in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It was founded by Saint Disibod. Hildegard of Bingen, who wrote Disibod's biography "Vita Sancti Disibodi", lived in Disibodenberg for 39 years. 640, Disibod came as a missionary from Ireland to Francia. After working for 10 years in Vosges and Ardennes, he arrived near Odernheim am Glan and started teaching there. After his death, the monastery was founded. The Normans and the Hungarians plundered and destroyed the site several times, but Archbishop Willigis of Mainz rebuilt the church and monastery in the 10th century. It was home to famed saint Hildegard Von Bingen throughout much of the 12th century. HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179);

Rhine River 5 (Mainz)

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River 5, Main River Folder, Hesse, Frankfort

Main River

Fichtel mountains
Fichtel mountains;

Main River Source (Waldstein Ridge)

Waldstein Ridge
Waldstein Ridge;

Main River 1

Main River 4

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River 5, Main River 4, Rhine-Main-Danube Canal Folder, 793

Rhine-Main-Danube Canal 1 (Bamberg)

Rhein-Main-Danube Canal 2 (Nuremberg)

Rhine-Main-Danube Canal 3
Rhine-Main-Danube Canal;

Rhein-Main-Danube Canal 4 (Kelheim)

Rhein-Main-Danube Canal

Nuremberg (Rhein-Maine Danube Canal 2) Albrecht Durer
Nuremberg; Albrecht Durer of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Durer (May 21, 1471 - April 6, 1528) was a German painter, printmaker and theorist from Nuremberg. His prints established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Renaissance in Northern Europe ever since. His well-known works include the Apocalypse woodcuts, Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), which has been the subject of extensive analysis and interpretation. His watercolors mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his ambitious woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium. Dürer's introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, have secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance. This is reinforced by his theoretical treatise which involve principles of mathematics, perspective and ideal proportions. (More at Wikipedia)

Northern Renaissance, 1497 and after, France, Germany, England, Low Countries and Poland
Northern Renaissance, 1497 and after, France, Germany, England, Low Countries and Poland; Nuremberg; Albrecht Durer of ALBRECHT DÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August;

Main River 7

Castell, Bavaria (Main River 8)
Castell, Bavaria; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Main River 19 (Frankfurt)

Frankfurt, Germany (Main River 19, Hesse Region)
Frankfurt, Germany Franconia, Frankfurt is located on an ancient ford (German: Furt) on the Main river. As a part of early Franconia, the inhabitants were the early Franks, thus the city's name reveals its legacy as being "the ford of the Franks on the Main river"; Matthias Grunewald of ALBRECHT DUÂœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUÂœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553, ARTISTS, 5 August ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated January 3 ;

Hesse (Region and State, between Rhein, Main and Rhur Rivers, Frankfort)
Hesse (Region and State, Frankfort and Weisbaden); Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

Marburg, University town, Hesse Region
Marburg, University town, Hesse Region; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, commemorated December 10;

Principality of Orange-Nassau
Principality of Orange-Nassau ;

Main River Mouth (Rhine River 5)

Main River Mouth (Wiesbaden, Rhine River 5)

Mainz (Main River Mouth, Rhine River 5)
Mainz; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Hesse (central Rhine and lower Mainz River Valleys)
Hesse; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

Hesse District, Weisbaden and Frankfurt (Main River at Rhein River 5)
Hesse District, Weisbaden and Frankfurt (Main River at Rhein River 5) ; Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17;

Bingen, Germany (Rhine River 5, between Main and Moselle Rivers)
Bingen am Rhein ; Bingen Famous people Hildegard of Bingen (1098-“1179), abbess and author, mystic, writer, composer, musician, and medic. After her the Bingen girls™ school (Gymnasium and vocational school), the Hildegardisschule , is named. Hildegard is said to be a people'™s saint; she has, however, never been beatified or canonized by the Vatican. HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179) ;

Rhineland-Palatinate (Rhine River and Palatinate Forest)
Rhineland-Palatinate (Rhine River and Palatinate Forest); BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Rhine River 6 (Koblenz)

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River 6, Moselle River Folder, Metz, Franks, Luxemburg

Moselle River

Lorraine Region, Germany (Moselle River)
Lorraine (region); BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Ballon d'Alsace Mountain in the Vosages Mountains
Ballon d'Alsace Mountain in the Vosages Mountains;

Moselle River Source (western slope Ballon d'Alsace)

Moselle River 1 (Epinal, France)

Moselle River 2 (Nancy, France)

Moselle River 3 (Metz, Germany)

Metz, Germany (Seille River Mouth at Moselle River 3) Capitol of the Franks
Metz, Located near the tripoint along the junction of France, Germany, and Luxembourg, Metz forms a central place of the European Greater Region and the SaarLorLux euroregion.; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Moselle River 4 (Chateau de Meinsberg)

Moselle River 4 (Chateau Fort du Sierck-les-Bains)

Moselle River 4 (Schloss Berg Castle)

Germany, German French Border Folder (Moselle River 4)

Luxemburg
Luxemburg; WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT, ARCHBISHOP AND MISSIONARY (NOV 7, 739) ;

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River 6, Moselle River 5, Saar River Folder

Saar River

Saar River Source (Vosges Mountains)

Saar River 1 (Abreschviller)

Saar River 2 (Lorquin)

Saar River 3 (Sarrebourg)

Saar River 4 (Fenetrange)

Saar River 5 (Sarre-Union)

Saar River 6 (Sarralbe)

Saar River 7 (Sarreguemines)

Saar River 8 (Saarbrucken)

Saar River 9 (Volklingen)

Saar River 10 (Saarlouis)

Saar River 11 (Merzig)

Saar River 12 (Saarburg)

Saar River Mouth (Moselle River 5, Trier)
Saar River;

Trier, Germany (Saar River Mouth, Moselle River 5)
Trier in Germany; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; Emperor Maximian (305-311) ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Trier monastery
Trier monastery The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31;

Moselle River 5 (Alte Burg Manor House)

Moselle River 6 (Schloss Lieser Palace)

Moselle River 6 (Burg Landshut Castle)

Moselle River 6 (Grevenburg Castle)

Moselle River 7 (Marienburg Castle

Moselle River 7 (Burg Arras)

Moselle River 8 (Burg Metternich Castle)

Moselle River 8 (Cochem Castle)

Moselle River 9 (Burg Eltz Castle)

Moselle River 9 (Ehrenburg Castle)

Moselle River 9 (Burg Thurant Castle)

Moselle River Mouth (Rhine River 6, Koblenz)
Moselle River;

Rhine River 7 (Bonn)

Bonn, University of Bonn, Germany (Rhine River 7) 1818
University of Bonn; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10 ;

University of Bonn, Germany (Rhine River 7) 1818
University of Bonn; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10 ;

Rhine River 8 (Cologne)

Cologne (Koln), Germany (Rhine River 8)
Cologne (Rhine River 8); St Melchior of the Magi, Commemorated December 25 ; St Gaspar of the Magi, Commemorated December 25 ; St Balthasar of the Magi, Commemorated December 25 ; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546) ;

Rhine River 9 (Dusseldorf and Kaiserswerth)

Rhineland, Germany (Middle and Lower Rhine River)
Rhineland; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804);

Franks, Land of the Franks (Lower and Middle Rhine River, Germany and Belgium)
Land of the Franks (Lower and Middle Rhine River); Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ;

Rhine River 10 (Ruhr River Mouth, Duisberg and Essen)

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River 10, Rhur River Folder

Rhur River

Rhur River Source (along the border)

Schwarzenau Brethren (Rhur River Source)
Schwarzenau; Schwarzenau Brethren; CONRAD WEISER, WITNESS TO PEACE and RECONCILIATION, 1760, Commemorated July 13 ;

Rhur River 1

Rhur River 4

Rhur River 7

Rhur District
Rhur District;

Kamen, Germany (Rhur River 7)

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia;

Barmen (1934 Barmen Declaration, Ruhr River Mouth, Rhine River 10)
Bergisches Land; Barmen Declaration ; GEORGE BELL BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958 ;

Rhur River Mouth (Rhine River 10, Duisburg and Essen)

Kaiserswerth, Germany (Rhur River Mouth, Rhine River 9)
Kaiserswerth, Germany; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated January 3 ;

Kempen, Germany (North Rhine Westphalia, Rhur River)
Kempen, Germany (North Rhine Westphalia) ; THOMAS A KEMPIS, PRIEST, MONK, AND WRITER (24 JULY 1471) ;

Wesel, Germany (Rhine River 10.3)
Wesel, Germany (Rhine River 10.5); England, 1508-1569, Bible Translator and Bishop, Miles Coverdale; WILLIAM TYNDALE and MILES CLOVERDALE, TRANSLATOR OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569);

Rhine River 11 (Arnhem, Netherlands)

Rhine River 12 (Nijmegen)

Rhine River 13 (Utrecht)

Rhine River 14 (Rotterdam and The Hague)

Rhine River Mouth (North Sea)

Roman Province of Albania

Albania Folder, its rivers and mountains

Albania
Albania, Albania lies between latitudes 39 and 43 N, and mostly between longitudes 19 and 21E ; Venerable Angelina of Serbia; Martyr Nicodemus of Elbassan Albania, Commemorated on July 10 ; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated July 27 ; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30 ; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated August 24; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on October 1; St Stephen of Serbia, "the blind one", Commemorated October 9 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25 ; Apostle Caesar of the Seventy, Commemorated December 8 ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10: Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated December 23 ; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated December 15 ; Virginmartyr Anysia at Thessalonica, Commemorated on December 30 ; St Kristo the Gardener of Albania, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated on February 19 ; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); New Martyr Nicetas of Pojani and Serres, Commemorated on April 4; Martyr Suchias and his Soldiers in Georgia, Commemorated on April 15; St Donatus the Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Nicephorus of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on May 4; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; Hieromartyr Astius the Bishop of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on June 4; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7;

Albania, Aous River Folder, K Triangle of Roman Roads, Southern ALB

Illyria, Albania (North of Aous R, West of Dinara Mts - Bosnia Herzgovina, Montenegro, Dalmatia)
Illyria; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23;

Aous River

Aous River Source (Vovousa, Pindus Mts, Epirus)

Pindus Mountains
Pindus Mountains;

Pindus Range
Pindus Range;

Aous River 1 (Epirus and Konitsa, Greece)

Euroea, Epirus, Albania (Aous River 1)
Euroea in Epiro; St Donatus the Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30;

Aous River 2 (Carshove, Albania)

Aous River 3 (Permet, Albania)

Aous River 4 (Kelcyre Gorge)

Aous River 5 (Tepelene, Albania)

Aous River 6 (Memaliaj)

Aous River 7 (Selenice)

Aous River 8 (Novosele)

Aous River Mouth (Adriatic Sea)

Apollonia (Illyria) (Aous River) Ancient Macedonia, K Triangle, Roman Road Via Egnatia
Apollonia (Illyria) (Aous River) Ancient Macedonia; Apostle Mark of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30;

Albania, Shkumbin River Folder, Via Egnatia Entrance, Central ALB

Kutmichevitsa, Albania or Southwest Macedonia (K Triangle Area)
Kutmichevitsa, (K Triangle Area), the northwestern part of the region of Macedonia and the southern part of Albania, broadly taken to be the area included in the triangle ; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ;

Shkumbin River

Shkumbin River Source (Pogradec District)
Pogradec District (southwest Lake Okhrida);

Mount Tomorr
Mount Tomorr;

Shkumbin River 1

Shkumbin River 2

Shkumbin River 3 (Elbesan)

Elbesan, Albania (Roman Road Via Egnatia, Shkumbin River 3)
Elbesan; Martyr Nicodemus of Elbassan Albania, Commemorated on July 10 ; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Shkumbin River 4

Berat, Albania ( Roman Roads, Molisht River Mouth, Osum River)
Berat, Albania; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greter Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ;

Charles I of Anjou, HRE, Siege of Berat (1280-“1281), HRE over Orthodox Byzantines
Charles I of Anjou, HRE, Siege of Berat (1280-“1281), HRE over Orthodox Byzantines; 26 Monastic Martyrs of Zographou, Mount Athos, Commemorated on September 21;

Shkumbin River Mouth (Adriatic Sea)

Dirrachium, Albania (near Shkumbiin River Mouth, K Triangle Via Egnatia, Macedonia)
Dirrachium, Albania Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated July 7 ; Apostle Caesar of the Seventy, Commemorated December 8 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated on February 19 ; Hieromartyr Astius the Bishop of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on June 4; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7;

Durras Castle, Dirrachium, Albania (near Shkumbiin River Mouth)
Dirrachium, Albania Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated July 7 ; Apostle Caesar of the Seventy, Commemorated December 8 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated on February 19 ; Hieromartyr Astius the Bishop of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on June 4; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7;

Albania, Drilon River Folder, Northern ALB

Drilon River

Lake Skadar
Lake Skadar;

Drilon River Mouth (Adriatic Sea)

White Drilon River

Dinaric Alps, Albania
Dinaric Alps; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated August 18 ; Martyr Evanthia of Illyria, Commemorated on December 15;

Prokletije Range
Prokletije Range;

White Drilon (Drin) River Source (Frieze Lake)

White Drilon (Drin) River 1

White Drilon (Drin) River 2 (Drilon River Source)

White Drilon (Drin) River 3a

White Drilon (Drin) River 3b

White Drilon River Mouth (Adriatic Sea)

Black Drilon River

Black Drilon (Drin) River Source (Lake Ohrid)

Black Drilon (Drin) River 1

Black Drilon (Drin) River 2

Black Drilon (Drin) River 3

Black Drilon (Drin) River Mouth (Frieze Lake, White Drilon River)

Albania, Lake Ochrid area Folder, Eastern ALB

Lake Okhrida, Albania
Lake Okhrida; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Apostle Caesar of the Seventy, Commemorated December 8 ; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20;

Ochrid, Albania and Greater Macedonia (Roman Roads, largest city on Lake Ochrid)
Ochrid (largest city on Lake Ochrid); Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated July 27 ; Slavs; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25 ; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated December 23 ; Venerable Gregory of Ochrid; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20;

Saint Clement's Cathedral and Saint Panteleimon's Monastery, Ochrid, 890
Church of Saints Clement and Panteleimon Monastery and Cathedral, Ochrid, 890; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated July 27 ; St. Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25; St. Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St. Cyril and Methodius, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on December 23;

Pojani, Albania (near Lake Ochrid, on Via Egnatia of K Triangle)
Pojani, Albania; New Martyr Nicetas of Pojani and Serres, Commemorated on April 4;

Moscopole, Albania
Moscopole; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2;

Upper Valachia (Moscopole and Metsovon)
Upper Valachia; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2;

Prespa Lakes Region, Albania and Macedonia, Greece
Prespa Lakes (Lake Ohrid and Lake Prespa); St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15;

Albania, Roman Roads Folder

Roman Province of Illyricum

Montenegro Folder, and its rivers

Montenegro
Montenegro; St Basil the Bishop of Ostrog in Montenegro, Serbia, Commemorated on April 29; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Duklja (State), Montenegro (Serbian Saint John-Vladimir's Principality)
Duklja (State), Montenegro; Saint John-Vladimir, Prince of Bulgaria, Greatmartyr, and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Montenegro 1000-1830, Montenegro History Folder

Montenegro, 1000-1016, Prince, John-Vladimir, Serbian Prince murdered by John-Vladislav, married to d of Bulgarian Tsar
Bulgaria, 1000-1016, Prince, John-Vladimir, Serbian Prince murdered by John-Vladislav; Vladimir or John Vladimir ([a] c. 990 - 22 May 1016) was the ruler of Duklja, the most powerful Serbian principality of the time,[1] from around 1000 to 1016. ruled during the protracted war between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire. Vladimir was acknowledged as a pious, just, and peaceful ruler. He is recognized as a martyr and saint, with his feast day being celebrated on 22 May.[b] Vladimir had a close relationship with Byzantium but this did not save Duklja from the expansionist Tsar Samuel of Bulgaria, who conquered the principality around 1010 and took Vladimir prisoner. medieval chronicle asserts that Samuel's daughter, Theodora Kosara, fell in love with Vladimir and begged her father for his hand. The tsar allowed the marriage and returned Duklja to Vladimir, who ruled as his vassal. Vladimir took no part in his father-in-law's war efforts. The warfare culminated with Tsar Samuel's defeat by the Byzantines in 1014 and death soon after. 1016, Vladimir fell victim to a plot by Ivan Vladislav, the last ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire. He was beheaded in front of a church in Prespa, the empire's capital, and was buried there. was soon recognized as a martyr and saint. His widow, Kosara, reburied him in the Precista Krajinska Church, near his court in southeastern Duklja. 1381, his remains were preserved in the Church of St Jovan Vladimir near Elbasan, and since 1995 they have been kept in the Orthodox cathedral of Tirana, Albania. saint's remains are considered Christian relics, and attract many believers, especially on his feast day, when the relics are taken to the church near Elbasan for a celebration. cross Vladimir held when he was beheaded is also regarded as a relic. Traditionally under the care of the AndroviÄ‡ family from the village of Velji MikuliÄ‡i in southeastern Montenegro, the cross is only shown to believers on the Feast of Pentecost, when it is carried in a procession to the summit of Mount Rumija. Vladimir is regarded as the first Serbian saint and the patron saint of the town of Bar in Montenegro. earliest, lost hagiography was probably written sometime between 1075 and 1089; a shortened version, written in Latin, is preserved in the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja. His hagiographies in Greek and Church Slavonic were first published, respectively, in 1690 and 1802. The saint is classically depicted in icons as a monarch wearing a crown and regal clothes, with a cross in his right hand and his own head in his left hand. He is fabled to have carried his severed head to his place of burial. Bulgaria, 1015-1018, Tsar, John-Vladislav; Vladislav ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from August or September 1015 to February 1018. The year of his birth is unknown; he was born at least a decade before 987, but probably not much earlier than that. from death by his cousin Gavril Radomir, the Bulgarian Emperor, in 976, Ivan Vladislav murdered him in October 1015 and seized the Bulgarian throne. to the desperate situation of the country following the decades-long war with the Byzantine Empire, and in an attempt to consolidate his position, he tried to negotiate truce with the Byzantine emperor Basil II. the failure of the negotiations he continued the resistance, attempting unsuccessfully to push the Byzantines back. During his period of rule, Ivan Vladislav tried to strengthen the Bulgarian army, reconstructed many Bulgarian fortresses and even carried out a counter-offensive, but he died at the Battle of Dyrrhachium in 1018. his death his widow, Empress Maria, the Patriarch and most of the nobility finally surrendered to Basil II, who soon suppressed the last remnants of resistance and brought about the end of the First Bulgarian Empire. Vladislav left a mixed heritage, varying from a reputation of being a ruthless murderer to a hero defending his country as well as he could. The descendants of Ivan Vladislav entered the Byzantine nobility and rose to the highest ranks of the hierarchy. women of his family became empresses of the Byzantine Empire and others became military commanders or high-ranking officials. He was an ancestor of the Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos. Bulgarian Tsar, 997-1014, Samuel of Bulgaria; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; Holy Martyr John-Vladimir, a Serbian prince, was born in the tenth century. From his childhood he was raised in piety, and at maturity he wisely governed his holdings Illyria and Dalmatia, preserving the holy Faith in purity. noble prince was married to Kosara, a daughter of the Bulgarian Tsar Samuel. Summoned for talks with the Bulgarian Tsar John-Vladislav, he was treacherously murdered by the Tsar on May 22, 1015, at the entrance to a church. Kosara, the pious spouse of the holy prince, entered a women’s monastery that she built, and where also she died, not leaving the church until the very end of her life. The relics of the holy prince are located near Elbosan.

Montenegro, 1782-1830, St Peter of Cetinje, archmandrite and commander, d Napoleon at Dalmatia, w Serbs a Turks, ascetic, incorrupt r, myrrh
Montenegro Saint and Commander, 1782-1830, St Peter of Cetinje; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18; Peter was born in Njegushi, Montenegro on April 1, 1747. was tonsured a monk and ordained to the diaconate when he was only seventeen. He accompanied his uncle Bishop Basil to Russia the following year in order to study there. His uncle died within a year after arriving in Russia, and so Peter was obliged to return to Montenegro. young deacon was ordained to the holy priesthood, and was later elevated to the rank of archimandrite. Saint Peter assisted Metropolitan Savva in the administration of the diocese until that hierarch died in 1781. Saint Peter seemed the logical choice to succeed him. Metropolitan of Montenegro, Saint Peter also became the secular leader (governor) of the Montenegran Serbs. For the rest of his life he devoted himself to promoting peace and unity among warring tribes and clans, and to helping his flock rise above petty quarrels and animosity at a difficult time in their history. Peter also defended his nation against the onslaught of enemies. He successfully opposed Napoleon’s army at Dalmatia, and took part in the first Serbian uprising against the Turks. he enjoyed a certain prominence as the archpastor and governor of the Serbs, Saint Peter continued to live as a simple monk in a small cell where he lived in asceticism. He fasted, prayed, and read books in French, Italian and Russian in order to increase his knowledge of Orthodox doctrine and secular culture. While he was strict with himself, the holy bishop was merciful toward others. Peter contributed to the welfare of his country through his good works. As a bishop he promoted love and peace. As governor he never sentenced a criminal to death. Peter, the Metropolitan and governor of Cetinje and all Montenegro, fell asleep in the Lord on October 18, 1830. He was succeeded by his nephew Bishop Peter II (Njegos). Peter’s holy and grace-filled relics were uncovered in 1834. They were found incorrupt and streaming with myrrh, and still rest in the monastery at Cetinje. He is honored as a powerful intercessor for his people, and for the whole Church.

Montenegro, 1805-1809, Dalmatia in the Napoleonic Era, Roman Catholic, but Bay of Kotor, Montenegro Orthodox
Croatia, 1805-1809, Dalmatia in the Napoleonic Era; in the Napoleonic Era[edit] Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy from 1806 to 1810 included the Dalmatia that had belonged to Venice until 1797 as a part of the Illyrian Provinces in 1811 in 1797, in the treaty of Campo Formio, Napoleon I gave Dalmatia to Austria in return for Belgium. republics of Ragusa (Dubrovnik, Sicily) and Poljica (central Dalmatia near Omis) retained their independence, and Ragusa grew rich by its neutrality during the earlier Napoleonic wars. the Peace of Pressburg in 1805, Istria, Dalmatia and the Bay of Kotor (Montenegro) were handed over to France. 1805 Napoleon created his Kingdom of Italy around the Adriatic sea, annexing to it the former Venetian Dalmatia from Istria to Cattaro (Kotor). 1806, the Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik, Sicily) finally succumbed to foreign (French) troops under general Marmont, the same year a Montenegrin force supported by the Russians tried to contest the French by seizing Boka Kotorska (Bay of Kotor, Montenegro). The allied forces have pushed the French to Ragusa. The Russians induced the Montenegrins to render aid and they proceeded to take the islands of Korula and Bra (both central Dalmatian archipelago) but made no furtherprogress, and withdrew in 1807 under the treaty of Tilsit. The Republic of Ragusa was officially annexed to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in 1808. 1809, the War of the Fifth Coalition broke out, and French and Austrian forces also fought in the Dalmatian Campaign (1809). the summer, Austrian forces retook Dalmatia, but this lasted only until the Treaty of Schunbrunn, when Austria ceded a number of additional provinces north of Dalmatia to France, so Napoleon removed Dalmatia from his Kingdom of Italy and created the Illyrian Provinces. major part of the Dalmatian population was Roman Catholic. St. Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18;

Montenegro, Zeta River Folder, Western MON

Zeta River

Zeta River Source (Niksic)

Ostrog monastery, Montenegro (Zeta River Valley) 1650 approx
Ostrog monastery; Venerable Theodore (In monasticism Theodosius) the Prince of Ostrog, Commemorated October 10 ; St Basil the Bishop of Ostrog in Montenegro, Serbia, Commemorated on April 29;

Bjelopavlici plain 1, Montenegro (Zeta River Valley)
Bjelopavlici plain; St Basil the Bishop of Ostrog in Montenegro, Serbia, Commemorated on April 29;

Bjelopavlici plain 2, Montenegro (Zeta River Valley)
Bjelopavlici plain; St Basil the Bishop of Ostrog in Montenegro, Serbia, Commemorated on April 29;

Zhrebaonik monestary, Montenegro (Zeta River Valley)
Zhrebaonik monestary, Montenegro; Repose of Saint Arsenius, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28;

Zeta River Mouth (Podorica, Moraca River Source)

Montenegro, Moraca River Folder, Central MON

Moraca River

Moraca River Source (Kolasin)

Moraca River Mouth (Lake Skadar)
Lake Skadar;

Montenegro, Upper Lim River Folder, Berane-Budimlje, Northern MON

Lim River

Lim River Source (Lake Plav, Northeast Montenegro

Lim River 1 (Budimlje, Serbia, aka Berane, Montenegro)

Budimlje, Serbia aka Berane, Montenegro (Lim River 1)
Budimlje aka Berane (; Repose of Saint Stephen of DeÃƒÂ„Ã‚ÂÂÂÂani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11

Lim River 2 (Montenegro-Serbia Border, Brodarevo)

Lim River 3 (Milesevka River and Monestary)

Serbia, Danube 9, Sava 18, Drina 5, Lim River 2, Milesevka River Folder

Milesevka River

Milesevka River Source (Mount Jadovnik)

Milesevka River 1

Milesevka River 2

Milesevka River 3

Milesevka River Mouth (Lim River 2)

Mileshevsk monastery, Serbia (Mileshevsk River, Lim River 2) 1236
Mileshevsk (Milesheva) monastery ; St Vladislav of Serbia, Commemorated on September 24 ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ;

Lim River 4 (Pribo)

Lim River 5 (Rudo)

Lim River Mouth (Drina River 5)

Montenegro, Bukovica River Folder, Northwestern MON

Bukovica River

Bukovica River Source (under Ranisava Mountain)

Bukovica River Mouth (Drina River 1)

Drina River Mouth (Sava River 18)

Montenegro, Bay of Kotor Folder, Southwestern MON

Cetinje monestary, Montenegro, 1701
Cetinje monestary, Montenegro; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated October 18 ;

Illyria Folder (Western Balkans)

Illyria (Western Balkans )
Illyria; Yugoslavia; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated August 18 ; Hieromartyr Eleutherius the Bishop of Illyria, and His Mother, Commemorated on December 15; Greatmartyr Anastasia the œDeliverer from PotionsÂ, Commemorated on December 22; Martyr Evanthia of Illyria, Commemorated on December 15; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; Martyr Philetus the Senator, his wife and sons in Illyria, Commemorated on March 23;

Croatia and Slovenia Folder (The Horseshoe)

Croatia (Zagreb)
Croatia (Zagreb) ; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Martyr Julian of Dalmatia, Commemorated on July 28 ; Venerable Isaac the Ascetic of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on August 3 ; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Dalmatia, Commemorated on February 15 ; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Croatia and Slovenia, Croatia, Una River Folder, South Center of the Horseshoe

Una River

Una River Source (Vrelo Una Spring)
Una River Source (Vrelo Una Spring, north-eastern slopes of the Strazbenica mountain in Croatia)

Rail Bridge

Una River 3 (Martin Brod)

Una River 4

Una River 5

Una River 6 (Bihac)
Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina;

Una River 7 (Bosanska Krupa)
Bosanska Krupa

Una River 8

Una River Mouth (Sava River 12)

Mostanica monastery, Croatia or Bosnia
Mostanica monastery is or was near Kozarska Dubica (in Bosnia, on the Croatian Border); Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17 ;

Croatia and Slovenia, Sava River Folder, Center (Slovenia) and Lower Right (Croatia) of the Horseshoe

Sava River

Julian Alps
Julian Alps;

Sava River Source (Julian Alps, Kranjska Gora, Slovenia)

Sava River 1 (Kranjska Gora, Slovenia)

Sava River 2 (Slovenia)

Sava River 3 (Slovenia)

Sava River 4 (Slovenka, Slovenia)

Sora River Mouth (Sava River 4)

Sava River 5 (Slovenia)

Sava River 9 (border Slovenia and Croatia)

Sava River 10 (Zagreb, Croatia)

Sava River 11 (Croatia)

Sava River 12 (Dubica, Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Sava River 13 (border Croatia and Bosnia)

Sava River 14 (border Croatia and Bosnia)

Slavonia Region, Croatia
Slavonia; St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ;

Sava River 15 (border Croatia and Bosnia)

Sava River 16 (border Slavonia (Croatia) and Bosnia)

Sirmie County, Croatia (between Sava and Danube Rivers)
Sirmie County, Croatia; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Sava River 17 (Vrsani, Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Sava River 18 (Sirmium, Serbia)

Sava River 19 (Serbia, Rakovica monastery)

Sava River Mouth (Belgrade, Serbia, Danube River 9)

Croatia and Slovenia, Slovenia, Sava River 1-9, Mur River 3-8, Northwest of the Horseshoe

Slovenia (a crossroads)
Slovenka (Slovenia); Icon of the Mother of God of Slovenka, Commemorated on September 23; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389);

Radovicha, Slovenia, Croatia
Radovicha, Slovenia St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated August 29 ;

Slovenka (Slovenia)
Slovenka (Slovenia); Icon of the Mother of God of Slovenka, Commemorated on September 23;

Strido, Slovenia (Stridon, Dalmatia, near Ljubijana, Slovenia)
Strido (Stridon, Dalmatia, near Ljubijana, Slovenia), Home of Saint Jerome; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389) ;

Croatia and Slovenia, Drava River Folder, Rightside, Northside of Slavonia, Croatia, and the Horseshoe

Drava River

Puster Valley
Puster Valley;

Drava River Source (Toblach, Cortina, Italy)

Drava River 1 (Lienz, Austria)

Drava River 2 (Mosel, Austria)

Drava River 3 (Villach, Austria)

Drava River 4 (Vokermarkt, Austria)

Drava River 5 (Dravograd, Slovenia)

Drava River 6 (Overview 1)

Drava River 7 (Ozbalt, Slovenia)

Drava River 8 (Ruse, Slovenia)

Drava River 9 (Maribor, Slovenia)

Drava River 10 (Ptuj, Slovenia)

Drava River 11 (border Slovenia and Croatia)

Drava River 12 (Ormoz, Slovenia)

Drava River 13 (Croatia)

Drava River 14 (Croatia)

Drava River 15 (Croatia)

Drava River 16 (border Croatia and Hungary, Mur River Mouth)

Croatia and Slovania, Slovenia, Drava River 16, Mur River Folder (Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary)

Mur River

Mur River Source (Hohe Tauern), Austria
Hohe Tauern (High Pass) Park ;

Mur River 1

Mur River 2 (Graz, Austria)

Mur River 3 (Austria Slovenia Border)

Mur River 5 (Slovenia)

Mur River 4 (Overview)

Mur River 6

Mur River 7 (Stridonium, Croatia)

Stridonium, Croatia (Forests and Vineyards, between Drava (13) and Mur (7) Rivers)
Stridonium; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Mur River 8 (Croatia Slovenia Border)

Mur River 9 (Hungary Slovenia Croatia Border)

Mur River 10

Mur River Mouth (Drava River 16)

Drava River 17 (border Croatia and Hungary)

Drava River 18 (Croatia, Hungary)

Drava River 19 (Croatia, Hungary)

Drava River 20 (Croatia, Hungary)

Drava River Mouth (Danube River 8, Croatia, Serbia)

Croatia and Slovenia, Croatia, Dalmatia Folder, Lower Left of the Horseshoe

Istria Penninsula, Northern Dalmatia
Istria Penninsula;

Croatia and Slovenia, Croatia, Dalmatia, Cetina and Kirka Rivers Folder, Southern Dalmation

Krka River (Croatia)

Krka River (Croatia) Mouth (Adriatic Sea)
Krka River (Croatia);

Cetina River

Dinara Mountain, Croatia and Bosnia
Dinara Mountain; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated August 18 ; Martyr Evanthia of Illyria, Commemorated on December 15;

Cetina River Source (Dinara Mountain)

Illyria, Croatia (from west of Dinara Mountains in Croatia to north of the Aous River)
Illyria; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated August 18 ; Hieromartyr Eleutherius the Bishop of Illyria, and His Mother, Commemorated on December 15; Martyr Evanthia of Illyria, Commemorated on December 15; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion; Hieromartyr Eleutherius the Bishop of Illyria, and His Mother; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Cetina River 1 (Cetina, Croatia)

Cetina River Mouth (Salona, Dalmatia (Croatia, Ilyricum)

Illyricum, Croatia
Illyricum; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); Martyr Anastasius the Fuller of Salona in Dalmatia, Commemorated December 5 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours; St Hilary the Bishop of Poitiers; Greatmartyr Anastasia the œDeliverer from PotionsÂ, Commemorated on December 22 ; Martyr Theodota who suffered under Diocletian, Commemorated December 22 ; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Martyr Philetus the Senator, his wife and sons in Illyria, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8;

Illyria, Croatia (west of Dinara Mountains)
Illyria; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated August 18 ; Hieromartyr Eleutherius the Bishop of Illyria, and His Mother, Commemorated on December 15; Martyr Evanthia of Illyria, Commemorated on December 15; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion; Hieromartyr Eleutherius the Bishop of Illyria, and His Mother; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Illyria (north of the Aous River and K Triangle, Albania)
Illyria; Yugoslavia; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated August 18 ; Hieromartyr Eleutherius the Bishop of Illyria, and His Mother, Commemorated on December 15; Greatmartyr Anastasia the “Deliverer from Potionsâ€, Commemorated on December 22; Martyr Evanthia of Illyria, Commemorated on December 15; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; Martyr Philetus the Senator, his wife and sons in Illyria, Commemorated on March 23;

Dalmatia, Croatia (Stridon)
Dalmatia; Stridon or Strido; Martyr Julian of Dalmatia, Commemorated on July 28 ; Venerable Isaac the Ascetic of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on August 3 ; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Martyr Anastasius the Fuller at Salona in Dalmatia, Commemorated on October 25 ; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; Definition of Fuller ; Martyr Anastasius the Fuller of Salona in Dalmatia, Commemorated December 5 ; Martyr Julian of Dalmatia; Martyr Barypsabas in Dalmatia, Commemorated September 10 ; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion; Icon of the Mother of God of Dalmatia, Commemorated on February 15 ; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Strido (Stridon, Dalmatia, near Ljubijana, Slovenia)
Strido (Stridon, Dalmatia, near Ljubijana, Slovenia), Home of Saint Jerome; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389) ;

Salona in Dalmatia, Croatia
Salona in Dalmatia; Martyr Anastasius the Fuller at Salona in Dalmatia, Commemorated on October 25 ; Definition of Fuller; Martyr Anastasius the Fuller of Salona in Dalmatia, Commemorated December 5 ;

Raguza, Dalmatia, Republic of Raguza, 1358-1808
Raguza, Dalmatia, Republic of Raguza, 1358-1808; Saint Joseph the New of Partos, Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15;

Roman Province of Judaea

Samaria Folder

Samaria
Samaria; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Martyr Marinus the Soldier at Caesarea in Palestine, Commemorated on August 7; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated August 21 ; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on August 24; PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT); Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER); Prophet Obadiah (Abdias), Commemorated on November 19 ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated December 1 ; Apostle Philip the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias), Commemorated on January 9 ; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated on February 24; Martyr Eudokia of Heliopolis, Commemorated on March 1; Martyr Photina (Svetlana), the Samaritan Woman, and Her Sons, Commemorated on March 20; Martyr Kyriake of Rome, Commemorated on March 20 ; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Samaria, 931BC - 722BC, Kingdom of Israel
Kingdom of Israel (Samaria); Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on August 24; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated October 17 ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated December 1 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias), Commemorated on January 9 ; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15 ;

Israel, 931BC - 722BC, Kingdom of Israel, Samaria
Kingdom of Israel (Samaria); Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on August 24; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated October 17 ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated December 1 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias), Commemorated on January 9 ; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15 ;

Samaria, Road to Gilgal Folder

Samaria (West Bank)
Samaria;

Road to Gilgal - Galilee to Jericho Road

Harosheth Haggoyim, Samaria
Harosheth-ha-goiim or Harosheth Haggoyim; Judges 4, Deborah and Barak;

Bethulia above The Passes (near Dothan)
Bethulia and Betomesthaim (area of many springs) near Dothan, ordered to sieze the high places above the passes into the Hill Country and out of Jesreel Valley; Bethulia and Betomesthaim, which faces Esdraelon opposite the plain near Dothan. The area of many springs are between Jenin and Dothan. Esdraelon (Jesreel Valley); Dothan (from the stories of both Joseph and Judith); Judith 4:1-15, Judea on the Alert;

Dothan
Dothan;

Sebaste, Samaria
Sebaste, Samaria; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, August 9; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, August 24th; The Beheading of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist John, Commemorated on August 29 ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated December 1 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated February 24 ;

Sebastia, Samaria
Sebastia, Samaria; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; The Beheading of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist John, Commemorated August 29 ;

Mt Ebal, Samaria
Mt Ebal; Joshua 8:30-35, Joshua Renews the Covenant; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1;

Nablus, Samaria (Flavia Neapolis , Shechem)
Flavia Neapolis (Nablus, Shechem); JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167); St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

Flavia Neapolis, Samaria (Nablus, Shechem)
Flavia Neapolis (Nablus, Shechem); JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167); St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

Jacob's Well, Samaria (near the Road to Gilgal)
Jacob's Well; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Martyr Kyriake of Rome, Commemorated on March 20; Martyr Photina (Svetlana), the Samaritan Woman, and Her Sons, Commemorated on March 20; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Mt Gerizim, Samaria
Mt Gerizim; Joshua 8:30-35, Joshua Renews the Covenant; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1;

Sichem, Samaria (Shechem)
Sychem, Sichem or Shechem ; Prophet Obadiah (Abdias), Commemorated November 19 ; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167);

Mount Ephraim, Samaria
Mount Ephraim, Timnath-heres (among the mountains of Ephraim); Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Marda; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20, He withdrew into the Rouba desert and settled on Mt. Marda, near the Dead Sea. ;

Marda, Samaria
Marda; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20, He withdrew into the Rouba desert and settled on Mt. Marda, near the Dead Sea. ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Shiloh, Samaria
Shiloh; Tabernacle; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated August 20; Prophet Ahijah, Commemorated on November 12 ; Prophetess Hannah the mother of the Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on December 9 ;

Temple - Samaria, 1146 BC, Shiloh, Ephraim, Samaria, Tabernacle Location
Samaria, 1146BC, Tabernacle Location, Shiloh, Ephriam, Samaria ; Samaria, Israelite Judge, 1146BC, Samuel ; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Prophetess Hannah the mother of the Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on December 9;

Jerusalem Folder, West Bank, and its roads, Peleg Center of the Continents, Unique Water

Judaea (Roman province) incorporated Judea, Samaria, and Idumea, 6-135
Judaea (Roman province); (Roman province) incorporated Judea, Samaria, and Idumea, divided by Rome after Herod the Great was a Roman province which incorporated the regions of Judea, Samaria and Idumea, and extended over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Judea. was named after Herod Archelaus's Tetrarchy of Judaea, but the Roman province encompassed a much larger territory. The name "Judaea" was derived from the Kingdom of Judah of the 6th century BCE. the deposition of Herod Archelaus in 6 CE, Judea came under direct Roman rule,[1] which time the Roman governor was given authority to punish by execution. general population also began to be taxed by Rome.[2] The province of Judea was the scene of unrest at its founding in 6 CE during the Census of Quirinius, the crucifixion of Jesus circa 30–33 CE, and several wars, known as the Jewish–Roman wars, were fought during its existence. The Second Temple of Jerusalem was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE near the end of the First Jewish–Roman War, and the Fiscus Judaicus was instituted. After the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135), the Roman Emperor Hadrian changed the name of the province to Syria Palaestina and the name of the city of Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina, which certain scholars conclude was an attempt to disconnect the Jewish people from their homeland.[3][4] MATTHEW; Zealotry; Martyr Longinus the Centurion, who stood at the Cross of the Lord, Commemorated October 16;

Jerusalem
Jerusalem; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still; St Juvenal the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on July 2 ; Council of Jerusalem, 50AD ; Hieromartyr Pancratius the Bishop of Taormina in Sicily, Commemorated on July 9 ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20 ; Martyr Salome the Georgian, Commemorated on July 20 ; MARY MAGDALENE, FIRST WITNESS OF THE RESURRECTION (22 JULY NT); MARY, MARTHA AND LAZARUS OF BETHANY, (29 JULY NT); Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated July 31 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15, Dormition = A peaceful and painless death, as well as the act of sleeping or falling asleep.; Apostle Silas of the Seventy; 7 Holy Maccabee Martyrs; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated August 2 ; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Nicodemus; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Gamaliel, Commemorated August 2 ; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated August 21 ; Righteous Anna the Prophetess and Daughter of Phanuel, who met the Lord at the Temple in Jerusalem, Commemorated on August 28; Righteous Anna the Prophetess and Daughter of Phanuel, who met the Lord at the Temple in Jerusalem, Commemorated August 28 ; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; St Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated on September 5 ; Hieromartyr Cyril the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated September 6 ; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9 ; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Prophet Jonah, Commemorated on September 22 ; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Chariton the Confessor the Abbot of Palestine ; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated September 28 ; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Antioch, Commemorated October 8 ; PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT) ; Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God œJerusalemÂ, Commemorated on October 12 ; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER) ; Prophet Joel, Commemorated October 19 ; JAMES OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND MARTYR (23 OCT NT) ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23 ; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; St John of Georgia, Commemorated on November 4 ; Byzantine-“Persian War of 602-“628 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ; Forefeast of the Entry into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on November 20 ; Martyr Procopius the Reader at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on November 22 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated November 23 ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated December 1 ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated on December 3 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Martyr John of Damascus, Commemorated December 4 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Paul the Obedient, Commemorated December 7 ; Prophetess Hannah the mother of the Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on December 9 ; The Conception by Righteous Anna of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated December 9 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated December 16 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; St Michael the Confessor at Constantinople, Commemorated December 18 ; Sunday before the Nativity, Commemorated December 18 ; THOMAS THE APOSTLE, (21 DEC NT); Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; STEPHEN, DEACON AND PROTOMARTYR (26 DEC NT) ; JOHN, APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST (27 DEC NT) ; Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen, Commemorated on December 27 ; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "the branded," Confessor, Commemorated December 27 ; Apostle Nicanor the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated December 28 ; 14,000 Infants (the Holy Innocents) slain by Herod at Bethlehem, Commemorated on December 29 ; THE HOLY INNOCENTS, (28 DEC NT) ; The Circumcision of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ; The Circumcision of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 1 ; THE HOLY NAME OF JESUS, OR, THE CIRCUMCISION OF CHRIST, (1 JAN) ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Simeon, of the Seventy, the son of Cleophas, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Cleophas of the Seventy, the Brother of Joseph the Betrothed, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Philip the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Nicanor the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY (6 January) ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilkgiverÂ, Commemorated on January 12 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable John Calabytes "the Hut-Dweller", Commemorated January 15 ; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter, Commemorated on January 16; CONFESSION OF PETER THE APOSTLE, (18 JAN NT) ; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; SILAS, MISSIONARY COMPANION OF PAUL, Commemorated January 26 ; Venerable Xenophon of Constantinople, Commemorated January 26 ; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; FEAST OF THE PRESENTATION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, FEAST OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE VIRGIN, CANDLEMAS DAY (FEB 2) ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; Holy, Righteous Anna the Prophetess, Commemorated Febraury 3 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated February 8; St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated February 12 ; Fathers and Martyrs of the Georgian Monasteries in Jerusalem, Commemorated February 12 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13 ; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated February 15; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated February 19 ; Venerable Dositheus of Palestine, the Disciple of the Venerable Abba Dorotheus, Commemorated February 19 ; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated February 24 ; MATTHIAS THE APOSTLE, (24 FEB NT); Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee Beginning of the Lenten Triodion, Commemorated February 24 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Marana of Syria, Commemorated on February 28 ; Martyr Paul and his sister, Commemorated on March 4 ; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; Martyr Conon the Gardener of Pamphylia, Commemorated on March 5 ; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20 ; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; THE ANNUNCIATION, OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST TO THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY (25 MAR NT) ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25 ; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30; The Meeting of the Mother of God and Saint Elizabeth, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Amphianus (Apphianus) of Lycia, Commemorated on April 2 ; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253); Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4 ; Venerable John of the Ancient Caves in Palestine, Commemorated on April 19; Hieromartyr Paphnutius of Jerusalem, Commemorated on April 19; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT); Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Apostle James the Brother of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on April 30; James of PHILIP AND JAMES, APOSTLES (1 MAY NT); Philip of PHILIP AND JAMES, APOSTLES (1 MAY NT); Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; Apostle Simon Zealotes, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius'™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; St Leontius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 14; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Priestmartyrs of St Sava Lavra, Commemorated on May 16; Glorification of the Venerable Zabulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Martyr Michael œthe Black-Robedof St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23; Martyr Abercius the son of the Apostle Alphaeus, Commemorated on May 26; Righteous Martha the sister of Lazarus, Commemorated on June 4 ; Venerable Theodore the Wonderworker and Hermit of the Jordan, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6 ; BARNABAS THE APOSTLE, (11 JUNE NT); Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT); St Joanna the Myrrhbearer, Commemorated on June 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Three HandsÂ, Commemorated on June 28; PETER AND PAUL, APOSTLES AND MARTYRS (29 JUN 64); The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Paul, Commemorated on June 29; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilk-GiverÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; St Andrew the Archbishop of Crete, Commemorated on July 4; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8;

Aelia Capitolina, Roman City built over Jerusalem Ruins
Jerusalem, 70-324, Aelia Capitolina, Roman City built over Jerusalem Ruins; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16;

Judea (West Bank)
Judea;

Benjamin, between Roads to Jericho on West Bank
Jericho West Bank;

Jerusalem, 6th Century BC - 5th Century AD, Classical Antiquity, Greco-Roman world
Classical Antiquity, 6th Century BC - 5th Century AD, Greco-Roman world; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Gamaliel, Commemorated on August 2; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Nicodemus, Commemorated on August 2;

Jerusalem, 637 - 1096, Muslim Control of J., from Siege of J. to First Crusade.
Jerusalem, 637, Seige of Jerusalem; Monkmartyr Menas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 12;

Jerusalem, Benjamin Folder (Jericho, Bethel and Gibeon)

Benjamin, Land of Benjamin (Bethel, Gibeon, Jericho and Jerusalem)
Benjamin; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated July 31 ; JOSEPH OF ARIMATHAEA, (1 AUGUST NT) ; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Paul, Commemorated on June 29;

Jerudalem, Benjamin History Folder

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1634 BC-1544 BC, Leader, Joshua
Jerusalem Leader, 1634 BC-1544 BC, Joshua; Jerusalem Priest, 1400 BC-1500 BC, Phinehas; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Righteous Phineas the grandson of Aaron, Commemorated on March 12;

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1569BC, Gilgal, Tabernacle Location
Gilgal, 1569 BC, Tabernacle Location; Gilgal (2k NE of Jericho), 1 Maccabees Ch 9; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1346 BC, Bethel, Tabernacle Location
Bethel, 1346 BC, Tabernacle Location; Bethel; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1100 BC, Nob, Tabernacle Location (near Gibea Saul's hometown)
Nob, near Gibea, 1100 BC, Tabernacle Location (Saul's hometown); Nob, near Gibea, 1100 BC, Tabernacle Location (Saul's hometown);

Jerusalem, 970 BC, Tabernacle Location, Solomon's Time
Jerusalem, 1000 BC, Tabernacle Location, Solomon's Time ;

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 460-500, John of Thebes, John Jacob the Chozebite
John of Thebes, John Jacob the Chozebite St. George's Monastery (Wadi Qelt, West Bank); St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated August 5 ; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; St John the Chozebite the Bishop of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated October 3 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 460-500, George the Chozebite
John of Thebes, John Jacob the Chozebite St. George's Monastery (Wadi Qelt, West Bank); St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated August 5 ; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; St John the Chozebite the Bishop of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated October 3 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

John's Jericho Watercourse, down from north side of Chozeba High Point to Baptismal Site
High points have water or little lakes or springs because water moves up hill in the soil due to surface tension, like it goes up your pant leg. (1)
(1) Soils Professor Dr. Jimmy Richardson from Bonners Ferry, Idaho, Hiking partner who taught me how to play baseball.

Jericho, Benjamin (near Jerusalem)
Jericho; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Pardus the Hermit, of Palestine, Commemorated on December 15 ; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated on January 8; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated September 1 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Pardus the Hermit, of Palestine; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Euthymius the Great; Sunday of Zacchaeus; Apostle Zacchaeus, Commemorated on April 20; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Gilgal (2k NE of Jericho)
Gilgal (2k NE of Jericho), 1 Maccabees Ch 9; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Temple - Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1569BC, Gilgal, Tabernacle Location
Gilgal, 1569 BC, Tabernacle Location; Gilgal (2k NE of Jericho), 1 Maccabees Ch 9; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Gilgal Watercourse from Migdon outpost, past Gilgal, to Bethany Promised Land entry point

Zaretan, beside City of Adam
Zaretan, beside City of Adam;

City of Adam, beside Zaretan
Zaretan, beside City of Adam;

Promised Land Entry Point (Jordan River 4, Bethany baptismal site and Promised Land entry point)
Promised Land Entry Point (Jordan River 4, Bethany baptismal site and Promised Land entry point); Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1;

Baptismal Site Bethany, Benjamin (Beyond the Jordan)
Baptismal Site Bethany (Beyond the Jordan); Forefeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 3 ; Feast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 6 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 10 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated February 19 ; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT); Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24;

Gerasimus' Watercourse down from Chozeba Hign Point to Jordan River
High points have water or little lakes or springs because water moves up hill in the soil due to surface tension, like it goes up your pant leg. (1)
(1) Soils Professor Dr. Jimmy Richardson from Bonners Ferry, Idaho, Hiking partner who taught me how to play baseball.

Gerasimus of the Jordan's Monastery, midway on Gerasimus' watercourse, the Caves, 455, Theoctistus'
Gerasimus of the Jordan's Monastery, 455; Martyr Constantine, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10;

Coutila Caves (not far from Jericho) St Gerasimus' Watercourse down from Chozeba HP
Coutila Caves (not far from Jericho); Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; Every year, after the Feast of Theophany, they withdrew into the desert of Coutila (not far from Jericho). One day, they entered a steep and terrifying gorge with a stream running through it. They saw a cave upon a cliff, and settled there. The Lord, however, soon revealed their solitary place for the benefit of many people. Shepherds driving their flocks came upon the cave and saw the monks. They went back to the village and told people about the ascetics living there. St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4;

Caves near Monestary of St Gerasimus of Jordan, Coutila Gorge
Caves near Monestary of St Gerasimus of Jordan; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; Every year, after the Feast of Theophany, they withdrew into the desert of Coutila (not far from Jericho). One day, they entered a steep and terrifying gorge with a stream running through it. They saw a cave upon a cliff, and settled there. The Lord, however, soon revealed their solitary place for the benefit of many people. Shepherds driving their flocks came upon the cave and saw the monks. They went back to the village and told people about the ascetics living there. St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3;

Valley of Achor (trouble, Achan and his devoted things)
Valley of Achor (trouble, Achan and his devoted things); Joshua 7

Jordanian Wilderness, Benjamin, Jericho area, Jordan Monastery, watercourses go thru Jericho flats to Jordan R
Jordanian Wilderness is described in the story of Gerasimus of the Jordan; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Theodore the Wonderworker and Hermit of the Jordan, Commemorated on June 5 ; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6 ; Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Jordan Monastery, Jericho area, Jordanian Wilderness, 285
Jordanian Wilderness is described in the story of Gerasimus of the Jordan; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Theodore the Wonderworker and Hermit of the Jordan, Commemorated on June 5 ; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6 ; Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Jericho Monastery, 1 of 3 of St Cheriton, Jordan Monastery, 285, Temptation high point
Jericho Monastery; The Judean Desert "the Land of Monasteries" You Can Still Visit, St Cheriton's 3 (Pharan, Jerico, and Souka) were the first, then Gerasimus and Euthimius; Venerable Chariton the Confessor, Abbot of Palestine, Commemorated on September 28;

St Cheriton's Jericho Monastery Watercourse (to Gilgal) from Migdon outpost

Chozeba High Point, Benjamin (Near Jericho)
Chozeba (Near Jericho); Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated August 5 ; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated January 8 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4 ; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22;

Chozeba wilderness, Benjamin (high point between Jerusalem and Jericho)
Chozeba wilderness (between Jerusalem and Jericho); St John the Chozebite the Bishop of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated October 3 ; Venerable John the Chozebite, Commemorated on October 28 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated January 8 ; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4 ; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22;

St John and George's Choziba Monastery, Benjamin (C high point, Wadi Qelt, West Bank) 480
St. George's Monastery (Wadi Qelt, West Bank); St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated August 5 ; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; St John the Chozebite the Bishop of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated October 3 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

Pharan Monastery, 1 of 3 of St Cheriton, Benjamin (Chozeba high point, Wadi Qelt, West Bank) 275
St. George's Monastery (Wadi Qelt, West Bank); The Judean Desert " the Land of Monasteries" You Can Still Visit, St Cheriton's 3 (Pharan, Jerico, and Souka) were the first, then Gerasimus and Euthimius; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

Tharan Monastery, Benjamin (Chozeba high point, Wadi Qelt, West Bank) 275
St. George's Monastery (Wadi Qelt, West Bank); Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

Bethel, Benjamin
Bethel; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Temple - Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1346 BC, Bethel, Tabernacle Location
Bethel, 1346 BC, Tabernacle Location; Bethel; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Luz (Bethel, Jacob's Ladder, where God speaks to Jacob)
Luz, where God speaks to Jacob, and Jacob's Ladder; Genesis 47:27-48:7, The Last Days of Jacob, Jacob blesses Joseph's sons; Bethel; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Palm of Deborah
Palm of Deborah between Bethel and Ramah. Since there is no Ramah in this neighborhood, this intersection at Taibe is a good location for the Palm of Deborah.; Judges 4, Deborah and Barak;

Ai (Bible)
Ai (Bible, Joshua 7 and 8) ; Joshua 7 The Sin of Achan and Its Punishment ; Joshua 8 Ai Captured [[by a Stratagem]] and Destroyed;

Migron, an outpost
Migron, an outpost north of Michmash and east of Bethel,

Michmash
Michmash, East of Bethen and South of Migron, on the road to Jerusalem, 1 Maccabees Ch 9

Israel (at Bethel, Benjamin)
Israel (the other 10 tribes) worshipped at Bethel, Benjamin. Kingdom of Israel (Samaria); Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Geba (in the land of Benjamin)
Geba; Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory;

Gilgal (11k north of and up from Bethel)
Gilgal (11k north of Bethel), 1 Maccabees Ch 9;

Ephratha (from Bethel)
Ephratha (Ephratha from Bethel); Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated December 20 ;

Mizpah, Benjamin (opposite Jerusalem)
Mizpah, Benjamin (opposite Jerusalem) ; 1 Maccabees 3: The Early Victories of Judas, The Policy of Antiochus, Preparations for Battle; 1 Samuel 10:17-27, Saul Proclaimed King;

Gibeon
Gibeon, 1 Maccabees Ch 3; Joshua 9:3-21, We have come from a far country; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ;

Ramathaim-Zophim, Benjamin (Ramah in Benjamin)
Ramathaim-Zophim ; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated August 20; THE HOLY INNOCENTS, (28 DEC NT) ;

Ebenezer, Benjamin (Beit Iksa)
Ebenezer; 1 Samuel 4:1-11, The Arc of God Captured;

Ebenezer (Dayr Aban)
Ebenezer (Dayr Aban); 1 Samuel 4:1-11 The Arc of God Captured;

Beth-shemesh, Home of the Ark of the Lord
Beth-shemesh, Home of the Ark of the Lord; 1 Samuel 6:1-16, The Ark Returned to Israel

Gamaliel's Estate, Beit Jimal
Gamaliel's Estate, Beit Jimal; Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen, Commemorated on December 27;

Arimathea, Benjamin (near Jerusalem)
Arimathea; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated July 31 ; JOSEPH OF ARIMATHAEA, (1 AUGUST NT) ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15 ;

Adasa
Adasa, 1 Maccabees Ch 7;

Temple - Jerusalem, 970 BC, Tabernacle Location, Solomon's Time
Jerusalem, 970 BC, Tabernacle Location, Solomon's Time ;

Temple - Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1100 BC, Nob, Tabernacle Location (near Gibea Saul's hometown)
Nob, near Gibea, 1100 BC, Tabernacle Location (Saul's hometown); Nob, near Gibea, 1100 BC, Tabernacle Location (Saul's hometown);

Nob - Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1100 BC, Nob, Tabernacle Location (near Gibea Saul's hometown)
Nob, near Gibea, 1100 BC, Tabernacle Location (Saul's hometown); Nob, near Gibea, 1100 BC, Tabernacle Location (Saul's hometown);

Beth Horan
Beth Horan, HWY 443, 1 Maccabees Ch 3, Ch 7; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Kings against Gibeon, The Sun Stands Still;

Emmaus in the plain, near Jerusalem, in Benjamin
Emmaus 7 miles NW of present day Jerusalem.; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated October 18 ; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER) ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ;

Modein
Modein (1 Maccabees Ch 2), Ch 9;

Ajalon
Ajalon; Beth-Horan in 1 Maccabees Ch 3, Beth-Horan is on the Gebeon-Ajalon Road

Beth-dagon
Beth-dagon, 1 Maccabees Ch 10;

Valley Gate, Benjamin (Sha'ar HaGa)
Valley Gate, Benjamin (Sha'ar HaGa); Nehemiah 2:1-20, Nehemiah Sent to Judah, Nehemiah'™s Inspection of the Walls;

Timnath
Timnath, 1 Maccabees Ch 9;

Gazara
Gazara, 1 Maccabees Ch 4, Ch 7, Ch 15;

Ekron
Ekron, 1 Maccabees Ch 10;

Azekah, Hailstones of the Lord, Battle with Joshua for Gibeon
Azekah, Hailstones of the Lord, Battle with Joshua for Gibeon; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities against Joshua for Gibeon, the Sun Stands Still, Hailstones of the Lord;

Colonia, Palestine, Benjamin, near Jerusalem
Colonia, Palestine; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated December 3; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30;

Anathoth, Benjamin, near Jerusalem
Anathoth; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, Kidron Valley Folder

Kidron Valley 1 (Mt Zion)

Kidron Valley 1 Zion to Theodosios Monastery

Kidron Valley 1, Zion to Theodosius 2

Kidron Valley 2 (between Mt of Olives and Jerusalem Temple)

Kidron Valley 2 and 3, Between Mt Olives and Jerusalem, Zion River to Theodosius 3

Kidron Valley 3 (Wadi al-Joz)

Kidron Valley 3 (down to Wadi al-Joz)

Kidron Valley 4 (Road to Jericho)

Kidron Valley 4, Kidron River

Monastery of St. Theoctistus, Kidron Valley 4 (Deir Muqallik and or Wadi Og)
The Monastery of St. Theoctistus (Deir Muqallik and or Wadi Og); Deir Muqallik or Wadi Og; Venerable Cyriacus the Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on September 29;

Kidron Valley 5 (Kidron Valley near Kedron)
Kidron Valley (Valley of Jehoshaphat);

Kedron (Kedar, above Kidron Valley 5)
Kedar, 1 Maccabees Ch 15; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22;

Kidron Valley 6 (Tharan Lavra, Euthymius' Monastery)

Watercourse South from Euthymius' Tharan high point to Kedron River
High points have water or little lakes or springs because water moves up hill in the soil due to surface tension, like it goes up your pant leg. (1)
(1) Soils Professor Dr. Jimmy Richardson from Bonners Ferry, Idaho, Hiking partner who taught me how to play baseball.

Euthymius' Monastery, Benjamin (high point, Kidron Valley 6) 428
Laura of Euthymius; Venerable Cyriacus the Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated September 29 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated January 8 ; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4 ; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22;

Laura of Euthymius, 428 (high point, Kidron Valley 6)
Laura of Euthymius: Venerable Cyriacus the Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated September 29 ;

Tharan lavra, high point 6 miles east of Jerusalem (Kidron Valley 6)
Per Euthymius the Great reference in Wikipedia below, Pharan or Tharan Lavra is about 6 miles east of Jerusalem. Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3;

Watercourse East and North from Theran to Jericho flats (like a sink that overflows)

Pharan Lavra, 1 of 3 of St Chariton (high point, Kidron Valley 6)
Per Euthymius the Great reference in Wikipedia below, Pharan or Tharan Lavra is about 6 miles east of Jerusalem. Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Euthymius the Great; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Venerable Chariton the Confessor the Abbot of Palestine, Commemorated on September 28 ;

Jerusalem, Judea Folder (Bethlehem and Hebron)

Judea (South of Benjamin, Samaria, and Galilee, mountainous southern part of Israel)
Judea; of Benjamin, Samaria, and Galilee, mountainous southern part of Israel, part of West Bank Patriarch Locations in the abstract; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Stephen of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated July 13 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Lazarus of Mt. Galerius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on July 17 ; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated on September 5 ; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated September 23 ; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9 ; Martyr Longinus the Centurion, who stood at the Cross of the Lord, Commemorated on October 16 ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated on December 3 ; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9; THE ANNUNCIATION, OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST TO THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY (25 MAR NT) ; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY, (31 MAY); Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Bethlehem, Judea (high point, south of Jerusalem 6 miles)
Bethlehem; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15 ; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated on September 5 ; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Anna, Commemorated on September 9 ; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; St John Jacob the Chozebite; Prophet Micah; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist; The Conception by Righteous Anna of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on December 9 ; Sunday before the Nativity, Commemorated December 18 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated on December 20 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated December 21 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord; The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 25; Commemoration of the Shepherds in Bethlehem who were watching their flocks, and went to see the Lord. Commemorated December 25; Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; Afterfeast of the Nativity of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ; 14,000 Infants (the Holy Innocents) slain by Herod at Bethlehem, Commemorated on December 29 ; THE HOLY INNOCENTS, (28 DEC NT) ; Afterfeast of the Nativity of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 29 ; The Circumcision of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 1 ; THE HOLY NAME OF JESUS, OR, THE CIRCUMCISION OF CHRIST, (1 JAN) ; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY (6 January) ; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; THE ANNUNCIATION, OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST TO THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY (25 MAR NT) ; THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY, (31 MAY); St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Hebron, Judea (high point 19 miles south of Jerusalem)
Hebron; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still; Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated close to December 26; THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY, (31 MAY); Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Saint Paula's Convent and Monastery, Bethlehem
Saint Paula's Convent and Monastery, Bethlehem; Saints Martinian, Zoe, and Photina of Caesarea in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13;

Judean Wilderness, watercourses go to Dead Sea
Judean Wilderness is West and Northwest of the Dead Sea; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3 ;

Souka Monastery, 1 of 3 of St Cheriton, 280, southern watercourse from Tekoa
Souka Monastery of St Cheriton; The Judean Desert the Land of Monasteries You Can Still Visit, St Cheriton's 3 (Pharan, Jerico, and Souka) were the first, then Gerasimus and Euthimius; The Judean Desert “ the Land of Monasteries You Can Still Visit, St Cheriton's 3 (Pharan, Jerico, and Souka) were the first, then Euthimius; Venerable Chariton the Confessor, Abbot of Palestine, Commemorated on September 28; Venerable Cyriacus the Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on September 29;

Souka Cheriton Watercourse from Souka down to Dead Sea

Judah (Kingdom of Judah, after Solomon)
Kingdom of Judah; An abstract of Judah (Judea) and other Patriarch Locations; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY, (31 MAY); Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Judaea (Roman province) incorporated Judea, Samaria, and Idumea, 6-135
Judaea (Roman province); (Roman province) incorporated Judea, Samaria, and Idumea, divided by Rome after Herod the Great MATTHEW; Zealotry; Martyr Longinus the Centurion, who stood at the Cross of the Lord, Commemorated October 16;

Ephron (Hebron, Cave of Macphelah)
Ephron (Hebron, Cave of Macphelah), 1 Maccabees ch 5, largest city in West Bank; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Bethelhem Ephratha
Bethlehem Ephratha ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated on December 20 ;

Bethlehem to Theodosius Watercourse, down from Bethlehem high point

Wadi Eshcol
Wadi Eshcol, Numbers 13; Numbers 13:1-3, 21-30;

Beth-zur
Beth-zur, 1 Maccabees ch 6, King Antiochus' town, Ch 11;

Beth-zechariah
Beth-zechariah, 1 Maccabees ch 6;

Judean Hills
Judean Hills (turn up the gain to tools options 3 to better see these hills); Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated on September 5 ; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated September 23;

St. George's Monastery, near Bethlehem (Al-Khader)
St. George's Monastery (Al-Khader); Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

Holy Cross Georgian Monastery near Jerusalem, 327 and 1027, 3 trees of the Cross
Holy Cross Georgian Monastery near Jerusalem; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated October 19 ; Martyr Constantine, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; Fathers and Martyrs of the Georgian Monasteries in Jerusalem, Commemorated February 12 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated February 12 ;

Jerusalem Monastery of the Cross, Georgian, Given to Kartli King in 327
Monastery of the Cross, Georgian, Given to Kartli King Mirian III in 327; Martyr Constantine, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10;

Georgian Monastery of the Cross, Jerusalem, Given to Kartli King in 327
Monastery of the Cross, Georgian, Given to Kartli King Mirian III in 327; Martyr Constantine, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10;

Wilderness of Judea, watercourses go to Dead Sea
Wilderness of Judea, The wilderness of Judea mentioned in this verse is generally taken to refer to the region of Judea sloping down from the highlands to the Dead Sea. This was an arid area not well suited to habitation. ; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3 ; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated on September 5 ; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT) ;

Monastery of St Theodosius the Great, Judea, 476, watercourse from Bethlehem
monastery of St Theodosius the Great in Palestine, near Bethlehem; Venerable Copres of Palestine, Commemorated on September 24; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated January 11 ;

Monastery of St. Theodosius, 476 (watercourse between Sabbas and Bethlehem)
Monastery of St. Theodosius, 476; Jerusalem, 471-576, Jerusalem Saint, Theodosius the Cenobiarch; St. Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Copres of Palestine, Commemorated on September 24;

Cenobitic monasticism - Theodosius' Home of Cenobitic monasticism
Cenobitic monasticism ; monastery of St Theodosius the Great in Palestine, near Bethlehem; Venerable Copres of Palestine, Commemorated on September 24; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated January 11 ;

Sabbas Watercourse from Theodosius to Dead Sea

Sabbas, Lavra of St Sava, Sabbas watercourse from Theodosius', Judea, near Jerusalem, 483
Great Lavra of St. Sabbas; Holy Lavra of St. Savas; Icon of the Mother of God “Of the Three Handsâ€, Commemorated on June 28; Icon of the Mother of God, “Of the Three Handsâ€: In the eighth century during the time of the Iconoclasts, Saint John of Damascus (December 4) was zealous in his veneration of holy icons. Because of this, he was slandered by the emperor and iconoclast Leo III the Isaurian (717-740), who informed the Damascus caliph that Saint John was committing treasonous acts against him. The caliph gave orders to cut off the hand of the monk and take it to the marketplace. Towards evening Saint John, having asked the caliph for the cut-off hand, put it to its joint and fell to the ground before the icon of the Mother of God. The monk begged Our Lady to heal the hand, which had written in defense of Orthodoxy. After long prayer he fell asleep and saw in a dream that the All-Pure Mother of God had turned to him promising him quick healing. this the Mother of God bid him toil without fail with this hand. Having awakened from sleep, Saint John saw that his hand was unharmed. In thankfulness for this healing Saint John placed on the icon a hand fashioned of silver, from which the icon received its name “Of Three Hands.â€ (Some iconographers, in their ignorance, have mistakenly depicted the Most Holy Theotokos with three arms and three hands.) According to Tradition, Saint John wrote a hymn of thanksgiving to the Mother of God: “All of creation rejoices in You, O Full of Grace,â€ which appears in place of the hymn “It is Truly Meetâ€ in the Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great. John Damascene accepted monasticism at the monastery of Saint Savva the Sanctified and there bestowed his wonderworking icon. The Lavra presented the icon “Of Three Handsâ€ in blessing to Saint Savva, Archbishop of Serbia (+ 1237, January 12). During the time of an invasion of Serbia by the Turks, some Christians who wanted to protect the icon, entrusted it to the safekeeping of the Mother of God Herself. They placed it upon a donkey, which without a driver proceeded to Athos and stopped in front of the Hilandar monastery. The monks put the icon in the monastery’s cathedral church (katholikon). During a time of discord over the choice of igumen, the Mother of God deigned to head the monastery Herself, and from that time Her holy icon has occupied the igumen’s place in the temple. At the Hilandar monastery there is chosen only a vicar, and from the holy icon the monks take a blessing for every obedience. Greek usage, this Icon is commemorated on June 28; but on July 12 in Slavic usage. St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Three HandsÂÂÂ on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Venerable Stephen of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated July 13 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Lazarus of Mt. Galerius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on July 17 ; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated on August 5; St Jonah the Presbyter, father of St Theophanes the Hymnographer and Theodore Graptus, Commemorated September 22 ; St Theophanes the Confessor and Hymnographer, Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated on October 11 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; Venerable Stephen the Hymnographer of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on October 28 ; Venerable Lazarus the Wonderworker of Mt. Galesius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on November 7 ; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated December 3 ; Martyr John of Damascus, Commemorated December 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "the branded," Confessor, Commemorated December 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilkgiverÂ, Commemorated on January 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; Fathers and Martyrs of the Georgian Monasteries in Jerusalem, Commemorated February 12 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20 ; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Venerable Priestmartyrs of St Sava Lavra, Commemorated on May 16; Martyr Michael œthe Black-RobedÂ of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilk-GiverÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; “Milk-Giverâ€ Icon of the Mother of God was originally located at the Lavra of Saint Savva the Sanctified near Jerusalem. Before his death, the holy founder of the Lavra foretold that a royal pilgrim having the same name as himself would visit the Lavra. Saint Savva told the brethren to give the wonderworking icon to that pilgrim as a blessing. the thirteenth century, Saint Savva of Serbia visited the Lavra. As he approached the reliquary of Saint Savva the Sanctified, the saint’s staff fell at his feet. The brethren asked the visitor his name, and he told them he was Archbishop Savva of Serbia. Obeying the instructions of their founder, the monks gave Saint Savva his staff, the “Milk-Giverâ€ Icon, and the Icon “Of the Three Handsâ€ (June 28 & July 12). holy archbishop took the icon to Hilandar on Mount Athos and put it on the right side of the iconostasis in the church of Saint Savva at the kellion of Karyes, which is attached to Hilandar. The icon was later named Typikonissa, since the Rule (Typikon) of Saint Savva was preserved there. Hilandar “Milk-Giverâ€ Icon is also commemorated on January 12. St Andrew the Archbishop of Crete, Commemorated on July 4; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9;

Typikon, daily order of Orthodox service, just the order, established at Sabbas and Studion
Typikon, daily order of Orthodox service, established at Sabbas and Studion; It assumes the existence of liturgical books that contain the fixed and variable parts of these services. The Typikon (Greek: ÃÂÂÂ„ÃÂÂÂ…ÃÂÂÂ€Î¹ÎºÃÂÂÂŒÎ½/typikon, pl. ÃÂÂÂ„ÃÂÂÂ…ÃÂÂÂ€Î¹ÎºÎ¬/typika, lit. "following the order"; Slavonic: Ñ¹ÑÂÂÂÑ‚ÃÂÂÂ°ÃÂÂÂ²ÑŠ/ustav) is a book of directives and rubrics that establishes in the Orthodox Christian Church the order of divine services for each day of the year. It assumes the existence of liturgical books that contain the fixed and variable parts of these services. In monastic usage, the typikon of the monastery includes both the rule of life of the community and the rule of prayer. There are a number of major typikon traditions, but there are also many local variations, often codified into an official typikon. Saint Gennadius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4;

Hyrcania Fortress (the high point)
Hyrcania Fortress; Apostle Asyncritus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4;

Watercourse down from Hyrcania Fortress high point to the south and Sabbas Watercourse

Watercourse down from Hyrcania Fortress to the sink

Wilderness of Hasideans, mighty warriors of Israel
Hasideans, mighty warriors of Israel, 1 Maccabees Ch 2;

Qumran, Judea (living in the wilderness)
Qumran; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT); Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24;

Qumran Watercourse

wilderness of Tekoa
wilderness of Tekoa, 1 Maccabees Ch 9; Venerable John of the Ancient Caves in Palestine, Commemorated on April 19; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Tekoa, high point
wilderness of Tekoa, 1 Maccabees Ch 9; Venerable John of the Ancient Caves in Palestine, Commemorated on April 19;

Tekoa to Souka Chariton Watercourse, down from Tekoa high point

Old Lavra of Saint Chariton, Tekoa, Judea
Old Lavra of Saint Chariton or Souka, near Tekoa Venerable John of the Ancient Caves in Palestine, Commemorated on April 19; Saint John of the Ancient Caves is so called because he lived during the eighth century in the Lavra of St Chariton (September 28). This was called the œOldÂ or ancient cave, since it was one the oldest of the Palestinian monasteries. The Lavra was situated not far from Bethlehem, near the Dead Sea.

Ancient Caves Lavra, Tekoa, Judea, 8th Century
Ancient Caves Lavra or Old Lavra of Saint Chariton or Souka, near Tekoa. Venerable John of the Ancient Caves in Palestine, Commemorated on April 19; Saint John of the Ancient Caves is so called because he lived during the eighth century in the Lavra of St Chariton (September 28). This was called the "œOld"Â or ancient cave, since it was one the oldest of the Palestinian monasteries. The Lavra was situated not far from Bethlehem, near the Dead Sea.

Rimmon south of Jerusalem
Rimmon south of Jerusalem (13 miles SW of Hebron); Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory;

Beersheba (Isaac's Well Sheba)
Beersheba, Numbers 13 ; Genesis 26:1-33, Isaac and Abimelech; Numbers 13:1-3, 21-30;

Gerar (not going down to Egypt, Isaac setteled in Gerar)
Gerar (not going down to Egypt, Isaac setteled in Gerar); Genesis 26:1-33, Isaac and Abimelech;

Simeon, Land of Simeon (around Beersheba)
Land of Simeon, around Beersheba ; An abstract of Simeon within the lands of the Patriarchs; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated December 2 ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3 ;

Carmel (Judean home of Nabal and Abigail)
Carmel, Judea; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 13 ;

wilderness of Ziph (high point south of Hebron, southern West Bank)
wilderness of Ziph, the name Ziph is found on a hill 4 miles south of Hebron; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Ziph, wilderness of Ziph (high point south of Hebron, southern West Bank)
wilderness of Ziph, the name Ziph is found on a hill 4 miles south of Hebron; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Ziph, David's Cave monastery (high point south of Hebron, Euthymius')
wilderness of Ziph, the name Ziph is found on a hill 4 miles south of Hebron; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Atad (Abel-mizraim)
Atad; Abel-mizraim; Beyond the Jordon is west of the Jordan. Atad is near Hebron. This is the easiest road to Hebron. This is the first view of Hebron. Genesis 50: 7-14 7 So Joseph went up to bury his father. With him went up all the servants of Pharaoh, the elders of his household, and all the elders of the land of Egypt, 8as well as all the household of Joseph, his brothers, and his fatherÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™s household. Only their children, their flocks, and their herds were left in the land of Goshen. 9Both chariots and charioteers went up with him. It was a very great company. 10When they came to the threshing-floor of Atad, which is beyond the Jordan, they held there a very great and sorrowful lamentation; and he observed a time of mourning for his father for seven days. 11When the Canaanite inhabitants of the land saw the mourning on the threshing-floor of Atad, they said, ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â˜This is a grievous mourning on the part of the Egyptians.ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™ Therefore the place was named Abel-mizraim;* it is beyond the Jordan. 12Thus his sons did for him as he had instructed them. 13They carried him to the land of Canaan and buried him in the cave of the field at Machpelah, the field near Mamre, which Abraham bought as a burial site from Ephron the Hittite. 14After he had buried his father, Joseph returned to Egypt with his brothers and all who had gone up with him to bury his father.

Adora
Adora, 1 Maccabees Ch 13;

Lachish, Judea (a fortress protecting Jerusalem)
Lachish (a fortress protecting Wadis leading up to Jerusalem); Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ;

Lachis, Judea (Lachish, a fortress protecting Jerusalem)
Lachis (Lachish, a fortress protecting wadis leading up to Jerusalem) ; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ;

Eglon, Judah, The Five Amorite Kings, The Sun Stands Still
Eglon, Judah; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still;

Mizpah (Judah)
Mizpah (Judah), 1 Maccabees Ch 3;

Shephlah, Judea (Moresheth is in this region)
Shephlah; Moresheth; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14;

Eleutheropolis (a Judean crossroads)
Eleutheropolis (a crossroads); Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 1 ; Eleutheropolis (Greek, "City of the Free") was a Roman city in Israel, some 53 km southwest of Jerusalem. Its remains still straddle the ancient road to Gaza. Seven routes met at Eleutheropolis. Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated October 9 ; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30 ; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated on February 8;

Judea to Way of the Sea Road

Ajalon and Valley Gate to Eleutheropolis and Way of the Sea Road

Adullam, Cave of Adullam, Judea (a flat hilltop)
Adullam, Cave of Adullam, Judea (a flat hilltop); 1 Samuel 22:1-23, David and His Followers at Adullam ;

Jerusalem, Judea History Folder

Jerusalem, Judea, 26-41, Perfect, Pontius Pilate
Jerusalem, Judea, 26-41, Perfect, Pontius Pilate; The Beheading of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist John, Commemorated on August 29;

Jerusalem, Jerusalem Roads Folder

Jericho Jerusalem Road by Anathoth and St Georges

Jericho Jerusalem Road by Bethany and Chozeba

Bethpage, Mount of Olives Steep Route

Hebron, Bethlehem Road to Jerusalem (Judea)

Wilderness Road South to Gaza and North to Hebron
Wilderness Road - Then an angel of the Lord said to Philip, ˜Get up and go towards the south* to the road that goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza.™ (This is a wilderness road.); Acts 8:26-40, Philip and the Ethiopian Eunuch ; Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11; Apostle Philip of the Seventy, one of the 7 Deacons is not to be confused with Saint Philip one of the Twelve Apostles (November 14). This Philip was born in Palestine, was married and had children. the Descent of the Holy Spirit, the Twelve Apostles made Philip a deacon in the Church of Jerusalem. Along with the other six deacons, they appointed him to deal with the offerings of the faithful and attend to the concerns of the widowed, the orphaned and the needy. eldest among the seven deacons was the holy Archdeacon Stephen. When the persecution of Christians began, the Jews stoned the Protomartyr Stephen. Apostle Philip left Jerusalem and settled in Samaria. There he successfully preached Christianity. Among the disciple’s converts was the noted magician Simon, who “after being baptized, continued with Philip.” (Acts 8:9-13) the command of an angel of the Lord, Saint Philip set out upon the road connecting Jerusalem with Gaza. There he met an official of the empress of Ethiopia, whom also he converted to Christianity (Acts 8:26-39). holy disciple Philip tirelessly preached the Word of God in many of the lands of the Near East adjoining Palestine. Jerusalem the Apostles made him a bishop and sent him to Tralles in Asia Minor, where he also baptized many. Saint Philip died in old age.

Jerusalem to Bethel Road (avoided, very difficult hiking, see elevation profile)

Gibeon-Ajalon Road - Hwy 443

Jerusalem, Mt of Olives area Folder

Mount of Olives (near Jerusalem)
Mount of Olives; MARY MAGDALENE, FIRST WITNESS OF THE RESURRECTION (22 JULY NT); MARY, MARTHA AND LAZARUS OF BETHANY, (29 JULY NT); Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated July 31 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15 Dormition = A peaceful and painless death, as well as the act of sleeping or falling asleep. ; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Antioch, Commemorated October 8 ; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated December 31 ; Apostle Cleophas of the Seventy, the Brother of Joseph the Betrothed, Commemorated on January 4; FEAST OF THE PRESENTATION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, FEAST OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE VIRGIN, CANDLEMAS DAY (FEB 2) ; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated February 24 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7;

Watercourse down from Mt of Olives to North to Kedron River

Watercourse down from Mt of Olives South past Kedron town

Mount of the Assension, Chapel of the Assension, Mt of Olives, 384
Mount of the Assension, Chapel of the Assension; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31;

Ridge of Grace, Mount of Olives, Jerusalem
Ridge of Grace When the pilgrims were approaching the place called the œRidge of Grace,Â from which the holy city of Jerusalem becomes visible, St. David fell to his knees and glorified God with tears. Judging himself unworthy to follow in the footsteps of Jesus Christ, he was satisfied to gaze upon the city from afar. St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

Kedron Valley or Valley of Josaphat
Kedron Valley or Josaphat Valley; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15;

Gethsemane, Garden of Gethsemane, Mt of Olives, near Jerusalem
Garden of Gethsemane, Mt of Olives, near Jerusalem ; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian, Commemorated on September 26; Righteous Josephof Arimathea; Icon of the Mother of God "œJerusalem"Â, Commemorated on October 12 "; JOHN, APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST (27 DEC NT) ; Apostle Cleophas of the Seventy, the Brother of Joseph the Betrothed, Commemorated on January 4; Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated February 8; Venerable Dositheus of Palestine, the Disciple of the Venerable Abba Dorotheus, Commemorated February 19 ; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Apostle James the Brother of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on April 30;

Sepulchre, Holy Sepulchre (Tomb) of the Lord, Garden of Gethsemane
Holy Sepulchre of the Lord; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; the Crucifixion and Death of the Savior he made bold to go to Pilate and ask him for the Body of the Lord, to Which he gave burial with the help of Righteous Νikόdēmos, who was also a secret disciple of the Lord. took down the Body of the Savior from the Cross, wrapped it in a winding-cloth, and placed it in a new tomb, in which no one had ever been buried, in the Garden of Gethsemane, in the presence of the Mother of God and the holy Myrrh-Bearing Women (St Joseph had prepared this tomb for himself). Having rolled a heavy stone before the entrance of the tomb, they departed (John. 19: 37-42; Mt. 27: 57-61; Mark 15: 43-47; Luke. 24: 50-56) The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; and night She spent her time in prayer. The Most Holy Theotokos went often to the Holy Sepulchre of the Lord, and here She offered up fevent prayer. More than once, enemies of the Savior sought to hinder Her from visiting her holy place, and they asked the High Priest for a guard to watch over the Grave of the Lord. The Holy Virgin continued to pray right in front of them, yet unseen by anyone. one such visit to Golgotha, the Archangel Gabriel appeared to Her and announced Her approaching departure from this life to eternal life. In pledge of this, the Archangel gave Her a palm branch. With these heavenly tidings the Mother of God returned to Bethlehem with the three girls attending Her (Sepphora, Abigail, and Jael). She summoned Righteous Joseph of Arimathea and other disciples of the Lord, and told them of Her impending Repose. Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335); The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on October 20 ; St John of Georgia, Commemorated on November 4 ; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6;

Dormition of the Theotokos at Holy Sepulchre, Gethsemane
Dormition of the Theotokos at Holy Sepulchre, Gethsemane; the time of Her blessed Falling Asleep, the Most Holy Virgin Mary was again at Jerusalem. Her fame as the Mother of God had already spread throughout the land and had aroused many of the envious and the spiteful against Her. They wanted to make attempts on Her life; but God preserved Her from enemies. and night She spent her time in prayer. The Most Holy Theotokos went often to the Holy Sepulchre of the Lord, and here She offered up fevent prayer. More than once, enemies of the Savior sought to hinder Her from visiting her holy place, and they asked the High Priest for a guard to watch over the Grave of the Lord. The Holy Virgin continued to pray right in front of them, yet unseen by anyone. one such visit to Golgotha, the Archangel Gabriel appeared to Her and announced Her approaching departure from this life to eternal life. In pledge of this, the Archangel gave Her a palm branch. With these heavenly tidings the Mother of God returned to Bethlehem with the three girls attending Her (Sepphora, Abigail, and Jael). She summoned Righteous Joseph of Arimathea and other disciples of the Lord, and told them of Her impending Repose. Most Holy Virgin prayed also that the Lord would have the Apostle John come to Her. The Holy Spirit transported him from Ephesus, setting him in that very place where the Mother of God lay. After the prayer, the Most Holy Virgin offered incense, and John heard a voice from Heaven, closing Her prayer with the word “Amen.” The Mother of God took it that the voice meant the speedy arrival of the Apostles and the Disciples and the holy Bodiless Powers. faithful, whose number by then was impossible to count, gathered together, says Saint John of Damascus, like clouds and eagles, to listen to the Mother of God. Seeing one another, the Disciples rejoiced, but in their confusion they asked each other why the Lord had gathered them together in one place. Saint John the Theologian, greeting them with tears of joy, said that the time of the Virgin’s repose was at hand. in to the Mother of God, they beheld Her lying upon the bed, and filled with spiritual joy. The Disciples greeted Her, and then they told her how they had been carried miraculously from their places of preaching. The Most Holy Virgin Mary glorified God, because He had heard Her prayer and fulfilled Her heart’s desire, and She began speaking about Her imminent end. this conversation the Apostle Paul also appeared in a miraculous manner together with his disciples Dionysius the Areopagite, Saint Hierotheus, Saint Timothy and others of the Seventy Apostles. The Holy Spirit had gathered them all together so that they might be granted the blessing of the All-Pure Virgin Mary, and more fittingly to see to the burial of the Mother of the Lord. She called each of them to Herself by name, She blessed them and extolled them for their faith and the hardships they endured in preaching the Gospel of Christ. To each She wished eternal bliss, and prayed with them for the peace and welfare of the whole world. came the third hour (9 A.M.), when the Dormition of the Mother of God was to occur. A number of candles were burning. The holy Disciples surrounded her beautifully adorned bed, offering praise to God. She prayed in anticipation of Her demise and of the arrival of Her longed-for Son and Lord. Suddenly, the inexpressible Light of Divine Glory shone forth, before which the blazing candles paled in comparison. All who saw it took fright. Descending from Heaven was Christ, the King of Glory, surrounded by hosts of Angels and Archangels and other Heavenly Powers, together with the souls of the Forefathers and the Prophets, who had prophesied in ages past concerning the Most Holy Virgin Mary. Her Son, the Mother of God exclaimed: “My soul doth magnify the Lord, and my spirit hath rejoiced in God My Savior, for He hath regarded the low estate of His Handmaiden” (Luke 1:46-48) and, rising from Her bed to meet the Lord, She bowed down to Him, and the Lord bid Her enter into Life Eternal. Without any bodily suffering, as though in a happy sleep, the Most Holy Virgin Mary gave Her soul into the hands of Her Son and God. began a joyous angelic song. Accompanying the pure soul of the God-betrothed and with reverent awe for the Queen of Heaven, the angels exclaimed: “Hail, Full of Grace, the Lord is with Thee, blessed art Thou among women! For lo, the Queen, God’s Maiden comes, lift up the gates, and with the Ever-Existing One, take up the Mother of Light; for through Her salvation has come to all the human race. It is impossible to gaze upon Her, and it is impossible to render Her due honor” (Stikherion on “Lord, I Have Cried”). The Heavenly gates were raised, and meeting the soul of the Most Holy Mother of God, the Cherubim and the Seraphim glorified Her with joy. The face of the Mother of God was radiant with the glory of Divine virginity, and from Her body there came a sweet fragrance. Holy Sepulchre of the Lord; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; the Crucifixion and Death of the Savior he made bold to go to Pilate and ask him for the Body of the Lord, to Which he gave burial with the help of Righteous Νikόdēmos, who was also a secret disciple of the Lord. took down the Body of the Savior from the Cross, wrapped it in a winding-cloth, and placed it in a new tomb, in which no one had ever been buried, in the Garden of Gethsemane, in the presence of the Mother of God and the holy Myrrh-Bearing Women (St Joseph had prepared this tomb for himself). Having rolled a heavy stone before the entrance of the tomb, they departed (John. 19: 37-42; Mt. 27: 57-61; Mark 15: 43-47; Luke. 24: 50-56) The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; and night She spent her time in prayer. The Most Holy Theotokos went often to the Holy Sepulchre of the Lord, and here She offered up fevent prayer. More than once, enemies of the Savior sought to hinder Her from visiting her holy place, and they asked the High Priest for a guard to watch over the Grave of the Lord. The Holy Virgin continued to pray right in front of them, yet unseen by anyone. one such visit to Golgotha, the Archangel Gabriel appeared to Her and announced Her approaching departure from this life to eternal life. In pledge of this, the Archangel gave Her a palm branch. With these heavenly tidings the Mother of God returned to Bethlehem with the three girls attending Her (Sepphora, Abigail, and Jael). She summoned Righteous Joseph of Arimathea and other disciples of the Lord, and told them of Her impending Repose.

Bethphage, Mount of Olives
Bethphage, Mount of Olives; Matthew 21:1-11, Jesus' Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem, Bethpage, Mount of Olives Steep Route, so Bethpage could really be located at Wadi Qadum on the more natural route to and from Jericho through Bethany. However, the steep route would have been triumphal.;

Bethany, Mt of Olives (on the road from Jericho)
Bethany; MARY MAGDALENE, FIRST WITNESS OF THE RESURRECTION (22 JULY NT); MARY, MARTHA AND LAZARUS OF BETHANY, (29 JULY NT); Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Translation of the relics of St Lazarus œof the Four Days in the Tomb the Bishop of Kiteia on Cyprus, Commemorated on October 17; Righteous Martha the sister of Lazarus, Commemorated on June 4;

Jerusalem, Jerusalem Gates area Folder

Jerusalem Temple
Temple in Jerusalem; Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated on July 21 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; THE VIRGIN MARY, MOTHER OF OUR LORD (15 AUGUST NT); Righteous Anna the Prophetess and Daughter of Phanuel, who met the Lord at the Temple in Jerusalem, Commemorated on August 28; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated September 5 ; The Nativity of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on September 8; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Anna, Commemorated on September 9; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23 ; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER) ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23 ; Forefeast of the Entry into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on November 20 ; The Entry of the Most Holy Mother of God into the Temple, Commemorated on November 21 ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2 ; Prophetess Hannah the mother of the Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on December 9 ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated December 16 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ; STEPHEN, DEACON AND PROTOMARTYR (26 DEC NT); Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; 14,000 Infants (the Holy Innocents) slain by Herod at Bethlehem, Commemorated December 29; Forefeast of the Meeting of our Lord in the Temple, Commemorated on February 1; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; FEAST OF THE PRESENTATION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, FEAST OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE VIRGIN, CANDLEMAS DAY (FEB 2) ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple; Afterfeast of the Meeting of our Lord in the Temple, Commemorated on February 8; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated February 3 ; Holy, Righteous Anna the Prophetess, Commemorated Febraury 3 ; Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee Beginning of the Lenten Triodion, Commemorated February 24 ; Afterfeast of the Meeting of our Lord in the Temple, Commemorated Febraury 7 ; Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee Beginning of the Lenten Triodion; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT); Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24;

Temple - Jerusalem Temple
Temple in Jerusalem; Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated on July 21 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; THE VIRGIN MARY, MOTHER OF OUR LORD (15 AUGUST NT); Righteous Anna the Prophetess and Daughter of Phanuel, who met the Lord at the Temple in Jerusalem, Commemorated on August 28; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated September 5 ; The Nativity of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on September 8; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Anna, Commemorated on September 9; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23 ; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER) ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23 ; Forefeast of the Entry into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on November 20 ; The Entry of the Most Holy Mother of God into the Temple, Commemorated on November 21 ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2 ; Prophetess Hannah the mother of the Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on December 9 ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated December 16 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ; STEPHEN, DEACON AND PROTOMARTYR (26 DEC NT); Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; 14,000 Infants (the Holy Innocents) slain by Herod at Bethlehem, Commemorated December 29; Forefeast of the Meeting of our Lord in the Temple, Commemorated on February 1; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; FEAST OF THE PRESENTATION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, FEAST OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE VIRGIN, CANDLEMAS DAY (FEB 2) ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple; Afterfeast of the Meeting of our Lord in the Temple, Commemorated on February 8; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated February 3 ; Holy, Righteous Anna the Prophetess, Commemorated Febraury 3 ; Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee Beginning of the Lenten Triodion, Commemorated February 24 ; Afterfeast of the Meeting of our Lord in the Temple, Commemorated Febraury 7 ; Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee Beginning of the Lenten Triodion; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT); Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24;

Jerusalem Gates - Gate of Benjamin (Upper, Higher, Gate toward Benjamin)
Gate of Benjamin (Upper, Higher, Gate toward Benjamin). Pashur hit Jerimiah the Prophet, then he placed him in the stocks in the high gate of Benjamin, where he remained all night; Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory ; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

Jerusalem Gates - City Gates - Jaffa Gate
Old Jerusalem City Wall Gates; Jaffa Gate; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

Jerusalem Gates - Corner Gate (Zion Gate)
Corner Gate (Zion Gate) Old City (Jerusalem); Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory ; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

Jerusalem Gates - Dung Gate, Jerusalem's Wall
Dung Gate, Jerusalem's Wall; Nehemiah 2:1-20, Nehemiah Sent to Judah, Nehemiah™s Inspection of the Walls; Nehemiah 12:27-31,42-47, Dedication of the City Wall, Temple Responsibilities;

Jerusalem Gates - Fountain Gate (Chain Gate)
Fountain Gate (Chain Gate) ; Nehemiah 2:1-20, Nehemiah Sent to Judah, Nehemiah™s Inspection of the Walls;

Jerusalem Gates - Eastern Gate - Golden Gate in Jerusalem, Walled up
Golden Gate in Jerusalem; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9 ; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Anna, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Forefeast of the Entry into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on November 20; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

King's Pool (Pool of Siloam)
King's Pool (Pool of Siloam); Nehemiah 2:1-20, Nehemiah Sent to Judah, Nehemiah™s Inspection of the Walls;

Tower of Hananel
Tower of Hananel; Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory ;

Mount Moriah, Jerusalem
Mount Moriah; Temple of Solomon; Wailing Wall; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13;

Solomon's Portico (Porch)
Solomon's Portico (Porch); Acts 5:12-26, The Apostles Heal Many, Then they were persecuted

Wailing Wall
Wailing Wall;

City of David (Royal Court, Just outside the gates)
City of David (Royal Court); Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3 ;

Pool of Siloam
Pool of Siloam ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ;

Potter's Field (Source of clay for making pots, Prophecy 597 BC)
Potter's Field, Jerusalem ; Potter's field, source of clay ; When Judas, his betrayer, saw that Jesus was condemned, he repented and brought back the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and the elders. He said, "I have sinned by betraying innocent blood." But they said, "What is that to us? See to it yourself." Throwing down the pieces of silver in the temple, he departed; and he went and hanged himself. But the chief priests, taking the pieces of silver, said, "It is not lawful to put them into the treasury, since they are blood money." After conferring together, they used them to buy the potter's field as a place to bury foreigners. For this reason that field has been called the Field of Blood to this day. Then was fulfilled what had been spoken through the prophet Jeremiah, "And they took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of the one on whom a price had been set, on whom some of the people of Israel had set a price, and they gave them for the potter's field, as the Lord commanded me." Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Tophet, Topheth, Gihinnom (Burying Sons and Daughters in the Fire, Evil)
Tophet, Topheth, Gihinnom (Burying Sons and Daughters in the Fire); Jeremiah 7:21-34, Tophet, Topheth, Gihinnom (Burying Sons and Daughters in the Fire, Evil in Judah) ;

Upper Room, Last Supper
Upper Room, Last Supper; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28) ; THOMAS THE APOSTLE, (21 DEC NT);

Azal
Azal; Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory;

Zion (Sion)
Zion; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], Commemorated July 30 ; Holy Land, Near East;

Upper Room, Last Supper
Upper Room, Last Supper; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28) ;

Mt Sion (Mt Zion)
Mt Sion (Mt Zion) ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated on December 6 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ;

Citadel (Tower of David)
The Citadel (Tower of David), 1 Maccabees ch 6;

King's Wine Presses
King's Wine Presses (see them in the picture); Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory ;

Golgotha, just outside City Gates, Jerusalem (where they found the Cross)
Golgotha, just outside City Gates, Jerusalem ; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; MARY MAGDALENE, FIRST WITNESS OF THE RESURRECTION (22 JULY NT); Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; THE VIRGIN MARY, MOTHER OF OUR LORD (15 AUGUST NT); St Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335) ; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian, Commemorated on September 26; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; St Melchizedek I, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; Martyr Longinus the Centurion, who stood at the Cross of the Lord, Commemorated October 16 ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7;

Church of the Holy Sepulchre, just outside City Gates, Jerusalem
Church of the Holy Sepulchre; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335); The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on October 20 ;

Church of the Resurrection, The Holy sepulchre, 335
Church of the Resurrection, The Holy sepulchre, 335; Church of the Resurrection; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13;

Russian Mission in Jerusalem (Russian Compound, Holy Trinity Cathedral) 1847
Russian Mission in Jerusalem; Russian Compound ; Icon of the Mother of God "œQuick to Hear"Â, Commemorated on November 9; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated January 10;

Tomb of the Lord, The Garden Tomb
Tomb of the Lord, The Garden Tomb; Garden Tomb is a rock-cut tomb in Jerusalem, which was unearthed in 1867 and is considered by some Protestants to be the site of the burial and resurrection of Jesus.[1] The tomb has been dated by Israeli archaeologist Gabriel Barkay to the 8th–7th centuries BC.[2] The re-use of old tombs was not an uncommon practice in ancient times, but this would contradict the biblical text that speaks of a new, not reused, tomb made for himself by Joseph of Arimathea (Matthew 27:57-60, John 19:41). Also, the trough in front of the tomb and the nearby cistern, described by proponents of the Garden Tomb as part of the tomb's sealing system and as the surrounding garden's source of water, respectively, have both been archaeologically dated to the Crusader period (12th-13th century).[2] The organisation maintaining the Garden Tomb refrains from claiming that this is the authentic tomb of Jesus, while pointing out the similarities with the site described in the Bible, and the fact that the Garden Tomb better preserves its ancient outlook than the more traditional, but architecturally altered and time-damaged tomb from the mostly crowded Church of the Holy Sepulchre; for all of these reasons, they suggest that the Garden Tomb is more evocative of the events described in the Gospels.[3] Garden Tomb is adjacent to a rocky escarpment which since the mid-nineteenth century has been proposed by some scholars to be Golgotha. It has since been known as Skull Hill or Gordon's Calvary. In contradistinction to this modern identification, the traditional site where the death and resurrection of Christ are believed to have occurred has been the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at least since the fourth century. 1894, the Garden Tomb and its surrounding gardens have been maintained as a place of Protestant worship and reflection by a Protestant non-denominational charitable trust based in the United Kingdom named The Garden Tomb (Jerusalem) Association.[4][5] As such, the Garden Tomb stands as a popular site of pilgrimage for many Christians, especially Evangelical Anglicans and other Protestants.[6][7][8] Venerable Simeon of Emessa the Fool-For-Christ, and his fellow ascetic Venerable John, Commemorated on July 21; Monks Simeon, Fool-for-Christ, and his Fellow-Ascetic John were Syrians, and they lived in the sixth century at the city of Edessa. From childhood they were bound by close ties of friendship. The older of them, Simeon, was unmarried and lived with his aged mother. John, however, although he was married, lived with his father (his mother was dead) and with his young wife. Both friends belonged to wealthy families. When Simeon was thirty years old, and John twenty-four, they made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem on the Feast of the Exaltation of the Venerable and Life-Creating Cross of the Lord. On the journey home the friends spoke of the soul’s path to salvation. Dismounting their horses, they sent the servants on ahead with the horses, while they continued on foot. through Jordan, they saw monasteries on the edge of the desert. Both of them were filled with an irrepressible desire to leave the world and spend their remaining life in monastic struggles. They turned off from the road, which their servants followed to Syria, and they prayed zealously that God would guide them to the monasteries on the opposite side. They besought the Lord to indicate which monastery they should choose, and they decided to enter whichever monastery had its gates open. At this time the Lord informed Igumen Nikon in a dream to open the monastery gates, so that the sheep of Christ could enter in. great joy the comrades came through the open gates of the monastery, where they were warmly welcomed by the igumen, and they remained at the monastery. In a short while they received the monastic tonsure. remaining at the monastery for a certain time, Simeon desired to intensify his efforts, and to go into the desert to pursue asceticism in complete solitude. John did not wish to be left behind by his companion, and he decided to share with him the work of a desert-dweller. The Lord revealed the intentions of the companions to Igumen Nikon, and on that night when Saints Simeon and John intended to depart the monastery, he himself opened the gates for them. He prayed with them, gave them his blessing and sent them into the wilderness. they began their life in the desert, the spiritual brothers at first experienced the strong assaults of the devil. They were tempted by grief over abandoning their families, and the demons tried to discourage the ascetics, subjecting them to weakness, despondency and idleness. The brothers Simeon and John remembered their monastic calling, and trusting in the prayers of their Elder Nikon, they continued upon their chosen path. They spent their time in unceasing prayer and strict fasting, encouraging one another in their struggle against temptation. a while, with God’s help, the temptations stopped. The monks were told by God that Simeon’s mother and John’s wife had died, and that the Lord had vouchsafed them the blessings of Paradise. After this Simeon and John lived in the desert for twenty-nine years, and they attained complete dispassion (apathia) and a high degree of spirituality. Saint Simeon, through the inspiration of God, considered that now it was proper for him to serve people. To do this, he must leave the desert solitude and go into the world. Saint John, however, believing that he had not attained such a degree of dispassion as his companion, decided not to leave the wilderness. brethren parted with tears. Simeon journeyed to Jerusalem, and there he venerated the Tomb of the Lord and all the holy places. By his great humility the holy ascetic entreated the Lord to permit him to serve his neighbor in such a way that they should not acknowledge him. Saint Simeon chose for himself the difficult task of foolishness for Christ. Having come to the city of Emesa, he stayed there and passed himself off as a simpleton, behaving strangely, for which he was subjected to insults, abuse and beatings. In spite of this, he accomplished many good deeds. He cast out demons, healed the sick, delivered people from immanent death, brought the unbelieving to faith, and sinners to repentance. these things he did under the guise of foolishness, and he never received praise or thanks from people. Saint John highly esteemed his spiritual brother, however. When one of the inhabitants of the city of Emesa visited him in the wilderness, asking for his advice and prayers, he would invariably direct them to “the fool Simeon”, who was better able to offer them spiritual counsel. For three days before his death Saint Simeon ceased to appear on the streets, and he enclosed himself in his hut, where there was nothing except for bundles of firewood. Having remained in unceasing prayer for three days, Saint Simeon fell asleep in the Lord. Some of the city poor, his companions, had not seen the fool for some time. They went to his hut and found him dead. up the dead body, they carried him without church singing to a place where the homeless and strangers were buried. While they carried the body of Saint Simeon, several of the inhabitants heard a wondrous church singing, but could not understand from whence it came. Saint Simeon died, Saint John also fell asleep in the Lord. Shortly before his death, Saint Simeon saw a vision of his spiritual brother wearing a crown upon his head with the inscription: “For endurance in the desert.”

Jerusalem, Jordan River Folder

Jordan River

Jordan River Source (Mount Hermon, Golan Heights)
Jordan River Source (Mount Hermon, Golan Heights);

Jordan River 1 (Hula Valley)
Hula Valley;

Jordan River 2 (Sea of Galilee)

Jordan River 3 (Jabbok River)

Jordan River 4 (Bethany baptismal site and Promised Land entry point)

Baptismal Site Bethany (Jordan River 4)
Baptismal Site Bethany (Beyond the Jordan); Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Forefeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 3 ; Feast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 6 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 10 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated February 19 ; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Pethukla Monastery (On the Jordan)
Baptismal Site Bethany (Beyond the Jordan); Forefeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 3 ; Feast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 6 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 10 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated February 19 ; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Jordan River Mouth (Dead Sea)

Jerusalem, Jordan Rift Valley Folder

Jordan Rift - South
Jordan Rift Valley;

Jordan Rift - Middle
Jordan Rift Valley;

Jordan Rift - North
Jordan Rift Valley;

Jordan Rift Valley

Jerusalem, Roman Roads Folder

Idumea Folder

Idumea (Edom, Ausis, Land of Esau)
Idumea is Edom; Edom, Seir is the Easu's place in Edom, Bozra is the Capital of Edom; Righteous Job the Long-Suffering, Commemorated on May 6; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Edom Folder, and its vicinity

Edom including the Negev
Edom including the Negev; Hieromartyr Silvanus the Bishop of Gaza, and with him 40 Martyrs, Commemorated on May 4; Righteous Job the Long-Suffering, Commemorated on May 6; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Edom (Land of Esau)
Edom, Seir is the Easu's place in Edom, Bozra is the Capital of Edom. Idumea is Edom; Righteous Job the Long-Suffering, Commemorated on May 6; Hieromartyr Silvanus the Bishop of Gaza, and with him 40 Martyrs, Commemorated on May 4; Righteous Job the Long-Suffering, Commemorated on May 6; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Land of Uz (Edom)
Land of Uz (Edom); Job 1:1-22, Job, Job and His Family, Attack on Job'™s Character, Job Loses Property and Children;

British Empire - Transjordan, historical Edom, Moab and Ammon
British Empire - Transjordan; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Edom, Brook of Arish Folder, Wadi of Egypt

Idumea (southern coastal plain and Edom)
Idumea (southern coastal plain and Edom), 1 Maccabees Ch 4, Ch 6;

Brook of Arish, Wadi of Egypt

Brook of Arish Source

Kadesh, Edom, Israel (Brook of Arish 1)
Kadesh, Israel; Numbers 20:14-29, Passage through Edom Refused;

Wadi of Egypt, Brook of Arish 2
Wadi of Egypt, Brook of Arish; 2 Kings 23:36-24:17: Jehoiakim Reigns over Judah, Judah Overrun by Enemies, Reign and Captivity of Jehoiachin, Capture of Jerusalem

Edom, Kings Highway Folder

Copper Mines of Timna Valley, Edom, Israel
Copper Mines of Timna Valley Israel; Roman Diocletian Persecution, 303, copper mines at Phaeno in Palestine and Cilicia in Asia Minor ; Hieromartyr Silvanus the Bishop of Gaza, and with him 40 Martyrs, Commemorated on May 4;

Mount Hor, Edom (Kings Highway 7, Petra)
Mount Hor, Edom (Kings Highway 7, Petra); Numbers 20:14-29, Passage through Edom Refused, and Death of Aaron;

Nabataean kingdom capital of Petra, annexed by Trajan in 106
Nabataean kingdom capital of Petra, Edom, annexed by Trajan in 106 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ;

Akrabattene (Probably Petra)
Akrabattene (Probably Petra), 1 Maccabees Ch 5, Geography from Wikipedia: Pliny the Elder and other writers identify Petra as the capital of the Nabataeans and the center of their caravan trade. Enclosed by towering rocks and watered by a perennial stream, Petra not only possessed the advantages of a fortress, but controlled the main commercial routes which passed through it to Gaza in the west, to Bosra and Damascus in the north, to Aqaba and Leuce Come on the Red Sea, and across the desert to the Persian Gulf.;

Bozrah
Bozrah is 20 miles south of Tafilah, between Tafilah and Shaubak, 1 Maccabees ch 5;

Ausis, Edom (the Land of Job. between Idumea and Arabia)
Ausis (the Land of Job. between Idumea and Arabia) Righteous Job the Long-Suffering, Commemorated on May 6;

Hormah (Tafilah)
Hormah (Tafilah, I chose Tafilah because the other two locations suggested for the location of Hormah were not very far and they were probably not the way they would go if persued); Numbers 14:26-45;

wilderness of Zin
wilderness of Zin, Numbers 13 ; Numbers 13:1-3, 21-30;

Roman Province of Raetia (Switzerland, Bavaria,Tyrol)

Switzerland Folder, and its rivers

Switzerland
Switzerland; NATHAN SO–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179) ; WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS, PRIEST, 8 October 1926; KARL BARTH PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10 ; David du Plessis, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1987, Commemorated February 2 ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, Commemorated May 28 ;

Switzerland, Rhine River Folder, Northern SWI, Zurich, Basel

Zurich, Switzerland (Rhine River 1)
Zurich, Switzerland ; David du Plessis, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1987, Commemorated February 2 ;

Basel, Switzerland (Rhine River 1)
Basel; KARL BARTH PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10 ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, Commemorated May 28 ;

Switzerland, 1848-Present, Swiss Federal Council, Government of Switzerland
Switzerland, 1848-Present, Swiss Federal Council, Government of Switzerland, they meet in Bern, Switzerland;

Constance, Switzerland, 1414-1418, Council of Constance (Lake Constance)
Council of Constance, 1414-1418 (Lake Constance); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Switzerland, Aar River Folder, Northwest SWI, Wengen, Bern, Zurich

Aar River

Aar River Source (Aar Glaciers, Switzerland)
Aar Glaciers

Aar River 1

Aar River 2

Aar River 3 (Wengen, Switzerland)

Sefenwil (Aar River 3)
Sefenwil (Aar River 3) ; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10 ;

Aar River 4 (Adelboden, Switzerland)

Aar River 5 (Bern, Switzerland)

Bern, Switzerland (Aar River 5)
Bern, Switzerland; KARL BARTH PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10 ;

University of Berne, Switzerland, 1834
University of Berne; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Aar River 6

Aar River Mouth (near Zurich, Rhine River 1)

Hapsburg Castle, Switzerland (Aar Mouth, Rhine 1, near Zurich)
Hapsburg Castle; House of Hapsburg;

House of Hapsburg, Switzerland (Aar Mouth, Rhine 1, near Zurich)
Hapsburg Castle; House of Hapsburg;

House of Austria, House of Hapsburg, Hapsburg Castle, actually in Switzerland
House of Austria, House of Hapsburg, Hapsburg Castle, actually in Switzerland; Hapsburg Castle; House of Hapsburg;

Switzerland, Inn River Folder, Eastern SWI, St Moritz, St Anton, Solden, Innsbruck

Inn River

Inn River Source (Maloja Pass, Swis Alps)
Maloja Pass;

Inn River (Lake Sills, Switzerland)
Lake Sils

Inn River (Lake Silvaplana, Switzerland)
Lake Silvaplana;

Inn River (St Moritz, Switzerland)
St Moritz;

Inn River (Engadin Valley, Switzerland)
Engadin Valley;

Inn River (Landeck, St Anton, Austria)
Landeck;

Inn River (Solden, Austria)
Solden, Austria ;

Inn River (Innsbruck, Austria)
Inn River (Innsbruck (Bridge over the Inn));

Inn River (Kufstein, Kitzbuhel, Tyrol on Bavarian Border)
Kufstein, Tyrol on Bavarian Border;

Inn River Mouth (Passau, Danube River 3)
Inn River;

Switzerland, Rhone River Folder, Western SWI, Geneva

Rhone River

Rhone River Source (Rhone Glacier, Switzerland)
Rhone Glacier;

Rhone River 1 (near Crans-Montana, Switzerland)

Burgundy, the borderlands between Switzerland, France and Italy
Burgundy (historical region); BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX;

Lausanne, Switzerland (Rhone River 1)
Lausanne, Switzerland; CHARLES HENRY BRENT, Missionary Bishop (27 March 1929);

Rhone River 2 (Geneva, Switzerland, Lake Geneva)

Geneva, Switzerland (Lake Geneva, Rhone River 2)
Geneva; NATHAN SO–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12; RICHARD HOOKER, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (3 NOV 1600) ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, Commemorated May 28 ;

Rhone River 3 (near Val-d'Isere, Courchevel, Meribel, France)

Rhone River 4 (Lyon, Saone River Mouth)

Rhone River 5 (Vienne)

Rhone River 6 (near Grenoble, France)

Rhone River 7 (Avignon)

Rhone River 8 (Arles)

Rhone River Mouth (Marseille, Gulf of Lyon)

Rhone River Mouth (Fos Harbor)

Rhone River Mouth (Marseille)

Germany, Southern Germany, Danube Area Folder, Bavaria

Austria, Inn River Folder (Switzerland, Austria, Germany) Tyrol, Western AUT

Inn River 1 (Lake Sills, Switzerland)
Lake Sils

Inn River 2 (Lake Silvaplana, Switzerland)
Lake Silvaplana;

Inn River 3 (St Moritz, Switzerland)
St Moritz;

La Spedla Peak

Inn River 4 (Engadin Valley, Switzerland)
Engadin Valley;

Inn River 5 (Landeck, St Anton, Austria)
Landeck;

Inn River 6 (Solden, Austria)
Solden, Austria ;

Inn River 7 (Innsbruck, Austria)
Inn River (Innsbruck (Bridge over the Inn));

Inn River 8 (Kufstein, Kitzbuhel, Tyrol on Bavarian Border)
Kufstein, Tyrol on Bavarian Border;

Kufstein Fortress and prison, Tyrol, Austria (Inn River 8, Kitzbuhel) 1205
Kufstein prison ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; St Moses (Macinic), Martyr and Confessor, Commemorated October 21 ; St John of Galesh, Commemorated October 21

Inn River 9 (Burghausen, Germany, Salzach River Mouth)
Burghausen, Germany;

Inn River Mouth (Passau, Germany, Danube River 3)
Inn River;

Austria, Salzach River Folder, Tyrol, West Central AUT

Salzach River

Kitzbuhel Alps
Kitzbuhel Alps ;

Pinzgau Region of the Alps
Pinzgau Region of the Alps ;

Berchtesgaden Alps
Berchtesgaden Alps ;

Salzach River Source (Kitzbuhel Alps near Krimml)

Salzach River (Salzburg)

Salzach River Mouth (Inn River, north of Salzburg)

Northern Italy, Po River 3, Adda River Folder, Tyrol

Adda River

Grison Alps

Umbrail Pass
Umbrail Pass;

Foscagno Pass
Foscagno Pass;

Gavia Pass
Gavia Pass;

Stelvio Pass

Adda River Source (Stelvio Pass)

Adda River 1 (Bormio)

Adda River 2 (Tirano)

Adda River 3 (Sondrio)

Adda River 4 (thru Lake Como)

Northern Italy, Po River 3, Ada River 4, Mera River Folder

Mera River from Source 2

Mera River

Mera River Source (Piz Duan)

Val Bregaglia Valley (Mera River)
Val Bregaglia Valley;

Mera River Mouth (Lake Como, Ada River 4)
Mera River;

Adda River 5

Adda River 6

Adda River 7 (Lodi, Lombardy)

Lodi, Lombardy (Adda River 7)
Lodi, Lombardy; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10;

Adda River 8

Adda River Mouth (Po River 3)

Cremona, Northern Italy and Gaul (Adda River at Po River 3)
Cremona, Northern Italy and Gaul (Adda River at Po River 3); St. Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated on July 13 ;

Northern Italy, Adige River Folder (Adriatic Sea, Venice) Tyrol

Adige (Atesis) River

Adige River Source (Reschen Pass)
Reschen Pass

Adige River from second source

Adige River Second Source

Adige River Second Source (Val Gardena, Italy)

County of Tyrol (now in Austria and Northern Italy)
County of Tyrol; The heart of the alpine region called the Alps. The County of Tyrol, Princely County from 1504, was a State of the Holy Roman Empire, from 1814 a province of the Austrian Empire and from 1867 a Cisleithanian crown land (Kronland) of Austria-Hungary. Today its territory is divided between the Italian region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Sirol, a small part of the Italian region of Veneto (Cortina d'Ampezzo and other villages) and the Austrian state of Tyrol. Both regions are today associated again in the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino.

Adige River 1 (Glurns)

Adige River 2 (Merano)

Adige River 4 (Auer, South Tyrol)

Adige River 5 (Trento)

Trent, Northern Italy, Council of Trent (1545-1563) (Adige River 5)
Council of Trent 1545-1563; MARTIN LUTHER EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546);

Council of Trent, 1545-1563, Northern Italy
Council of Trent 1545-1563; MARTIN LUTHER EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546);

Adige River 6 (Rovereto)

Breschia, Northern Italy (Adige River 6.5)
Breschia; Virginmartyr Julia of Carthage, Commemorated July 16 ;

Adige (Atesis) River 7 (Verona)

Verona, Northern Italy (Adige River 7)
Verona; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12 ;

Adige River 8

Adige River 9

Adriaca, Northern Italy (Adige River 9.5)
Adriaca; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4;

Adige River Mouth (Adriatic Sea)

Northern Italy, Adige River Mouth, Amber Road Folder

Amber Road (Mediterranean Sea to Baltic Sea)

Northern Italy, Adige River Mouth, Amber Road 2, Northeast Rivers Folder, Aquilea

Torre River

Torre River 1

Torre River 2

Torre River 3

Torre River 5 (Overview)

Natiso River

Natiso River 1

Natiso River 2

Natiso River 3

Natiso (Torre) River Mouth (Adriatic Sea)

Aquileia, Northern Italy (Amber Road 2, near Natiso River Mouth)
Aquileia; Greatmartyr Anastasia the œDeliverer from PotionsÂ, Commemorated on December 22 ; Martyr Chrysogonus the Teacher of the Greatmartyr Anastasia, Commemorated December 22 ; Martyr Theodota who suffered under Diocletian, Commemorated December 22 ; Virginmartyr Agape in Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 16 ;

Bibione River

Pordenone River

Aviano River

Aviano, Northern Italy (north of Venice)
Aviano, Northern Italy, 39th Squadron from Pope AFB flew from here during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 ; Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974;

Cortina River

Val Gardena River

Geography - British Empire - The Sun Never Sets, World Peace

England, 1583-1945, British Empire Folder, The Sun Never Sets, 1583-1945

England, 1815-1914, British Empire (100 Years World Peace Protector after Napoleon till WWI)
CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836) England, British Empire; Canada Newfoundland 13 Colonies British Honduras Mosquito Coast British Guiana Trinidad and Tobago Falkland Islands British Antartica South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Tristan da Cunha South Africa South West Africa Basutoland Swasiland Bechuanaland Southern Rhodesia Northern Rhodesia St Helena Nyasaland Tanganyika Zanzibar Kenya Uganda Assension Island Nigeria Gold Coast Sierra Leone Gambia Sudan Egypt British Somaliland Malta Gibraltar Ireland England Scotland Ionian Islands Heligoland Cyprus/Akrotiri & Dhekelia Transjordan Palestine Iraq Kuwait Quatar Bahrain Trucical States Oman Aden Socotra India Burma Ceylon Malaya Singapore Brunei British North Borneo Sarawak Papua New Guinea Hong Kong Weihai Maldives Seychelles British Indian Ocean Territory Australia New Zealand Soloman Islands New Hebrides Gilbert Islands Nauru Ellis Islands Western Samoa Tonga Cayman Islands Jamaica Turks and Caicos Islands British Virgin Islands Anguilla St Kits and Nevis Montserrat Grenada

Afghanistan Folder, and its rivers

Helmund River

Arghandab River

Tarnak River
Tarnak River;

Arghastan River

Africa, Central Africa 1700-Present, Congo Basin Folder

Africa, Central Africa, Congo Basin, Okavango River Folder

Okavango River

Africa, Central Africa, Congo Basin, Zambezi, Outside the Arc Folder

British Empire - Northern Rhodesia (outside the Zambezi River arc)
Northern Rhodesia; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Africa, Central Africa, Congo Basin, Zambezi, Inside the Arc Folder

British Empire - Southern Rhodesia (inside the Zambezi River arc)
Southern Rhodesia; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

Zambezi River 3 (Chavuma Falls)

Africa, South Africa, Orange River 4, Vaal River Folder

Vaal River

Blesbokspruit River

Wilge River

Mooi River

Vals River

Vet River

Hart River

British Empire - Bechuanaland - Vaal River, South Africa
British Empire - Bechuanaland - Vaal River, South Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Lime River

Riet River

Modder River

Modder River Upper Modder

Africa, South Africa, Orange River Folder

Africa, West Africa, Niger River Mouth, Ogun River Folder

Nigeria
Nigeria; Land of the Fulani People is a 1,000 mile wide streach of land across Africa south of the Sahara Desert; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31 ; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

British Empire - Nigeria - Ogun River, West Africa
Nigeria; Land of the Fulani People is a 1,000 mile wide streach of land across Africa south of the Sahara Desert; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31 ; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Yorubaland (Nigeria, Benin andTogo)
Yorubaland (Nigeria, Benin andTogo); Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Ogun River

Ogun River Source (near Shaki)

Kwara State, Nigeria (Ogun River Source, Niger River 7)
Kwara State, Nigeria ; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Ogun River 1 (Ikere Gorge Dam)

Osogun, Yorubaland (Ogun River 1)
Osogun, Yorubaland; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

Ogun River 2 (Abeokuta)

Ikeji-Arakeji, Osun State
Ikeji-Arakeji, Osun State ; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
Akure, Nigeria; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Akure-Ilesha road
Akure ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“ Ilesha road Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Wesley Hospital, Ilesa
Wesley Hospital, Ilesa; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Osogbo, Nigeria
Osogbo, Nigeria; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Osogbo-Ilesa Road
Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Abeokuta, Nigeria (Ogun River 2)
Abeokuta; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31 ;

Ogun River Mouth (Lagos Lagoon)

Lagos State, Nigeria
Lagos State, Nigeria ; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Christ Apostolic Church, Logos, Nigeria
Christ Apostolic Church, Logos, Nigeria; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT;

Badagry, Nigeria (Ogun River Mouth)
Badagry, Nigeria; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT;

Africa, West Africa, 18 Countries of West Africa Filder

Benin, West Africa
Benin, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Burkina Faso, West Africa
Burkina Faso, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Cape Verde, West Africa
Cape Verde, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Gambia, West Africa
Gambia, West Africa ; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Gambia, West Africa
Gambia, West Africa ; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Ghana, West Africa
Ghana, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Ghana School of Law
Ghana School of Law; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

Guinea, West Africa
Guinea, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Guinea-Bissau, West Africa
Guinea-Bissau, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Ivory Coast, West Africa
Ivory Coast, West Africa ; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Liberia, West Africa
Liberia, West Africa ; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Mali, West Africa
Mali, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Mauritania, West Africa
Mauritania, West Africa ; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Niger, West Africa
Niger, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Nigeria, West Africa
Nigeria, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Nigeria, West Africa
Nigeria, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Saint Helena, West Africa
Saint Helena, West Africa ; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Saint Helena Island, Southern Atlantic Ocean off West Africa
Saint Helena, West Africa ; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Senegal, West Africa
Senegal, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Sierra Leone, West Africa
Sierra Leone, West Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

British Empire - Sierra Leone, West Africa
Sierra Leone, West Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Sao Tome and Principe, West Africa
Sao Tome and Principe, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Togo, West Africa
Togo, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Orange River

Orange River Source (Lesotho, Drakensberg Mountains)

British Empire - Basutoland - Orange River Source - South Africa
British Empire - Basutoland - Orange River Source - South Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Drakensberg Mountains (11,400 feet)
Drakensberg Mountains

Orange River 1

Orange River 2 (Gariep Dam)

Philippoplis, South Africa (Orange River 2.5)
Philippoplis, South Africa ;

Orange River 3 (Vanderkloof Dam)

Orange River 4 (Vaal River Mouth)

Witwatersrand Mountains, Ridge of White Waters
Witwatersrand Mountains

Vaal River Source (Mpumalanga, Drakensberg Mountains)

Vaal River 1 (Blesbokspruit Mouth)

Blesbokspruit River Source

Vaal River 2 (Johannesburg)

Johannesburg, South Africa
Johannesburg, South Africa ; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ; David du Plessis, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1987, Commemorated February 2 ;

Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa (Johannesburg) 1908
Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ; David du Plessis, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1987, Commemorated February 2 ;

Doornfontein, Johanasburg Suburb
Doornfontein, Johanasburg Suburb; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ;

Vaal River 3 (Wilge River Mouth, Vaal Dam)

Wilge River Source

Vaal River 4 (Vaal Dam)

Sharpeville massacre 1960
Sharpeville massacre; ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21;

Vaal River 5 (Mooi River Mouth)

Mooi River Source

Vaal River 6 (Vals River Mouth)

Vals River Source

Vaal River 7 (Vet River Mouth)

Vet River Source

Vaal River 8 (Harts River Mouth)

Vaal River 9 (Lime River Mouth)

Vaal River 10 (Riet River Mouth)

Reit River 1 (Modder River Mouth)

Riet River 2

Vaal River Mouth (Orange River 4)

Hart River Source

Orange River 5

Orange River 6 (Upington)

Orange River 7

Orange River 8 (Aggeneys)

Orange River Mouth (Atlantic Ocean)

Africa, West Africa, Guiana Rivers Folder, Sierra Leone and Freetown

Guiana River 1 Boke River

Guiana River 2 Telimele River

Guiana River 3 Telimele River

Guiana River 4 Fria River

Guiana River 5 Kindia River

Guiana River 6 Pita River

Guiana River 7 Koullan River

Guiana River 8

Guiana River 9

Guiana River 10

Guiana River 11 Kindia River

Freetown, Sierra Leone
Freetown, Sierra Leone; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

British Empire - Sierra Leone, West Africa
Sierra Leone; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

Guiana River 15 Farmoyeya River

Ammon Folder, and its rivers

Ammon (a nation between Arnon and Jabbok Rivers)
Ammon Nation; Amman, Capital City of Ammon or Jordan; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20; Righteous Lot, Commemorated October 9 ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3 ; Righteous Phineas the grandson of Aaron, Commemorated on March 12; Martyr Zeno of Philadelphia, Commemorated on June 22;

Ammon 2000BC, Ammon History Folder

Ammon Patriarch, 2000 BC, Lot
Ammon Patriarch, 2000 BC, Lot; Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9; Righteous Lot, Commemorated on October 9;

Ammon, Kings Highway Folder

Kings Highway 12 (Madaba, Moab, Jordan)

Kings Highway 13 (Moab, Moab, Jordan)

Ammon Range (Amman was built on seven hills)
Amman Range (Amman was built on seven hills); St Simeon "the Ancient" of Mt. Sinai; Martyr Zeno of Philadelphia, Commemorated on June 22;

Philadelphia, Arabia (Amman, Jordan)
Philadelphia, Arabia (Amman, Jordan); Martyr Zeno of Philadelphia, Commemorated on June 22 ;

Jordan Desert (Ammon, Arabian Desert)
Jordan Desert; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Amman, Ammon (Capital of Jordan and Ammon)
Amman, Capital City of Ammon or Jordan; Ammon Nation; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20; Righteous Lot, Commemorated October 9 ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3 ; Righteous Phineas the grandson of Aaron, Commemorated on March 12; Martyr Zeno of Philadelphia, Commemorated on June 22;

Kings Highway 15 (Gerasa, Ammon, Jordan)

Ammon, Arnon River Folder

Arnon River

Arnon River 1
Arnon River;

Arnon River 2 (Moab)

Arnon River Mouth (Dead Sea)

Ammon, Jazer River Folder

Jazer River

Jazer River 1 (Jazer)

Jazer
Jazer, 10 miles west of Philadelphia and 15 miles north of Heshbon, 1 Maccabees Ch 5;

Ammon, Jabbok River Folder

Jabbok River

Jabbok River wet source from Ain Ghazal
Jabbok (Zarqa) River; Ain Ghazal;

Jabbok River Source (Zarqa)
Jabbok (Zarqa) River; Ain Ghazal;

Jabbok River wet Source (Ain Ghazal)
Jabbok (Zarqa) River; Ain Ghazal;

Jabbok River 1 (Zarga)

Zarga, Ammon (Jabbok (Zarga) River 1)
Zarga (Jabbok River 1) ; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20;

Jabbok River 2 (Jerash)

Jabbok River 3 (Jerash or Geraza)

Jabbok River 4 (Sukkoth, Sukkoth Valley of Jabbok River)

Jabbok River Mouth (City of Adam, Sukkot Valley, Jordan River 3)

Adam, Ammon (waters of Jordan stood still here)
Adam, the city that is beside Zarethan (waters of Jordan stood still here); Joshua 3:14-4:7; Waters of Jordan stood still, rising in a single heap far off at Adam (18 miles away) 14 When the people set out from their tents to cross over the Jordan, the priests bearing the ark of the covenant were in front of the people. 15Now the Jordan overflows all its banks throughout the time of harvest. So when those who bore the ark had come to the Jordan, and the feet of the priests bearing the ark were dipped in the edge of the water, 16the waters flowing from above stood still, rising up in a single heap far off at Adam, the city that is beside Zarethan, while those flowing towards the sea of the Arabah, the Dead Sea,* were wholly cut off. Then the people crossed over opposite Jericho. 17While all Israel were crossing over on dry ground, the priests who bore the ark of the covenant of the Lord stood on dry ground in the middle of the Jordan, until the entire nation finished crossing over the Jordan. Twelve Stones Set Up at Gilgal 4When the entire nation had finished crossing over the Jordan, the Lord said to Joshua: 2ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â˜Select twelve men from the people, one from each tribe, 3and command them, ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœTake twelve stones from here out of the middle of the Jordan, from the place where the priestsÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™ feet stood, carry them over with you, and lay them down in the place where you camp tonight.ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™ 4Then Joshua summoned the twelve men from the Israelites, whom he had appointed, one from each tribe. 5Joshua said to them, ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â˜Pass on before the ark of the Lord your God into the middle of the Jordan, and each of you take up a stone on his shoulder, one for each of the tribes of the Israelites, 6so that this may be a sign among you. When your children ask in time to come, ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœWhat do those stones mean to you?ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ 7then you shall tell them that the waters of the Jordan were cut off in front of the ark of the covenant of the Lord. When it crossed over the Jordan, the waters of the Jordan were cut off. So these stones shall be to the Israelites a memorial for ever. Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1;

Africa, East Africa, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania Folder

Rwanda, East Africa
Rwanda, East Africa; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977);

Burundi, East Africa
Burundi, East Africa; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977);

Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (19,341 ft or 5,895 meters)
Mount Kilimanjaro;

East African Community (EAC), Tanzania
East Africa; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

British Empire - Tanganyika, Tanzania, East Africa, Zanzibar, Indian Ocean
British Empire - Tanganyika, Tanzania, East Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - British Indian Ocean Territory - halfway between Tanzania and Indonesia
British Empire - British Indian Ocean Territory - ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Zanzibar, Indian Ocean Islands right next to Tanganyika, East Africa
British Empire - Zanzibar, Indian Ocean Island right next to Tanganyika, East Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Seychelles - Islands in the Indian Ocean, off East Africa
British Empire - Seychelles - Islands in the Indian Ocean, off East Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836)

Mitumba Mountains Mt Kahuzi 10,850 ft
Mitumba Mountains Mt Kahuzi

Ruzizi River

Ruzizi River Source (Lake Kivu)

Ruzizi River Mouth (Lake Tanganyika)

Africa, East Africa, Sudan Folder

Sudan, East Africa
Sudan; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT); CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); MARTYRS OF SUDAN, (16 May 1983);

British Empire - Sudan, East Africa
Sudan; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT); CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); MARTYRS OF SUDAN, (16 May 1983);

Sudan History Folder

Sudanese Diaspora - Martyrs of South Sudan 1983
Sudanese Diaspora - Martyrs of South Sudan 1983 ; MARTYRS OF SUDAN, (16 May 1983) ;

Nubia (Sudan)
Nubia; PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT);

Khartoum, Sudan, East Africa (Nile River Source)
Khartoum; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); MARTYRS OF SUDAN, (16 May 1983);

White Nile 4 (Sudan-Uganda Border)

Africa, East Africa, Uganda Folder

Uganda, East Africa
Uganda; JAMES HANNINGTON AND THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (29 OCT 1885) ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977); MARTYRS OF SUDAN, (16 May 1983); THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (3 JUNE 1886) ;

British Empire - Uganda, East Africa
Uganda; JAMES HANNINGTON AND THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (29 OCT 1885) ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977); MARTYRS OF SUDAN, (16 May 1983); THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (3 JUNE 1886) ;

Africa, East Africa, Uganda History Folder, 1856-1979

Africa, East Africa, Uganda, 1856-1884, Ugandan King, Muteesa I of Buganda
Ugandan King, 1856-1884, Muteesa I of Buganda; JAMES HANNINGTON AND THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (29 OCT 1885); THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (3 JUNE 1886);

Africa, East Africa, Uganda, 1884-1897, Ugandan King, Mwanga II of Buganda
Ugandan King, 1884-1897, Mwanga II of Buganda; THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (3 JUNE 1886);

Africa, East Africa, Uganda, 1885-1897, Homosexual War of King Mwanga
Uganda, 1885-1897, Homosexual War of King Mwanga ; JAMES HANNINGTON AND THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (29 OCT 1885) ; THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (3 JUNE 1886);

Africa, East Africa, Uganda, 1894-1962, British Protectorate
Uganda, 1894-1962, British Protectorate; THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (3 JUNE 1886);

Africa, East Africa, Uganda, 1966-1971, President, Milton Obote
East Africa, Ugandan President, 1966-1971, Milton Obote; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977);

Africa, East Africa, Uganda, 1971-1979, President, Idi Amin
East Africa, Ugandan President, 1971-1979, Idi Amin; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977);

Kampala, Uganda, East Africa
Kampala, Uganda; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977);

Namugongo, Uganda
Namugongo; THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (3 JUNE 1886);

Buganda, Central Uganda, East Africa
Buganda; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977); THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (3 JUNE 1886);

Northern Uganda, East Africa
Northern Uganda; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977);

Acholi tribe, Northern Uganda, South Sudan, East Africa
Acholi tribe, Northern Uganda, South Sudan, East Africa; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977) ; Lord's Resistance Army; MARTYRS OF SUDAN, (16 May 1983)

Lango Tribe, Northern Uganda, East Africa
Lango; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977) ;

Buwalasi Theological College, Sironko District, Uganda, East Africa
Buwalasi Theological College, Sironko District, Uganda, East Africa; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977);

Africa, South Africa, Limpopo River Folder, Transvaal Colony, Mozambique

Limpopo River

Limpopo River Source

Africa, South Africa, Limpopo River Sources, Marico and Crocodile Rivers Folder

Marico River

Marico River Source

Marico River Mouth (Source of the Limpopo River)

Crocodile River

Crocodile River Source

Crocodile River (Limpopo)

Limpopo River 1

Limpopo River 2

Limpopo River 3

Transvaal Colony, Limpopo River, South Africa
Transvaal Colony; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936, Commemorated June 12 ;

Limpopo River Mouth (Indian Ocean)

Portuguese South East Africa (Mozambique)
Portuguese South East Africa (Mozambique); BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

British Empire - Swaziland - Next to Mozambique, Limpopo River, South Africa
British Empire - Swaziland; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Africa, East Africa, Kenya Folder

Kenya, East Africa
Kenya; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977); MARTYRS OF SUDAN, (16 May 1983); ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

British Empire - Kenya, East Africa
Kenya; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977); MARTYRS OF SUDAN, (16 May 1983); ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Nairobi, Kenya, East Africa
Nairobi; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977); ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Amimos, Kenya, East Africa
Amimos, Kenya ; Martyr Eudoxius, Commemorated September 6 ;

Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia Folder

Ethiopia, East Africa
Ethiopia; PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT); Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God Arapet (Arabian), Commemorated September 6 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated October 6 ; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24 ; Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated November 16 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Venerable Mark the Anchorite of Athens, Commemorated on April 5;

British Empire - British Somaliland - East Africa, Gulf of Aden
British Empire - British Somaliland - East Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia History Folder

Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas
Ethiopia, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6

Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 1st Century, Apostle Matthew
Ethiopia, 1st Century, Apostle Matthew; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6 ; Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated on November 16;

Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 100-940, Ethiopian Kingdom of Axum, Christian
Ethiopian Kingdom of Axum, 100-940, Christian; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 323-383, Abyssinia (Ethiopian) Saint, Frumentius
East Africa, Abyssinia, 323-383, Ethiopian Saint, Frumentius; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30;

Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 333-356, King, Ezana of Axum
East Africa, 333-356, King, Ezana of Axum; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30;

Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 350-405, Ethiopian Saint, Moses the Black
Egyptian Saint, 350-405, Moses the Black; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Ethiopian of Scete, Commemorated on August 28;

Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 520-540, King, Elesbaan (Caleb or Kaleb), Christian
Ethiopian King, 520-540, Elesbaan (Caleb or Kaleb), Christian Kingdom of Axum (100-940); St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Aksum (Axum or Abyssinia)
Aksum (Axum or Abyssinia); Elesbaan, or Kaleb of Axum (Axum is in Eritrea. Capital of Eritrea is Aksum; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Mirmena (Asmara or Massawa), Ethiopia
Mirmena (Asmara or Massawa); Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated on November 16;

Upper Blue Nile region (Ethiopia)
Previously, Ethiopia referred to Upper Nile region, Blue Nile and White Nile; Icon of the Mother of God Arapet (Arabian), Commemorated September 6 ; PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT); Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Abyssinia (Ethiopian Empire, Northwest Ethiopia, north of the rift, Ethiopian Highlands)
Abyssinia: the Ethiopian Empire. Ethiopian Highlands ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated November 30 ;

Afar, Ethiopia (Semera)
Afar, Ethiopia (Semara) ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Arab Lands Folder (Saracens, Hagarenes, Pre-Islamic Arabia, Havilah)

Arab History Folder

Arabs, 600 BC - 8th Century, History Folder, East African Egyptian Arabs, Nubian Kingdom

Arabs, 600 BC - 8th Century, East African Egyptian Arabs, Blemmyes Nubian Kingdom
East African Egyptian Arabs, 600 BC - 8th Century, Blemmyes Nubian Kingdom; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated on January 14;

Arabs, 400BC-106AD, Nabataean Kingdom, Edom

Arabs, 400BC - 106AD, Nabataean Kingdom, Edom
Arab Nabataean Kingdom, 400BC - 106AD; Nabataean kingdom capital of Petra, Edom, annexed by Trajan in 106 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ;

Arabs, 9BC - 40AD, Nabataean King, Aretas IV Philopatris, Edom
Arab Nabataean King, 9BC - 40AD, Aretas IV Philopatris; Arab Nabataean Kingdom, 400BC - 106AD; Nabataean kingdom capital of Petra, Edom, annexed by Trajan in 106 ; The Beheading of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist John, Commemorated on August 29 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ;

Arabs, 106, Nabataean kingdom capital of Petra, annexed by Trajan in 106
Nabataean kingdom capital of Petra, Edom, annexed by Trajan in 106 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ;

Arabs, 110 BC - 622 AD, History Folder, Himyarite Kingdom Pre Islam

Arabs,110 BC-520 AD, Arabian Himyarite Kingdom, Historical Dhafar
Himyarite Kingdom; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated October 24 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Arabs, 000, 1st Century Folder, Apostles Thomas,

Arabs, Arabia, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas
East Africa, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6

Arabs, 300-399, 4th Century Folder, Himyarite King Abu Karab

Arabs, 390-420, Arabian Jewish Himyarite King, Abu Karab
Arabs, 390-420, Arabian Jewish Himyarite King, Abu Karab; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12;

Arabs, 500-599, Arabian Jewish Warlord Dunaan

Arabs, 517&525, Ethiopian incursion into Yemen (in support of Arabian Christians)
Yemen; Saint Elesbaan, King of Ethiopia; Dunaan, Jewish king in Yemen; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Arethas, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated October 24 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Arabs, 517-525, Arabian Jewish Warlord, Dunaan
Arabian Jewish Warlord, 517-525, Dunaan; Yemen; Saint Elesbaan, King of Ethiopia; Dunaan, Jewish king in Yemen; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Arethas, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated October 24 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Arabs, 519, Dunaan, Himyarite King and Jewish Warlord in Yemen
Himyarite king Dunaan ; Himyarite Kingdom (110BC-520AD); St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Arabs, 519-525, Arabian Himyarite King, Dunaan, Jewish Warlord
Himyarite king Dunaan ; Himyarite Kingdom (110BC-520AD); Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Arethas, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated October 24 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Arabs, 622-632, History Folder, Muhammad

Arabia, Raids on Meccan caravans 622-632
Arabia, Raids on Meccan caravans 622-632;

Arabia, 622-632, Military career of Muhammad
Military career of Muhammad 622-632; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24;

Arabs, 632-661, History Folder, Rashidun Caliphate, Sunni and Shia

Arabs, 632-661, Arab Caliphates, Rashidun, based in Medina and Kufa, Messopotamia
Arab Caliphates, 632-661, Rashidun, based in Medina and Kufa, Messopotamia ; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ;

Arabs, 634-644, Rashidun Caliph, Umar I
Arab Caliph, 634-644, Umar I, 2nd caliph of Rashidun Caliphate, 634-644 ; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Monkmartyr Menas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 12;

Arabs, 637, Seige of Jerusalem
Arabia, 637, Seige of Jerusalem; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24; Monkmartyr Menas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 12;

Arabs, 640-641, Arab Conqest of Babylon Fortress Egypt
Arab Muslim Conqest of Babylon Fortress Egypt 640

Arabs, 642, Arab Muslim Conquest of Alexandria
Arab Muslim Conquest of Alexandria 642;

Arabs, 644-656, Rashidun Caliph, Uthman, 3rd Rashidun Caliph
Arab Rashidun Caliph, 644-656, Uthman, 3rd Rashidun Caliph; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated on October 28;

Arabs, 656-661, Arab Rashidun Caliph, Ali (First Shia Iman, fourth and Last Rashidun Caliph)
Arab Rashidun Caliph, 656-661, Ali (First Shia Iman, fourth and Last Rashidun Caliph); Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated on October 28;

Arabs, 661-750, History Folder, Umayyad Caliphate, Sunni

Arabs, 661-750, Umayyad Caliphate based in Damascus, Sunni
Arab Caliphates, 661-750, Umayyad, based in Damascus, Sunni ; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ;

Arabs, 661-680, Caliph Muawiyah I, in Damascus, Sunni
Arab Caliph, 661-680, Muawiyah I ; St Phanourius, Commemorated on August 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4;

Arabs, 685-705, Umayyad Caliph, khalif Abdul Malek, Damascus
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 685-705, khalif Abdul Malek, Damascus, Greater Syria; Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4; JOHN OF DAMASCUS, HYMN-WRITER, DEFENDER OF ICONS (4 DEC 750); Martyr John of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4;

Arabs, 705-715, Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 705-715, Al-Walid I; Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4;

Arabs, 717-720, Umayyad Caliph Umar II
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 717-720, Umar II ; Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4;

Arabs, 720-724, Umayyad Caliph Yazid II
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 720-724, Yazid II; Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4;

Arabs, 724-743, Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 724-743, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik; Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4;

Arabs, 744-750, Umayyad Caliph Marwan II bin Muhammad (Marwan the Deaf or Blind)
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 744-750, Marwan II bin Muhammad (Marwan the Deaf) ; Arab general Marwan the Deaf; Martyr David the Prince of Georgia, Commemorated on October 2; Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4; St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated on August 21; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated on January 8; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ;

Arabs, 750-1517, History Folder, Abbasid Caliphate, Sunni

Arabs, 750-799, 8th Century History Folder, Abbasids in Baghdad

Arabs, 750-1517, Abbasid Caliphate, first based in Baghdad, Shia
Arab Caliphates, 750-1517, Abbasid, based in Baghdad, Shia ; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25;

Arabs, 750-754, Abbasid Caliph, As-Saffah
Abbasid Caliph, 750-754, As-Saffah; St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated on August 21;

Arabs, 754-775, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mansur
Abbasid Caliph, 754-775, Al-Mansur; St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated on August 21;

Arabs, 775-785, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mahdi
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 775-785, Al-Mahdi; Martyr Theophilus the New in Cyprus, Commemorated on January 30;

Arabs, 786-809, Abbasid Caliph, Aaron (Harun) al-Rashid, Shia
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 786-809, Aaron (Harun) al-Rashid, Shia ; New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated on December 1; Martyr Theophilus the New in Cyprus, Commemorated on January 30; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9;

Arabs, 800-899, 9th Century History Folder, Abbasid Anarchy, Shia Sunni battles

Arabs, 813-833, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Ma'mun
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 813-833, Al-Ma'mun; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25;

Arabs, 819-861, Abbasid, Arab Military Slave, Bugha the Turk, Bugha al-Kabir
Messopotamia, Abbasid, Arab Military Slave, 819-861, Bugha the Turk, Bugha al-Kabir; Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; Martyr John, Abbot of the Zedazeni Monastery, Commemorated on December 12 ; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6;

Arabs, 833-842, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tasim, Sunni
Arabs, 833-842, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tasim; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6;

Arabs, 842-847, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Wathiq, Sunni, Probably Christian Caliph Mavi
Arabs, 842-847, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Wathiq, Shia; St. Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9;

Arabs, 847-861, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mutawakkil, Sunni, assasinated by his son
Arabs, 847-861, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mutawakkil, Shia; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae,Commemorated on July 2;

Arabs, 862-866, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Musta'in, Sunni
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 862-866, Al-Musta'in, Shia; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; Martyr Michael ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe Black-RobedÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23;

Arabs, 866-86, Abbasid Caliph9, Al-Mu'tazz, Sunni
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 866-869, Al-Mu'tazz; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 870-892, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tamid, Sunni
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 870-892, Al-Mu'tamid ; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 892-902, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tamid, Sunni
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 892-902, Al-Mu'tamid; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 900-999, 10th Century History Folder, Sunni Said Georgia Invasion

Arabs, 908-932, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muqtadir, Sunni
Abbasid Caliph, 908-932, Al-Muqtadir ; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 17;

Arabs, 914, Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia, and Kvelistsikhe Fortress
Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Arabs, 960's, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muttaqi, Sunni
Arabs, 960's, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muttaqi, Sunni; Venerable Euthymius, founder of Dochiariou Monastery (Mount AthosÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â”10th c.), and Venerable Neophytus, Co-founder of the Monastery, Commemorated on November 9;

Arabs, 1200-1299, 13th Century History Folder, Abbasid Mamluk Sultanate, Cairo Egypt, Crusades

Arabs, 1250-1517, Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate, Cairo), Sunni Islam
Egypt, 1250-1517, Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Sunni Islam;

Arabs, 1259-1260, Mamluk Sultan, Qutuz, or al-Malik al-Muzaffar Saif ad-Din Qutuz
Egypt, 1259-1260, Mamluk Sultan, Qutuz, or al-Malik al-Muzaffar Saif ad-Din Qutuz ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated on October 19;

Arabs, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated on October 19; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 1260-1277, Abbasid Sultan, Rukn al-Din Baibars, Sunni
Egypt, 1260-1277, Abbasid Sultan, Rukn al-Din Baibars, Sunni; Martyr Salome the Georgian, Commemorated on July 20; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Arabs, 1261-1517, Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate), Sunni, from Cairo, Egypt
Egypt, 1261-1517, Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate), Sunni, from Cairo, Egypt ; Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), 1250-1517

Arabs, 1277-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Said Barakah, Sunni
Egypt, 1277-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Said Barakah, Sunni;

Arabs, 1279-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Solamish, Sunni
Egypt, 1279-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Solamish, Sunni;

Arabs, 1279-1290, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Qalawun, Sunni
Egypt, 1279-1290, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Qalawun, Sunni; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8;

Arabs, 1290-1293, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Khalil, Sunni
Egypt, 1290-1293, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Khalil, Sunni ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8;

Arabs, 1400-1499. 15th Century History Folder, Abbasid, Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt

Arabs, 1497-1508, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mustamsik, Sunni
Egypt, 1497-1508, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mustamsik, Sunni; St. Phanourius, Commemorated on August 27;

Arabs, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, Persia into Geogria

Arabs, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, from Persia into Geogria
Persia, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, from Persia into Geogria; Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Arabs, 914, Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia and Kvelistsikhe Fortress
Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Arabs, 1037-1194, History Folder, Seljuk Empire, Sunni, Battle of Baghdad, 600,000 men to Georgia

Arabs, 1037-1194, Seljuk Empire, Sunni, Turk
Messopotamia, Seljuk Empire, 1037-1194, Sunni, Turk; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Arabs, 1037-1063, Seljuk sultan, Tughril
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1037-1063, Tughril ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 1105-1118, Seljuk sultan, Mehmed I of Baghdad
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1105-1118, Mehmed I of Baghdad ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Arabs, 1118-1152, Seljuk sultan, Mehmed II, Great Seljuq Persia
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1118-1153, Mehmed II, Great Seljuq Persia ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Arabs, 1152-1153, Seljuk sultan, Malik-Shah III, 600,000 Men to Georgia
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1152-1153, Malik-Shah III; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Arabs, 1258, Battle of Bagdad (Mongols seige Abbasid Caliphate)
Messopotamia, 1258, Battle of Bagdad (Mongols seige Abbasid Caliphate ; Further conquests: 1200ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â“1800 ; Timur or Tamerlan;

Arabs, 1250-1517, Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate, Cairo), Sunni Islam, joined by Crusaders

Arabs, 1200, 13th Century Folder, Crusaders join Mmluk Baibars to Plunder Athoninte Monasteries

Arabs, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated on October 19; St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 1270, Mamluk Sultan Baibars expels Crusaders from Palestine
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20;

Arabs, 1270, Crusaders and Mamluk Sultan Baibars join to Loot and Plunder Athonite Monasteries
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20;

Arab Lands, Big Picture Folder, Kings Highway, Havilah Line, Ishmaelites

Arabian Penninsula
Arabian Peninsula; Arabian Plate and Cilicia; Martyr and Unmercenary Cosmas and his brother in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 17 ; Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated October 24 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cosmas of Asia Minor, Commemorated on November 1 ; Venerable Theoctiste of the Isle of Lesbos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Neophytus the Co-Founder of the Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Theoctiste of the Isle of Lesbos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated on December 1; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2 ; Martyr Eustratius at Sebaste, Commemorated December 13 ; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Martyr Theophilus the New in Cyprus, Commemorated on January 30; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Righteous Job the Long-Suffering, Commemorated on May 6; Venerable Priestmartyrs of St Sava Lavra, Commemorated on May 16; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Havilah or Arabia - Land of the Ishmaelites - Havilah, Shur to Assur
Havilah is both a point (Habala) and this line east of the Jordan Rift from Habala to Wilderness of Shur to Assur (Mosel, Ninevah, Assyria, Persia). That line and the area it describes (between the Red Sea and the Jordan Rift) defines the Land of the Ishmaelites.; In addition to the region described in Genesis 2 in the Garden of Eden description, two individuals named Havilah are listed in the Table of Nations which lists the descendants of Noah, who are considered eponymous ancestors of nations. They are mentioned in Genesis 10:7,29, 1 Chronicles 1:9,23. One is the son of Cush, the son of Ham; the other, a son of Joktan and descendant of Shem.[2] The other sons of Cush are associated with eastern Africa, while Joktan's other sons are often associated with the Arabian desert. Such a land in the Arabian desert is mentioned in Genesis 25:18, where it defines the territory inhabited by the Ishmaelites as being "from Havilah to Shur, opposite Egypt in the direction of Assyria"; and in 1 Samuel 15:7, which states that king Saul of Israel attacked the Amalekites who were living there.[3]. The Amalekites also fought Moses et all near Mt Sinai-Horeb in Median of Arabia.

Havilah - Land of the Arab Muslims (Pre-Islamic Arabia, Havilah)
Havilah, Circle from Havilah to Shur to Assur ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated on September 6; St Leo of Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 28; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20 ; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Saracen, Roman Province of Arabia
Saracen; Roman Province of Arabia;

Roman Province of Arabia (Capital Petra)
Roman Province of Arabia; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25;

Saracens, Arabs, Saracen Land (the original Saracens north of the Euphrates River)
Saracens, Both Hippolytus and Uranius mention three distinct peoples in Arabia during the first half of the third century: the Saraceni, the Taeni and the Arabes.[2] The Taeni, later identified with the Arabic speaking people called Tayy, were located around the Khaybar oasis north of Medina, and also in an area stretching up to the Euphrates river, while the Saraceni were placed north of them.[2] These Saracens located in the northern Hejaz appeared as people with a certain military ability who were opponents of the Roman Empire and who were characterized by the Romans as barbarians.[2]; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; St Leo of Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 28; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Pre-Islamic Arabia 1 (Kings Highway)
Pre-Islamic Arabia ; Icon of the Mother of God Arapet (Arabian), Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated on September 6 ; Icon of the Mother of God Arapet (Arabian);;

Pre-Islamic Arabia 2 (Havilah)
Pre-Islamic Arabia ; Icon of the Mother of God Arapet (Arabian), Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated on September 6 ; Icon of the Mother of God Arapet (Arabian);;

Saracens, Arabs, Land of the Saracens (Havilah)
Havilah, Havila is the curved area around the East side of the Dead Sea from Shur (North Sinai) toward Asshur the first capital of Assyria- the area of Ishmael's Twelve Tribes ; Saracens; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; St Leo of Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 28; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20 ; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Saracens, Arabs, Land of the Saracens (Syrian Desert, Pre Islamic Arabia)
Saracens; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25;

Bedouin Arabs, Land of the Saracens (Sarah, Capital Petra)
Bedouin Arabs, Land of the Saracens (Sarah, Capital Petra); St. Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridon, Commemorated on June 15;

Saracens, Arabs, Land of the Saracens (Sarah, Muslims, Capital Petra)
Saracens, Land of the Saracens (Sarah, Muslims, Capital Petra); St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; St Leo of Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Priestmartyrs of St Sava Lavra, Commemorated on May 16; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20 ; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Arab Lands, Big Picture, Kings Highway Folder

Arab Lands, Big Picture, Tigris River Folder

Arab Lands, Big Picture, Euphrates River Folder

Arab Lands, Median Folder, Moses, Horeb, Desert of Sin, Mt Sinai, 12 Wells

Midian (Northwest Arabian Penninsula, and Western Havilah)
Midian; Median and Mt Sinai; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Righteous Phineas the grandson of Aaron, Commemorated on March 12;

Land of the Kenites (Midian), Jethro and Heber
Land of the Kenites (Midian) ; Midian, land of Jethro and Heber, Moses' father in law and brother in law.; Judges 4, Deborah and Barak;

Moses' Father In-Law's Home - Jeptha
Median and Mt Sinai;

Desert of Sin
Desert of Sin; Ron Wyatt's work there, Mt Horeb is up from the Desert of Sin, on the backside of the Desert of Sin; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder;

Sinai Desert, Median, Arabia, Desert of Sin
Desert of Sin; Ron Wyatt's work there, Mt Horeb is up from the Desert of Sin, on the backside of the Desert of Sin; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder; Martyr Gordius at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 3;

Watercourse route to Mount Horeb, Median (up from the Desert of Sin)
Watercourse Route;

Red Sea Crossing Path (8 mile gulf, 2 mile wide ADA compliant path under the water, 5,000 ft deep on either side)

Mara in the Wilderness of Shur, against Egypt in Median
Mara in the Wilderness of Shur, against Egypt in Median;

Wilderness of Paran (Hejaz, along the Red Sea)
Wilderness of Paran (Hejaz, along the Red Sea); Wilderness of Paran; Hagar and Ishmael in the Wilderness of Paran;

Horeb, Mt Horeb / Sinai in Median, Land of the Arabs, Burning Bush
Mt Sinai / Horeb up from the Desert of Sin and Jethro's home in Midian (not Mt Sinai in Egypt); Mt Sinai diagram not drawn to scale; Ron Wyatt's work there; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush"; St Simeon "the Ancient" of Mt. Sinai; St Simeon ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe AncientÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26 ; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19;

Elijah's Cave
Elijah's Cave is on Mount Horeb in Median.; Mt Sinai diagram not drawn to scale; Ron Wyatt's work there; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated November 19 ;

Mt Sinai, Mt Horeb in Median, Land of the Arabs
Mt Sinai / Horeb up from the Desert of Sin and Jethro's home in Midian (not Mt Sinai in Egypt); Mt Sinai diagram not drawn to scale; Ron Wyatt's work there; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush"; St Simeon "the Ancient" of Mt. Sinai; St Simeon ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe AncientÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26 ; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19;

Sinai / Mt Horeb in Median, Land of the Arabs
Mt Sinai / Horeb up from the Desert of Sin and Jethro's home in Midian (not Mt Sinai in Egypt); Mt Sinai diagram not drawn to scale; Ron Wyatt's work there; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush"; St Simeon "the Ancient" of Mt. Sinai; St Simeon ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe AncientÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26 ; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19;

Arab Lands, Medina Folder

Medina, Yathrib (City and Land of the Hagarenes)
Medina (City and Land of the Hagarenes); New Martyr Auxentius of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20;

Yathrib Region (Medina, Land of the Hagarenes)
Yathrib Region (Land of the Hagarenes); New Martyr Auxentius of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ;

Arab Lands, Mecca Folder

Mecca
Mecca; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Wilderness of Paran
Wilderness of Paran, Mentioned in Numbers 12 Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ;

Paran Desert, Wilderness of Paran, Mecca
Wilderness of Paran, Mentioned in Numbers 12 Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ;

Asir Mountains
Asir Mountains;

Arab Lands, Havilah and Najran River Folder

Habala, Land of the Arabs
Habala; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27 ;

Havilah (Habala)
Havilah is both this point (Habala) and a line east of the Jordan Rift from Habala to Wilderness of Shur to Assur (Mosel, Ninevah, Assyria, Persia). That line and the area it describes defines the Land of the Ishmaelites.; In addition to the region described in Genesis 2 (the Garden of Eden description), two individuals named Havilah are listed in the Table of Nations which lists the descendants of Noah, who are considered eponymous ancestors of nations. They are mentioned in Genesis 10:7,29, 1 Chronicles 1:9,23. One is the son of Cush, the son of Ham; the other, a son of Joktan and descendant of Shem.[2] The other sons of Cush are associated with eastern Africa, while Joktan's other sons are often associated with the Arabian desert. Such a land in the Arabian desert is mentioned in Genesis 25:18, where it defines the territory inhabited by the Ishmaelites as being "from Havilah to Shur, opposite Egypt in the direction of Assyria"; and in 1 Samuel 15:7, which states that king Saul of Israel attacked the Amalekites who were living there.[3]. The Amalekites also fought Moses et all near Mt Sinai-Horeb in Median of Arabia. Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Habala; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20 ;

Najran River Lower

Najran River Upper

Najran River Source (Asir Mountains)

Najran River Sink (Najran Desert)

Wadi Najran (Valley of Najran River)
Wadi Najran;

Omirits (Wadi Nejran)
Nejran or Negran; Wadi Najran; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Negran (Najran), Arabia
Negran (Najran); Martyr Arethas, Commemorated October 24 ; Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated on October 24 ; Dunaan; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Homer, Land of Homer, Omirits (Najran River, Wadi Nejran)
Nejran or Negran; Wadi Najran; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Arab Lands, Yeman Folder

Southern Arabia
Southern Arabia; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Yemen (Southern Arabia)
Yemen; Dunaan; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24;

British Empire - Aden, port city and capital of Yemen, Southern Arabia
British Empire - Aden, port city and capital of Yemen; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Socotra - Island at the mouth of Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea
British Empire - Socotra - Island at the mouth of Gulf of Aden; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Zafar, Yemen
Zafar, Yemen; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Mocha, Yemen
Mocha, Yemen; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Land of the Sabeans (Yemen)
Land of the Sabeans (Yemen) ; Job 1:1-22, Job, Job and His Family, Attack on JobÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™s Character, Job Loses Property and Children;

Arab Lands, Qatar. Bahrain, Al-Hasa Oasis Folder

Bahrain, Island of Arad, Arab Lands
Bahrain, Island of Arad, Arab Lands ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Bahrain, Island of Arad, Arab Lands, Persian Gulf
Bahrain, Island of Arad, Arab Lands ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Kewait, North end of the Persian Gulf, Arabia
British Empire - Kewait, North end of the Persian Gulf, Arabia; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Qatar, large penninsula in Persian Gulf, Arabia
British Empire - Qatar, large penninsula in Persian Gulf, Arabia; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Oasim, Al-Hasa Oasis, Arabia
Al-Hasa the largest oasis in Arabia ; St Eugene the Presbyter and Confessor at Antioch, Commemorated February 19 ;

Al-Hasa Oasis, Arabia
Al-Hasa the largest oasis in Arabia ; St Eugene the Presbyter and Confessor at Antioch, Commemorated February 19 ;

Arad Island, Bahrain, Arab Lands
Arad Island, Bahrain, Arab Lands; St. Barses the Confessor, Commemorated on August 25;

Arab Lands, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Abu Dhabi, Liwa Oasis Folder

British Empire - Trucical States, 7, became UAE, Southern Persian Gulf, Arabia
British Empire - Trucical States, 6, UAE, Southern Persian Gulf, Arabia; 1 December 1971. The following day six of the sheikhdoms (Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain and Fujairah) formed the United Arab Emirates; the seventh ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“ Ras Al Khaimah ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“ joined the Federation on 10 February 1972. CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Western Liwa Oasis Area, Arabia
Liwa Oasis ; St Eugene the Presbyter and Confessor at Antioch, Commemorated February 19 ;

Eastern Liwa Oasis Area, Arabia
Liwa Oasis ; St Eugene the Presbyter and Confessor at Antioch, Commemorated February 19 ;

British Empire - Oman, Gulf of Oman, Indian Ocean, Arabia
British Empire - Oman, Gulf of Oman, Indian Ocean; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Ascension Island, South Central Atlantic Ocean across from Congo Basin Central Africa
Ascension Island, South Central Atlantic Ocean across from Congo Basin Central Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Anguilia - British West Indies.kmz

British Empire - Anguilia - British West Indies
British Empire - Anguilia - British West Indies; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Ascension Island, South Central Atlantic Ocean .kmz

British Empire - Ascension Island, South Central Atlantic Ocean
Ascension Island, South Central Atlantic Ocean across from Congo Basin Central Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Austrailia - Australasia, Pacific Islands, Capitol Canberra.kmz

British Empire - Austrailia - Australasia, Pacific Islands, Capitol Canberra
Austrailia; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ;

British Empire - Australia - Australasia, Pacific Islands.kmz

British Empire - Australia - Australasia, Pacific Islands
British Empire - Australia - Australasia, Pacific Islands; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Bahrain, Island of Arad, Arab Lands, Persian Gulf.kmz

British Empire - Basutoland - Orange River Source - South Africa.kmz

British Empire - Bechuanaland - Vaal River, South Africa.kmz

British Empire - Belize aka British Honduras, Central America.kmz

British Empire - Belize aka British Honduras, Central America
Belize aka British Honduras, Central America; CHARLES RAYMOND BARNES, PRIEST, 26 July 1938; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - British Antarctica Territory.kmz

British Empire - British Antarctica Territory
British Empire - British Antarctica Territory; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - British Indian Ocean Territory - halfway between Tanzania and Indonesia.kmz

British Empire - British Malaya, Malaya (Malay Peninsula).kmz

British Empire - British Malaya, Malaya (Malay Peninsula)
British Empire - British Malaya, Malaya (Malay Peninsula); Malay Peninsula; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); FRANCIS XAVIER

British Empire - British North Borneo - Sandakan.kmz

British Empire - British North Borneo - Sandakan
British Empire - North Borneo - Sandakan; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - British North Borneo, Kudat.kmz

British Empire - British North Borneo, Kudat
British Empire - North Borneo, Kudat; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - British Somaliland - East Africa, Gulf of Aden.kmz

British Empire - British Virgin Islands - British West Indies.kmz

British Empire - British Virgin Islands - British West Indies
British Empire - British Virgin Islands - British West Indies;

British Empire - Burma.kmz

British Empire - Burma
Burma; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); LOTTIE MOON, Commemorated December 22 ; ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ;

British Empire - Cayman Islands - Caribean Sea - British West Indies.kmz

British Empire - Cayman Islands - Caribean Sea - British West Indies
British Empire - Cayman Islands - Caribean Sea - British West Indies; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Ceylon, India (Sri Lanka).kmz

British Empire - Ceylon, India (Sri Lanka)
Sri Lanka (Ceylon); JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ;

British Empire - Cyprus (Akrotiri and Dhekelia).kmz

British Empire - Cyprus (Akrotiri and Dhekelia)
British Empire - Cyprus (Akrotiri and Dhekelia); CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Egypt - Lower Nile River below the Cataracts and the Sinai.kmz

British Empire - Ellice Islands - Oceana and Polynesia, Pacific Islands.kmz

British Empire - Ellice Islands - Oceana and Polynesia, Pacific Islands
British Empire - Ellice Islands - Oceana and Polynesia, Pacific Islands;

British Empire - England.kmz

British Empire - England
England; EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, PRIEST, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (18 SEP 1882); CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); Venerable Romanus the Martyr, Commemorated on January 5 ; THOMAS BRAY, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (15 FEB 1730); Righteous Joseph of Arimathea; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL; RICHARD HOOKER; WILLIAM TEMPLE; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia; THOMAS TALLIS; THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711) ; ROBERT HUNT, PRIEST & FIRST CHAPLAIN AT JAMESTOWN, 1608, Commemorated April 26 ; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; THE FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26 ; Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26 ;

British Empire - Falkland Islands, Argentine Sea.kmz

British Empire - Falkland Islands, Argentine Sea
British Empire - Falkland Islands; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Gambia, West Africa.kmz

British Empire - Gibraltar, British Overseas Territory.kmz

British Empire - Gibraltar, British Overseas Territory
Gibraltar, British Overseas Territory ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836) George Whitefield of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15 ;

British Empire - Gilbert Islands - Micronesia, Pacific Islands.kmz

British Empire - Gilbert Islands - Micronesia, Pacific Islands
British Empire - Gilbert Islands - Polynisia and Micronesia ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Gold Coast - Eastern Australia, Brisbane.kmz

British Empire - Gold Coast - Eastern Australia, Brisbane
British Empire - Gold Coast - Eastern Australia, Queensland, Brisbane; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Grenada - British West Indies.kmz

British Empire - Grenada - British West Indies
British Empire - Grenada - British West Indies; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Guyana, British West Indies.kmz

British Empire - Guyana, British West Indies
Guyana; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); Ida B. Robinson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1946, Commemorated April 20;

British Empire - Helogoland - East of Frisian Islands in the North Sea, Netherlands.kmz

British Empire - Helogoland - East of Frisian Islands in the North Sea, Netherlands
British Empire - Helogoland - East of Frisian Islands in the North Sea, Netherlands; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Hong Kong, British Colony (Pearl River Estuary) 1842-1997.kmz

British Empire - Hong Kong, British Colony (Pearl River Estuary) 1842-1997
Hong Kong ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922) ; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944;

British Empire - India.kmz

British Empire - India
India; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE, (24 AUGUST NT) ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10; HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812) ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); David du Plessis, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1987, Commemorated February 2 ; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; St Mariamne the sister of the Apostle Philip, Commemorated February 17 ; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE; Icon of the Mother of God Arapet (Arabian), Commemorated September 6 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated October 6 ; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954); HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812); WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19 ; THOMAS THE APOSTLE, (21 DEC NT) ; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ; RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, Commemorated January 16 ; PANDITA MARY RAMABAI, PROPHETIC WITNESS AND EVANGELIST IN INDIA, 1922, Commemorated April 5 ; ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS;

British Empire - Ionian Islands - West Greece - The Seven Islands.kmz

British Empire - Iraq, in the Fertile Crescent, Ephrates River, Bagdad.kmz

British Empire - Ireland.kmz

British Empire - Ireland
Ireland; JEREMY TAYLOR, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (13 AUGUST 1667); Samuel Johnson of SAMUEL JOHNSON, TIMOTHY CUTLER, & THOMAS BRADBURY CHANDLER, PRIESTS, 1772, 1765, 1790, Commemorated August 17 ; St Aidan the Bishop of Lindesfarne, Commemorated on August 31 ; St Ciaran of Clonmacnois, Commemorated September 9 ; St Theodore of Tarsus the Archbishop of Canterbury, Commemorated on September 19; THEODORE OF TARSUS, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (19 SEP 690); ALFRED THE GREAT, KING OF THE WEST SAXONS (26 OCT 899) ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); St Ita the Hermitess of Killeady, Commemorated on January 15 ; CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, (13 March 1911), Commemorated November 8 ; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA, KING AND MARTYR (20 NOV 870); ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 18; CHAD OF LICHFIELD, (2 MAR 672) ; GEOFFREY ANKETELL STUDDERT KENNEDY, PRIEST, 1929, Commemorated March 8 ; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10; THE FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER, Commemorated May 22; AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605); George Berkeley of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752) , Commemorated June 16 ;

British Empire - Jamaica - Caribean Sea, British West Indies.kmz

British Empire - Jamaica - Caribean Sea, British West Indies
British Empire - Jamaica - Caribean Sea, British West Indies;

British Empire - Kenya, East Africa.kmz

British Empire - Maldives Islands - Indian Ocean Southsouthwest of India.kmz

British Empire - Maldives Islands - Indian Ocean Southsouthwest of India
British Empire - Maldives Islands - Indian Ocean Southsouthwest of India; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836)

British Empire - Malta (strategic Mediterranean island near Sicily).kmz

British Empire - Malta (strategic Mediterranean island near Sicily)
Malta ; knights of Rhodes; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated October 12 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, October 12 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Maltese Order in honor of the holy Prophet John (no Wiki link);

British Empire - Montserrat - British West Indies.kmz

British Empire - Montserrat - British West Indies
British Empire - Montserrat - British West Indies; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - New Hebrides - Polynisia, Pacific Islands.kmz

British Empire - New Hebrides - Polynisia, Pacific Islands
British Empire - New Hebrides - Polynisia; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - New Zealand, Australasia and Polynisia, Pacific Islands.kmz

British Empire - New Zealand, Australasia and Polynisia, Pacific Islands
New Zealand; JOHN COLERIDGE PATTESON, BISHOP OF MELANESIA, AND HIS COMPANIONS, MARTYRS (20 SEP 1871) ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ; GEORGE AUGUSTUS SELWYN, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (11 APR 1878);

British Empire - Nigeria - Ogun River, West Africa.kmz

British Empire - North Borneo - Sandakan.kmz

British Empire - North Borneo - Sandakan
British Empire - North Borneo - Sandakan; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - North Borneo, Kudat.kmz

British Empire - North Borneo, Kudat
British Empire - North Borneo, Kudat; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Northern Rhodesia (outside the Zambezi River arc).kmz

British Empire - Nyasaland - Eastern Edge of Northern Rhodesia.kmz

British Empire - Nyasaland - Eastern Edge of Northern Rhodesia
British Empire - Nyasaland - Eastern Edge of Northern Rhodesia; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Nyasaland - Outside the Z River Arc 'Eastern Edge of Northern Rhodesia.kmz

British Empire - Nyasaland - Outside the Z River Arc 'Eastern Edge of Northern Rhodesia
British Empire - Nyasaland - Eastern Edge of Northern Rhodesia; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Oman, Gulf of Oman, Indian Ocean, Arabia.kmz

British Empire - Palestine (area between Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River).kmz

British Empire - Palestine (area between Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River)
Palestine is a geographic region in Western Asia between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River.; Martyr Paul at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated July 16 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Lazarus of Mt. Galerius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on July 17 ; Martyr Julitta at Caesarea, Commemorated July 31 ; Martyr Marinus the Soldier at Caesarea in Palestine, Commemorated on August 7; Translation of the Image ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœNot-Made-By-HandsÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFeast of the Savior in AugustÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on August 16 ; Martyr Timothy of Palestine, Commemorated on August 19; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated August 21 ; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Pimen of Palestine, Commemorated August 27 ; St Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Demetrius with his wife and son, at Skepsis on the Hellespont, Commemorated on September 11 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13; 156 Martyrs in Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; MATTHEW, APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST (21 SEP NT); St Jonah the Presbyter, father of St Theophanes the Hymnographer and Theodore Graptus, Commemorated on September 22 ; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23; Venerable Chariton the Confessor the Abbot of Palestine, Commemorated on September 28 ; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated on November 16; Martyr Roman the Deacon of Caesarea, Commemorated November 18 ; Venerable Copres of Palestine, Commemorated on September 24; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas; Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated on October 18; Martyr Procopius the Reader at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on November 22 ; ANDREW THE APOSTLE, (30 NOV NT) ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2 ; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; St Peter of Galatia; Venerable Pardus the Hermit, of Palestine; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Philip the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Philemon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Zenas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated January 8 ; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated on January 11 ; Martyr Peter Apselamus of Palestine, Commemorated on January 12 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter, Commemorated January 16 ; St Arsenius the Archbishop of Kerkyra (Corfu), Commemorated January 19 ; Translation of the relics of St Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 24 ; Venerable Peter the Hermit of Galatia Near Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; CORNELIUS THE CENTURION, (7 FEBRUARY); Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch; Martyr Peter Apselamus of Palestine; St Arsenius the Archbishop of Kerkyra (Corfu); Virginmartyr Ennatha of Palestine, Commemorated on February 10 ; Apostle Philemon the Martyr of the Seventy, Commemorated February 19 ; Venerable Dositheus of Palestine, the Disciple of the Venerable Abba Dorotheus, Commemorated February 19 ; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; Martyr Eulogius of Palestine, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Martyr Agapius at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on March 15; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Hieromartyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated on March 22; Venerable John the Silent of St SavaÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30; Martyr Amphianus (Apphianus) of Lycia, Commemorated on April 2 ; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on April 3 ; Monkmartyr Menas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 12; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13; Venerable John of the Ancient Caves in Palestine, Commemorated on April 19; St George the Confessor and Bishop of Antioch, in Pisidia, Commemorated on April 19; Apostle Zacchaeus, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St Michael of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ; Hieromartyr Silvanus the Bishop of Gaza, and with him 40 Martyrs, Commemorated on May 4 ; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on May 29; Venerable Abba Dorotheus of Palestine, Commemorated on June 5; Martyr Kyriake of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on June 7; Venerable Zosimus of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on June 8; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe RomanÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on June 26;

British Empire - Papua New Guinea - Eastern half Island of New Guinea.kmz

British Empire - Papua New Guinea - Eastern half Island of New Guinea
British Empire - Papua New Guinea - Eastern half Island of New Guinea; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Qatar, large penninsula in Persian Gulf, Arabia.kmz

British Empire - Saint Helena Island, Southern Atlantic Ocean off West Africa.kmz

British Empire - Saint Kitts and Nevis - British West Indies.kmz

British Empire - Saint Kitts and Nevis - British West Indies
British Empire - Saint Kitts and Nevis - British West Indies; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Sarawak - Central Sumatra, Borneo.kmz

British Empire - Sarawak - Central Sumatra, Borneo
British Empire - Sarawak - Central Sumatra, Borneo; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Scotland.kmz

British Empire - Scotland
Scotland; ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21 ; St Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated August 5 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG); St Ciaran of Clonmacnois, Commemorated September 9 ; St Theodore of Tarsus the Archbishop of Canterbury, Commemorated on September 19; THEODORE OF TARSUS, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (19 SEP 690); ALFRED THE GREAT, KING OF THE WEST SAXONS (26 OCT 899) ; MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND (16 NOV 1093) ; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); ANDREW THE APOSTLE(30 NOV NT); JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, (13 March 1911), Commemorated November 8 ; WILLIAM BYRD of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585, Commemorated November 21 ; WILLIAM LAUD, ARCHBISHOP AND MARTYR (10 JANUARY 1645) ; St Kentigern, first Bishop of Glasgow, Scotland, Commemorated January 14 ; ERIC LIDDELL MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22; William W. Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6 ; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20; THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711) ; John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ; Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10; AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605); COLUMBA, ABBOT OF IONA AND MISSIONARY (9 JUNE 597) ;

British Empire - Seychelles - Islands in the Indian Ocean, off East Africa.kmz

British Empire - Sierra Leone, West Africa.kmz

British Empire - Singapore - Singapore Strait, Southern Maylay Penninsula.kmz

British Empire - Singapore - Singapore Strait, Southern Maylay Penninsula
British Empire - Singapore - Singapore Strait, Maylay Penninsula; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Socotra - Island at the mouth of Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea.kmz

British Empire - Solomon Islands - Melanesia, Pacific Islands.kmz

British Empire - Solomon Islands - Melanesia, Pacific Islands
Solomon Islands; INI KOPURIA, FOUNDER OF THE MELANESIAN BROTHERHOOD, 1945; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - South Africa.kmz

British Empire - South Africa
South Africa; ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21 ; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, Commemorated January 16 ; David du Plessis, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1987, Commemorated February 2 ; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ; BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

British Empire - South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Argentine Sea.kmz

British Empire - South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Argentine Sea
British Empire - South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - South West Africa.kmz

British Empire - South West Africa
British Empire - South West Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Southern Rhodesia (inside the Zambezi River arc).kmz

British Empire - Sudan, East Africa.kmz

British Empire - Tanganyika, Tanzania, East Africa, Zanzibar, Indian Ocean.kmz

British Empire - Tonga - Polynesia, Pacific Islands, 169 islands, 39 inhabited.kmz

British Empire - Tonga - Polynesia, Pacific Islands, 169 islands, 39 inhabited
British Empire - Tonga - Polynesia, Pacific Islands, 169 islands, 39 inhabited; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Tristan da Cunha Islands.kmz

British Empire - Tristan da Cunha Islands
British Empire - Tristan da Cunha Islands; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Trucical States, 7, became UAE, Southern Persian Gulf, Arabia.kmz

British Empire - Turks and Caicos Islands - British West Indies.kmz

British Empire - Turks and Caicos Islands - British West Indies
British Empire - Turks and Caicos Islands - British West Indies; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Uganda, East Africa.kmz

British Empire - Weiihai - Strategic penninsula into Peking C across from Seoul K.kmz

British Empire - Weiihai - Strategic penninsula into Peking C across from Seoul K
British Empire - Weiihai - Strategic position penninsula into Peking, China across from Seoul, Korea; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Western Samoa - Polynesian Islands, Pacific Islands.kmz

British Empire - Western Samoa - Polynesian Islands, Pacific Islands
British Empire - Western Samoa - Polynesian Islands, Pacific Islands; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire, Guyana, British West Indies.kmz

British Empire, Guyana, British West Indies
Guyana; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); Ida B. Robinson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1946, Commemorated April 20;

British West Indies Folder.kmz

British West Indies Folder

British West Indies
British West Indies; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ; JAMES WELDON JOHNSON, POET, 1938, Commemorated June 25 ;

West Indies - surrounded by Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea
West Indies or Caribbean; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean;

Caribbean Sea

British West Indies Area

Bermuda Area - 181 Islands

Bermuda, British West Indies
Bermuda, British West Indies ; George Whitefield of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15 ;

The Bahamas Area

Bahamas (The Bahamas), British West Indies
The Bahamas; JAMES WELDON JOHNSON, POET, 1938, Commemorated June 25 ;

Turks and Caicos Area

British Virgin Islands Area

Anguilia Area

Saint Kitts and Nevis Area

British Empire - Trinidad and Tobago, British West Indies
British Empire - Trinidad and Tobago; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Guyana, British West Indies
Guyana; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); Ida B. Robinson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1946, Commemorated April 20;

Guyana River 1

Guyana River 3

Guyana River 2

British Empire - Jamaica - Caribbean Sea, British West Indies
British Empire - Jamaica - Caribean Sea, British West Indies;

Cayman Islands Area

British Empire - Cayman Islands - Caribbean Sea - British West Indies
British Empire - Cayman Islands - Caribean Sea - British West Indies; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Burma Folder, its rivers and mountains.kmz

Burma Folder, its rivers and mountains

Burma
Burma; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); LOTTIE MOON, Commemorated December 22 ; ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ;

Burma 1828-1840, Burma History Folder

Burma, 1828-1840, Evangelist, Ko Tha Byu
Ko Tha Byu, Evangelist, 1828-1840 ; ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ;

Burma, Swaleen River Folder, Eastern BUR

Salween River
Salween River;

Salween River Source (along the border)

Derung Valley (Dulong Valley, Salween River Source)
Derung Valley (Dulong Valley, Salween River Source); Tom and Marguarite Antonson

Salween River 1 (China Inland Mission, Dengyue)

Nujiang (Salween) River Valley
Nujiang (Salween) River Valley ; Tom and Margaurite Antonson, 2015

China Inland Mission, Burma China border (Salween River 1) 1865
China Inland Mission Dengyue; Dengyue is a treaty port; LOTTIE MOON, Commemorated December 22 ;

Dengyue, China
Dengyue, Dengyue is a treaty port; China Inland Mission LOTTIE MOON, Commemorated December 22 ;

Salween River 2

Salween River 3

Salween River 4

Shan Hills, Swaleen River 6
Shan Hills

Karen Hills, Swaleen River 8
Karen Hills;

Karen People, Burma (Karen Hills, Swaleen River 8)
The Karen people were a primitive, hunted minority group of ancient Tibeto-Burman ancestry scattered in the forests and jungles of the Salween River and in the hills along the southeast coast. Judson was the first missionary to make contact with them about 1827 when he ransomed and freed a debt-slave from one of his early converts. The freed slave, Ko Tha Byu, was an illiterate, surly man who spoke almost no Burmese and was reputed to be not only a thief but also a murderer. In 1828 the former Karen bandit, "whose rough, undisciplined genius, energy and zeal for Christ" had caught the notice of the missionaries, was sent south with a new missionary couple, the Boardmans, into the territory of the strongly animistic, non-Buddhist Karen. There, he was no sooner baptized then he set off into the jungle alone to preach to his fellow tribespeople. Astonishingly, he found them strangely prepared for his preaching. ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ;

Pai River

Pai River Source (Daen Lao Range, Thailand)

Pai River Mouth (Salween River 8.5)

Yuam River

Yuam River Source (Thanon Thong Chai Range, Thailand)

Thanon Thong Chai Range
Thanon Thong Chai Range;

Moei River Mouth (Salween River)

Yuam River Mouth (Salween River )

Dawna Hills, Swaleen River 10
Dawna Hills;

Gyaing River

Gyaing River Source (Hlaingbwe and Haungtharaw Rivers)

Gyaing River 1

Gyaing River Mouth (Salween River 10)

Salween River Mouth (Adaman Sea)

Burma, Rangoon River Folder, Central BUR

Rangoon River

Rangoon, Burma (Pegu River Mouth, Rangoon River Source)
Rangoon, Burma; ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ;

Pegu River

Pegu River Source (Pegu Range)
Pegu Range

Pegu River 1 (Bago)

Pegu River 2

Pagu River Mouth (Yango or Rangoon River Source)

Myitmaka River

Myitmaka River 1

Myitmaka River 2

Myitmaka River Mouth (Pegu River Mouth, Rangoon River Source)

Burma, Irrwaddy River Folder, Western BUR

Irrawaddy River

Irrawaddy River Source (Kachin State, Himalayas Glaciers)

Irrawaddy River 1 (Putao)

Irrawaddy River 2 (Myitkyina)

Himalayas Glaciers (Irrawaddy River_
Himalayas Glaciers;

Irrawaddy River 3 (China Inland Mission, Bhamo)

Taping River Mouth (Irrawaddy River 3)

Irrawaddy River 4 (Katha)

Shweli River Mouth (Irrawaddy River 4)

Irrawaddy River 5 (Tagaung)

Irrawaddy River 6 (Kyaukmyaung)

Irrawaddy River 7 (Mandalay)

Irrawaddy River 7 (Sagaing)

Mu River Mouth (Irrawaddy River 7)

Dokhtawaddy River Mouth (Irrawaddy River 7)

Irrawaddy River 8 (Bagan)

Irrawaddy River 8 (Chauk)

Burma, Irraddy River 8, Chindwin River Folder

Chindwin River

Chindwin River Source (Hukawng Valley)

Hukawng Valley
Hukawng Valley ;

Chindwin River 1

Chindwin River 2

Chindwin River 3

Chindwin River 4 (Homalin)

Chindwin River 5 (China Inland Mission)

Chindwin River 6 (Mingin)

Chindwin River 7 (Monywa)

Chindwin River Mouth (Irrawaddy River 8)

Irrawaddy River 9

Irrawaddy River 10 (Magway)

Irrawaddy River 11 (Pyay)

Irrawaddy River 12 (Hinthada)

Irrawaddy River 13 (Pantanaw)

Irrawaddy River Mouth (Andaman Sea)

Cambridge (at the head of the Broads River System, River Cam 2).kmz

Cambridge (at the head of the Broads River System, River Cam 2)
Cambridge; WILLIAM WHITE, BISHOP OF PENNSYLVANIA (17 JULY 1836); JOHN MASON NEALE, PRIEST, SCHOLAR, AND TRANSLATOR (7 AUGUST 1866); JEREMY TAYLOR, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (13 AUGUST 1667); Thomas Gallaudet of THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890) ; NICHOLAS RIDLEY, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555) ; HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812) ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); WILLIAM BYRD of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585, Commemorated November 21 ; C S LEWIS, SCHOLAR AND SPIRITUAL WRITER (22 NOV 1963) ; ISAAC WATTS, HYMNWRITER, 1748, Commemorated November 26 ; FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE, Priest and Theologian (1 April 1872); WILLIAM LAW, WRITER, PRIEST, AND NON-JUROR (09 APR 1761) ; NICHOLAS FERRAR, DEACON, MAN OF PRAYER (1 DEC 1637) ; ROBERT McDONALD, Commemorated December 15 ; CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ; GEORGE HERBERT, PRIEST AND POET (27 FEBRUARY 1633); JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631); FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE, Priest and Theologian (1 April 1872) ; WILLIAM LAW, WRITER, PRIEST, AND NON-JUROR (09 APR 1761; GEORGE AUGUSTUS SELWYN, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (11 APR 1878); DAME JULIAN OF NORWICH, CONTEMPLATIVE (8 MAY 1417); JOHN ELIOT, MISSIONARY TO THE AMERICAN INDIANS, 21 MAY 1690;

Cambridge, University of Cambridge, 1209.kmz

Cambridge, University of Cambridge, 1209
University of Cambridge; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898); NICHOLAS RIDLEY, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555) ; HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812) ; WILLIAM TYNDALE ; Miles Coverdale of WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE], TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836) ; WILLIAM BYRD of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585, Commemorated November 21 ; C S LEWIS, SCHOLAR AND SPIRITUAL WRITER (22 NOV 1963) ; FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE, Priest and Theologian (1 April 1872); GEORGE AUGUSTUS SELWYN, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (11 APR 1878); JOHN ELIOT, MISSIONARY TO THE AMERICAN INDIANS, 21 MAY 1690;

Canada Folder.kmz

Canada Folder

Canada, Saint Lawrence Seaway Folder, Eastern CAN

Canada, St Laurence River Mouth, Rideau Canal Folder, Montreal, Ottawa, Kingston

Canada, Hudson Bay Waters Folder, Central CAN

Canada, Laurentian Divide 8-16 Folder, South Central CAN

Canada, Polar Bear Express Folder, East Central CAN

Polar Bear Express

Moose River

Canada, Nelson River Lake Winnipeg Folder, Central CAN

Nelson River

Lake Manitoba Area

Winnipeg River

Lac Seul River

Rainy River

Pigeon River

Seine River

Canada, Lake Manitoba Folder, South Central CAN

Canada, Lake Manitoba Source, Red River Folder, USA and Central CAN

Otter Trail River

Bois De Sioux River

Point Douglas, on the Red River, half a mile north of Upper Fort Carry
Point Douglas; ROBERT McDONALD;

Canada, Lake Manitoba Source, Red River 3, Assinboine River Folder

Assinboine River

Canada, Saskatchewan River Folder, West Central CAN

Saskatchewan River

Canada, South Saskatchewan River Folder, Calgary, Southwest Central CAN

South Saskathewan River

Canada, South Saskatchewan River Source, Oldman and Bow Rivers Folder, Central CAN

Oldman River

Crows Nest River

Saint Mary River

Bow River

Canada, North Saskatchewan River Folder, Edmonton, Northwest Central CAN

North Saskathewan River

Howse River

Conway Creek

Alberta, Canada (a Province)
Alberta, Canada; ROBERT McDONALD, PRIEST, 1913, Commemorated December 15 ; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Canada, West of the Rockies Folder, BC, Western CAN

Canada, West of the Rockies, Fraser River Folder, Vancouver, BC

Fraser River

Nechako River

Thompson River

North Thompson River

Nicolo River

Coldwater River

Coquihalla River

Canada, West of the Rockies, Spokane Waters Folder, Eastern BC

High Line - US 2 - Great Northern RWY

Canada, 1871, Dewney Trail, Southeast to Southwest BC, 80% of the trail is Crowsnest Highway
Dewney Trail, Southern BC; Dewdney Trail is a 720 km (450 mi) trail in British Columbia, Canada that served as a major thoroughfare in mid-19th century British Columbia. trail was a critical factor in the development and strengthening of the newly established British Colony of British Columbia, tying together mining camps and small towns that were springing up along the route during the gold rush era prior to the colony's joining Canadian Confederation in 1871. route's importance and urgency was prompted because many new gold finds were occurring at locations near the US border that were much more easily accessed from Washington Territory than via any practicable route from the barely settled parts of the Lower Mainland and Cariboo. approximately 80 percent of the former trail has been incorporated into the Crowsnest Highway. trail was built in southern British Columbia and linked what was then Fort Hope (now just Hope) in the southwest to what became Fort Steele in the southeast. Covering a distance of 720 kilometers (450 mi), its purpose was to secure British control of the parts of the colony flanking the US border, which included the new gold rush at Wild Horse Creek and at other points between such as Rock Creek. Approximately 80 per cent of what is now Highway 3 started life as the Dewdney Trail, but this is largely because the terrain allows for no other low-altitude transit of the regions involved. route very roughly parallels the Canada-US border along the 49th parallel, and at times reaches elevations of more than 1,200 metres (4,000 ft). passes through varied scenery, including four major mountain ranges (Cascades, Monashees, Selkirks and Purcells), some major river valleys (Skagit, Similkameen, Okanagan, Kettle, Columbia, Goat, Moyie and Kootenay) and historic townsites such as Hope, Princeton, Grand Forks, Trail, Creston, Yahk, Moyie and Cranbrook. and history[edit] the trail's construction was Edgar Dewdney, a Devonshire-born engineer. When gold was discovered in the Similkameen River and Rock Creek area, the governor of the newly established British colony of British Columbia, James Douglas, was anxious to protect British interests, and determined that a trail should be built to the Interior. After the Royal Engineers surveyed a route in 1860 from Ft. Hope to Vermilion Forks (now Princeton), Dewdney and Walter Moberly won the contract to build the trail. That first section was completed in 1861 and covered 120 km (75 mi). specifications for the trail were that it be 1.3 m (4 ft) wide, clear of trees and boulders, and any wet sections made passable. The middle 0.5 metre section (1.5 ft) was to be smooth and hard, and in areas where there were bluffs, slides or dangerous areas, there had to be enough space for animals and people to get through. Bridges over the many creeks and rivers were to be 4 metres (12 ft) wide. For this, the builders were paid $496 per mile. 1863, gold was discovered in Wild Horse Creek, in the East Kootenays. The new governor of British Columbia, Frederick Seymour, believed that the trail should be extended to Wild Horse Creek in order to keep the gold from being transported south via a shorter route into the US, rather than into British coffers. Thus in 1865, Dewdney, then 28 years old, was awarded the contract, and completed the much longer second section (300 miles, or 480 km.) in seven months, for a cost of $75,000. The second part of the trail passed through wilderness and required the builders to penetrate three mountain ranges. route was first surveyed by a crew of the Royal Engineers, with local First Nations hired to pack supplies over the mountains between Hope and Princeton, covering 11 km (6.8 mi) a day. However, at Allison’s Ranch, near Princeton, the First Nations porters refused to travel down the Similkameen River, so they were paid off, and Dewdney bought a dozen horses from the ranch. May 13, 1865, they had reached So-o-yoyos (called Osoyoos today). They climbed Anarchist Mountain and then down into the Kettle River Valley and the settlement of Rock Creek. Rock Creek had been founded during a gold rush, and had attracted around 5,000 people, but was nearly deserted when Dewdney and his team passed through. (While placer mining continued in Rock Creek until the 1930s, with $200,000 worth of gold being removed, it is believed that the mother lode was never found.) They released their exhausted horses in the Kettle River valley near Rock Creek, and with the aid of some Sinixt people, forged eastwards to Christina Lake. Just before the mountains west of present-day Rossland, the group split into two in order to determine the best way across. Dewdney sent former Royal Engineer George Turner and most of the crew up over what is now the Santa Rosa Pass through the Rossland Range to get to Fort Shepherd, built by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1858 on the Columbia River opposite the mouth of the Pend d'Oreille. headed north of Christina Lake with five men, walking over the Rossland Mountains farther north to emerge on the Lower Arrow Lake where they acquired a canoe and paddled down to rejoin the main party at Shepherd on May 27, 1865. While the crew rested, Dewdney and a couple of volunteers paddled back up the Columbia and up the Lower Kootenay River, portaging 14 times to get to the West Arm of Kootenay Lake. After exploring other possible options, Dewdney concluded that Kootenay Lake was too big a barrier to make it a viable route, so he returned to Fort Shepherd. ultimately found his way through the mountains, following valleys carved out by streams. He emerged near the spot where Rossland was eventually established. Then he followed what became known as Trail Creek, which emptied into the Columbia River – the city of Trail stands there today. of the crew were then set to working their way westward back up Trail Creek, roughing out the Trail over the Santa Rosa Pass and back to Rock Creek. Meanwhile, Dewdney, ex-Royal Engineer Robert Howell and a small crew crossed the Columbia and travelled up the Pend d’Oreille to the Salmon (now Salmo) River and then up the Lost Creek valley and across the Nelson Range by way of the Kootenay Pass. (Travellers on Highway 3 today still cross by this route, also known as the Salmo-Creston pass.) Then they headed down Summit Creek into what is now called the Creston Valley in the East Kootenays. they crossed the swampy territory of the Purcell Trench at the head of Kootenay Lake, before crossing the Purcell Mountains via Duck Creek. Travelling down the eastern side via the Goat River, they eventually intersected the Walla Walla Trail at Yahk in the Moyie River valley. The crew must have been elated to reach the Walla Walla Trail, since it was the main route into the US. From there it was a relatively easy walk along the Walla Walla, and they arrived at Galbraiths’ Ferry, near Fisherville, in early June. hired William Fernie and 65 men to start construction of the trail, heading back to the west. (The East Kootenay town of Fernie is named for Mr. Fernie.) He received $25,000 in cash and gold dust to pay the crew, and had a nasty moment after he had cached the money in a tree stump while guiding Chief Justice Matthew Baillie Begbie from Summit Creek over a particularly boggy area as Begbie travelled to Fisherville (a mining town that had grown up near the gold strike), where he was going to preside over court. When Dewdney returned for the purse, he initially thought it had been taken – it had vanished and the stump in which he had cached it was shattered. But it transpired that the weight of the purse had broken the stump, and Dewdney found it as he hacked frantically at the stump. September, pack trains were travelling the trail to Wild Horse. By 1866, the best of the gold was largely gone from the Wild Horse strike, and miners dismantled Fisherville to try to mine underneath it. In its heyday, the town boasted government offices, saloons, stores and a brewery, and housed 5,000 people or more.

Dewney Trail, Crows Nest Highway, 80% D is CN Highway

Canada, 1881-1885, Canadian Pacific Railway
Canadian Pacific Railway; with the Canadian Confederation, the creation of the Canadian Pacific Railway was a task originally undertaken as the National Dream by the Conservative government of Prime Minister John A. Macdonald (1st Canadian Ministry).[7] He was helped by Alexander Tilloch Galt, who was the owner of the North Western Coal and Navigation Company. British Columbia, a four-month sea voyage away from the East Coast, had insisted upon a land transport link to the East as a condition for joining Confederation (initially requesting a wagon road).[8] A. Macdonald 1873, John A. Macdonald and other high-ranking politicians, bribed in the Pacific Scandal, granted federal contracts to Hugh Allan's Canada Pacific Railway Company (which was unrelated to the current company) rather than to David Lewis Macpherson's Inter-Ocean Railway Company which was thought to have connections to the American Northern Pacific Railway Company. of this scandal, the Conservative Party was removed from office in 1873. The new Liberal prime minister, Alexander Mackenzie, ordered construction of segments of the railway as a public enterprise under the supervision of the Department of Public Works led by Sandford Fleming. was carried out during the first years of a number of alternative routes in this virgin territory followed by construction of a telegraph along the lines that had been agreed upon.[9] Thunder Bay section linking Lake Superior to Winnipeg was commenced in 1875. By 1880, around 1,000 kilometres (700 mi) was nearly complete, mainly across the troublesome Canadian Shield terrain, with trains running on only 500 kilometres (300 mi) of track.[10] C.P.R. 2-6-0 locomotive no. 2000 and employees Macdonald's return to power on 16 October 1878, a more aggressive construction policy was adopted. confirmed that Port Moody would be the terminus of the transcontinental railway, and announced that the railway would follow the Fraser and Thompson rivers between Port Moody and Kamloops. 1879, the federal government floated bonds in London and called for tenders to construct the 206 km (128 mi) section of the railway from Yale, British Columbia, to Savona's Ferry, on Kamloops Lake. The contract was awarded to Andrew Onderdonk, whose men started work on 15 May 1880. After the completion of that section, Onderdonk received contracts to build between Yale and Port Moody, and between Savona's Ferry and Eagle Pass.[11] 21 October 1880, a new syndicate, unrelated to Hugh Allan's, signed a contract with the Macdonald government. Fleming was dismissed and replaced with Collingwood Schreiber as chief engineer and general manager of all government railways. They agreed to build the railway in exchange for $25 million (approximately $625 million in modern Canadian dollars) in credit from the Canadian government and a grant of 25 million acres (100,000 km2) of land. government transferred to the new company those sections of the railway it had constructed under government ownership, on which it had already spent at least $25 million. its estimates of the cost of the Rocky Mountain section alone was over $60 million.[12] The government also defrayed surveying costs and exempted the railway from property taxes for 20 years. Montreal-based syndicate officially comprised five men: George Stephen, James J. Hill, Duncan McIntyre, Richard B. Angus and John Stewart Kennedy. Donald A. Smith[13] and Norman Kittson were unofficial silent partners with a significant financial interest. 15 February 1881, legislation confirming the contract received royal assent, and the Canadian Pacific Railway Company was formally incorporated the next day.[14] Critics claimed that the government gave too large a subsidy for the proposed project but this was to incorporate uncertainties of risk and irreversibility of insurance. The large subsidy also needed to compensate the CPR for not constructing the line in the future, but rather right away even though demand would not cover operational costs.[15] beaver was chosen as the railway's logo in honour of Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal, who had risen from factor to governor of the Hudson's Bay Company over a lengthy career in the beaver fur trade. Smith was a principal financier of the CPR.[13] staking much of his personal wealth to the venture. In 1885, he drove the last spike to complete the transcontinental line.[13] the railway, 1881–1886[edit] Canadian Pacific Railway Crew laying tracks at lower Fraser Valley, 1883 the railway took over four years. J. Hill in 1881 sent Alpheus Beede Stickney to be construction superintendent for the Canadian Pacific Railway. Canadian Pacific Railway began its westward expansion from Bonfield, Ontario (previously called Callander Station), where the first spike was driven into a sunken railway tie. Bonfield was inducted into Canadian Railway Hall of Fame in 2002 as the CPR first spike location. That was the point where the Canada Central Railway extension ended.[16] CCR was owned by Duncan McIntyre, who amalgamated it with the CPR, and became one of the handful of officers of the newly formed CPR. The CCR started in Brockville and extended to Pembroke. It then followed a westward route along the Ottawa River passing through places like Cobden, Deux-Rivières and eventually to Mattawa at the confluence of the Mattawa and Ottawa rivers. It then proceeded cross-country towards its final destination of Bonfield. McIntyre and his contractor James Worthington piloted the CPR expansion. Worthington continued on as the construction superintendent for the CPR past Bonfield. He remained with the CPR for about a year after which he left the company. McIntyre was uncle to John Ferguson who staked out future North Bay and who became the town's wealthiest inhabitant and mayor for four successive terms.[17] Unidentified engineers of the Canadian Pacific Railway Survey, 1872 was presumed that the railway would travel through the rich "Fertile Belt" of the North Saskatchewan River Valley and cross the Rocky Mountains via the Yellowhead Pass, a route suggested by Sandford Fleming based on a decade of work. the CPR quickly discarded this plan in favour of a more southerly route across the arid Palliser's Triangle in Saskatchewan and via Kicking Horse Pass and down the Field Hill to the Rocky Mountain Trench. This route was more direct and closer to the Canada–US border, making it easier for the CPR to keep American railways from encroaching on the Canadian market. this route also had several disadvantages. was that the CPR would need to find a route through the Selkirk Mountains in British Columbia while, at the time, it was not known whether a route even existed. job of finding a pass was assigned to a surveyor named Major Albert Bowman Rogers. The CPR promised him a cheque for $5,000 and that the pass would be named in his honour. Rogers became obsessed with finding the pass that would immortalize his name. He discovered the pass in April 1881[18][19] and, true to its word, the CPR named it "Rogers Pass" and gave him the cheque. However, he at first refused to cash it, preferring to frame it, saying he did not do it for the money. He later agreed to cash it with the promise of an engraved watch.[20] Map from 1890 showing system of land survey and the lines of the Canadian Pacific Railway in Manitoba, Alberta, Assiniboia, and Saskatchewan. First Nations reserves are marked throughout with "I.R." for "Indian Reserve." obstacle was that the proposed route crossed land in Alberta that was controlled by the Blackfoot First Nation. This difficulty was overcome when a missionary priest, Albert Lacombe, persuaded the Blackfoot chief Crowfoot that construction of the railway was inevitable. In return for his assent, Crowfoot was famously rewarded with a lifetime pass to ride the CPR. more lasting consequence of the choice of route was that, unlike the one proposed by Fleming, the land surrounding the railway often proved too arid for successful agriculture. The CPR may have placed too much reliance on a report from naturalist John Macoun, who had crossed the prairies at a time of very high rainfall and had reported that the area was fertile.[21] greatest disadvantage of the route was in Kicking Horse Pass, at the Alberta-British Columbia border on the continental divide. In the first 6 km (3.7 mi) west of the 1,625 metres (5,331 feet) high summit, the Kicking Horse River drops 350 metres (1,150 feet). The steep drop would force the cash-strapped CPR to build a 7 km (4.3 mi) long stretch of track with a very steep 41⁄2 percent gradient once it reached the pass in 1884. This was over four times the maximum gradient recommended for railways of this era, and even modern railways rarely exceed a two-percent gradient. this route was far more direct than one through the Yellowhead Pass and saved hours for both passengers and freight. This section of track was the CPR's Big Hill. Safety switches were installed at several points, the speed limit for descending trains was set at 10 km per hour (6 mph), and special locomotives were ordered. Despite these measures, several serious runaways still occurred including the first locomotive, which belonged to the contractors, to descend the line. CPR officials insisted that this was a temporary expediency, but this state of affairs would last for 25 years until the completion of the Spiral Tunnels in the early 20th century.[22] Cornelius Van Horne 1881, construction progressed at a pace too slow for the railway's officials who, in 1882, hired the renowned railway executive William Cornelius Van Horne to oversee construction with the inducement of a generous salary and the intriguing challenge of handling such a difficult railway project. Horne stated that he would have 800 km (500 mi) of main line built in 1882. Floods delayed the start of the construction season, but over 672 km (418 mi) of main line, as well as sidings and branch lines, were built that year. Thunder Bay branch (west from Fort William) was completed in June 1882 by the Department of Railways and Canals and turned over to the company in May 1883, permitting all-Canadian lake and railway traffic from Eastern Canada to Winnipeg, for the first time in Canada's history. the end of 1883, the railway had reached the Rocky Mountains, just eight kilometres (five miles) east of Kicking Horse Pass. The construction seasons of 1884 and 1885 would be spent in the mountains of British Columbia and on the north shore of Lake Superior. C.P.R. trestle bridge thousands of navvies worked on the railway. Many were European immigrants. British Columbia, government contractors eventually hired 17000 workers from China, known as "coolies". A navvy received between $1 and $2.50 per day, but had to pay for his own food, clothing, transport to the job site, mail and medical care. After 21⁄2 months of hard labour, they could net as little as $16. Chinese labourers in British Columbia made only between 75 cents and $1.25 a day, paid in rice mats, and not including expenses, leaving barely anything to send home. They did the most dangerous construction jobs, such as working with explosives to clear tunnels through rock.[23] The exact number of Chinese workers who died is unknown but historians estimate the number is between 600 and 800. The victims of sickness and accidents were not given proper funerals. Most of the remains were buried into the railway and the families of the Chinese who were killed received no compensation, or even notification of loss of life. Many of the men who survived did not have enough money to return to their families in China, although Chinese labour contractors had promised that as part of their responsibilities.[24] Many spent years in isolated and often poor conditions. Yet the Chinese were hard working and played a key role in building the Western stretch of the railway; even some boys as young as twelve years old served as tea-boys. In 2006, the Canadian government issued a formal apology to the Chinese population in Canada for their treatment both during and following the construction of the CPR.[25] 1883, railway construction was progressing rapidly, but the CPR was in danger of running out of funds. In response, on 31 January 1884, the government passed the Railway Relief Bill, providing a further $22.5 million in loans to the CPR. The bill received royal assent on 6 March 1884.[26] Donald Smith, later known as Lord Strathcona, drives the last spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway, at Craigellachie, 7 November 1885. Completion of the transcontinental railway was a condition of BC's entry into Confederation. March 1885, the North-West Rebellion broke out in the District of Saskatchewan. Van Horne, in Ottawa at the time, suggested to the government that the CPR could transport troops to Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan (Assiniboia) in 10 days. Some sections of track were incomplete or had not been used before, but the trip to Winnipeg was made in nine days and the rebellion quickly suppressed. because the government was grateful for this service, they subsequently reorganized the CPR's debt and provided a further $5 million loan. money was desperately needed by the CPR. this government loan later became controversial. Even with Van Horne's support with moving troops to Qu'Appelle, the government still delayed in giving its support to CPR. This was due to Macdonald putting pressure on George Stephen for additional benefits. himself later did admit to spending $1 million between 1881 and 1886 to ensure government support. This money went to buying a £40,000 necklace for Lady MacDonald and numerous other "bonifications" to government members.[27] Telegram to Prime Minister John A. Macdonald announcing the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 7 November 1885 7 November 1885, the last spike was driven at Craigellachie, British Columbia, making good on the original promise. Four days earlier, the last spike of the Lake Superior section was driven in just west of Jackfish, Ontario. While the railway was completed four years after the original 1881 deadline, it was completed more than five years ahead of the new date of 1891 that Macdonald gave in 1881. successful construction of such a massive project, although troubled by delays and scandal, was considered an impressive feat of engineering and political will for a country with such a small population, limited capital, and difficult terrain. was by far the longest railway ever constructed at the time. It had taken 12,000 men and 5,000 horses to construct the Lake section alone.[28] in Eastern Canada, the CPR had created a network of lines reaching from Quebec City to St. Thomas, Ontario, by 1885 – mainly by buying the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa & Occidental Railway from the Quebec government and by creating a new railway company, the Ontario and Quebec Railway (O&Q). It also launched a fleet of Great Lakes ships to link its terminals. Through the O&Q, the CPR had effected purchases and long-term leases of several railways, and built a line between Perth, Ontario, and Toronto (completed on 5 May 1884) to connect these acquisitions. The CPR obtained a 999-year lease on the O&Q on 4 January 1884. In 1895, it acquired a minority interest in the Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway, giving it a link to New York and the Northeast United States.[29] –1900[edit] The system in 1906, soon after the construction of the transcontinental railway The last spike in the CPR was driven on 7 November 1885, by one of its directors, Donald Smith.[13] first transcontinental passenger train departed from Montreal's Dalhousie Station, located at Berri Street and Notre Dame Street at 8 pm on 28 June 1886, and arrived at Port Moody at noon on 4 July 1886. This train consisted of two baggage cars, a mail car, one second-class coach, two immigrant sleepers, two first-class coaches, two sleeping cars and a diner (several dining cars were used throughout the journey, as they were removed from the train during the night, with another one added the next morning).[citation needed] First Transcontinental Train arrives in Port Arthur on 30 June 1886 that time, however, the CPR had decided to move its western terminus from Port Moody to Granville, which was renamed "Vancouver" later that year. The first official train destined for Vancouver arrived on 23 May 1887, although the line had already been in use for three months. CPR quickly became profitable, and all loans from the Federal government were repaid years ahead of time. 1888, a branch line was opened between Sudbury and Sault Ste. Marie where the CPR connected with the American railway system and its own steamships. That same year, work was started on a line from London, Ontario, to the Canada–US border at Windsor, Ontario. That line opened on 12 June 1890.[30] CPR also leased the New Brunswick Railway in 1891 for 991 years,[31] and built the International Railway of Maine, connecting Montreal with Saint John, New Brunswick, in 1889. The connection with Saint John on the Atlantic coast made the CPR the first truly transcontinental railway company in Canada and permitted trans-Atlantic cargo and passenger services to continue year-round when sea ice in the Gulf of St. Lawrence closed the port of Montreal during the winter months. By 1896, competition with the Great Northern Railway for traffic in southern British Columbia forced the CPR to construct a second line across the province, south of the original line. Van Horne, now president of the CPR, asked for government aid, and the government agreed to provide around $3.6 million to construct a railway from Lethbridge, Alberta, through Crowsnest Pass to the south shore of Kootenay Lake, in exchange for the CPR agreeing to reduce freight rates in perpetuity for key commodities shipped in Western Canada.[citation needed] controversial Crowsnest Pass Agreement effectively locked the eastbound rate on grain products and westbound rates on certain "settlers' effects" at the 1897 level. Although temporarily suspended during the First World War, it was not until 1983 that the "Crow Rate" was permanently replaced by the Western Grain Transportation Act which allowed for the gradual increase of grain shipping prices. Crowsnest Pass line opened on 18 June 1898, and followed a complicated route through the maze of valleys and passes in southern British Columbia, rejoining the original mainline at Hope after crossing the Cascade Mountains via Coquihalla Pass.[32] Southern Mainline, generally known as the Kettle Valley Railway in British Columbia, was built in response to the booming mining and smelting economy in southern British Columbia, and the tendency of the local geography to encourage and enable easier access from neighbouring US states than from Vancouver or the rest of Canada, which was viewed to be as much of a threat to national security as it was to the province's control of its own resources. local passenger service was re-routed to this new southerly line, which connected numerous emergent small cities across the region. Independent railways and subsidiaries that were eventually merged into the CPR in connection with this route were the Shuswap and Okanagan Railway, the Kaslo and Slocan Railway, the Columbia and Kootenay Railway, the Columbia and Western Railway and various others.[31] and the settlement of western Canada[edit] One of the CPR's land offerings, 1883 CPR had built a railway that operated mostly in the wilderness. The usefulness of the prairies was questionable in the minds of many. The thinking prevailed that the prairies had great potential. Under the initial contract with the Canadian government to build the railway, the CPR was granted 25 million acres (100,000 km2). Proving already to be a very resourceful organization, Canadian Pacific began an intense campaign to bring immigrants to Canada. Canadian Pacific agents operated in many overseas locations. Immigrants were often sold a package that included passage on a CP ship, travel on a CP train and land sold by the CP railway. Land was priced at $2.50 an acre and up but required cultivation.[33] To transport immigrants, Canadian Pacific developed a fleet of over a thousand Colonist cars, low-budget sleeper cars designed to transport immigrant families from eastern Canadian seaports to the west.[34] –1928[edit] CPR advertisement highlighting "Free Farms for the Million" in western Canada, circa 1893 the first decade of the 20th century, the CPR continued to build more lines. In 1908, the CPR opened a line connecting Toronto with Sudbury. Previously, westbound traffic originating in southern Ontario took a circuitous route through eastern Ontario. Several operational improvements were also made to the railway in Western Canada. In 1909 the CPR completed two significant engineering accomplishments. The most significant was the replacement of the Big Hill, which had become a major bottleneck in the CPR's main line, with the Spiral Tunnels, reducing the grade to 2.2 percent from 4.5 percent. The Spiral Tunnels opened in August. In April 1908, the CPR started work to replace the Old Calgary-Edmonton Rail Bridge across the Red Deer River with a new standard steel bridge that was completed by March 1909.[35] Viaduct 3 November 1909, the Lethbridge Viaduct over the Oldman River valley at Lethbridge, Alberta, was opened. It is 1,624 metres (5,328 feet) long and, at its maximum, 96 metres (315 feet) high, making it one of the longest railway bridges in Canada. 1916, the CPR replaced its line through Rogers Pass, which was prone to avalanches (the most serious of which killed 62 men in 1910) with the Connaught Tunnel, an eight-kilometre-long (5-mile) tunnel under Mount Macdonald[36] that was, at the time of its opening, the longest railway tunnel in the Western Hemisphere.[37][38] C.P.R. railway locomotive 2860 21 January 1910, a passenger train derailed on the CPR line at the Spanish River bridge at Nairn, Ontario (near Sudbury), killing at least 43.[39][40] CPR acquired several smaller railways via long-term leases in 1912. On 3 January 1912, the CPR acquired the Dominion Atlantic Railway, a railway that ran in western Nova Scotia. This acquisition gave the CPR a connection to Halifax, a significant port on the Atlantic Ocean. The Dominion Atlantic was isolated from the rest of the CPR network and used the CNR to facilitate interchange; the DAR also operated ferry services across the Bay of Fundy for passengers and cargo (but not rail cars) from the port of Digby, Nova Scotia, to the CPR at Saint John, New Brunswick. DAR steamships also provided connections for passengers and cargo between Yarmouth, Boston and New York. On 1 July 1912, the CPR acquired the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway, a railway on Vancouver Island that connected to the CPR using a railcar ferry. The CPR acquired the Quebec Central Railway on 14 December 1912.[31] the late 19th century, the railway undertook an ambitious programme of hotel construction, building Glacier House in Glacier National Park, Mount Stephen House at Field, British Columbia, the Château Frontenac in Quebec City and the Banff Springs Hotel. then, the CPR had competition from three other transcontinental lines, all of them money-losers. In 1919, these lines were consolidated, along with the track of the old Intercolonial Railway and its spurs, into the government-owned Canadian National Railways. CPR suffered its greatest loss of life when one of its steamships, the Empress of Ireland, sank after a collision with the Norwegian collier SS Storstad. On 29 May 1914, the Empress (operated by the CPR's Canadian Pacific Steamship Company) went down in the St. Lawrence River with the loss of 1,024 lives, of which 840 were passengers.[41] World War[edit] the First World War CPR put the entire resources of the "world's greatest travel system" at the disposal of the British Empire, not only trains and tracks, but also its ships, shops, hotels, telegraphs and, above all, its people. the war effort meant transporting and billeting troops; building and supplying arms and munitions; arming, lending and selling ships. CPR ships were pressed into service during World War I, carrying more than a million troops and passengers and four million tons of cargo.Twenty seven survived and returned to CPR. also helped the war effort with money and jobs. CPR made loans and guarantees to the Allies of some $100 million. As a lasting tribute, CPR commissioned three statues and 23 memorial tablets to commemorate the efforts of those who fought and those who died in the war.[42] the war, the Federal government created Canadian National Railways (CNR, later CN) out of several bankrupt railways that fell into government hands during and after the war. CNR would become the main competitor to the CPR in Canada. 1923, Henry Worth Thornton replaced David Blyth Hanna becoming the second president of the CNR, and his competition spurred Edward Wentworth Beatty, the first Canadian-born president of the CPR, to action.[43] During this time the railway land grants were formalized.[44] Depression and the Second World War, 1929–1945[edit] Strikers from unemployment relief camps climbing on boxcars as part of the On-to-Ottawa Trek, 1935 Great Depression, which lasted from 1929 until 1939, hit many companies heavily. While the CPR was affected, it was not affected to the extent of its rival CNR because it, unlike the CNR, was debt-free. The CPR scaled back on some of its passenger and freight services, and stopped issuing dividends to its shareholders after 1932. Hard times led to the creation of new political parties such as the Social Credit movement and the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, as well as popular protest in the form of the On-to-Ottawa Trek.[45] highlight of the late 1930s, both for the railway and for Canada, was the visit of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth during their 1939 royal tour of Canada, the first time that the reigning monarch had visited the country. The CPR and the CNR shared the honours of pulling the royal train across the country, with the CPR undertaking the westbound journey from Quebec City to Vancouver. that year, the Second World War began. As it had done in World War I, the CPR devoted much of its resources to the war effort. It retooled its Angus Shops in Montreal to produce Valentine tanks and other armoured vehicles, and transported troops and resources across the country. As well, 22 of the CPR's ships went to war, 12 of which were sunk.[46] –1978[edit] The Multimark logo was used from 1968 to 1987, when it fell out of favour. It was sometimes referred to as the 'Pac-Man' logo, after the popular 1980s video game of the same name. CPR train step stool (Calgary station) c. 1950 the Second World War, the transportation industry in Canada changed. Where railways had previously provided almost universal freight and passenger services, cars, trucks and airplanes started to take traffic away from railways. This naturally helped the CPR's air and trucking operations, and the railway's freight operations continued to thrive hauling resource traffic and bulk commodities. However, passenger trains quickly became unprofitable. During the 1950s, the railway introduced new innovations in passenger service. In 1955, it introduced The Canadian, a new luxury transcontinental train. However, in the 1960s, the company started to pull out of passenger services, ending services on many of its branch lines. It also discontinued its secondary transcontinental train The Dominion in 1966, and in 1970, unsuccessfully applied to discontinue The Canadian. For the next eight years, it continued to apply to discontinue the service, and service on The Canadian declined markedly. On 29 October 1978, CP Rail transferred its passenger services to Via Rail, a new federal Crown corporation that is responsible for managing all intercity passenger service formerly handled by both CP Rail and CN. Via eventually took almost all of its passenger trains, including The Canadian, off CP's lines.[47] 1968, as part of a corporate reorganization, each of the major operations, including its rail operations, were organized as separate subsidiaries. The name of the railway was changed to CP Rail, and the parent company changed its name to Canadian Pacific Limited in 1971. Its air, express, telecommunications, hotel and real estate holdings were spun off, and ownership of all of the companies transferred to Canadian Pacific Investments. The slogan was: "TO THE FOUR CORNERS OF THE WORLD" The company discarded its beaver logo, adopting the new Multimark (which, when mirrored by an adjacent "multi-mark" creates a diamond appearance on a globe) that was used—with a different colour background—for each of its operations.[48]

Canadian Pacific Railroad

Canadian Pacific Railroad - Southern Route

Spokane, Spokane River Folder

Spokane River

Saint Joe River

Saint Maries River

Saint Maries River Middle Fork

Saint Maries River - Boville Hemlock Butte Branch

Coeur d'Alene River

Spokane, Pend Oreille River Folder

Pend Oreille River

Bitterroot River

Pack River

Lightning Creek

Priest River

Spokane, East Kootenay Creeks, Duncan River and Columbia River Creeks further north

Mt Toby Creek

Caldron Mt Creek

Mount Griffith Creek

Mt Conrad Creek

Thorington Mountain Creek

Moonraker Mountain Creek

Dawn Mountain Creek

Silent Mountain Creek

Bugaboo Spire Creek

Hanging Glacier Creek

Mount Katherine Panorama Creek

Mount Peechee Fairmont Hot Springs Creek

Duncan River

Beaver River

Spokane, West Kootenay Creeks

North Kookanee Peak to Kaslo Creek

South Kookanee Peak to Crescent Bay Creek

East Kookanee Peak to Ainsworth Creek

Fishhook area to Nakusp Creek

West Tenderfoot Mountain to Nakusp Creek

Herrige Mountain to Arrow Lake Creek

Borderline area to Arrow Lake Creek

Mount Wilkie to Galena Bay Creek

Virtue Mountain to Beaton Creek

Mt Marion to Rosebery Creek

Whitewater Mountain to New Denver Creek

Mt Brennan to Kaslo Creek

Summit Mountain to Slocan Creek

Spokane, Kootenai River Folder

Spokane, Kootenai River 3, Vermillion River Folder

Vermillion River

Vermillion Pass - (Bow River to Vermillion River, 5 mile hike)
Short flat 5 mile, 1,000 vertical ft, 6% grade hike (Bow River to Vermillion River)

Spokane, Kootenai River 8, Saint Mary River Folder

Elk River

Spokane, Kootenai River 15, Moyie River Folder

Spokane, Columbia River Folder

Kinbasket Creek

Spokane, Okanogan River Folder

Okanogan River

Canada, West of the Rockies, Vancouver Island, Far Western BC

Canada, Northeast of the Rockies Folder, Mackenzie River, Northwest Territories, North Alberta

Canada, Mackenzie River Folder, Northwest Territories

Northwest Territories (Mackenzie Country)
Northwest Territories; ROBERT McDONALD, Commemorated December 15 ; JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ;

Mackenzie River

Canada, Northern Alberta, Slave River Folder, Athabaska and Peace Rivers

Slave River

Canada, Northern Alberta, Slave River Source, Athabasca River Folder

Athabasca River

Athabaska Source 2

Athabaska Source 3

Athabaska River 4

Athabasca River Source 5

Canada, Northern Alberta, Slave River Source, Peace River Folder

Peace River

Peace River (Parsnip River)

Peace River (Findlay River)

Slave River Source, Peace River 3, Smokey River Folder

Smokey River

Canada, Yukon Territory Folder, Northwest CAN

Yukon
Yukon; ROBERT McDONALD, Commemorated December 15;

Yukon Territory, Canada (Alaska Drainage)
Yukon Territory;

Yukon River

Yukon River Route

Yukon River A (Teslin Lake Arm)

Yukon River B (Atlin Lake Arm)

Yukon River C (Tagish Lake Arm)

Yukon River D (Marsh Lake Arm)

Yukon River E (Lake Laberge Arm)

Yukon River F (Kasawa Lake Arm)

Yukon River G (Kluane Lake Arm)

Yukon River H (Bennett Lake Arm)

Yukon River H (Bennett Lake Arm, Chilkoot Pass)

Yukon, Yukon River 3, Pelly River Folder, Faro, YT

Pelly River

Yukon, Yukon River 6, Stewart River Folder (Silver Trail)

Stewart River

Yukon, Yukon River 6, Stewart River 1, Silver Trail Folder

Silver Trail
Silver Trail;

Yukon, Yukon River 7, Klondike River Folder (Dawson)

Klondike River

Yukon, Yukon River 8, Fortymile River Folder (Fortymile)

Fortymile River

Yukon, Yukon River 12, Porcupine River Folder

Porcupine River

Canada, Nunavut Territory Folder, Far North CAN

Canada, Nunavut Territory

Central America Folder.kmz

Central America Folder

Central America - Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Honduras
Central America - Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Honduras;

Central America 1937-1980, Central America History Folder

Central America, 1937-1980, Saint, Oscar Romero, El Salvador
Central American Saint, 1937-1980, Oscar Romero, El Salvador; OSCAR ROMERO, ARCHBISHOP OF SAN SALVADOR, AND THE MARTYRS OF EL SALVADOR, (24 March 1980) ;

Chiapas in Guatemala, Central America
Chiapas in Guatemala ; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ;

El Salvador, Central America
El Salvador ; OSCAR ROMERO, ARCHBISHOP OF SAN SALVADOR, AND THE MARTYRS OF EL SALVADOR, (24 March 1980) ;

San Salvador, El Salvador, Central America
San Salvador ; El Salvador ; OSCAR ROMERO, ARCHBISHOP OF SAN SALVADOR, AND THE MARTYRS OF EL SALVADOR, (24 March 1980) ;

Nicaragua, Central America
Nicaragua; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; JAMES WELDON JOHNSON, POET, 1938, Commemorated June 25 ;

Honduras aka Spanish Honduras, Central America
Honduras aka Spanish Houduras, Central America; CHARLES RAYMOND BARNES, PRIEST, 26 July 1938;

Belize aka British Honduras, Central America
Belize aka British Honduras, Central America; CHARLES RAYMOND BARNES, PRIEST, 26 July 1938;

Nacaome River, Southwestern Honduras

Choluteca River, Southwest Honduras

Choluteca River Mouth, Honduras

Ulua River, Sula Valley, Honduras

Ulua River, Honduras, Sula Valley

Chamelecon River, Sula Valley, Honduras

Chamelecon River, Honduras

Aguan River, Honduras

Aguan River

Path Measure

Continental Divides Folder.kmz

Continental Divide - Namak Lake Sink

Cyprus Folder.kmz

Cyprus Folder

Cyprus
Cyprus; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15, Dormition = A peaceful and painless death, as well as the act of sleeping or falling asleep ; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated July 9 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Translation of the relics of St Lazarus ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœof the Four Days in the TombÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ the Bishop of Kiteia on Cyprus, Commemorated on October 17 ; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Paul the Obedient, Commemorated December 7 ; St Sophronius the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 9 ; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Hieromartyr Euthymius the Bishop of Sardis, Commemorated on December 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe MercifulÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 27 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated January 8 ; Martyr Theophilus the New in Cyprus, Commemorated on January 30 ; Hieromartyr Marcellus the Bishop of Sicily, Commemorated on February 9; Hieromartyr Blaise the Bishop of Sebaste, Commemorated on February 11 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated February 12 ; Hieromartyr Philagrius the Bishop of Cyprus; Hieromartyr Pancratius the Bishop of Taoromina in Sicily; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated February 19; Hieromartyr Theodotus the Bishop of Cyrenia, Commemorated on March 2; Venerable Arcadius of Cyprus, Commemorated on March 6; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy the Bishop of Britain, Commemorated on March 16; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Polybius the Bishop in Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 22; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; BARNABAS THE APOSTLE, (11 JUNE NT); St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Polybius the Bishop in Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Euthymius the New, Founder of the Iveron Monastery and His Fellow Georgian Saints of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 22; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11; BARNABAS THE APOSTLE, (11 JUNE NT) ; St Triphyllius the Bishop of Leucosia (Nicosia) in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 13; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20; Icon of the Mother of God of Galatea, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Cyprus 40-1974 Cyprus History Folder

Cyprus, 000, 1st Century Folder, Barnabus ad Lazarus

Cyprus, 40-61, Apostle Barnabus from Cyprus
Cyprus, 40-61, Apostle Barnabus from Cyprus; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25;

Cyprus, 40-70, Lazarus, Bishop of Kittim (assisted by his sisters Martha and Mary)
Cyprus, 40-70, Lazarus, Bishop of Kittim ; Righteous Martha the sister of Lazarus, Commemorated on June 4;

Cyprus, 300, 4th Century Folder, St Epiphanius of Salamis, St Sabinus

Cyprus, 310-403, Epiphanius of Salamis, Cyprus
Epiphanius of Salamis, Cyprus, 310-403; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12;

Cyprus, 600, 7th Century Folder, Arab Muslim Conquest of Cyprus, 654

Arab Muslim Conquest of Cyprus 654
Arab Muslim Conquest of Cyprus 654;

Cyprus, 1900, Moslem and Christian Green Lines, 1974

Green Line 1, 1974 (Christian)
Green Line 1974;

Green Line 2, 1974 (Moslem)
Green Line 1974;

Paphos, Cyprus
Paphos; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Tremithos, Cyprus
Tremithos, Cyprus; St. Triphyllius the Bishop of Leucosia (Nicosia) in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 13;

Kykkos Mountain, Cyprus
Mount Kykkos, on the island of Cyprus; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe MercifulÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on November 12;

Kykkos Monastery, Cyprus (Georgian) 1090's
Kykkos Monastery - A Georgian Monestary on Cyprus ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated October 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated February 12 ;

Soli, Cyprus
Soli, Cyprus; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17 ;

Monastery of Saint Mamas, Guzelyurt, North Cyprus, before 969
Monastery of Saint Mamas, Guzelyurt, North Cyprus; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12;

Amathus, Cyprus
Amathus; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ;

Galatea (Cyprus)
Galatea (Cyprus); Icon of the Mother of God of Galatea, Commemorated July 4 ;

Cyrenia (Kiteia, Kyrenia) on Cyprus
Kiteia (Kyrenia) on Cyprus; Translation of the relics of St Lazarus ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœof the Four Days in the TombÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ the Bishop of Kiteia on Cyprus, Commemorated on October 17; Hieromartyr Theodotus the Bishop of Cyrenia, Commemorated on March 2;

Kiteia (Cyrenia, Kyrenia) on Cyprus
Kiteia (Kyrenia) on Cyprus; Translation of the relics of St Lazarus ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœof the Four Days in the TombÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ the Bishop of Kiteia on Cyprus, Commemorated on October 17; Hieromartyr Theodotus the Bishop of Cyrenia, Commemorated on March 2;

Assia, Cyprus
Assia, Cyprus; Hieromartyr Euthymius the Bishop of Sardis, Commemorated on December 26 ;

Galanteia, Cyprus
Galanteia, Cyprus; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 28;

Leucosia (Nicosia), Cyprus
Leucosia (Nicosia); St Triphyllius the Bishop of Leucosia (Nicosia) in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 13;

Kittim, Cyprus
Kittim; 1 Maccabees Ch 1; Cyprus, 40-70, Lazarus, Bishop of Kittim ; Translation of the relics of Saint Lazarus ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœof the Four Days in the TombÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Bishop of Kiteia, Cyprus, Commemorated on October 17; Righteous Martha the sister of Lazarus, Commemorated on June 4;

church of the Righteous Lazarus, Larnaca, Cyprus
church of the Righteous Lazarus, Larnaca, Cyprus; Translation of the relics of Saint Lazarus ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœof the Four Days in the TombÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Bishop of Kiteia, Cyprus, Commemorated on October 17;

Constantia, Cyprus
Constantia, Cyprus St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ;

Salamis, Cyprus
Salamis, Cyprus; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20;

Tremithus, Cyprus
Tremithus; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated on December 12 ; St Triphyllius the Bishop of Leucosia (Nicosia) in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 13;

Edom Folder, and its vicinity.kmz

Land of Uz (Edom)
Land of Uz (Edom); Job 1:1-22, Job, Job and His Family, Attack on JobÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™s Character, Job Loses Property and Children;

Edom 1590BC- 106, Edom History Folder

Edom, 1590BC-1350BC, Job of the Bible
Edom, 1590BC-1350BC, Job of the Bible;

Edom, Arab Nabataean Kingdom, 400BC - 106AD
Arab Nabataean Kingdom, 400BC - 106AD; Nabataean kingdom capital of Petra, Edom, annexed by Trajan in 106 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ;

Edom, Arab Nabataean King, 9BC - 40AD, Aretas IV Philopatris
Arab Nabataean King, 9BC - 40AD, Aretas IV Philopatris; Arab Nabataean Kingdom, 400BC - 106AD; Nabataean kingdom capital of Petra, Edom, annexed by Trajan in 106 ; The Beheading of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist John, Commemorated on August 29 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ;

Edom, 106, Arab Nabataean kingdom capital of Petra, annexed by Trajan in 106
Nabataean kingdom capital of Petra, Edom, annexed by Trajan in 106 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ;

Egypt Folder, its river and roads.kmz

Egypt, History Folder

Egypt, 1900 BC to 1500 BC, History Folder, Joseph and Pharaohs to Moses and Joshua

Egypt, 1900 BC, Egyptian Saint, Joseph
Egypt, 1900 BC, Egyptian Saint, Joseph;

Egypt, 1701 BC-1661 BC, Egyptian Pharaoh, Merneferre Ay, at abandoned capitol
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1701BC-1661BC, Merneferre Ay; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egypt, 1689BC-1569BC, Egyptian Patriarch, Moses
Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egyptian Pharaoh, 1677BC-1675BC, Merhotepre Ini
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1677BC-1675BC, Merhotepre Ini; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses; Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egyptian Pharaoh, 1675BC-1654BC, Sankhenre Sewadjtu
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1675BC-1654BC, Sankhenre Sewadjtu; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egyptian Pharaoh, 1672BC-1648BC, Mersekhemre Ined
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1675BC-1654BC, Sankhenre Sewadjtu; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egyptian Pharaoh, 1669BC-1643BC, Sewadjkare Hori
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1669BC-1643BC, Sewadjkare Hori; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egypt, 1649BC-1609BC, Egyptian Pharaoh, uncertain, Semqen
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1649BC-1609BC uncertain, Semqen; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egypt, 1654BC-1544BC, Egyptian Patriarch, Joshua
Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egypt, 1500 BC to 170 AD, History Folder, Later Ancient Times, Jews Drawn Back to Egypt

Egypt, 597 BC, Jews in Egypt, Later Ancient Times, Destruction Kingdom Judah
Egypt, 597 BC, Jews in Egypt, Later Ancient Times, Destruction Kingdom Judah; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Egypt, 597 BC, Tathnis aka Tahpanhes, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times
Tathnis aka Tahpanhes, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Egypt, BC 360-1 AD, Simeon the God-Receiver
Egypt, BC 300-1 AD, Simeon the God-Receiver; Egypt, BC 285-247 BC, Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus; Septuagint, BC 285-132 BC; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3;

Egypt, BC 285-247 BC, Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus
Egypt, BC 285-247 BC, Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus; Septuagint, BC 285-132 BC; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3;

Egypt, BC 247-132 BC, Septuagint
Egypt, BC 285-247 BC, Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus; Septuagint, BC 247-132 BC; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3;

Migdol, an Island in the Nile, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times
Migdol, an Island in the Nile, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times ; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Noph, aka Memphis, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times
Noph, aka Memphis, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Egypt, 40-61, Apostle Barnabus from Cyprus
Cyprus, 40-61, Apostle Barnabus from Cyprus; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25;

Egypt, 62-400, Catechetical School of Alexandria
Egypt, 62-400, Catechetical School of Alexandria; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ;

Egypt, 170 - 640, Patriarchs and Saints History Folder

Egypt, 100, 2nd Century Folder, St Clement

Egypt, 170-215, Saint Clement of Alexandria
Egypt, 170-215, Saint Clement of Alexandria; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?);

Egypt, 200, 3rd Century Folder, Origen and first Hermit St Paul of Thebes

Egypt, 204-254, Church Father Origen, but not saint
Egypt, 204-254, Church Father Origen, but not saint; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17;

Egypt, 220-264, Saint Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria
Egypt, 220-264, Saint Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria; Egypt, 245-339, Saint Paul the Simple; Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great; Egyptian Patriarch, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 5; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2;

Egypt, 225-270, Egyptian Neo Platonist Philosopher, Plotinus
Egypt, 225-270, Egyptian Neo Platonist Philosopher, Plotinus; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430);

Egypt, 236-274, Parthian Manichaeus, Mani, Prophet of Gnostic Manichaeism
Egypt, 236-274, Parthian Manichaeus, Mani, Prophet of Gnostic Manichaeism; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9;

Egypt, 244-341, Saint Paul of Thebes, the first Christian hermit
Egypt, 244-341, Saint Paul of Thebes; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great;

Egypt, 245-339, Saint Paul the Simple
Egypt, 245-339, Saint Paul the Simple; Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great; Egyptian Patriarch, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2;

Egypt, 250, Epimachus of Pelusium, Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria
Egypt, 250, Epimachus of Pelusium, Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria; Pelusium; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated February 4 ; Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 31 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great
Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great; Egyptian Patriarch, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2;

Egypt, 276-336, Egyptian Scholar, Arius of Alexandria
Egyptian Scholar, 276-336, Arius of Alexandria ; Egyptian Patriarch, 328-373, Athanasias of Alexandria; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Egypt, 276-311, Egyptian Saint, Pope Peter I of Alexandria
Egypt, 276-336, Egyptian Saint, Pope Peter I of Alexandria; Egyptian Scholar, 276-336, Arius of Alexandria ; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25 ;

Egypt, 280-307, Egyptian Saint, Varus
Egypt, 280-307, Egyptian Saint, Varus; Egypt, 280-327, Egyptian Saint, Cleopatra; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated on October 19;

Egypt, 280-327, Egyptian Saint, Cleopatra
Egypt, 280-307, Egyptian Saint, Varus; Egypt, 280-327, Egyptian Saint, Cleopatra; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated on October 19;

Egypt, 300, 4th Century Folder, Hermits of Egyptian Desert

Egypt, 300-395, Egyptian Saint, Onuphrius
Egyptian Saint, 300-395, Onuphrius; Egyptian Patriarch, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2;

Egypt, 305-309, Egyptian Saint, Menas
Egypt, 305-309, Egyptian Saint, Menas; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 17;

Egypt, 307, Egyptian Saint, Varus
Egypt, 307, Egyptian Saint, Varus; Martyr Varus, and seven Monastic Martyrs with him, Commemorated on October 19;

Egypt, 307-327, Egyptian Saint, Cleopatra
Egypt, 307-327, Egyptian Saint, Cleopatra; Egypt, 307, Egyptian Saint, Varus; Blessed Cleopatra with her son John, in Egypt, Commemorated on October 19; Martyr Varus, and seven Monastic Martyrs with him, Commemorated on October 19;

Egypt, 311-371, Saint Hilarion the Great
Egypt, 311-371, Saint Hilarion ; St. Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12;

Egypt, 312-348, Egyptian Patriarch, Pachomius the Great
Egyptian Patriarch, 312-348, Pachomius the Great; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Egypt, 313-328, Alexander, Patriarch of Alexandria
Egyptian Patriarch, 313-328, Alexander, Patriarch of Alexandria; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373);

Egypt, 320-391, Saint, Marcarius the Great
Egyptian Saint, 320-391, Marcarius the Great; Virginmartyr Apollinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5;

Egypt, 325-375, Saint, Pambo
Egypt, 325-375, Saint, Pambo; Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18;

Egypt, 325-395, Egyptian Saint, Paphnutius the Ascetic
Egyptian Saint, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on October 8; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15;

Egypt, 325-395, Egyptian Saint, Thais
Egyptian Saint, 325-395, Thais; Egyptian Saint, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on October 8; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15;

Egypt, 328-373, Egyptian Patriarch, Athanasias of Alexandria, The Great
Egyptian Patriarch, 328-373, Athanasias of Alexandria; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30; St. Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Egypt, 330?-394, Egyptian Saint, Pharmutius
Egypt, 330?-394, Egyptian Saint, Pharmutius; Egypt, 330?-394, Egyptian Saint, John the Anchorite, John the Hermit; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29;

Egypt, 330?-394, Egyptian Saint, John the Anchorite, John the Hermit
Egypt, 330?-394, Egyptian Saint, John the Anchorite, John the Hermit; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29;

Egypt, 334-368, Egyptian Patriarch, Theodorus of Tabennese
Egyptian Patriarch, 334-368, Theodorus of Tabennese ; Egyptian Patriarch, 312-348, Pachomius the Great; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Egypt, 340-417, Saint, Paisius the Great, Pishoy
Egypt, 340-417, Saint, Paisius the Great, Pishoy; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Egypt, 340-429, Saint, Sisoes the Great
Egypt, 340-429, Saint, Sisoes the Great; Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Egypt, 350-405, Egyptian Saint, Moses the Black
Egyptian Saint, 350-405, Moses the Black; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Ethiopian of Scete, Commemorated on August 28;

Egypt, 359-405, Egyptian Saint, John the Short, or the Dwarf, Sketes
Egypt, 359-405, Egyptian Saint, John the Short, or the Dwarf, Sketes; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9;

Egypt, 360-450, Egyptian Saint, Pimen the Great, Sketes
Egyptian Saint, 360-450, Pimen the Great; Egypt, 359-405, Egyptian Saint, John the Short, or the Dwarf, Sketes; Venerable Pimen the Great, Commemorated on August 27;

Egypt, 370-450, Egyptian, Roman, Byzantine Saint, Arsenius the Great
Egypt, 370-445, Egyptian, Roman, Byzantine Saint, Arsenius the Great; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8 ;

Egypt, 384-412, Impious Pope Theophilus of Alexandria
Egyptian Patriarch, 384-412, Pope Theophilus of Alexandria; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 25; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9;

Egypt, 384-450, Egyptian Saint, Isadore of Pelusium
Egyptian Saint, d. 450, Isadore of Pelusium; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6;

Egypt, 400, 5th Century Folder, Nestorius, Mary of Egypt, Cyril of Alexandria

Egypt, 406-450, Egyptian Heratic, Nestorius
Egypt, 406-450, Egyptian Heratic, Nestorius; Egyptian Patriarch, 412-444, Cyril of Alexandria; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14;

Egypt, 412-444, Egyptian Patriarch, Cyril of Alexandria
Egyptian Patriarch, 412-444, Cyril of Alexandria; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14;

Egypt, 420-458, Egyptian Saint, Euphrosyne of Alexandria
Egypt, 420-458, Egyptian Saint, Euphrosyne of Alexandria; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15;

Egypt, 444-451, Egyptian Patriarch, Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria
Egypt, 444-451, Egyptian Patriarch, Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria;

Egypt, 451-457, Egyptian Patriarch, Proterius of Alexandria
Egypt, 451-457, Egyptian Patriarch, Proterius of Alexandria; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28;

Egypt, 444-451, Egyptian Patriarch, Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria, Monophysite
Egyptian Patriarch, 444-451, Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria, Monophysite; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28;

Egypt, 480-560, Saint, St Mary of Egypt with St Zosimas of Palestine
Egypt, 480-560, Saint, St Mary of Egypt with St Zosimas of Palestine; Palestine, 480-560, Saint, Zosimas of Palestine, with St Mary of Egypt; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1;

Egypt, 500, 6th Century Folder, Pope Theodosius of Alexandria

Egypt, 536-567, Patriarch, Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria
Egyptian Patriarch, 536-567, Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7;

Egypt, 567, Saint, Anastasia the Patrician
Egypt, 567, Saint, Anastasia the Patrician; Saint Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10;

Egypt, 600-640, 7th Century Folder, St John of the Ladder

Egypt, 600-649, Saint John of the Ladder, John Climacus
Egypt, 600-649, Saint John of the Ladder, John Climacus; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ; Commemorated on March 30;

Egypt, 606-616, Patriarch, John the Merciful of Alexandria
Egyptian Patriarch, 606-616, John the Merciful of Alexandria ; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22;

Egypt, 610-685, Egyptian Saint, Anastasius Sinaita
Egyptian Saint, 610-685, Anastasius Sinaita; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20;

Egypt, 640 - Present, History Folder, Arab and Moslem Period

Egypt, 640-699, 7th Century Folder, Muslim conquest of Alexandria

Egypt, 640-644, Arab Muslim Commander and Governor, Rashidun and Ummayad
Egypt, 640-644, Arab Muslim Commander and Governor, Rashidun and Ummayad; Arab Muslim Conqest of Babylon Fortress Egypt 640

Egypt, 642, Arab Muslim Conquest of Alexandria
Arab Muslim Conquest of Alexandria 642;

Egypt, 800, 9th Century Folder, Tulunid Dynasty, Sunni

Egypt, 868-905, Sultan Ahmad ibn Tulun, Founder Tulunid Dynasty, Sunni
Egypt, 868-905, Sultan Ahmad ibn Tulun, Founder Tulunid Dynasty, Sunni ; Martyr Michael ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe Black-RobedÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23;

Egypt, 900, 10th Century Folder, Fatmid Caliphate, Shia

Egypt, 909-1171, Fatmid Caliphate, Shia Islam

Egypt, 996-1021, Fatmid Sultan, Hakim (Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah)
Egypt, 996-1021, Fatmid Sultan, Hakim (Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah), despoiler of the Holy Places ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15 ;

Egypt, 1200, 13th Century Folder, Abbasid Caliphate, Sunni

Egypt, 1250-1517, Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate, Cairo), Sunni Islam
Egypt, 1250-1517, Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Sunni Islam;

Egypt, 1259-1260, Mamluk Sultan, Qutuz, or al-Malik al-Muzaffar Saif ad-Din Qutuz
Egypt, 1259-1260, Mamluk Sultan, Qutuz, or al-Malik al-Muzaffar Saif ad-Din Qutuz ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated on October 19;

Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated on October 19; St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12;

Egypt, 1261-1517, Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate), Sunni, from Cairo, Egypt
Egypt, 1261-1517, Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate), Sunni, from Cairo, Egypt ; Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), 1250-1517

Egypt, 1270, Mamluk Sultan Baibars expels Crusaders from Palestine
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20;

Egypt, 1270, Crusaders and Mamluk Sultan Baibars join to Loot and Plunder Athonite Monasteries

Egypt, 1260-1277, Abbasid Sultan, Rukn al-Din Baibars, Sunni
Egypt, 1260-1277, Abbasid Sultan, Rukn al-Din Baibars, Sunni; Martyr Salome the Georgian, Commemorated on July 20; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Egypt, 1277-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Said Barakah, Sunni
Egypt, 1277-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Said Barakah, Sunni;

Egypt, 1279-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Solamish, Sunni
Egypt, 1279-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Solamish, Sunni;

Egypt, 1279-1290, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Qalawun, Sunni
Egypt, 1279-1290, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Qalawun, Sunni; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8;

Egypt, 1290-1293, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Khalil, Sunni
Egypt, 1290-1293, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Khalil, Sunni ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8;

Egypt, 1497-1508, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mustamsik, Sunni
Egypt, 1497-1508, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mustamsik, Sunni; St. Phanourius, Commemorated on August 27;

Egypt, 1800, 19th Century Folder, Independent Sultan Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Egypt, 1805-1848, Ottoman Sultan Muhammad Ali, modern independent Egypt, Christians protected, dynasty till 52
Egypt, 1805-1848, Ottoman Sultan Muhammad Ali of Egypt; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ;

Egypt, 1847-1858, Patriarch Hierotheus II of Alexandria
Egypt, 1847-1858, Patriarch Hierotheus II of Alexandria; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23;

Egypt, 1863-1899, Patriarch, Sophronius III, Constantinople, Alexandria, unfair Nectarios expulsion
Egypt, 1863-1899, Sophronius III of Constantinople, and Alexandria; St. Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9;

Catechetical School of Alexandria, Founded by Apostle Mark, AD 50 Approx.
Catechetical School of Alexandria, Founded by Apostle Mark, AD 50 Approx.; Hieromartyr Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 5;

Nitrian desert
Nitrian desert; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9;

Nitria (first Lavra, Lake Nitria) 330
Nitria; Nitrian Desert ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God the ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœMilk-GiverÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Canopis, Egypt
Canopis, Egypt ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated January 31 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8;

St. Catherinea's Monastery on Mt. Sinai, Egypt, 565
St. Catherinea's Monastery on Mt. Sinai, Egypt ; St Catherine's Monastery on Mt. Sinai; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush", Commemorated September 4 ; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; St Zosimus of Cilicia the Bishop of Babylon in Egypt, Commemorated on June 4; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20;

Raithu, Sinai Penninsula, Egypt
Raithu; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30;

Sinai monastery, Egypt, 565
Sinai monastery; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated November 29 ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7;

Egypt, Nile River Folder, Thebaid and Tabenna

England, 1779-1836, CHARLES SIMEON, Teacher.kmz

England, 1779-1836, CHARLES SIMEON, Teacher
England, 1779-1836, CHARLES SIMEON, Teacher; Holy Trinity Church, Cambridge; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836) ;

England, British Empire - British West Indies.kmz

England, British Empire - British West Indies
British West Indies; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885;

England, British Empire - Oceania area.kmz

England, British Empire - Oceania area
Oceania area;

England, British Empire - Thirteen North American Colonies.kmz

England, British Empire, India (including Pakistan, Afganistan and Burma).kmz

England, British Empire, India (including Pakistan, Afganistan and Burma)
British Empire; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

England, British West Indies Area.kmz

England, British West Indies Area

England, Broads Folder, a Navigatable River System, East Anglia.kmz

England, Broads Folder, a Navigatable River System, East Anglia

Broads (a broad network of navagatable rivers Suffolk and Norfolk)
The Broads; Thomas Gallaudet of THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890) ; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8; JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631); WILLIAM LAW, WRITER, PRIEST, AND NON-JUROR (09 APR 1761; GEORGE AUGUSTUS SELWYN, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (11 APR 1878); DAME JULIAN OF NORWICH, CONTEMPLATIVE (8 MAY 1417); JOHN ELIOT, MISSIONARY TO THE AMERICAN INDIANS, 21 MAY 1690; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 27 ;

East Anglia (The Broads)
East Anglia; Venerable Ethelburga, Commemorated on October 11 ; St Edwin, King and Martyr, Commemorated October 12 ; EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA, KING AND MARTYR (20 NOV 870) ; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 27 ;

England, Broads East Anglia History Folder

East Anglia, Raedwald, King of East Anglia 599-624, Sutton Hoo
Raedwald, King of East Anglia 599-624; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG);

Sigeberht of East Anglia, 629-634, Rendlesham
Sigeberht of East Anglia, 629-634 ; Rendlesham; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG);

England, Broads, 1825-1872, F.D. Maurice, Anglican theologian, Christian Socialism
England, Broads, 1825-1872, F.D. Maurice, Anglican theologian, Christian Socialism; PAUL JONES, BISHOP (4 SEP 1941);

England, Broads, 1877, Cambridge Brotherhood to Deli (Cambridge Mission to Delhi) 1877
Cambridge Brotherhood to Deli (Cambridge Mission to Delhi) 1877; St. Stephen's College, Delhi, located at the University of Delhi; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12;

England, Broads, River Cam Folder, Cambridge, Upstream and West

River Cam

River Cam Source (River Rhee Source, Ashwell Springs)
Ashwell Springs ;

River Cam (Mathematical Bridge)
Mathematical Bridge;

River Cam (Cambridge)

Cambridge (at the head of the Broads River System)
Cambridge; WILLIAM WHITE, BISHOP OF PENNSYLVANIA (17 JULY 1836); JOHN MASON NEALE, PRIEST, SCHOLAR, AND TRANSLATOR (7 AUGUST 1866); JEREMY TAYLOR, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (13 AUGUST 1667); Thomas Gallaudet of THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890) ; NICHOLAS RIDLEY, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555) ; HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812) ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); WILLIAM BYRD of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585, Commemorated November 21 ; C S LEWIS, SCHOLAR AND SPIRITUAL WRITER (22 NOV 1963) ; ISAAC WATTS, HYMNWRITER, 1748, Commemorated November 26 ; FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE, Priest and Theologian (1 April 1872); WILLIAM LAW, WRITER, PRIEST, AND NON-JUROR (09 APR 1761) ; NICHOLAS FERRAR, DEACON, MAN OF PRAYER (1 DEC 1637) ; ROBERT McDONALD, Commemorated December 15 ; CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ; GEORGE HERBERT, PRIEST AND POET (27 FEBRUARY 1633); JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631); FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE, Priest and Theologian (1 April 1872) ; WILLIAM LAW, WRITER, PRIEST, AND NON-JUROR (09 APR 1761; GEORGE AUGUSTUS SELWYN, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (11 APR 1878); DAME JULIAN OF NORWICH, CONTEMPLATIVE (8 MAY 1417); JOHN ELIOT, MISSIONARY TO THE AMERICAN INDIANS, 21 MAY 1690;

Holy Trinity Church, Cambridge, 1400
Holy Trinity Church, Cambridge; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836) ;

Trinity College, Cambridge, 1546
Trinity College, Cambridge; Fellow of Trinity; CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ; GEORGE HERBERT, PRIEST AND POET (27 FEBRUARY 1633) ;

Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1584
Emmanuel College, Cambridge; WILLIAM LAW, WRITER, PRIEST, AND NON-JUROR (09 APR 1761);

Pembrook College, Cambridge, 1347
Pembrook College, Cambridge; Roger Williams of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5;

Clare College, Cambridge, 1326
Clare College, Cambridge; THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemorated December 10 ;

St John's College, Cambridge, 1511
St John's College, Cambridge; Thomas Gallaudet of THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE, PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890) ; ROBERT McDONALD, Commemorated December 15 ;

River Cam (Bridge of Sighs (Cambridge))
Bridge of Sighs (Cambridge);

River Cam Mouth (Great River Ouse (Ely, Cambridgeshire)

England, Broads, Great River Ouse Folder, Western Broads

Great River Ouse

Great River Ouse (Old Section)

Great River Ouse Source (Syresham)
Syresham, Northhamptonshire ;

Great River Ouse 1 (Brackley, Northhamptonshire)
Brackley, Northhamptonshire;

Great River Ouse (Buckingham)
Buckingham

Great River Ouse (Stony Stratford)
Stony Stratford

Great River Ouse (Milton Keynes)
Milton Keynes;

Great River Ouse (Newport Pagnell)
Newport Pagnell ;

Great River Ouse (Olney, Buckinghamshire)
Olney, Buckinghamshire ;

Great River Ouse (Kempston, Bedfordshire)
Kempston, Bedfordshire, current head of navigation ;

Great River Ouse (Bedford)
Bedford;

Great River Ouse (St Neots, Cambridgeshire)
St Neots, Cambridgeshire ;

Great River Ouse (Godmanchester)
Godmanchester, Cambridgeshire ;

Great River Ouse (Hemingford Grey)
Hemingford Grey ;

Great River Ouse (St Ives, Cambridgeshire)
St Ives, Cambridgeshire ;

Great River Ouse (Earith, a tidal section)
Earith, Cambridgeshire ;

Great River Ouse (Ely, River Cam, Cambridgeshire)
Ely, Cambridgeshire, Ely Cathedral;

Great River Ouse Mouth (The Wash, Kings Lynn, UK)
River Great Ouse;

England, Broads, Lower Great River Ouse Folder, Navigation and Tidal Section

Lower Great River Ouse (navigatable section)

Great River Ouse (Kempston, Bedfordshire, Head of Navigation)
Kempston, Bedfordshire, current head of navigation ;

Great River Ouse (Ely, Cambridgeshire)
Ely, Cambridgeshire, Ely Cathedral;

King's Lynn, Norfolk, East Midlands and The Broads
King's Lynn; MARGERY KEMPE ; RICHARD ROLLE, WALTER HILTON, AND MARGERY KEMPE MYSTICS, 28 Sept. 1349, 1396, c. 1440;

Brunham, Bishop's Lynn, now King's Lynn, Norfolk, East Midlands and The Broads
King's Lynn; MARGERY KEMPE ; RICHARD ROLLE, WALTER HILTON, AND MARGERY KEMPE MYSTICS, 28 Sept. 1349, 1396, c. 1440;

The Wash
The Wash;

England, Broads, River Yare Folder, Norwich, Northeast

River Wensum Source
River Wensum;

River Wensum 1

River Wensum Mouth (Norwich, River Yare 1)

Norwich, The Broads (River Wensum Mouth, River Yare 1)
Norwich; MARGERY KEMPE; RICHARD ROLLE, WALTER HILTON, AND MARGERY KEMPE MYSTICS, 28 Sept. 1349, 1396, c. 1440; Miles Coverdale of WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE], TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); DAME JULIAN OF NORWICH, CONTEMPLATIVE (8 MAY 1417);

River Yare

River Yare Source

River Yare 1 (Norwich, River Wensum)

England, Broads, River Yare 1, River Wensum Folder, Norwich

River Wensum

River Yare Mouth (Breydon Water North Sea)
River Yare;

England, Broads, Bungay River Folder, Dunwich, East

Bungay River

Bungay River Source

Bungay River Mouth

Dunwich, East Anglia, the Broads
Dunwich; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8;

England, Broads, Rivers Orwell and Stour Folder, Suffolk County, Southeast

River Orwell

River Orwell Source (along the border)

Mildenhall (Air Field on A11)

Bury St. Edmunds, the Broads
Bury St. Edmunds ; EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA, KING AND MARTYR (20 NOV 870) ;

Felixstowe, Suffok, The Broads
Felixstowe; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8;

monastery of Barking (Berecingum) in Essex
monastery of Barking (Berecingum) in Essex; Venerable Ethelburga, Commemorated October 11 ;

River Orwell Mouth (The Broads, English Channel)

Suffolk County, the Broads
Suffolk County; ROBERT GROSSETESTE, BISHOP OF LINCOLN (9 OCT 1253) ; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8;

River Stour

River Stour Source (the Broads System of Rivers)

River Stour Mouth (English Channel, The Broads)

England, Broads, River Cam Folder, Cambridge, Upstream and West.kmz

England, Gibraltar Folder, British Overseas Territory.kmz

Gibraltar, British Overseas Territory
Gibraltar, British Overseas Territory ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836) George Whitefield of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15 ;

England, New England Folder, New World, British Empire, 13 Colonies.kmz

England, New England Folder, New World, British Empire, 13 Colonies

New World, England, New England, British Empire - 13 Colonies North America area
New England; 13 Colonies; SAMSON OCCUM, WITNESS TO THE FAITH IN NEW ENGLAND, 1792, Commemorated July 14;

England, New England, British Empire - 13 Colonies North America area, New World
New England; 13 Colonies; SAMSON OCCUM, WITNESS TO THE FAITH IN NEW ENGLAND, 1792, Commemorated July 14;

England, New England Folder, New World, British Empire, British West Indies.kmz

England, New England Folder, New World, British Empire, British West Indies

England, New England Folder, New World, British Empire.kmz

England, New England Folder, New World, British Empire

Greece, Corinth, Athens, Achaia (West Greece) Folder.kmz

Corinth, Greece
Corinth; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated July 17 ; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on August 18 ; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated September 7 ; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy; SILAS, MISSIONARY COMPANION OF PAUL, Commemorated January 26 ; StMeletius the New, Commemorated September 1 ; St Phoebe the Deaconess at Cenchreae near Corinth, Commemorated on September 3 ; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated September 7 ; Venerable Luke of Sicily, Commemorated on November 6 ; St Theodotus of Ancyra, Commemorated on November 7 ; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated November 20 ; CLEMENT OF ROME, BISHOP (23 NOV 100) ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ; LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN NT ; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Venerable Dionysius of Aegina, Commemorated December 17 ; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crispus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Rufus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; THE CONVERSION OF THE APOSTLE PAUL, (JANUARY 25) ; LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN. NT; TIMOTHY AND TITUS; Martyr Victorinus of Egypt, Commemorated January 30 ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7; Martyr Quadratus and those with him at Corinth, Commemorated on March 10; Hieromartyr Pionius of Smyrna and those with him, Commemorated on March 11 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Athanasia the Abbess of Aegina, Commemorated on April 12; Martyr Leonidas of Corinth, Commemorated on April 16; Martyr Adrian of Corinth, Commemorated on April 17; Apostle Jason, of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Chios, Commemorated on May 1; St Peter the Wonderworker and Bishop of Argos, Commemorated on May 3; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; Martyr Heraclius, Commemorated on May 18; Martyr Heliconis of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 28; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24; St Paul the Physician of Corinth, Commemorated on June 28; IRENAEUS, BISHOP OF LYONS, THEOLOGIAN (28 JUN 202) ; St Paul the Physician of Corinth, Commemorated on June 28 ;

Athens, Greece
Athens; Martyr Hermias of Apollonia in Macedonia, Commemorated July 8 ; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated July 17 ; Hieromartyr Valentine the Bishop of Interamna, Terni in Italy, Commemorated on July 30; Martyr and Archdeacon Laurence of Rome, Commemorated on August 10; Venerable Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on August 18 ; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated September 21 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 3 ; Hieromartyr Hierotheus the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 3 ; Apostle Narcissus of the Seventy, Commemorated October 31 ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; Venerable Dionysius of Aegina, Commemorated December 17 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; Apostle Narcissus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Phlegon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated Janaury 11; Venerable Neophytus of Vatopedi, Mt Athos, Commemorated January 21 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN. NT ; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated January 31 ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7 ; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated February 17 ; Martyr Philothea the Monastic, Commemorated on February 19; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Mark the Anchorite of Athens, Commemorated on April 5; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Athanasia the Abbess of Aegina, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; Martyr Heraclius, Commemorated on May 18; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24; Martyr Felix of Apollonia in Macedonia, Commemorated July 6 ;

Achaia, Roman Province South of Macedonia and Epirus
Achaea[1] or Achaia,[2][3] sometimes transliterated from Greek as AkhaÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¯a (Greek: ÃƒÂŽÃ‚Â‘ÃƒÂÂÂÂÃ‚Â‡ÃƒÂŽÃ‚Â±ÃƒÂŽÃ‚ÂÂÂÂÃƒÂŽÃ‚Â± AchaÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¯a, [axaÃƒÂ‹Ã‚Âˆia]), was a province of the Roman Empire, consisting of the Peloponnese, eastern Central Greece, and parts of Thessaly. In the north, it bordered on the provinces of Epirus vetus and Macedonia. The region was annexed by the Roman Republic in 146 BC following the sack of Corinth by the Roman general Lucius Mummius, who was awarded the cognomen "Achaicus" ("conqueror of Achaea"). It became part of the Roman province of Macedonia, which included the whole of mainland Greece. Acts 18:12-28 before Paul's return to Antioch, Syria;

Greece, Corinth, Athens, West Greece History Folder

Greece, 30-96, Athens, Saint, Dionysius the Areopagite
Greece, 30-96, Saint, Dionysius the Areopagite ; Hill of Ares (The Aeropagus): Areopagus (both a place and a judicial body); Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3;

Greece, 30-129, Athens, Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy
Greece, 30-129, Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 21;

Greece, 30-96, Athens, Apostle Narcissus of the Seventy
Greece, 30-96, Athens, Apostle Narcissus of the Seventy; Greece, 30-129, Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 21; Apostle Narcissus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31;

Greece, 60-70 approx., Patra in Achaia, Apostle Peter
Greece, Patra in Achaia, 60-70 approx., Apostle Peter; Patras; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated September 23;

Greece, 1st Century, Patra in Achaia, Apostle Andrew
Greece, 1st Century, Patra in Achaia, Apostle Andrew; Patras; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30;

Greece, 1571, Corinth, Sea Battle of Lepanto, Gulf of Corinth (Lepanto)
Corinth, 1571, Sea Battle of Lepanto, Gulf of Corinth (Lepanto) ; Sea Battle of Lepanto (in Gulf of Lepanto now known as Gulf of Corinth); GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936, Commemorated June 12 ;

Maraton
Maraton; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated January 11;

Dremvitsa, or Velitsa or Tithorea (in fertile basin North of Corinth)
Dremvitsa, or Velitsa or Tithorea ; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ;

Holy Trinity Church, Cambridge, 1400.kmz

India Folder (including Pakistan).kmz

India Folder (including Pakistan)

India
India; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE, (24 AUGUST NT) ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10; HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812) ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); David du Plessis, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1987, Commemorated February 2 ; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; St Mariamne the sister of the Apostle Philip, Commemorated February 17 ; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE; Icon of the Mother of God Arapet (Arabian), Commemorated September 6 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated October 6 ; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954); HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812); WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19 ; THOMAS THE APOSTLE, (21 DEC NT) ; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ; RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, Commemorated January 16 ; PANDITA MARY RAMABAI, PROPHETIC WITNESS AND EVANGELIST IN INDIA, 1922, Commemorated April 5 ; ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS;

British Empire, India (including Pakistan)
British Empire; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ;

India, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas
India, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6

India, 30-376, Kushan Empire,
India, 30-375, Kushan Empire, 30-376; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, 1434-1961, Portuguese India
India, Portuguese India,1434-1961 ;

India, 1605-1825, Dutch India (Ceylon and Malabar Coast)
India,1605-1825, Dutch India ;

India, 1612-1947, British India
British India,1612-1947;

India, 1620-1869, Danish India, East Coast North to South
India,1620-1869, Danish India ;

India, 1769-1954, French India (Only 200 sq. miles on Southeast Coast
India,1769-1954, French India;

Bay of Bengal

Indian Ocean (near India)
Indian Ocean

Indian Ocean (full view from the center)
Indian Ocean

India 33-1967, India History Folder

India, 000, 1st Century Folder, Apostles Thomas and Bartholomew, Buddhist Kushan Empire till 376

India, 30-80, Kushan Emperor, Kujula Kadphises
India, Kushan Emperor, 30-80, Kujula Kadphises; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, 54-91, Saint, Bartholomew
Indian Saint, 54-91, Bartholomew; Armenian King, 54-91, Triadates I; BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE, (24 AUGUST NT); Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

India, Kushan Emperor, 80-90, Vima Takto
India, Kushan Emperor, 80-90, Vima Takto ; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, Kushan Emperor, 90-100, Vima Kadphises
India, Kushan Emperor, 90-100, Vima Kadphises; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, 100, 2nd Century History Folder, Buddhist Kushan Empire

India, Kushan Emperor, 100-140, Kanishka, Buddist
India, Kushan Emperor, 100-140, Kanishka ; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, Kushan Emperor, 140-180, Huvishka
India, Kushan Emperor, 140-180, Huvishka ; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, Kushan Emperor, 180-232, Vasudeva I
India, Kushan Emperor, 180-232, Vasudeva I ; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, 200, 3rd Century History Folder, Buddhist, Christian, Sasanian Kushan Empire, Saints Barlaam, Josaphat

India, Kushan Sasanian Emperor, 224-242, Ardashir I
India, Kushan Sasanian Emperor, 224-242, Ardashir I ; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, Kushan Saints, 224-242, Barlaam and Josaphat
India, Kushan Saints, 78-78, Barlaam and Josaphat ; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, Kushan Emperor, 232-245, Kanishka II
India, Kushan Emperor, 232-245, Kanishka II ; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, Kushan Emperor, 245-265, Vasiska
India, Kushan Emperor, 245-265, Vasiska; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, Kushan Emperor, 265-275, Kanishka III
India, Kushan Emperor, 265-275, Kanishka III ; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, Kushan Emperor, 275-300, Vasudeva II
India, Kushan Emperor, 275-300, Vasudeva II ; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, 300, 4th Century History Folder, Buddhist Christian Kushan Empire

India, Kushan Emperor, 300-350, Shaka Kushan
India, Kushan Emperor, 300-350, Shaka Kushan; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, Kushan Emperor, 350-376 Gandhara
India, Kushan Emperor, 350-376 Gandhara ; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, 1400, 15th Century Folder, Portuguese India

India, 1600, 17th Century Folder, Dutch, British, Danish India

India,1605-1825, Dutch India
India,1605-1825, Dutch India ;

India,1620-1869, Danish India
India,1620-1869, Danish India ;

India, 1700, 18th Century History Folder, French India

India,1769-1954, French India
India,1769-1954, French India;

India, 1800, 19th Century History Folder, English and Gandhi

India, 1877, Cambridge Brotherhood to Deli (Cambridge Mission to Delhi) 1877
Cambridge Brotherhood to Deli (Cambridge Mission to Delhi) 1877; St. Stephen's College, Delhi, located at the University of Delhi; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12;

India, 1889-1948, Mahatma Gandhi
India, 1889-1948, Mahatma Gandhi; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated January 12;

India, Northwest of India, Pakistan and its Indus River Folder

Pakistan (Indus River Basin)
Pakistan; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977);

Indus River, Pakistan

Indus River Source (Tibetan Plateau near Lake Mansarovar)
Indus River; Tibetan Plateau;

Mt Kailash
Mt Kailash; Margaurite's 2017 Trip

Dorma La pass
Dorma La pass Mt Kailash; Margaurite's 2017 Trip

Indus River 1 (Tibet, China and Pakistan border)

Leh, Ladakh
Leh, Ladakh ; Margaurite's 2017 Trip

Indus River 2 (Gahkuch, Pakistan)

Indus River 3 (Gilgit, Pakisan)

Indus River 4 (Chilas, Kashmir, Pakistan)

Indus River 5 (Tarbela Dam)

Indus River 6

Indus River 7

Indus River 8

Indus River Mouth (Arabian Sea)

India, Northern India Folder, Ganges River and Grand Trunk Road

India, Northern India, Grand Trunk Road Folder (between South China and Afganistan)

Grand Trunk Road (Southeast Asia to Afganistan)

Grand Trunk Road 1 (Chittagong, Bangladesh)

Grand Trunk Road 2 (Dhaka, Bangladesh)

Grand Trunk Road 3 (Serampore Colony, Kolkata, West Bengal, India)

Grand Trunk Road 4 (Howrah, West Bengal, India)

Grand Trunk Road 5 (Murshidabad, West Bengal, India)

Grand Trunk Road 6 (Patna, Bihar, India)

Grand Trunk Road 7 (Banares, India)

Grand Trunk Road 8 (Ilhabad)

Grand Trunk Road 9 (Delhi, India)

Grand Trunk Road 10 (Lahore, Pakistan)

Grand Trunk Road 11 (Peshawar, Pakistan)

Grand Trunk Road 12 (Kabul, Afganistan)

India, Northern India, Ganges River Folder

Ganges River

World Council of Churches 1961
New Delhi, India ; World Council of Churches 1961 ; David du Plessis, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1987, Commemorated February 2 ;

Ganges River Source 1 (Western Himalayas)
Ganges River; Himalayas; Ganga;

Himalayan Mountains
Himalayan Mountains;

Ganges River Source 2

Ganges River 1

Ganges River 2

Ganges River 3 (Gangetic Plain Begins)

India, Northern India, Ganges River 3, New Delhi Folder, Grand Trunk Road 9

New Delhi, India
New Delhi, India ; World Council of Churches 1961 ; David du Plessis, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1987, Commemorated February 2 ;

Upper Ganges Canal

Ganges Canal Irrigates Southwest

Lower Ganges Canal 1

St. Stephen's College, Delhi, 1881
St. Stephen's College, Delhi, located at the University of Delhi; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12;

Cambridge Brotherhood to Deli (Cambridge Mission to Delhi) 1877
Cambridge Brotherhood to Deli (Cambridge Mission to Delhi) 1877; St. Stephen's College, Delhi, located at the University of Delhi; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12;

Hindustan, India
Indo-Gangetic Plain ; Hindustan; HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812) ;

Lower Ganges Canal

Lower Ganges Canal 2

Ganges Canal Branch 2

Ganges River 4

Ganges Canal Branch 1

India, Northern India, Ganges River 10, Son River Folder

Son River

Son River Source (Amarkantak)
Amarkantak;

Son River (Sidhi)
Sidhi;

Son River (Dehri)
Dehri;

Son River Mouth (Ganges River 10)
Son River;

Pataliputra (Patna, Traditional Capital (Palace) of India)
Pataliputra (Patna, Traditional Capital of India); Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19

India, Northern India, Ganges River 10, Gandaki River Folder

Gandaki River

Gandaki River Source (Nhubine Himal Glacier, China)

Gandaki River (Lo Manthang, Nepal)
Lo Manthang;

Gandaki River (Jomsom, Mustang District, Nepal)
Jomsom, Mustang District ;

Gandaki River (Beni, Dhawalagiri Zone, Nepal)
Beni, Dhawalagiri Zone ;

Kathmandu, Nepal
Kathmandu; Margaurite's 2017 Trip

Gandaki River (Bagaha, India)
Bagaha, India;

Gandaki River Mouth (Patna, Ganges River 10)
Gandaki River

Ganges River 12 (Hooghly River Source)

India, Northern India, Ganges River 12, Hooghly River Folder

Hooghly River

Hooghly River Source (Ganges River 12)

Hooghly River 1

Hooghly River 2

Hooghly River 3

Serampore Colony, India, Danish (Hooghly River 4)
Serampore Colony, India, Danish (Hooghly River 4); WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834 ; William Carey (missionary); LIFE OF WILLIAM CAREY, Shoemaker & Missionary;

Hooghly River 5 (Calcutta)

Calcutta, India (Hooghly River 5)
Calcutta WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; PANDITA MARY RAMABAI, PROPHETIC WITNESS AND EVANGELIST IN INDIA, 1922, Commemorated April 5 ; ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ;

St. Paul's Cathedral, Calcutta, 1847
St. Paul's Cathedral, Calcutta, 1847; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2;

Fort William College, Fort William, Calcutta, 1800
Fort William College, Fort William, Calcutta, 1800; WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834, Commemorated October 19;

Hooghly River Mouth (Bay of Bengal)

Midnapore, Northern India, not far from Hooghly River Mouth
Midnapore, Northern India, not far from Hooghly River Mouth; WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834, Commemorated October 19;

Brahmaputra River

Brahmaputra River, West Fork

Brahmaputra River, East Fork

Ganges River Mouth (Bay of Bengal Indian Ocean)

Punpun River

India, Northwest India Folder, Gujarat State

Gujarat State, Northwestern India
State of Gujarat; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12;

Sabarmati River

Thar Desert, India
Thar Desert;

Sabarmati Ashram
Ashram; Sabarmati Ashram where Gandhi stayed.; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; (Charles Freer Andrews) helped Gandhi organize an Ashram in Natal and publish his famous magazine, The Indian Opinion.

Natal, India (Ahmedabad)
Natal; Ashram; Sabarmati Ashram where Gandhi stayed.; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; (Charles Freer Andrews) helped Gandhi organize an Ashram in Natal and publish his famous magazine, The Indian Opinion.

Sabarmati River Source (Aravalli Range)
Sabarmati River Source (Aravalli Range);

Sabarmati River Mouth (Gulf of Cambay, Arabian Sea)

Narmada River

Narmada River Source (upper Madhya Pradesh)
Madhya Pradesh;

Narmada River Mouth (Gulf of Cambay)
Narmada River;

Tapti River
Tapti River;

Tapti River Source (Saptura Range)
Saptura Range;

Tapati River (Panzara River Mouth)
Panzara River;

Tapti River Mouth (Gulf of Cambay)
Tapti River;

India, Western India Folder, Goa and the Western Ghats

Goa, India - Portuguese colony of Goa
Portuguese colony of Goa on the west coast of India; Portuguese Conquest of Goa (1510); FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4;

Goa River 1

Goa River 2

Goa River 3

Bastoria, Goa, India
Bastoria, Goa, India; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4;

Western Ghats 1 of 3
Western Ghats;

Western Ghats 2 of 3
Western Ghats;

Western Ghats 3 of 3
Western Ghats;

India, Northcentral India Folder, Mahanadi and Brahmani Rivers

Kurnool district (Bay of Bengal, Brahmani and Hooghly Rivers)
Kurnool district; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Eastern Ghats 3 of 3
Eastern Ghats;

Chota Nagpur Plateau
Chota Nagpur Plateau; Indo-Gangetic Plain;

Sankh River

Sankh River Source (along the border)

South Koel River

South Koel River Source (near Ranchi, Chota Nagpur Plateau)
South Koel River;

Brahmani River

Brahmani River Source (Sankh and South Koel Rivers)

Brahmani River Mouth (Bay of Bengal)
Brahmani River;

Mahanadi River

Mahamadi River 2

Mahanadi River Source (Sihawa, along the border)

Mahanadi River Mouth (Bay of Bengal)

India, South Central India Folder, Godavari, Kirshna and Penner Rivers

Eastern Ghats 2 of 3
Eastern Ghats;

India, South Central, Godavari River Folder

Godavari River

Godavari River Source (Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple)
Godavari River; Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple;

Godavari River 1

Godavari River 2

Godavari River 3

Dummagudem, District of Dummagudem, India (Godavari River)
District of Dummagudem; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Dornakal (railway junction)
Dornakal, a railway junction; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Godavari River Mouth (Bay of Bengal)

Godavery district (Khammam District, Godavery River)
Godavery district (Khammam District, Godavery River); VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

India, South Central, Kirshna River Folder

Kirshna River
Krishna River;

Krishna River Source (Mahabaleshwar, Western Ghats)
Mahabaleshwar; Krishna River;

Kirshna River 1 (Koyna River Mouth)
Koyna River;

Kirshna River 1.1 (Venna River Mouth)
Venna River;

Krishna River 2 (Sangli)
Sangli;

Kirshna River 3 (Malaprabha River Mouth)
Malaprabha River;

Kirshna River 4 (Bhima River Mouth)
Bhima River;

Telugu, South Central India, Land of the Telugu people
Land of the Telugu people; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Deccan Plateau, India
Deccan Plateau;

Krishna River 5 (Tungabhadra River Mouth)
Tungabhadra River;

Kistna district (Krishna District, Krishna River)
Kistna district (Krishna District) ; Krishna District; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Hyderabad State, South Central India
Hyderabad State ; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Kirshna River 6 (Musi River Mouth)
Musi River;

Krishna River 7 (Vijayawada)
Vijayawada

Guntur (American Evangelical Lutheran Mission)
Guntur District; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Krishna River Mouth (Bay of Bengal)
Krishna River;

Noble College at Masulipatam (Kirshna River Mouth)
Noble College at Masulipatam ; Madras University, Machilipatnam; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

India, South Central, Penner River Folder

Pennar River

Penner River Source (Nandi Hills)

Pennar River 1 (Chitravathi River Mouth)

Chitravathi River

Pennar River 2 (Papagni River Mouth)

Kurnool District (northwest part of Andhra Pradesh State)
Kurnool District (northwest part of Andhra Pradesh State); VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2;

Cuddapah District (Kadapa District, South of Penner River, Southern part of Andhra Pradesh State)
Cuddapah District (Kadapa District, Penner River) ; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2;

Papagni River

Sagileru River

Penner River 3 (Cheyyeru River Mouth)

Cheyyeru River

Penner River Mouth (Bay of Bengal)

India, Southern India Folder with Ceylon, Tamraparni and Kaveri Rivers and Madras

South India
South India; Church of South India; WILLIAM TEMPLE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (6 NOV. 1944); VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Eastern Ghats 1 of 3
Eastern Ghats;

Tamil, South India, Land of the Tamil People
Land of the Tamil People; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

India, Southern India, Madras and Meliapur Folder

Madras, India
Madras; THOMAS THE APOSTLE, (21 DEC NT) ; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Paravas People of Southern India
Paravas People of Southern India; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3;

Meliapur, India
Meliapur, India ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6 ;

Dioceses of Saint Thomas of Mylapore
Dioceses of Saint Thomas of Mylapore ; Meliapur, India ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6 ;

India, Southern India, Kaveri River Folder

Kaveri River

Kaveri River Source (Western Ghats)
Kaveri River Western Ghats;

Talakaveri Temple (Source of the Kaveri River) 300 AD 4th Century
Talakaveri Temple;

Kaveri River Mouth (Bay of Bengal)

India, Southern India, Tamraparni River Folder

Tamraparni River

Tamraparni River Source (Pothigai Peak, Southern Ghats)
Tamraparni River;

Kerala district, southern India
Kerala district; THOMAS THE APOSTLE, (21 DEC NT) ;

Tamraparni River 1

Gadananathi River Mouth (Tamraparni River 1)

Pachaiyar River Mouth (Tamraparni River 1.5)

Tamraparni River 2 (Tinnevelly)

Tinnevelly (Tamraparni River 2)
Tinnevelly; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2;

Chittar River Mouth (Tamraparni River 2.5)

Tamraparni River 3

Tamraparni River Mouth (Palk Strait)

India, Southern India, Ceylon Folder

Sri Lanka, India (Ceylon)
Sri Lanka (Ceylon); JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ;

Ceylon, India (Sri Lanka)
Sri Lanka (Ceylon); JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ;

Jaffna, Celon, India
Jaffna; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ;

India, Pakistan and its Indus River.kmz

India, Pakistan and its Indus River

India, Southern India, Ceylon Folder.kmz

Ireland Folder, its rivers and mountains.kmz

Ireland Folder, its rivers and mountains

Ireland
Ireland; JEREMY TAYLOR, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (13 AUGUST 1667); Samuel Johnson of SAMUEL JOHNSON, TIMOTHY CUTLER, & THOMAS BRADBURY CHANDLER, PRIESTS, 1772, 1765, 1790, Commemorated August 17 ; St Aidan the Bishop of Lindesfarne, Commemorated on August 31 ; St Ciaran of Clonmacnois, Commemorated September 9 ; St Theodore of Tarsus the Archbishop of Canterbury, Commemorated on September 19; THEODORE OF TARSUS, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (19 SEP 690); ALFRED THE GREAT, KING OF THE WEST SAXONS (26 OCT 899) ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); St Ita the Hermitess of Killeady, Commemorated on January 15 ; CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, (13 March 1911), Commemorated November 8 ; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA, KING AND MARTYR (20 NOV 870); ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 18; CHAD OF LICHFIELD, (2 MAR 672) ; GEOFFREY ANKETELL STUDDERT KENNEDY, PRIEST, 1929, Commemorated March 8 ; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10; THE FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER, Commemorated May 22; AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605); George Berkeley of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752) , Commemorated June 16 ;

Ireland - Land of the Scots (Lowland Scots)
Land of the Scots (Lowland Scots, Ulster Scots) ; COLUMBA, ABBOT OF IONA AND MISSIONARY (9 JUNE 597) ;

Ireland, 900 BC-1922, Monarchs of Ireland
Ireland, 900 BC-1922, Monarchs of Ireland;

Ireland, 1922-Present, Republic of Ireland
Ireland, 1922-Present, Republic of Ireland;

Ireland 400-700 and 1820, Ireland History Folder

Ireland, 400-800, Then Called Scotland

Ireland, 400-499, 5th Century Folder, Sts Patrick, Brigit, Ciaran, Finnian, Abban

Ireland, 400-800 (then called Scotland)
Ireland, 400-800 (then called Scotland) Ireland Seventh Century (then called Scotland); St Aidan the Bishop of Lindesfarne, Commemorated on August 31 ; St Ita the Hermitess of Killeady, Commemorated on January 15 ; ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523);

Ireland, 410-461, Saint Patrick of Ireland
Ireland, Saint, 410-461, Patrick of Ireland; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461) ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17;

Ireland, 473-524, Saint, Brigit of Kildare
Ireland, Saint, 473-524, Brigit of Kildare; ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523); Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated on February 1;

Ireland, 485-530, Saint, Ciaran of Saigir, Ciaran the Elder
Ireland, Saint, 485-570, St Ita of Killeady ; Ireland, Saint, 485-530, Ciaran of Saigir, Ciaran the Elder; St Ciaran of Clonmacnois, Commemorated on September 9 ;

Ireland, 490-549, Saint, Finnian of Clonard
Ireland, Saint, 490-549, Finnian of Clonard; St Ciaran of Clonmacnois, Commemorated on September 9 ;

Ireland, Saint, 490-520, Saint Abban of Kilabban, Co. Laois
Ireland, Saint, 490-520, Saint Abban of Kilabban, Co. Laois, Gobnata's Brother? Ireland, Saint, 500-550, St Gobnata of Ballyvourney; St Gobnata of Ballyvourney, Commemorated on February 11 ;

Ireland, 500-599, 6th Century Folder, Sts Gobnata, Ita, Brendan, Ninnidh, Ciaran, Colomba

Ireland, Saint, 500-550, St Gobnata of Ballyvourney
Ireland, Saint, 500-550, St Gobnata of Ballyvourney; St Gobnata of Ballyvourney, Commemorated on February 11 ;

Ireland, 500-570, Saint, St Ita of Killeady
Ireland, Saint, 500-570, St Ita of Killeady ; Ireland (then called Scotland); St Aidan the Bishop of Lindesfarne, Commemorated on August 31 ; St Ita the Hermitess of Killeady, Commemorated on January 15 ;

Ireland, 502-577, Saint, St Brendan the Voyager
Ireland, Saint, 502-577, St Brendan the Voyager; St Ciaran of Clonmacnois, Commemorated on September 9 ;

Ireland, 522-534+, Saint, Ninnidh (Nennius) of Lough Erne
Ireland, Saint, 522-534+, Ninnidh (Nennius) of Lough Erne ; St Ciaran of Clonmacnois, Commemorated on September 9 ;

Ireland, 522-549, Saint, CiarÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¡n of Clonmacnoise, Ciaran the Younger
Ireland, Saint, 522-549, CiarÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¡n of Clonmacnoise, Ciaran the Younger; St Ciaran of Clonmacnois, Commemorated on September 9 ;

Ireland, 541-597, Saint, Colomba of Iona
Ireland, Saint, 541-597, Colomba of Iona ; St Ciaran of Clonmacnois, Commemorated on September 9 ;

Ireland, 600-699, 7th Century Folder, Sts Aidan of Lindsfarne, and WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT

Ireland, 610-651, Saint, Irish Monk, Aidan of Lindisfarne, England
Scotland, 610-651, Saint, Irish Monk, Aidan of Lindisfarne, England; AIDAN, MISSIONARY, ABBOT, BISHOP OF LINDISFARNE (31 AUGUST 651);

Ireland, 678-739, Saint, WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT, from Northumbria, England
Scotland, 610-651, Saint, Irish Monk, Aidan of Lindisfarne, England; AIDAN, MISSIONARY, ABBOT, BISHOP OF LINDISFARNE (31 AUGUST 651); WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT, ARCHBISHOP AND MISSIONARY (NOV 7, 739);

Ireland, 1800-1899, 19th Century Folder, John Nelson Darby, Bible Translation, Plymouth Brethern

Ireland, 1820-1882, John Nelson Darby, Bible Translation and Plymouth Brethern
Ireland, 1820-1882, John Nelson Darby, Bible Translation and Plymouth Brethern; Leap Castle (Barrow River Source); PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Smith Wigglesworth, Commemorated March 12;

Ireland, Derry Folder, Northern IRL

Derry, Ireland (Londonderry)
Derry, Ireland ; COLUMBA, ABBOT OF IONA AND MISSIONARY (9 JUNE 597) ;

Movilla Abbey
Movilla Abbey; Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10;

Moville, Ireland
Moville ; Movilla Abbey; Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10;

Ireland, Lough Neagh and Lagan River Folder, Ulster Province, Belfast, Northeastern IRL

Lough Neagh, Ireland
Lough Neagh; JEREMY TAYLOR, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (13 AUGUST 1667);

Ulster Province, Ireland
Ulster, Ireland ; George Jeffreys, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1962, Commemorated January 26 ;

Slemish Mountain
Slemish Mountain; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ;

Roman Catholic Diocese of Down and Connor, Lough Neagh, Ireland
Roman Catholic Diocese of Down and Connor; JEREMY TAYLOR, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (13 AUGUST 1667);

River Lagan

River Lagan Source (Slieve Croob Mountain)

Downpatrick, Northern Ireland (outside Belfast, Lagan River Source)
Downpatrick; ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ;

Saul, County Down, Northern Ireland
Saul, County Down; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ;

River Lagan 1

River Lagan 2

River Lagan 3

Armagh, Northern Ireland
Armagh; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ;

Dalaradia Kingdom, Ireland (centered Northeast Shore of Lough Neagh)
Dalaradia Kingdom Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10;

River Lagan Mouth (Irish Sea)

Belfast, Ireland (River Lagan Mouth)
Belfast (River Lagan Mouth); George Jeffreys, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1962, Commemorated January 26 ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated on February 1 ;

Bangor (Bennchor), Ireland (Belfast Loch)
Bangor (Bennchor), County Down; Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10;

Killeady
St Ita the Hermitess of Killeady;

Ireland, Erne River Folder, Northwest Central IRL

River Erne

Lough Erne

River Erne Source (along the border)

River Erne 1

River Erne 2

Devenish Island (near Inismacsaint Island, River Erne 2)
ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ;

River Erne 3

Lough Erne, An Island in Lough Erne, Ireland, same time as Banghor Monastery, 552
This is the largest Island in Lough Erne. Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10;

River Erne Mouth (Atlantic Ocean)

Ireland, Shannon River Folder, West Central IRL

Shannon River

Shannon River Source

Shannon River 1

Shannon River 2

Connacht Province, Ireland
Connacht, Ireland; St Ciaran of Clonmacnois, Commemorated September 9 ;

Lough Ree, (Shannon River 3) a Ciaran Monastery, 540
Lough Ree, Ciaran Monastery, (Shannon River 3); St. Ciaran of Clonmacnoise, Commemorated on September 9;

Shannon River 3

Durrow, Ireland (Shannon River 3)
Durrow, Ireland ; COLUMBA, ABBOT OF IONA AND MISSIONARY (9 JUNE 597) ;

Clonmacnois, Ireland (Shannon River 3) Ciaran's Monastery, 544
Clonmacnois ; St Ciaran of Clonmacnois, Commemorated September 9 ;

Shannon River Mouth (Limerick)

Kileedy, Limerick, Ireland
Kileedy; St Ita the Hermitess of Killeady, Commemorated on January 15 ;

County Clare, Ireland (Shannon River Mouth, Limerick)
Co.Clare; St Gobnata of Ballyvourney, Commemorated February 11 ;

Enda Monastery, the first Irish monastery at Killeaney on Aran Mor, 484
Enda Monastery, Aran Mor; St. Ciaran of Clonmacnoise, Commemorated on September 9;

County Limerick, Ireland
County Limerick; St Ita the Hermitess of Killeady, Commemorated on January 15 ;

Aran Islands, Ireland (near Shannon River Mouth, Gore Family)
Aran Islands, Ireland; Earl of Aran, the Gore Family; St Ciaran of Clonmacnois, Commemorated September 9 ; CHARLES GORE BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ; St Gobnata of Ballyvourney, Commemorated February 11 ;

Newcastle West, Limerick, Ireland
Newcastle West St Ita the Hermitess of Killeady, Commemorated January 15 ;

Scattery Island, Scotland (Shannon Estuary) Senan Monastery, 520
Scattery Island ; St Ciaran of Clonmacnois, Commemorated September 9 ;

County Kerry, Ireland
County Kerry; St Gobnata of Ballyvourney, Commemorated February 11 ;

Kerry, Ireland
Kerry, Ireland; St Gobnata of Ballyvourney, Commemorated February 11 ;

Ireland, Castletown River Folder, Northeast Central IRL

Castletown River

Castletown River Source

Elim Pentecostal Church, Monaghan, Ireland
Elim Pentecostal Church, Monaghan, Ireland; George Jeffreys, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1962, Commemorated January 26 ; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ;

Ulster Province, Northern Ireland
Ulster Province; Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10;

Castletown River Mouth (Dundalk Bay, Irish Sea)

Faughart, Ireland (Castletown River Mouth, Dundalk Bay)
Faughart, Ireland; ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ;

Dundalk, Ireland (Castletown River Mouth, Irish Sea)
Dundalk, Ireland; ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ;

Ireland, Dublin Folder, East Central IRL

Dublin, Ireland
Dublin; ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ; GEOFFREY ANKETELL STUDDERT KENNEDY, PRIEST, 1929, Commemorated March 8 ;

Leinster Province, Ireland (Dublin)
Leinster, Ireland (Dublin) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated on February 1;

Plymouth Brethren, Dublin, Ireland, 1820's
Plymouth Brethren, Dublin, Ireland; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ;

Trinity College, Dublin, 1592
Trinity College, Dublin; GEOFFREY ANKETELL STUDDERT KENNEDY, aka Woodbine Willie, PRIEST, 1929, Commemorated March 8 ;

Ireland, Barrow, Nore and Suir Rivers Folder, Southeast Central IRL

Ireland, River Barrow Folder

Barrow River

Barrow River Source (Slieve Bloom Mountains)

Leap Castle (Barrow River Source)
Leap Castle (Barrow River Source); Ireland, 1820-1882, John Nelson Darby, Bible Translation and Plymouth Brethern; PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Smith Wigglesworth, Commemorated March 12;

County Laois, Ireland
Kilabban, Co. Laois; St Gobnata of Ballyvourney, Commemorated February 11 ;

Barrow River 1

Clonard Abbey (Barrow River 1, near Dublin) 520
Clonard Abbey, 520; St. Ciaran of Clonmacnoise, Commemorated on September 9;

Barrow River 2

Kildare, Ireland (a crossroads)
Kildare, Ireland (a crossroads), caused by the founding by St. Brigid of the Church of the Oak monestary ; ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ;

Church of the Oak Monestary, Kildare, Ireland, 473
Church of the Oak Monestary; ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ;

Barrow River 3

Kilabban (Killeshin), Co. Laois (River Barrow 4)
Kilabban (Killeshin), Co. Laois ; St Gobnata of Ballyvourney;

Barrow River Mouth (Waterford Harbour, Celtic Sea)

Waterford (Harbour, Three Sisters (Nore, Suir, and Barrow)
Waterford; St Gobnata of Ballyvourney, Commemorated February 11 ;

Ireland, Barrow River 6, Nore River Folder

River Nore

River Nore Source (Devils Bit Mountain)

River Nore 1

River Nore 2

River Nore 3

River Nore Mouth (Barrow River 6)

River Nore Mouth (Waterford Harbour, Celtic Sea)

Ireland, River Suir Folder

Suir River

Suir River Source (Devils Bit Mountain)

Suir River 1

Suir River 2

Suir River 3

County Waterford, Ireland
County Waterford ; St Ita the Hermitess of Killeady, Commemorated on January 15 ;

Bessborough, Pilton, Ireland
Bessborough, Pilton ; Earl of Bessborough; CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ;

Suir River Mouth (River Barrow at Checkpoint)

Ireland, Cork County, Southern IRL

Cloyne, Cork, Southern Ireland
Cloyne, Cork, Ireland; George Berkeley of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752) , Commemorated June 16 ;

Clondrohid, Co. Cork, Ireland
Clondrohid, Co. Cork; St Gobnata of Ballyvourney, Commemorated February 11 ;

Ballyvourney, Ireland
Ballyvourney; St Gobnata of Ballyvourney, Commemorated February 11 ;

Ballymakeera, Ireland
Ballymakeera; St Gobnata of Ballyvourney, Commemorated February 11 ;

Malaya (Malaysia), Sumatra, Jakarta, Indonesia Folder.kmz

Malaya (Malaysia), Sumatra, Jakarta, Indonesia Folder

Malaysia, Sumatra, Jakarta, and Indonesia Area

Malaya (Malay Peninsula)
Malay Peninsula; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); FRANCIS XAVIER

Malay Peninsula
Malay Peninsula; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; FRANCIS XAVIER

Malacca, Malasia (a Portugese Possession)
Malacca, a Portugese Possession FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ;

Malacca River

Malacca River Distributary

British Empire - Brunei - North Coast Island of Borneo, Surrounded by Sumatra
British Empire - Brunei - North Coast Island of Borneo, Surrounded by Sumatra; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Mesopotamia Folder (Tigris and Euphrates).kmz

Mesopotamia, 4,000 BC to 3,000 BC, Adam
Mesopotamia, 4,000 BC to 3,000 BC, Adam; Garden of Eden in Mesopotamia; Eden in an abstract view of Mesopotamia ; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated December 20 ;

Mesopotamia, 25th Century BC- 612 BC, Assryia (Assur) Assyrian Kingdom
Assryia (Assyrian Kingdom); Assur; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17 ; Venerable Euthymius the Co-Founder of Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated January 20 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Mesopotamia, 1894 BC-1595 BC, Babylonian Empire
Mesopotamia, 1894 BC-1595 BC, Babylonian Empire;

Mesopotamia, 626BC-529BC, Neo-Babylonian Empire
Babylonian Neo-Babylonian Empire, 626BC-529BC; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated on December 1; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17;

Mesopotamia, 750-1517, Abbasid, Caliphates, Arab, based in Baghdad, Shia
Abbasid, Caliphates, 750-1517, Arab, based in Baghdad, Shia; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25;

Mesopotamia, Seljuk Empire, 1037-1194, Sunni, Turk
Messopotamia, Seljuk Empire, 1037-1194, Sunni, Turk; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Mesopotamia and Babylon History Folder

Mesopotamia, 4,000 BC - 2,500 BC, Babylon History Folder, Adam to Abraham

Mesopotamia, 4,000 BC to 3,000 BC, Adam
Messopotamia, 4,000 BC to 3,000 BC, Adam; Garden of Eden in Mesopotamia; Eden in an abstract view of Mesopotamia ; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated December 20 ;

Mesopotamia, 2500BC - 634 BC, Babylon History Folder, Assyria

Mesopotamian Saint, 2000BC, Abraham
Messopotamian Saint, 2000BC, Abraham; Ur, Chaldea, Messopotamia (Abraham's Home) ; Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9; Righteous Lot, Commemorated on October 9;

Mesopotamian Saint, 2000BC, Lot
Messopotamian Saint, 2000BC, Lot; Ur, Chaldea, Messopotamia (Abraham's Home) ; Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9; Righteous Lot, Commemorated on October 9;

Mesopotamia, 1894 BC-1595 BC, Babylonian Empire
Messopotamia, 1894 BC-1595 BC, Babylonian Empire;

Mesopotamia, 634 BC - 529 BC, Babylon History Folder, Neo-Babylonian Empire

Mesopotamia, 634 BC-562 BC, King Nebuchadnezzar - Hanging Gardens
Babylonian King, 634-562 BC, Nebuchadnezzar - Hanging Gardens of Babylon; Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated on July 21 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Mesopotamia, 626-605 BC, Babylonian King, Nabopolassar
Babylonian King, 626-605 BC, Nabopolassar ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated on December 1; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Mesopotamia, 612 BC, Fall of Nineveh, Assyria, to Babylonians and Medes
Persia, 612 BC, Fall of Nineveh, Assyria, Persia ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated on December 1;

Mesopotamia, 609 BC - 538 BC, Babylon, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity
Babylon, 609 BC - 538 BC, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity; Babylon, 586 BC - 516 BC, Prophet Daniel, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity; Prophet Daniel ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2;

Mesopotamia, 586 BC - 516 BC, Babylon, Prophet Daniel, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity
Babylon, 586 BC - 516 BC, Prophet Daniel, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity; Prophet Daniel ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2;

Mesopotamia, 553-539 BC, Babylon, Babylonian King, Baltasar (Handwriting on the Wall)
Babylonian King, 553-539 BC, Baltasar (Handwriting on the Wall); Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Mesopotamia, 312 BC - 240 BC, Babylon History Folder, Seleucid Empire in Seleucia

Messopotamia, 312 - 240 BC, Mesopotamia Babylon History, Seleucid Empire in Seleucia
Messopotamia Babylon History, 312 BC - 240 BC, Seleucid Empire in Seleucia; Seleucia; Hieromartyr Athanasius the Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 22 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11;

Mesopotamia, 240 BC - 656, Babyon History Folder, Roman Period

Mesopotamia, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Thomas
Messopotamia, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Thomas; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6

Mesopotamia, 243, Battle of Resaena, Romans defeat Persians
Babylon, 243, Battle of Resaena, Romans defeat Persians; Hieromartyr Polychronius the Bishop of Babylon, Commemorated on July 30;

Mesopotamia, 656-661, Babylon History Folder, Rashidun Caliphate, Sunni

Kufa, Messopotamia (Capital of the Rashidun Caliphate from 656-661)
Kufa, Messopotamia (Capital of the Rashidun Caliphate from 656-661); Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated on October 28;

Mesopotamia, 750-1517, Babylon History Folder, Abbasid Caliphate, Shia

Mesopotamia, 750-1517, Abbasid, Caliphates, Arab, until 1261 based in Baghdad, Shia
Abbasid, Caliphates, 750-1517, Arab, based in Baghdad, Shia; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25;

Mesopotamia, 700-799, Abbasid Caliphate from Bagdad, Georgian attacks in Kartli and Artanuji

Mesopotamia, 750-754, Abbasid Caliph, As-Saffah
Abbasid Caliph, 750-754, As-Saffah; St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated on August 21;

Mesopotamia, 754-775, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mansur
Abbasid Caliph, 754-775, Al-Mansur; St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated on August 21;

Mesopotamia, 757-1258, Abbasid Caliphate from Bagdad
After 757 Khalil from Abbasid Caliphate from Bagdad (757-1258) ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ;

Mesopotamia, 775-785, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mahdi
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 775-785, Al-Mahdi; Martyr Theophilus the New in Cyprus, Commemorated on January 30;

Mesopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 785-786, Al-Hadi
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 785-786, Al-Hadi;

Mesopotamia, 786-809, Abbasid Caliph, Aaron (Harun) al-Rashid, Shia
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 786-809, Aaron (Harun) al-Rashid, Shia ; New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated on December 1; Martyr Theophilus the New in Cyprus, Commemorated on January 30; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9;

Mesopotamia, 800-899, Abbasids in Bagdad, Bugha the Turk, Christian Caliph Mavi, Phrygian Martyrs

Mesopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 809-813, Al Amin, Shia
Abbasid Caliph, 809-813, Al Amin ; New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16;

Mesopotamia, 813-833, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Ma'mun
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 813-833, Al-Ma'mun; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25;

Mesopotamia, 819-861, Abbasid, Arab Military Slave, Bugha the Turk, Bugha al-Kabir
Messopotamia, Abbasid, Arab Military Slave, 819-861, Bugha the Turk, Bugha al-Kabir; Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; Martyr John, Abbot of the Zedazeni Monastery, Commemorated on December 12 ; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6;

Mesopotamia, 833-842, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mutasim, Shia
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 833-842, Al-Mutasim, Shia ; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ;

Mesopotamia, 842-847, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Wathiq, Shia, Probably Christian Caliph Mavi
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 842-847, Al-Wathiq ; Venerable Theoctiste of the Isle of Lesbos, Commemorated on November 9;

Mesopotamia, 847-861, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mutawakkil, Shia
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 847-861, Al-Mutawakkil, Shia; Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Mesopotamia, 862-866, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Musta'in, Shia
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 862-866, Al-Musta'in, Shia; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; Martyr Michael ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe Black-RobedÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23;

Mesopotamia, 866-86, Abbasid Caliph9, Al-Mu'tazz
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 866-869, Al-Mu'tazz; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Mesopotamia, 870-892, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tamid
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 870-892, Al-Mu'tamid ; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Mesopotamia, 892-902, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tamid, Shia
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 892-902, Al-Mu'tamid; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Mesopotamia, 900-999, Abbasid's in Bagdad

Mesopotamia, 902-908, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muktafi

Mesopotamia, 908-932, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muqtadir
Abbasid Caliph, 908-932, Al-Muqtadir ; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 17;

Mesopotamia, 932-934, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Qahir

Mesopotamia, 934-940, Abbasid Caliph, Ar-Radi

Mesopotamia, 940-944, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muttaqi

Mesopotamia, 944-946, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mustakfi

Mesopotamia, 946-974, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muti, trouble, too friendly with Orthodox Sunni's
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 946-974, Al-Muti; Venerable Euthymius the Co-Founder of Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9;

Mesopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 974-991, At-Tai
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 974-991, At-Tai;

Mesopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 991-1031, Al-Qadir
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 991-1031, Al-Qadir; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Mesopotamia, 1261-1517, History Folder, Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo, Shia

Mesopotamia, 1261-1517, Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo, Shia
Messopotamia, 1261-1517, Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo, Shia;

Mesopotamia, 1037-1194, Babylon History Folder, Seljuk Empire, Sunni

Mesopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1037-1063, Tughril
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1037-1063, Tughril ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Mesopotamia, 1105-1118, Seljuk sultan, Mehmed I of Baghdad
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1105-1118, Mehmed I of Baghdad ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Mesopotamia, 1118-1152, Seljuk sultan, Mehmed II, Great Seljuq Persia
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1118-1153, Mehmed II, Great Seljuq Persia ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Mesopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1152-1153, Malik-Shah III
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1152-1153, Malik-Shah III; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Mesopotamia, 1258, Battle of Bagdad (Mongols seige Abbasid Caliphate)
Messopotamia, 1258, Battle of Bagdad (Mongols seige Abbasid Caliphate ; Further conquests: 1200ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â“1800 ; Timur or Tamerlan;

Edessa, Messopotamia (Intersection and Euphrates River 3)
Edessa, Syria; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Simeon of Emessa the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 21; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Translation of the Image ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœNot-Made-By-HandsÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFeast of the Savior in AugustÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on August 16; Translation of the Image ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœNot-Made-By-HandsÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFeast of the Savior in AugustÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on August 16 ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated August 21 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated on September 1 ; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; Martyr Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Eudoxius, Commemorated September 6 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Martyr Domnina with her daughters of Syria, Commemorated on October 4; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Antioch, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9; Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15 ; Martyr Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated October 15 ; Venerable Abramius the Recluse of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on October 29 ; Martyr and Confessor Gurias of Edessa, Commemorated on November 15 ; St Theodoulus the Eparch of Constantinople, Commemorated December 3 ; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated December 10 ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Eustratius the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Sarbelus of Edessa, January 29 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons; Martyr Domnina with her daughters of Syria; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the "Unsleeping Ones", Commemorated February 23 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on March 28 ; Apostle Trophimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15 ; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœUnsleeping OnesÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Syngara Fortress, Mesopotamia (70 miles West of Tigris River 3)
Syngara Fortress, Mesopotamia; Saint Paul the Confessor, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6;

Garden of Eden
Garden of Eden in Mesopotamia; Eden in an abstract view of Mesopotamia; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated December 20 ;

Mesopotamia, Euphrates River Folder.kmz

Moab Folder, and its rivers.kmz

Moab Folder, and its rivers

Moab 2000BC, Moab History Folder

Moab Patriarch, 2000 BC, Lot
Moab Patriarch, 2000 BC, Lot; Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9; Righteous Lot, Commemorated on October 9;

Moab, Kings Highway Folder

Kings Highway 5 (Eilat, Edom and Aquaba, Israel)

Kings Highway 6 (Arabah, Edom, of the Jordan Rift)

Kings Highway 7 (Petra, Edom, Jordan)

Kings Highway 8 (Maan, Edom, Jordan)

Kings Highway 9 (Shaubak, Bozrah, Edom, Jordan)

Kings Highway 11 (Mizpeh or Kerak, Moab, Jordan)

Kings Highway 14 (Rabbah Ammon/Philadelphia, Ammon, Jordan)

Kings Highway 15 (Gerasa, Ammon, Gilead, Jordan)

Moab, Dead Sea Folder

Dead Sea
Dead Sea; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20;

Sodom. prior to Moab
Sodom; Righteous Lot, Commemorated October 9 ; Martyr Terence and 40 others beheaded at Carthage, Commemorated on April 10 ;

Zoar (Zoara, The Jordan Valley well watered as far as Zoar)
Zoar (Zoara, The Jordan Valley well watered as far as Zoar) Genesis 13:1-2,5-18, Abram and Lot Separate;

Mizpeh, Moab
Mizpeh, Moab; 1 Samuel 22:1-23, David and His Followers at Adullam (David moves his parents to Mizpeh for safety) ;

Moab, Arnon River Folder

Arnon River Source

Moab (Arnon River 2)
Moab; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20 ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3 ; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4; Righteous Lot, Commemorated October 9 ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3; Righteous Phineas the grandson of Aaron, Commemorated on March 12;

Moab, Moab Plateau Folder, across from Jerusalem

Moab Plateau, from here South to Mt Nebo, across from Jerusalem
Moab Plateau, from here South to Mt Nebo;

Medeba, Moab, Jordan
Medeba, 1 Maccabees Ch 9;

Abarim Range, Moab
Abarim Range ; Moses; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20 ; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Bamoth-baal, Moab (Balaam's First Oracle, across from Mt Pisgah or Mt Nebo)
Bamoth-baal (Balaam's First Oracle, across from Mt Pisgah or Mt Nebo, On the Kings Highway); Numbers 22.22-41, Balaam, the Donkey, and the Angel; BalaamÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™s First Oracle, 41 On the next day Balak took Balaam and brought him up to Bamoth-baal; and from there he could see part of the people of Israel.; Balaam's First and Second Oracles, Numbers 22:41-23:28;

Beser, Reuben, Moab
Beser in Reuben, East of Mount Nebo; Beser, is in the wilderness of Jordan; Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10 ;

Mt Pisgah or Mt Nabath, in Moab
Mt Nebo in Moab; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ;

Mt Nebo (east to west view, elevation exageration 3)
Turn up the tools options elevation exageration to 3 to understand this view; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20 ; Righteous Phineas the grandson of Aaron, Commemorated on March 12;

Mt Nabau, or Nebo, in Moab
Mt. Nabau, or Nebo; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20 ; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Righteous Phineas the grandson of Aaron, Commemorated on March 12; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Mt Nebo, Moab
Mt Nebo in Moab; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20 ; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Righteous Phineas the grandson of Aaron, Commemorated on March 12;

Baal of Peor, Moab, at Mt. Nebo (Balaam's Third and Fourth Oracles)
Baal of Peor at Mt. Nebo (great view of Jerusalem, Balaam's Third and Fourth Oracles) Balaam's Third and Fourth Oracles, Numbers 23:25-24:25;

Heshbon, Moab (Sihon's City)
Heshbon, 1 Maccabees Ch 5; Numbers 21:4-9, 21-35, King Sihon Defeated; 21 Then Israel sent messengers to King Sihon of the Amorites, saying, 22ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â˜Let me pass through your land; we will not turn aside into field or vineyard; we will not drink the water of any well; we will go by the KingÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™s Highway until we have passed through your territory.ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™ 23But Sihon would not allow Israel to pass through his territory. Sihon gathered all his people together, and went out against Israel to the wilderness; he came to Jahaz, and fought against Israel. 24Israel put him to the sword, and took possession of his land from the Arnon to the Jabbok, as far as to the Ammonites; for the boundary of the Ammonites was strong. 25Israel took all these towns, and Israel settled in all the towns of the Amorites, in Heshbon, and in all its villages. 26For Heshbon was the city of King Sihon of the Amorites, who had fought against the former king of Moab and captured all his land as far as the Arnon. 27Therefore the ballad-singers say, ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â˜Come to Heshbon, let it be built; let the city of Sihon be established. 28 For fire came out from Heshbon, flame from the city of Sihon. It devoured Ar of Moab, and swallowed up* the heights of the Arnon. 29 Woe to you, O Moab! You are undone, O people of Chemosh! He has made his sons fugitives, and his daughters captives, to an Amorite king, Sihon. 30 So their posterity perished from Heshbon* to Dibon, and we laid waste until fire spread to Medeba.ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™* 31 Thus Israel settled in the land of the Amorites. 32Moses sent to spy out Jazer; and they captured its villages, and dispossessed the Amorites who were there.

Ir-Moab (the beginning of the Moab Plateau)
Ir-Moab (the beginning of the Moab Plateau, the entry into Moab from the north from the Jordan Arabian Desert, on the King's Highway) Numbers 22.22-41, Balaam, the Donkey, and the Angel, near Ir-Moab;

Moab, Kings Highway Folder.kmz

Mongol, China, Hai River Folder (Peking or Bejing, Far North China).kmz

Mongol, China, Hai River Folder (Peking or Bejing, Far North China)

Hai River

Peking, Mongol Capitol since 1260, China (Hai River and North China Plain)
Peking (Hai River and Northern tip of North China Plain); Major rivers flowing through the municipality include the Yongding River and the Chaobai River, part of the Hai River system, and flow in a southerly direction. St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated on September 19; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9 ; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10;

Peking Union Medical College, 1917
Peking Union Medical College; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Peking Man Site, 1921
China, 1921, Peking Man Site; Even though the original fossils disappeared in 1941 during World War II, excellent casts and descriptions remain. So to believe in Peking Man, we have to trust those descriptions from people who came to China to find a prehistoric man. Here is the story of the discovery and identification before that disappearance (copied from Wikipedia, Peking Man Site): Swedish geologist Johan Gunnar Andersson and American palaeontologist Walter W. Granger came to Zhoukoudian, China in search of prehistoric fossils in 1921. They were directed to the site at Dragon Bone Hill by local quarrymen, where Andersson recognised deposits of quartz that were not native to the area. Immediately realising the importance of this find he turned to his colleague and announced, "Here is primitive man; now all we have to do is find him!" Excavation work was begun immediately by Andersson's assistant Austrian palaeontologist Otto Zdansky, who found what appeared to be a fossilised human molar. He returned to the site in 1923, and materials excavated in the two subsequent digs were sent to Uppsala University in Sweden for analysis. In 1926 Andersson announced the discovery of two human molars in this material, and Zdansky published his findings. Canadian anatomist Davidson Black of Peking Union Medical College, excited by Andersson and ZdanskyÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™s find, secured funding from the Rockefeller Foundation and recommenced excavations at the site in 1927 with both Western and Chinese scientists. Swedish palaeontologist Anders Birger Bohlin unearthed a tooth that fall, and Black placed it in a gold locket on his watch chain. Black published his analysis in the journal Nature, identifying his find as belonging to a new species and genus which he named Sinanthropus pekinensis, but many fellow scientists were skeptical about such an identification on the basis of a single tooth, and the foundation demanded more specimens before it grant additional money. A lower jaw, several teeth, and skull fragments were unearthed in 1928. Black presented these finds to the foundation and was rewarded with an $80,000 grant that he used to establish the Cenozoic Research Laboratory. Excavations at the site under the supervision of Chinese archaeologists Yang Zhongjian, Pei Wenzhong, and Jia Lanpo uncovered 200 human fossils (including six nearly complete skullcaps) from more than 40 individual specimens. These excavations came to an end in 1937 with the Japanese invasion. Fossils of Peking Man were placed in the safe at the Cenozoic Research Laboratory of the Peking Union Medical College. Eventually, in November 1941, secretary Hu Chengzi packed the fossils so that they could be sent to USA for safekeeping until the end of the war. The fossils vanished en route to the port city of Qinhuangdao in northern China. So to believe in Peking Man, we have to trust those casts and descriptions from people who came to China to find a prehistoric man. Note: according to their stories, all these people involved already believed in evoluton and were looking for its proofs like missing links. Some were medical doctors, some were geologists, some were both, and much of their science actually derived from this type of search. Since evolution does not jive with the origin of sin and death, it is impossible to fear God and believe in Evolution. The Bible story is all about that original sin and and our salvation from sin and death through the life of Jesus Christ, both his current business as head of his Body the Church (our crosses) and his previous business on his cross. So to be understood, Life by Faith (the solution to sin and death) requires us to understand the origin of sin and death. PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Zhoukoudian (a cave system, Peking Man Site)
Zhoukoudian; Peking Man; Peking Man mystery; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Beijing
Beijing; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Cenozoic Research Laboratory (Beijing) 1928
Cenozoic Research Laboratory of the Geological Survey of China; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Tianjin, China (Hai River Mouth, Five Rivers)
Tianjin (Hai River Source, Five Rivers); ERIC LIDDELL MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Hai River Source 2 ( Five Rivers)
The Hai River at Tianjin is formed by the confluence of five rivers, the Southern Canal, Ziya River, Daqing River, Yongding River, and the Northern Canal.

Hai River Source 1 (Peking)
The Northern Canal joins with the Bai He (or Chaobai River) at Tongzhou. The Northern Canal (sharing a channel with Bai He) is also the only waterway from the sea to Beijing. Therefore, early Westerners also called the Hai He the Bai He.

Hai River Mouth (Bohai Sea)

Mongol, China, Hong Kong Folder, Xi and Pearl Rivers.kmz

Mongol, China, Hong Kong Folder, Xi and Pearl Rivers

Mongol, China, Hong Kong History

Mongol, China, Hong Kong, 1842-1941 and 1945-1984, British Colony
Hong Kong, British Colony, 1842-1941 and 1945-1984; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944;

Mongol, China, Hong Kong, 1941-1945, Japanese Occupation
Hong Kong, Japanese Occupation, 1941-1945 ; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944;

Mongol, China, 1945-1984, Hong Kong, British Colony
Hong Kong, British Colony, 1945-1984 ; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944;

Mongol, China, Hong Kong, Xi River Folder, Macau

Xi River

Xi River Source (Li River)

Xi River Source 2

Xi River Source 3

Macau, China (Xi River Estuary)
Macau, China; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944;

Macau Protestant Chapel, China, 1821
Macau Protestant Chapel; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944;

Xi River Source (Xun River)

Xi River Mouth (Hong Kong, Pearl River Delta)

Yu River Source (Baise City)

Xun River Source (Qian and Yu Rivers)

Qian River

Chongzou River

Mongol, China, Hong Kong, Pearl (Canton) River Folder, Hong Kong

Pearl (Canton) River

Pearl (Canton) River Source (along the border)

Pearl River 2

Pearl River 2nd Source (along the border

Pearl River (Guangzhou or Canton)

Pearl (Canton) River Mouth

Pearl River Estuary

Hong Kong, China (Pearl River Estuary) 1998
Hong Kong ; JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922) ; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944;

Hong Kong, British Colony (Pearl River Estuary) 1842-1997
Hong Kong ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922) ; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944;

Mongol, China, Hong Kong, Pearl (Canton) River Folder, Hong Kong.kmz

Mongol, China, Yellow River Folder (North China Plain, Peking).kmz

Mongol, China, Yellow River Folder (North China Plain, Peking)

Yellow River

Yellow River from Source 2

Yellow River Source (Bayan Har Mountains)
Bayan Har Mountains;

Bayan Har Mountains
Bayan Har Mountains;

Yellow River Source 2 (Bayan Har Mountains)
Yellow River;

Yellow River 1

Yellow River 1b

Yellow River 1c

Yellow River 1d

Yellow River 1e

Qinghai lake, Qinghai Province
Qinghai lake ;

Yellow River 1f

Yellow River 2

Maijishan, Maijishan Grottoes
Maijishan, Maijishan Grottoes;

Yellow River 2b

Yellow River 2c

Yellow River 2d

Yellow River 2e

Yellow River 2f

Yellow River 2g

Yellow River 3

Yellow River 3b

Yellow River 3c

Yellow River 4d

Yellow River 4e

Xianyang, China (Silk Road North 2 Changan, Yellow River 4e)
Xianyang; ERIC LIDDELL MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22;

Yellow River 5 Overview

North China (Yellow River Area)
North China; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Honan Province (Central Plains, Yellow River)
Honan Province; PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31 ;

Central Plain of China
Central Plain of China;

North China Plain
North China Plain; The North China Plain is based on the deposits of the Yellow River and is the largest alluvial plain of eastern Asia. The plain is bordered on the north by the Yanshan Mountains and on the west by the Taihang Mountains edge of the Shanxi ('western mountains') plateau. To the south, it merges into the Yangtze Plain. From northeast to southeast, it fronts the Bohai Sea, the highlands of Shandong Peninsula, and the Yellow Sea. The Yellow River flows through the middle of the plain into Bohai Sea. ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Weihsien Internment Camp, Shandong, China (Yellow River 10) 1937
Weihsien Internment Camp; ERIC LIDDELL MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22;

Shandong Province (South of Yellow River Mouth)
Shandong Province; North China Plain; Boxer Rebellion; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Yellow River Mouth (Bohai Sea)

Chefoo School, China Inland Mission, Yantai, near Yellow River Mouth
Chefoo School, China Inland Mission, Yantai; ERIC LIDDELL, MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22;

Netherlands, North of the Roman German Frontier Wall, Friesland.kmz

Netherlands, North of the Roman German Frontier Wall, Friesland

Frisian islands in the North Sea, Netherlands
Frisian islands in the North Sea, The Frisian Islands chain extends from The Netherlands, over Germany and to Denmark; WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT, ARCHBISHOP AND MISSIONARY (NOV 7, 739) ; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

Friesland, Netherlands (North of the Frontier)
Friesland; WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT, ARCHBISHOP AND MISSIONARY (NOV 7, 739) ; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

Frisia, Netherlands, Amsterdam
Frisia; WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT, ARCHBISHOP AND MISSIONARY (NOV 7, 739) ; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

Pacific Islands Folder.kmz

Pacific Islands Folder

Pacific Islands Area
Pacific Islands; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ;

Pacific Islands, Oceania Folder

Oceania area
Oceania area;

Tonga Area

Pacific Islands, Polynesia Folder

Polynesia area
Polynesia area;

New Hebrides Area

Polynesian Islands
Polynesian Islands; JOHN COLERIDGE PATTESON, BISHOP OF MELANESIA, AND HIS COMPANIONS, MARTYRS (20 SEP 1871) ; GEORGE AUGUSTUS SELWYN, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (11 APR 1878);

Fiji, Polynesia, Pacific Islands
Fiji; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12;

South Pacific
South Pacific; Australasia; Oceania; JOHN COLERIDGE PATTESON, BISHOP OF MELANESIA, AND HIS COMPANIONS, MARTYRS (20 SEP 1871);

Pacific Islands, Hawaiian Islands Folder

Hawaiian Islands area

Pacific Islands, Hawaii History Folder

Pacific Islands, Hawaii, 1855-1863, Hawaiian King Kamehameha IV
Hawaii, 1855-1863, Hawaiian King Kamehameha IV; KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII, (28 NOV 1864);

Pacific Islands, Hawaii, 1855-1885, Hawaiian Queen Emma
Hawaii, 1855-1885, Hawaiian Queen Emma; KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII, (28 NOV 1864);

Pacific Islands, Hawaii, 1863-1863, Hawaiian King Kamehameha V
Hawaii, 1863-1863, Hawaiian King Kamehameha V; KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII, (28 NOV 1864);

Pacific Islands, Hawaii, 1874-1891, Hawaiian King Kalakaua
Hawaii, 1874-1891, Hawaiian King Kalakaua ; DAMIEN and MARIANNE of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889; RELIGIOUS 1918, Commemorated April 15 ;

Pacific Islands, Hawaii, 1891-1893, Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii, 1891-1893, Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani; KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII, (28 NOV 1864); DAMIEN and MARIANNE of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889; RELIGIOUS 1918, Commemorated April 15 ;

Pacific Islands, Hawaii, 1893-1898, Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, and Annexation
Hawaii, 1893-1898, Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, and Annexation; Hawaii, 1891-1893, Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani; KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII, (28 NOV 1864); DAMIEN and MARIANNE of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889; RELIGIOUS 1918, Commemorated April 15 ;

Hawaii, Pacific Islands
Hawaii; Republic of Hawaii; KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII, (28 NOV 1864) ;

Honolulu, Hawaii (Oahu Island)
Honolulu; Oahu Island; DAMIEN and MARIANNE of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889; RELIGIOUS 1918, Commemorated April 15 ;

Queen's Hospital, Honolulu, Hawaii (1859)
Queen's Hospital; KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII, (28 NOV 1864) ;

Molokai Island, Hawaii
Molokai; DAMIEN and MARIANNE of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889; RELIGIOUS 1918, Commemorated April 15 ;

Kalaupapa, Hawaii (Molokai Island)
Kalaupapa; Kalaupapa Leprosy Settlement ; DAMIEN of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889, Commemorated April 15 ;

Pacific Islands, Micronesia Folder

Micronesia Area
Micronesia;

Guam, Micronesia, Pacific Islands
Guam; KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII, (28 NOV 1864) ; CHARLES HENRY BRENT, Missionary Bishop (27 March 1929);

British Empire - Nauru - Micronesia, Pacific Islands
British Empire - Nauru - Micronesia, Pacific Islands; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Pacific Islands, Australasia Folder

Australasia Area
Australasia ; JOHN COLERIDGE PATTESON, BISHOP OF MELANESIA, AND HIS COMPANIONS, MARTYRS (20 SEP 1871) ;

Austrailia
Austrailia; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ;

New Zealand, Australasia, Pacific Islands
New Zealand; JOHN COLERIDGE PATTESON, BISHOP OF MELANESIA, AND HIS COMPANIONS, MARTYRS (20 SEP 1871) ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ; GEORGE AUGUSTUS SELWYN, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (11 APR 1878);

Maori People, New Zealand
Maori People, New Zealand; New Zealand; JOHN COLERIDGE PATTESON, BISHOP OF MELANESIA, AND HIS COMPANIONS, MARTYRS (20 SEP 1871) ; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ; GEORGE AUGUSTUS SELWYN, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (11 APR 1878);

Pacific Islands, Santa Cruz Islands Folder

Santa Cruz Islands area
Santa Cruz Islands area;

Santa Cruz Islands
Santa Cruz Islands; JOHN COLERIDGE PATTESON, BISHOP OF MELANESIA, AND HIS COMPANIONS, MARTYRS (20 SEP 1871) ;

Pacific Islands, Melanesia Folder

Melanesia Area
Melanesia;

Melanesian Islands
Melanesia; JOHN COLERIDGE PATTESON, BISHOP OF MELANESIA, AND HIS COMPANIONS, MARTYRS (20 SEP 1871); GEORGE AUGUSTUS SELWYN, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (11 APR 1878); INI KOPURIA, FOUNDER OF THE MELANESIAN BROTHERHOOD, 1945, Commemorated June 6 ;

Pacific Islands, Melanesia, 1920-1945, Ini Kopuria, Founder of the Melanesian Brogherhood
Pacific Islands, Melanesia, 1920-1945, Ini Kopuria, Founder of the Melanesian Brogherhood; Maravovo; INI KOPURIA, FOUNDER OF THE MELANESIAN BROTHERHOOD, 1945, Commemorated June 6 ;

New Guinea, the Island of New Guinea
New Guinea ; THE MARTYRS OF NEW GUINEA, (2 SEP 1942);

Papua New Guinea (a country)
Papua New Guinea (a country); THE MARTYRS OF NEW GUINEA, (2 SEP 1942);

Pacific Islands, Melanisia, Solomon Islands Folder

Solomon Islands Area

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands; INI KOPURIA, FOUNDER OF THE MELANESIAN BROTHERHOOD, 1945; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Bugotu Language Santa Isabel Island
Bugotu Language Santa Isabel Island; INI KOPURIA, FOUNDER OF THE MELANESIAN BROTHERHOOD, 1945, Commemorated June 6;

Maravovo, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands
Maravovo; INI KOPURIA, FOUNDER OF THE MELANESIAN BROTHERHOOD, 1945, Commemorated June 6 ;

Pacific Islands, Australasia Folder.kmz

Pacific Islands, Melanesia Folder.kmz

Pacific Islands, Melanisia, Solomon Islands Folder.kmz

Pacific Islands, Micronesia Folder.kmz

British Empire - Gilbert Islands - Polynisia and Micronesia
British Empire - Gilbert Islands - Polynisia and Micronesia ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Pacific Islands, Polynesia Folder.kmz

Palestine Folder, Phoenicia, Canaan, Israel, and Holy Land.kmz

Palestine Folder, Phoenicia, Canaan, Israel, and Holy Land

Palestine (area between Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River)
Palestine is a geographic region in Western Asia between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River.; Martyr Paul at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated July 16 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Lazarus of Mt. Galerius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on July 17 ; Martyr Julitta at Caesarea, Commemorated July 31 ; Martyr Marinus the Soldier at Caesarea in Palestine, Commemorated on August 7; Translation of the Image ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœNot-Made-By-HandsÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFeast of the Savior in AugustÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on August 16 ; Martyr Timothy of Palestine, Commemorated on August 19; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated August 21 ; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Pimen of Palestine, Commemorated August 27 ; St Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Demetrius with his wife and son, at Skepsis on the Hellespont, Commemorated on September 11 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13; 156 Martyrs in Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; MATTHEW, APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST (21 SEP NT); St Jonah the Presbyter, father of St Theophanes the Hymnographer and Theodore Graptus, Commemorated on September 22 ; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23; Venerable Chariton the Confessor the Abbot of Palestine, Commemorated on September 28 ; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated on November 16; Martyr Roman the Deacon of Caesarea, Commemorated November 18 ; Venerable Copres of Palestine, Commemorated on September 24; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas; Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated on October 18; Martyr Procopius the Reader at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on November 22 ; ANDREW THE APOSTLE, (30 NOV NT) ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2 ; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; St Peter of Galatia; Venerable Pardus the Hermit, of Palestine; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Philip the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Philemon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Zenas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated January 8 ; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated on January 11 ; Martyr Peter Apselamus of Palestine, Commemorated on January 12 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter, Commemorated January 16 ; St Arsenius the Archbishop of Kerkyra (Corfu), Commemorated January 19 ; Translation of the relics of St Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 24 ; Venerable Peter the Hermit of Galatia Near Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; CORNELIUS THE CENTURION, (7 FEBRUARY); Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch; Martyr Peter Apselamus of Palestine; St Arsenius the Archbishop of Kerkyra (Corfu); Virginmartyr Ennatha of Palestine, Commemorated on February 10 ; Apostle Philemon the Martyr of the Seventy, Commemorated February 19 ; Venerable Dositheus of Palestine, the Disciple of the Venerable Abba Dorotheus, Commemorated February 19 ; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; Martyr Eulogius of Palestine, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Martyr Agapius at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on March 15; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Hieromartyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated on March 22; Venerable John the Silent of St SavaÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30; Martyr Amphianus (Apphianus) of Lycia, Commemorated on April 2 ; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on April 3 ; Monkmartyr Menas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 12; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13; Venerable John of the Ancient Caves in Palestine, Commemorated on April 19; St George the Confessor and Bishop of Antioch, in Pisidia, Commemorated on April 19; Apostle Zacchaeus, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St Michael of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ; Hieromartyr Silvanus the Bishop of Gaza, and with him 40 Martyrs, Commemorated on May 4 ; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on May 29; Venerable Abba Dorotheus of Palestine, Commemorated on June 5; Martyr Kyriake of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on June 7; Venerable Zosimus of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on June 8; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe RomanÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on June 26;

Phoenicia (coastal part of the Fertile Crescent, Lebanon to Gaza)
Phoenicia was an ancient Semitic civilization situated on the western, coastal part of the Fertile Crescent and centered on the coastline of modern Lebanon.; Martyr Paul of Syria, Commemorated on August 17; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated November 13 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome; St Macedonius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated January 24 ; Presbyter Ananias in Phoenicia, Commemorated January 26 ; Venerable Xenophon of Constantinople, Commemorated January 26 ; Martyr Julian of Emesa, Commemorated on February 6 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated February 19 ; St James the Faster of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Nicephorus the Abbot of Catabad, Commemorated on April 19; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Zosimus of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on June 8; Martyr Aquilina of Byblos in Syria, Commemorated on June 13 ; Martyr Leontius at Tripoli in Syria, Commemorated on June 18 ; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Kings Highway Folder

Palestine, etc. 2000BC-1270, Palestine, etc. History

Palestine, 2000 BC, Caanan, Patriarch Abraham
Jerusalem Patriarch, 2000 BC, Abraham; Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9;

Palestine, 1570 BC approx., Promised Land Entry in September
Palestine, 1570 BC, Promised Land Entry in September; Church New Year, Commemorated on September 1;

Palestine, 1st Century, Centurion, Cornelius the Centurion
Palestine Centurion, 1st Century, Cornelius the Centurion; Martyr Demetrius with his wife and son, at Skepsis on the Hellespont, Commemorated on September 11 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated September 13 ;

Palestine, 1st Century, Azotus, Apostle Philip
Greece, 1st Century, Apostle Philip; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip, Commemorated on November 14;

Palestine, 280-340, Eusebius, Church Historian, Arian
Palestine, 280-340, Eusebius, Church Historian, Arian; FABIAN, BISHOP AND MARTYR (20 JANUARY 250);

Palestine, 303, Roman Diocletian Persecution, Copper Mines in Phaeno, Palestine
Roman Diocletian Persecution, 303, copper mines at Phaeno in Palestine and Cilicia in Asia Minor ; Hieromartyr Silvanus of Gaza, Commemorated on October 14; Hieromartyr Silvanus the Bishop of Gaza, and with him 40 Martyrs, Commemorated on May 4 ;

Palestine, 311-371, Saint, Hilarion
Palestine Saint, 311-371, Hilarion; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6;

Palestine, 480-560, Saint, Zosimas of Palestine, with St Mary of Egypt
Palestine, 480-560, Saint, Zosimas of Palestine, with St Mary of Egypt; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1;

Palestine, 614-628, Persian Control of Palestine
Persian Control of Palestine, ByzantineÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“Persian War of 602ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“628; Battle of Nineveh (627); Byzantine Emperor Heraclius; Persian emperor Chosroes II; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12;

Palestine, 1270, Mamluk Sultan Baibars expels Crusaders from Palestine

Palestine, General Folder

Holy Land (Palestine)
Holy Land; FRANCIS OF ASSISI, FRIAR (4 OCT 1226); St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated January 11 ; ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1;

Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea;

Palestine, land of the Philistines - Pleshet
land of the Philistines - Pleshet, 1 Maccabees Ch 3, Ashdod, Askelon, Gaza, Ekron, and Gath;

Canaan (Palestine, Between Jordan Rift (up to Lebanon) and Mediterranean Sea)
Canaan (Between Jordan Rift (up to Lebanon) and Mediterranean Sea); Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9; Righteous Lot, Commemorated on October 9; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9; The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19;

Land of the Philistines (Gaza to Yarkon River)
Land of the Philistines (Gaza to Yarkon River), According to the Bible, they ruled the five city-states (the "Philistine Pentapolis") of Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron and Gath, from Wadi Gaza in the south to the Yarqon River in the north, but with no fixed border to the east.; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20 ;

Mediterranean world
Mediterranean world; THOMAS THE APOSTLE, (21 DEC NT) ;

Israel
Israel; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335); MICHAEL AND ALL ANGELS; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; PETER AND PAUL, APOSTLES AND MARTYRS (29 JUN 64);

Promised Land
Promised Land; Church New Year, Commemorated September 1; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated September 1 ; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated on January 11 ;

Promised Land Entry Point (Jordan River 4, Bethany baptismal site and Promised Land entry point)
Palestine, 400 BC, Promised Land Entry in September; Church New Year, Commemorated on September 1;

Levant (littoral, Countries of the Eastern Mediterranean)
Levant (Countries of the Eastern Mediterranean); littoral zone

Palestine, Jordan River Folder

Baptismal Site Bethany, Palestine (Beyond the Jordan)
Baptismal Site Bethany (Beyond the Jordan); Forefeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 3 ; Feast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 6 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 10 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated February 19 ; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT); Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24;

Palestine, Jordan Rift Valley Folder

Pharan wilderness of Palestine
Pharan wilderness of Palestine ; Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated August 3 ;

Capitolias, Decapolis, Palestine
Capitolias, Palestine; Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4;

Palestine, Phoenicia Folder

Beret, Phoenecia (Biblos, Lebanon)
Beret, Phoenecia Biblos; Commemoration of the Miracle of the Icon of Our Lord Jesus Christin Beret , Commemorated October 11 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated February 19 ; Martyr Aquilina of Byblos in Syria, Commemorated on June 13 ;

Palestine, Yarkon River Folder (Tel Aviv, Joppa)

Yarkon River

Yarkon River Source (Arethusa, Tel Afek, Antipatris)

Arethusa, Palestine (Yarkon River Source)
Arethusa, Palestine; Hieromartyr Mark the Bishop of Arethusa, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29 ;

Diospolis, Palestine (Lod or Lydda, Yarkon River)
Lydda or Lod; Apostle Zenas of the Seventy, Commemorated September 27 ; St Tabitha the Widow, raised from the dead by the Apostle Peter, Commemorated October 25 ; Apostle Amplias of the Seventy, Commemorated October 31 ; Apostle Amplias of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Zenas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Icon ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœNot Made by HandsÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from Lydda, Commemorated on March 12; Martyr Agapius at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on March 15; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe RomanÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on June 26;

Yarkon River 1

Lydda, Palestine (Lod or Diospolis, Yarkon River 1)
Lydda or Lod; Apostle Zenas of the Seventy, Commemorated September 27 ; St Tabitha the Widow, raised from the dead by the Apostle Peter, Commemorated October 25 ; Apostle Amplias of the Seventy, Commemorated October 31 ; Apostle Amplias of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Zenas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Icon ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœNot Made by HandsÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from Lydda, Commemorated on March 12; Martyr Agapius at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on March 15; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe RomanÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on June 26;

Yarkon River 2 (Yarkon Park)

Yarkon River Mouth (Joppa, Mediterranean Sea)

Joppa, Palestine (Jaffa, Tel Aviv, Yarkon River Mouth, Way of the Sea 7)
Joppa, now Jaffa, 1 Maccabees Ch 10-15; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13; St Tabitha the Widow, raised from the dead by the Apostle Peter, Commemorated on October 25 ; LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN. NT ; CORNELIUS THE CENTURION, (7 FEBRUARY);

Tabitha, Tomb of Tabitha, Joppa, Palestine (Jaffa, Tel Aviv, Yarkon River Mouth, Way of the Sea 7)
Tabitha, Tomb of Tabitha, Joppa, Palestine (Jaffa, Tel Aviv, Yarkon River Mouth, Way of the Sea 7) Joppa, now Jaffa, 1 Maccabees Ch 10-15; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21;

Apollonia, Israel
Apollonia; Martyr Acacius of Apamea, Commemorated on July 28; Apostle Mark of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30 ;

Palestine, Way of the Sea Folder

Abba Seridus, Gaza, Palestine (Way of the Sea 5)
Abba Seridus is at Gaza, but that is all Wikipedia knows about it. Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6; Venerable Abba Dorotheus of Palestine, Commemorated on June 5;

Gaza, Gaza Strip, Way of the Sea 5, Palestine
Gaza City; Gaza Strip; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20 ; Venerable Theophanes the Merciful of Gaza, Commemorated September 29 ; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9 ; PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT) ; Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11 ; St Cosmas the Hymnographer the Bishop of Maiuma, Commemorated on October 12 ; Hieromartyr Silvanus of Gaza, Commemorated on October 14 ; Apostle Philemon of the Seventy, Commemorated November 22; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated November 22 ; Apostle Philemon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Macedonius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated January 24 ; Presbyter Ananias in Phoenicia, Commemorated January 26 ; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 15; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; Virginmartyr Ennatha of Palestine, Commemorated on February 10 ; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated February 15; Martyr Archippus of the Seventy Apostles, Commemorated February 19; Apostle Philemon the Martyr of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 19; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Martyr Cyril the Deacon of Heliopolis, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29 ; Venerable Nicephorus the Abbot of Catabad, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; Hieromartyr Silvanus the Bishop of Gaza, and with him 40 Martyrs, Commemorated on May 4;

Antioch of Palestine, Gaza, Gaza Strip, Way of the Sea 5, Palestine
Gaza City; Gaza Strip; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20 ; Venerable Theophanes the Merciful of Gaza, Commemorated September 29 ; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9 ; PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT) ; Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11 ; St Cosmas the Hymnographer the Bishop of Maiuma, Commemorated on October 12 ; Hieromartyr Silvanus of Gaza, Commemorated on October 14 ; Apostle Philemon of the Seventy, Commemorated November 22; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated November 22 ; Apostle Philemon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Macedonius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated January 24 ; Presbyter Ananias in Phoenicia, Commemorated January 26 ; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 15; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; Virginmartyr Ennatha of Palestine, Commemorated on February 10 ; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated February 15; Martyr Archippus of the Seventy Apostles, Commemorated February 19; Apostle Philemon the Martyr of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 19; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Martyr Cyril the Deacon of Heliopolis, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29 ; Venerable Nicephorus the Abbot of Catabad, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; Hieromartyr Silvanus the Bishop of Gaza, and with him 40 Martyrs, Commemorated on May 4;

Maium (Maiuma, Port of Gaza, Way of the Sea 5)
Maiuma; St Cosmas the Hymnographer the Bishop of Maiuma, Commemorated on October 12; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21 ; The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 25 ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ;

Way of the Sea 5.5 (Askalon, Gaza Strip, Palestine)

Askalon, Philistia, Palestine Way of the Sea 5.5, Israel
Askalon; No Askalon found in Italy, so it must be Askalon in Israel.; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3 ; Martyr Cyril the Deacon of Heliopolis, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29 ;

Azotus (Ashdod)
Azotus, 1 Maccabees Ch 10; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip, Commemorated November 14 ;

Jamnia
Jamnia, 1 Maccabees Ch 4, Ch 5, Ch 10, Ch 15;

Caesarea, Palestine (Phonecia, Dor, Way of the Sea 8)
Caesarea, Palestine ; Martyr Paul at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated July 16 ; Martyr Julitta at Caesarea, Commemorated July 31 ; Martyr Marinus the Soldier at Caesarea in Palestine, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Timothy of Palestine, Commemorated on August 19; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13 ; St John the Chozebite the Bishop of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated October 3 ; PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT); Venerable John the Chozebite, Commemorated on October 28 ; Martyr Antoninus of CÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â¦sarea in Palestine, Commemorated November 13 ; Martyr Manetha of CÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â¦sarea in Palestine, Commemorated on November 13 ; Martyr Roman the Deacon of Caesarea, Commemorated on November 18 ; Martyr Zacchaeus the Deacon of Caesarea in Palestine, Commemorated on November 18 ; Martyr Romanus the Deacon, of CÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â¦sarea, Commemorated on November 18 ; The youth Barulus, Commemorated on November 18; Martyr Procopius the Reader at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on November 22 ; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Apostle Tychicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Marinus of Rome, Commemorated December 16 ; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter, Commemorated January 16 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated January 22 ; CORNELIUS THE CENTURION, (7 FEBRUARY); Virginmartyr Ennatha of Palestine, Commemorated on February 10 ; Virginmartyr Ennatha of Palestine; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Martyr Agapius at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on March 15; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Amphianus (Apphianus) of Lycia, Commemorated on April 2 ; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on April 3 ; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13 ; St George the Confessor and Bishop of Antioch, in Pisidia, Commemorated on April 19; Apostle Zacchaeus, Commemorated on April 20; Hieromartyr Silvanus the Bishop of Gaza, and with him 40 Martyrs, Commemorated on May 4; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on May 29; Martyr Kyriake of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on June 7; Venerable Zosimus of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on June 8; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8;

Dor
Dor, Israel, 1 Maccabees Ch 15;

Euroea, Phonecia (on the road to Damascas)
Euroea, Phonecia;

Palestine, Jerusalem Roads Folder

Wilderness Road South to Gaza and North to Hebron
Wilderness Road - Then an angel of the Lord said to Philip, ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â˜Get up and go towards the south* to the road that goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza.ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™ (This is a wilderness road.); Acts 8:26-40, Philip and the Ethiopian Eunuch ; Apostle Philip the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4;

Persia Folder, its roads, and rivers.kmz

Persia, 2400, 25th Century BC- 612 BC, Assryia (Assur) Assyrian Kingdom
Assryia (Assyrian Kingdom); Assur; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17 ; Venerable Euthymius the Co-Founder of Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated January 20 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Persia, 730 BC, 8th Century BC, Prophet, Jonah
Jerusalem Prophet, 8th Century BC, Jonah; Prophet Jonah, Commemorated on September 22;

Persia, 612 BC, Fall of Nineveh, Assyria, to Babylonians and Medes
Persia, 612 BC, Fall of Nineveh, Assyria, Persia ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated on December 1;

Persia, 550 BC - 330 BC, Achaemenid Empire, Babylon
Persian Achaemenid Empire, 550-330 BC, Babylon; Persian Emperor, 559-530 BC, Cyrus the Great, Achaemenid Empire ; Persian Emperor, 522-486 BC, Darius I, Achaemenid Empire; Daniel 6:16-28, Daniel saved from the lions, then Daniel prospered during the reigns of Darius and Cyrus the Persian;

Persia, 312 - 240 BC, Seleucid Empire in Seleucia
Messopotamia Babylon History, 312 BC - 240 BC, Seleucid Empire in Seleucia; Seleucia; Hieromartyr Athanasius the Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 22 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11;

Persia, 247BC-224AD, Parthian (Arsacid) Empire, Zoroastrian, Fire Worshipers
Persian Parthian (Arsacid) Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian ; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 247BC - 224AD, Parsiism - Kings of Epiphany - Parthian Empire of Persia
Parsiism, Perianism, Zorastrainism ; Parthian Empire of Persia 247BC - 224AD ; Ctesiphon, Persia; EPIPHANY - Kings of Epiphany, Commemorated January 6 ;

Persia, 224-651, Sasanian Empire, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian (Fire Worshipers)
Persian Sasanian Empire, 224AD-651AD, Ctesiphon, 226-637, Zoroastrian; Overthrown by Umar I, 2nd caliph of Rashidun Caliphate, in Medina, 634-644 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28 ; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Desan the Bishop and 272 others in Persia, Commemorated on April 9; 5 Martyred Nuns beheaded in Persia, Commemorated on June 9;

Persia, 632-661, Rashidun Caliphate, Sunni
Persia, 632-661, Rashidun Caliphate, Sunni;

Persia, 634-644, Persian Sasanian Empire overthrown by Uamr 1, Rashidun Caliph
Persia, 634-644, Persian Sasanian Empire overthrown by Uamr 1, Rashidun Caliph; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11;

Persia, 661-750, Umayyad Caliphate, Sunni
Persia, 661-750, Umayyad Caliphate, Sunni;

Persia, 1077-1307, Persian-Turk, Seljuk Empire, Sultanate of Rum (Rome), Sunni
Persia, 1077-1307, Persian-Turk, Seljuk Empire, Sultanate of Rum (Rome), Sunni; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9;

Persia, 1077-1256, Persian, Khwarezmid Empire, Sunni
Persia, 1077-1256, Persian, Khwarezmid Empire, Sunni; Sultan Jalal al-Din ; In 1227 Sultan Jalal al-Din of Khwarazm and his army of Turkmen attacked Georgia ; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31 ;

Persia, 1256-1353, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire, Buddist then Sunni
Persia, 1256-1353, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16;

Persia, 1370-1507, Timurid Empire, Tamurlane's Dynasty
Persia, 1370-1507, Timurid Empire, Tamurlane's Dynasty; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17;

Persia, 1501-1736, Safavid dynasty, at Isfahan, Shia Muslim
Persia, 1501-1736, Safavid dynasty, at Isfahan, Shia Muslim; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1;

Persia, 1736-1796, Afsharid dynasty, at Mashhad, Sunni
Persia, 1736-1796, Afsharid dynasty, at Mashhad, Sunni; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Persia, 1796-1925, Qajar dynasty, at Tehran, Shia
Persia, 1796-1925, Qajar dynasty, at Tehran, Shia; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Caspian Sea, north of Persia
Caspian Sea; Caspian expeditions of the Rus 864-1041; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1;

Persian Gulf, southwest of Persia
Persian Gulf;

Parthia (northeastern Iran or Persia, south of Ochus River, Isfahan Crossroad Bagdad to Merv)
Parthia; Parthis Map Ochus River Map; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated October 6 ; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated November 16 ; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Persian History Folder

Persia, 25th Century BC - 612 BC, Assyrian Kingdom and Empire History Folder

Persia, 2400 BC, 25th Century BC Folder, Assryian Kingdom

Persia, 2400 BC, 25th Century BC- 612 BC, Assryia (Assur) Assyrian Kingdom
Assryia (Assyrian Kingdom); Assur; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17 ; Venerable Euthymius the Co-Founder of Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated January 20 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Persia, 1250 BC - 612 BC, 13th - 7th Century BC Folder, Assryian Empire

Persia, 1250 BC - 612 BC, Assryian Empire
Assryia (Assyrian Empire); Assur; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17 ; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Venerable Euthymius the Co-Founder of Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated January 20 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Persia, 730 BC, 8th Century BC Folder, Prophet Jonah

Persia, 727 - 722 BC Assyrian King Shalmaneser V, Conquered Israel, Northern Kingdom
Persia, 717 - 722 BC Assyrian King Shalmaneser V, Conquered Israel; Tobit TOBIT 1This book tells the story of Tobit son of Tobiel son of Hananiel son of Aduel son of Gabael son of Raphael of the descendants* of Asiel, of the tribe of Naphtali, 2who in the days of King Shalmaneser* of the Assyrians was taken into captivity from Thisbe, which is to the south of Kedesh Naphtali in Upper Galilee, above Asher towards the west, and north of Phogor. ;

Persia, 712 BC (before 612 BC, Before S.), Conversion of Nineveh (Mosul)
Nineveh; Jonah 3:1-10,4:1-11, Conversion of Nineveh ; Prophet Jonah, Commemorated on September 22 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated November 12 ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated December 1 ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ;

Persia, 705 BC - 681 BC, Assyrian Emperor, Sennacherib
Persia, Assyrian Emperor, 705 BC - 681 BC, Sennacherib ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated on August 28; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated on December 1;

Persia, 612 BC - 550 BC, Babylonian Empire History Folder

Persia, 600 BC, 7th Century BC Folder, Babylonian Empire

Persia, 681 - 669 BC, Assryan Emperor, Esarhaddon
Persia, 681 - 669 BC, Assryan Emperor, Esarhaddon; Tobit Chapter 1: Sennacharib's sons kill him and Esarhaddon becomes King 21 But not forty* days passed before two of SennacheribÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s* sons killed him, and they fled to the mountains of Ararat, and his son Esar-haddon* reigned after him. He appointed Ahikar, the son of my brother Hanael* over all the accounts of his kingdom, and he had authority over the entire administration. 22Ahikar interceded for me, and I returned to Nineveh. Now Ahikar was chief cupbearer, keeper of the signet, and in charge of administration of the accounts under King Sennacherib of Assyria; so Esar-haddon* reappointed him. He was my nephew and so a close relative. ;

Persia, Media, 625-585 BC, King Cyaxares of the Medes
Persia, Media, 625-585 BC, King Cyaxares of the Medes; Tobit 14, TobitÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s Final Counsel, and Death of Tobit and Anna;

Persia, 550 BC - 330 BC, Achaemenid Empire History Folder

Persia, 500 BC, 6th Century BC Folder, Archaemenid Cyrus the Great

Persia, 559-530 BC, Archaemenid Emperor, Cyrus the Great
Persian Archaemenid Emperor, 559-530 BC, Cyrus the Great ; Persian Achaemenid Empire, 550-330 BC, Medo-Persian Empire; Persian Emperor, 522-486 BC, Darius I, Achaemenid Empire; Daniel 6:16-28, Daniel saved from the lions, then Daniel prospered during the reigns of Darius and Cyrus the Persian; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9;

Persia, Pasargadae, 559BC-486BC, Daniel, Malachi and Haggai Lived Here
King Cyrus the Great - Pasargadae - Daniel Lived Here ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17 ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Persia, 530BC-522 BC, Archaemenid Emperor, Cambyses II
Persian Archaemenid Emperor, 530BC-522 BC, Cambyses II; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17;

Persia, 522 BC-522 BC, Archaemenid Emperor, Bardiya
Persia, 522 BC-522 BC, Archaemenid Emperor, Bardiya;

Persia, 522BC-486BC, Archaemenid Emperor, Darius I Hystaspis (The Great)
Persian Archaemenid Emperor, 522BC-486 BC, Darius I Hystaspis (The Great); Persian Achaemenid Empire, 550-330 BC, Medo-Persian Empire; Persian Emperor, 559-530 BC, Cyrus the Great, Achaemenid Empire ; Daniel 6:16-28, Daniel saved from the lions, then Daniel prospered during the reigns of Darius and Cyrus the Persian; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Persia, 400 BC, 5th Century BC Folder, Achaemenid E., Ester and Malachi

Persia, 486 BC-465 BC, Ahasuerus, Archaemenid Emperor, aka Xerxes I
Persia, 486 BC-465 BC, Ahasuerus, Archaemenid Emperor, aka Xerxes I ; Esther 1:1-4,10-19, King Ahasuerus Deposes Queen Vashti;

Persia, 465BC-424 BC, Achaemenid Emperor, Artaxerxes I of Persia
Persian Achaemenid Emperor, 465BC-424 BC, Artaxerxes I of Persia; Ezra 7:1-26, The Coming and Work of Ezra, The Letter of Artaxerxes to Ezra; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Persia, 312 BC - 240 BC, Seleucid Empire History Folder, Helenist

Persia, 300 BC, 4th Century BC Folder, Seleucid Empire in Seleucia

Persia, 247 BC - 224 AD, Parthian Empire of Persia History Folder

Persia, 200 BC, 3rd Century BC Folder, Parthian Empire, Kings of Epiphany

Persia, 247BC - 224AD, Parsiism - Kings of Epiphany - Parthian Empire
Parsiism, Perianism, Zorastrainism ; Parthian Empire of Persia 247BC - 224AD ; Ctesiphon, Persia; EPIPHANY - Kings of Epiphany, Commemorated January 6 ;

Persia, 247BC-224AD, Parthian (Arsacid) Empire, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian
Persian Parthian (Arsacid) Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian ; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 247BC-651AD, Persian Capital, Ctesiphon, Persia (Tigris River 7)
Persian Capital, 247BC-651AD, Ctesiphon, Persia (Tigris River 7); Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch. Commemorated October 20 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Martyr Bata the Persian, Commemorated on May 1; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 000, 1st Century BC Folder, Parthian Empire, Kings of Epiphany

Persia, 2 BC - 4 AD, Parthian Emperor, Musa of Parthia (Empress)
Persian Parthian Emperor, 2 BC - 4 AD, Musa of Parthia (Empress); Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January);

Persia, 2 BC - 4 AD, Parthian Emperor, Phraates V
Persian Parthian Emperor, 2 BC - 4 AD, Phraates V; Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January);

Persia, 000, 1st Century AD Folder, Parthia, Kings of E., and Assyrian Empire

Persia, 4-6, Parthian Emperor, Orodes III of Parthia
Persian Parthian Emperor, 4-6, Orodes III of Parthia; Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January);

Persia, 8-12, Parthian Emperor, Vonones I
Persian Parthian Emperor, 8-12, Vonones I ; Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January);

Persia, 10-40, Emperor, Jesus' Time, Artabanus III of Parthia
Persia, 10-40, Emperor, Jesus' Time, Artabanus III of Parthia ; Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28); THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 15-116, Assyrian Adiabene Kingdom
Assyrian Adiabene Kingdom, 15-116 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ;

Persia, 31-55, Adiabene Emperor, Assyrian emperor Nerses (Izates II)
Persia, Adiabene Emperor, 31-55, Assyrian emperor Nerses (Izates II); Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ;

Persia, 31-55, Adiabene Emperor, Assyrian emperor Nerses (Izates II)
Persia, 31-55, Adiabene Emperor, Assyrian emperor Nerses (Izates II) ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ;

Persia, 35, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Thomas
Persia, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Thomas; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6

Persia, 35, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Philip
Persia, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Philip; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip, Commemorated on November 14;

Persia, 35, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostles SIMON and JUDE
Persia, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostles SIMON and JUDE; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28);

Persia, 55-116, Adiabene Emperor, Meharaspes
Persia, Adiabene Emperor, -116, Meharaspes; Martyr Hermione the Daughter of St Philip the Deacon, Commemorated on September 4;

Persia, 40-51, Emperor Gotarzes II of Parthia
Persia, 40-51, Emperor Gotarzes II of Parthia ; Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 70, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Jude
Persia, 70, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Jude; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 51-78, Emperor Vologases I of Parthia
Persia, 51-78, Emperor Vologases I of Parthia ; Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persian Sasanian Emperor, 80AD,

Persia, 200-224, 3rd Century AD Folder, Parthian Empire, Anak the Parthian

Persia, 200-252, Armenian Parthian Prince, Anak the Parthian
Armenian Parthian Prince, 3rd Century-252, Anak the Parthian; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30;

Persia, 224-651, Sasanian Empire History Folder, Zoroastrianism, Fire Worshipers

Persia, 224-299, 3rd Century Folder, Sasanian Empire, first capital Estakhr, Parthian Manichaeus, Shapur I

Persia, 224AD-651AD, Sasanian Empire, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian (Fire Worshipers)
Persian Sasanian Empire, 224AD-651AD, Ctesiphon, 226-637, Zoroastrian; Overthrown by Umar I, 2nd caliph of Rashidun Caliphate, in Medina, 634-644 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28 ; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Desan the Bishop and 272 others in Persia, Commemorated on April 9; 5 Martyred Nuns beheaded in Persia, Commemorated on June 9;

Persia, 224-226, Sasanian Empire First Capital Estakhr
Persian Sasanian Empire First Capital Estakhr, 224-226; Sasanian first Emperor, 224-242, Ardashir I; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30;

Persia, 224-242, Sasanian Emperor, Ardashir I, First Sasanian Emperor
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 224-242, Ardashir I, First Sasanian Emperor; Sasanian Empire First Capital Estakhr, 224-226; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

Persia, 236-274, Parthian Manichaeus, Mani, Prophet of Gnostic Manichaeism
Egypt, 236-274, Parthian Manichaeus, Mani, Prophet of Gnostic Manichaeism; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9;

Persia, 240-270, Sasanian Emperor, Shapur I
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 240-270, Shapur I; Hieromartyr Polychronius the Bishop of Babylon, Commemorated July 30 ; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on October 19; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Simeon of Persia, Commemorated on May 18; Martyr Marinus and his wife and children and those with them at Rome, Commemorated on July 6;

Persia, 243, Battle of Resaena, Romans defeat Persians, take Babylon
Persia, 243, Battle of Resaena, Romans defeat Persians; Hieromartyr Polychronius the Bishop of Babylon, Commemorated on July 30;

Persia, 274-293, Sasanian Emperor, Bahram II
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 274-293, Bahram II ; Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Persia, 293, Sasanian Emperor, Bahram III
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 293, Bahram III; Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13 ; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Persia, 293-302, Sasanian Emperor, 293-302, Narseh
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 293-302, Narseh; Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; Martyr Athenodorus of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on December 7; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Persia, 300, 4th Century Folder, Sasanian Empire, Saphor II, Julian's Death

Persia, 302-309, Emperor, Hormizd II, Sasanian, Bishapur
Persian Emperor, 302-309, Hormizd II, Sasanian, Bishapur; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Persia, 309-379, Sasanian Emperor, Alamundar, Saphor II the Great, Bishapur
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 309-379, Saphor II the Great, Bishapur ; Kerman, Persia; Bishapur, Persia (Eslamabad); Sapor II (310-331), Sasanian Persian Empire ; Martyr Eudokia of Persia, Commemorated August 4 ; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Heliodorus of Persia, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Aithalas of Persia, Commemorated on September 1 ; Martyr Ia of Persia, Commemorated on September 11 ; Martyr Memelchtha of Persia, Commemorated on October 5 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Hieromartyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on November 1 ; Hieromartyr John the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 1; 7,000 Martyrs who suffered in Persia, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Acindynus of Persia, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Akepsimas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 3; St Snandulia of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; Hieromartyr Milus the Bishop in Persia, Commemorated on November 10; Hieromartyr Nerses of Persia, Commemorated on November 20; Martyr Ananias of Persia, Commemorated on December 1; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28; Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28 ; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; Martyr Desan the Bishop and 272 others in Persia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Monkmartyr Bademus (Vadim) of Persia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on April 10; Martyr Azades (Azat) the Eunuch of Persia, Commemorated on April 14; Hieromartyr Simeon the Bishop in Persia, and those with him in Persia, Commemorated on April 17; Martyr Ananias the Presbyter in Persia, Commemorated on April 17; Martyr Bata the Persian, Commemorated on May 1; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; Hieromartyr Helladius the Bishop in the East, Commemorated on May 28; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; 5 Martyred Nuns beheaded in Persia, Commemorated on June 9; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Persia, 363, Battle of Samarra, Julian the Apostate's death
Battle of Samarra, 363, Julian the Apostate's death; Julian left Antioch for a war with the Persians. Near the Persian city of Ctesiphon, Julian came upon an elderly Persian, who agreed to betray his countrymen and guide JulianÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s army. The old man deceived Julian and led his army into the Karmanite wilderness, where there was neither food nor water. Tired from hunger and thirst, JulianÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s army battled against fresh Persian forces. ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Persia, 399-438, Persian Court of emperors Izdegerd (399-420) and Barakhranes (420-438)
Court of emperors Izdegerd (399-420) and Barakhranes (420-438) in Ctesiphon, Persia; Ctesiphon; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Martyr Abdias (Abidas) of Persia, Commemorated on September 5 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch. Commemorated October 20 ; Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27; Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27; Royal Martyr Mirdat, King of Kartli, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Persia, 399-420, Persian Sasanian Emperor, Izdegerd I
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 399-420, Izdegerd I ; Martyr Abdias (Abidas) of Persia, Commemorated on September 5 ; Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31; Royal Martyr Mirdat, King of Kartli, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Persia, 400, 5th Century Folder, Sasanian Empire, Sapor IV

Persia, 420, Persian Emperor, Sapor IV, Sasanian
Persian Emperor, 420, Sapor IV, Sasanian; Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Royal Martyr Mirdat, King of Kartli, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Persia, 420-438, Persian Emperor, Bahram V, Barakhranes
Persian Emperor, 420-438, Bahram V; Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27; Royal Martyr Mirdat, King of Kartli, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Persia, 457-459, Sasanian Emperor, Hormizd III
Persian Emperor, 457-459, Hormizd III, Sasanian; Martyr Razhden of Persia the Georgian, Commemorated on August 3; Martyr Anthony of Apamea, Commemorated on November 9;

Persia, 459-494, Emperor, Peroz I, Sasanian
Persia, 459-494, Emperor, Peroz I, Sasanian ; Martyr Razhden of Persia the Georgian, Commemorated on August 3; Martyr Susanna the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on August 28; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30;

Persia, 470-482, Viceroy, Varsken, Sasanian, Zoroastrian fire worshiper
Persian Viceroy, 470-482, Varsken, Sasanian, Zoroastrian fire worshiper; Martyr Susanna the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on August 28;

Persia, 488-531, Persian Sasanian Emperor, Kavadh I
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 488-531, Kavadh I ; Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30;

Persia, 500, 6th Century Folder, Sasanian Empire Failing, Chosroes 1 war with Byzantium after Antioch Earthquake

Persia, 531-579, Persian Sasanian Emperor, Chosroes I the Elder
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 531-579, Chosroes I the Elder; Martyr Golinduc, in Holy Baptism Mary, of Persia, Commemorated on July 12; Martyr Eustathius of Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on July 29; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Translation of the Image ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœNot-Made-By-HandsÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœFeast of the Savior in AugustÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on August 16; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Ignatius, the Godbearer and Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on January 29;

Persia, 540-562, Chosroes I war with Byzantine Empire after Antioch Earthquake
Persia, 540-562, Chosroes I war with Byzantine Empire after Antioch Earthquake; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Ignatius, the Godbearer and Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on January 29;

Persia, 579-590, Sasanian Emperor, Hormizd IV
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 579-590, Hormizd IV ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29;

Persia, 590-628, Chosroes home, Ctesiphon - last King of Sasanian Empire
Chosroes home, Ctesiphon 590-628 - last King of Sasanian Empire Persia, In the year 614 military forces of the Persian ruler Chosroes fell upon Syria and Palestine, killing ninety thousand Christians and destroying Christian churches; Martyr Golinduc, in Holy Baptism Mary, of Persia, Commemorated on July 12; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on December 18 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22 ; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21;

Persia, 590-628, Sasanian Emperor, Khosrau (Chosroes) II
Persian, Sasanian Emperor, 590-628, Khosrau (Chosroes) II; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on September 16 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on December 18 ; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on January 10; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22; Translation of the relics of St Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 24; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21;

Persia, 600, 7th Century Folder, Sasanian Empire Ends, Jersulam ravaged, Cross carried to Persia

Persia, 602-628, Byzantine-Persian War of 602-628
Persia, 602-628, Byzantine-Persian War of 602-628 ; Persia, 614, ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22; Battle of Nineveh (627); Byzantine Emperor Heraclius; Persian emperor Chosroes II; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22;

Persia, 614, Chosroes II ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia
Persia, 614, ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia; ByzantineÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“Sasanian War of 602ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“628; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22;

Persia, 614-628, Saint Anastasius of Persia, Stole the Cross, Became a Monk
Persia, 614-628, Saint Anastasius of Persia; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22; Translation of the relics of St Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 24;

Persia, 627, Battle of Nineveh, Byzantine Victory then Arab Caliphate, Cross Returned
Persia, 627, Battle of Nineveh, Byzantine Victory then Arab Caliphate; Byzantine Emperor Heraclius; Persian emperor Chosroes II; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ;

Persia, 632-651, Sasanian Emperor, Yazdegerd III
Persian, Sasanian Emperor, 632-651, Yazdegerd III ; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated on December 2; Translation of the relics of St Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 24;

Persia, 632 - Present, History Folder, Muslim Persia

Persia, 632-661, History Folder, Rashdun Caliphate, Sunni and Shia, Ali the Shia

Persia, 634-644, Persian Sasanian Empire overthrown by Uamr 1, Rashidun Caliph, Sunni and Shia
Persia, 634-644, Persian Sasanian Empire overthrown by Uamr 1, Rashidun Caliph; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11;

Persia, 644-656, Rashidun Caliph, Uthman, 3rd Rashidun Caliph
Arab Rashidun Caliph, 644-656, Uthman, 3rd Rashidun Caliph; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated on October 28;

Persia, 656-661, Rashidun Caliph, Ali, 4rd Rashidun Caliph, Shia
Persia, 656-661, Rashidun Caliph, Ali, 4rd Rashidun Caliph, Shia;

Persia, 661-750, History Folder, Umayyad Caliphate, Sunni, Bashdun Battle of Nahavand in Persia over Sasanians

Persia, 665, Battle of Nahavand, Rashidun Arabs take North Africa
Persia, 665, Battle of Nahavand, Rashidun Arabs take North Africa; Arab Muslim Conquest of North Africa 665;

Persia, 665, Arab Muslim Conquest of North Africa 665
Arab Muslim Conquest of North Africa 665; Battle of Nahavand;

Persia, 735-736, Umayyad Caliph, Marwan ibn Muhammad (Marwan the Deaf)
Persia, 735-736, Umayyad Caliph, Marwan ibn Muhammad (Marwan the Deaf); Arab general Marwan the Deaf; Martyr David the Prince of Georgia, Commemorated on October 2; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ;

Persia, 864-1041, History Folder, Caspian Expeditions of the Rus

Persia, 864-1041, Caspian Expeditions of the Rus 864-1041
Caspian expeditions of the Rus 864-1041; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ;

Persia, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, Sunni, Persia into Geogria

Persia, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, from Persia into Geogria
Persia, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, from Persia into Geogria; Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Persia, 914, Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia and Kvelistsikhe Fortress
Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Persia, 1072-1307, History Folder, Persian-Turk Seljuk Khwarezmid Empire, Sunni

Persia, 1000, 11th Century Folder, Persian-Turk Sultanate of Rome

Persia, 1072-1092, Persian-Turk Seljuk Sultan, Jalal al-Dawlah Malik Shah I
Persia, 1072-1092, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Jalal al-Dawlah Malik Shah I; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Persia, 1092-1195, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Barkiyaruq
Persia, 1092-1195, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Barkiyaruq; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Persia, 1100, 12th Century Folder, Persia-Turks, Shamkori, Azerbaijan Georgia Battle over Persia

Persia, 1105-1105, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Malik-Shah II
Persia, 1105-1105, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Malik-Shah II; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Persia, 1105-1118, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Mehmed I of Bagdad
Persia 1105-1118, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Mehmed I of Bagdad ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Persia, 1118-1152, Persian-Turk Seljuk Sultan, Mahmud II of Great Seljuq
Persia, 1118-1152, Persian-Turk Seljuk Sultan, Mahmud II of Great Seljuq; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Persia, 1116-1156, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Mesud I
Persia, 1116-1156, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Mesud I; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Persia, 1152-1153, Persian-Turk Seljuk Sultan,Malik-Shah III
Persia, 1152-1153, Persian-Turk Seljuk Sultan,Malik-Shah III; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26;

Persia, 1156-1192, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Kilij Arslan II
Persia, 1156-1192, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Kilij Arslan II;

Persia, 1192-1196, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Kaykhusraw I
Persia, 1192-1196, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Kaykhusraw I; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Persia, 1195, battle near Shamkori, Georgia over Azerbaijan Persia
Georgia, 1195, battle near Shamkori, Azerbaijan, Georgia over Persia; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; St Shalva of Akhaltsikhe, Commemorated on June 17;

Persia, 1196-1204, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Rukn al-Din
Persa, 1196-1204, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Rukn al-Din; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9;

Persia, 1200-1256, 13th Century Folder, Khwarazms, battles with Georgia, Sunni

Persia, 1203, Battle of Bassian, 60 K NE Erzurum, Georgia over Turk Sultan Rukn al-Din
Georgia, 1202, Battle of Bassian, 60 K NE Erzurum; St. Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Persia, 1220-1231, Persian Khwarazmian Sultan, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, Sunni
Persia, 1220-1231, Persian Khwarazmian Sultan, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu ; St Tbeli Abuseridze, Commemorated on August 17; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31; St Shalva of Akhaltsikhe, Commemorated on June 17;

Persia, 1227, Persian Khwarazms Attack Georgia, Sultan Jalal al-Din, Sunni, attacked Georgia
Persia, 1227, Persian Khwarazms Attack Georgia, Sultan Jalal al-Din attacked Georgia ; Sultan Jalal al-Din ; In 1227 Sultan Jalal al-Din of Khwarazm and his army of Turkmen attacked Georgia ; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31 ;

Persia, 1256-1353, History Folder, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire, Buddist then Sunni

Persia, 1256-1300, 13th Century Folder, Ilkhanate Empire, 1256- , Georgia under these Mongols

Persia, 1256-1353, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire, 1256-1353
Persia, 1256-1353, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire, 1256-1353; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16;

Persia, 1256-1265, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Hulagu Khan
Persia, 1256-1265, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Hulagu Khan; St. Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated on February 12;

Persia, 1265-1282, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Abaqa Khan
Persia, 1265-1282, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Abaqa Khan ; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16;

Persia, 1282-1284, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Tekuder
Persia, 1282-1284, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Tekuder; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16;

Persia, 1284-1291, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Arghun
Persia, 1284-1291, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Arghun; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16;

Persia, 1291-1295, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Gaykhatu
Persia, 1291-1295, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Gaykhatu;

Persia, 1295-1295, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Baydu, Sodomite
Persia, 1295-1295, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Baydu;

Persia, 1295-1304, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Ghazan, Sunni Islam
Persia, 1295-1304, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Ghazan;

Persia, 1300, 14th Century Folder, Ilkhanate Empire, -1353, Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Damascus

Persia, 1304-1316, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Oljeitu, Sunni Islam
Persia, 1304-1316, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Oljeitu, Sunni Islam; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Persia, 1316-1335, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, Sunni Islam
Persia, 1316-1335, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, Sunni Islam;

Persia, 1335-1336, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Arpa Ke'un, Sunni Islam
Persia, 1335-1336, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Arpa Ke'un, Sunni Islam;

Persia, 1336-1337, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Musa (Ilkhanid dynasty)
Persia, 1335-1336, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Arpa Ke'un, Sunni Islam;

Persia, 1337-1338, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Muhammad Khan (Ilkhan)
Persia, 1337-1338, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Muhammad Khan (Ilkhan);

Persia, 1338-1340, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Jahan Temur
Persia, 1338-1340, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Jahan Temur;

Persia, 1340-1357, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Anushirwan
Persia, 1340-1357, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Anushirwan;

Persia, 1370-1507, History Folder, Timurid Empire, Tammerlane's Dynasty, Sunni Muslim

Persia, 1300, 14th Century Folder, Timurid Empire

Persia, 1370-1405, Timurid Emperor, Tammerlane aka Timur
Persia, 1370-1405, Timurid Emperor, Tammerlane aka Timur ; Timurid Empire, 1370-1507, Sunni, Persia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Afganistan ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17;

Persia, 1395, Tammerlane retreats after Dream, Vladimir Icon Mother of God (Don River 1, Kulikovo Pole)
Kulikovo Pole (Kulikovo Field); Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26 ; Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. Awakening in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat.

Persia, 1501-1736, History Folder, Persain Safarid Dynasty, Shia Muslim

Persia, 1500, 16th Century Folder, Safarvids in Isfahan and Tabriz, Luther's 95 Theses

Persia, 1501-1736, Persian Safavid dynasty, at Isfahan, Shia Muslim
Persia, 1501-1736, Persian Safavid dynasty, at Isfahan, Shia Muslim; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1;

Persia, 1501-1736, Persian Safavid Dynasty, at Tabriz, Shia Muslim
Persia, 1501-1736, Persian Safavid Dynasty, at Tabriz, Shia Muslim; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1;

Persia, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant
Germany, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant; Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant ; Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Persia, 1588-1629, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas 1, Isfahan, Shia
Persia, 1588-1629, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas 1, Isfahan; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Persian Capture of Tbilisi and G war 1616 Shah Abbas 1 ; Hieromartyr Kozman, Commemorated on July 18; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated on August 3; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated February 18 ; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Persia, 1589-1613, Persian Iman, Allahverdi Khan from Georgia
Persia, 1589-1613, Persian Iman, Allahverdi Khan from Georgia Persian Iman, 1610-1633, Imam-Quli Khan from Georgia ; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18;

Persia, 1600, 17th Century Folder, Sarafids Capture Tbilisi, Gareji Fathers Martyred by Dagestani

Persia, 1605-1639, King George III of Imeret,i Georgia
Georgia, 1605-1639, King George III of Imereti; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Persia, 1610-1632, Imam-Quli Khan, Georgian, Shia
Persia, 1610-1632, Imam-Quli Khan, Georgian, Shia; Shiraz; Venerable Christodoulos the Philosopher, Commemorated on August 18; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated September 13 ; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Persia, 1614-1629, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas I, 1614 Tabriz, Persia
Persia, 1588-1629, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas I, Tabriz, Persia, 1614 ; Safavid dynasty ; Tabriz, Persia; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated on August 3; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; Martyr Evdemoz the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on October 4; Repose of the Venerable Shio the Anchorite of Georgia, Commemorated on May 9; St Kaikhosro the Georgian, Commemorated on June 16;

Persia, 1616, Capture of Tbilisi and Gokce war, Resetlement of Georgians to mainland Persia
Shah Abbas 1; Persian Capture of Tbilisi and GÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¶kÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â§e war 1616 Shah Abbas 1; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated February 18 ;

Persia, 1629-1642, Persian Safavid Shah, Safi of Persia
Persia, 1629-1642, Persian Safavid Shah, Safi of Persia; Martyr Evdemoz the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on October 4;

Persia, 1642-1666, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas II of Persia
Persia, 1642-1666, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas II of Persia; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18;

Persia, 1666-1694, Persian Safavid Shah, Suleiman I of Persia
Persia, 1666-1694, Persian Safavid Shah, Suleiman I of Persia;

Persia, 1694-1722, Safavid Shah, Sultan Husayn, Isfahan, Persia
Persia, 1694-1722, Safavid Shah, Sultan Husayn, Isfahan, Persia; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1;

Persia, 1736-1796, History Folder, Persian Afsharid Dynasty, Sunni Muslim

Persia, 1736-1796, 18th Century Folder, Afsharids, Sunni

Persia, 1722-1723, Russo-Persian War (1722ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“23)
Persia, 1722-1723, Russo-Persian War (1722ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“23) ;

Persia, 1736-1796, Persian Afsharid dynasty, at Mashhad, Sunni
Persia, 1736-1796, Persian Afsharid dynasty, at Mashhad, Sunni; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Persia, 1736-1747, Persian Afsharid Shah, Nadir, Sunni
Persia, 1736-1747, Persian Afsharid Shah, Nadir, Sunni ; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated September 12 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on March 3;

Persia, 1748-1796, Persian Afsharid Shah, Shahrukh Afshar, Sunni
Persia, 1748-1796, Persian Afsharid Shah, Shahrukh Afshar, Sunni; St Euthymius the Elder of the St John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated on August 8; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated September 12 ;

Persia, 1796-1925, History Folder, Persian Qajar Dynasty, Shia Muslim

Persia, 1796-1799, 18th Century Folder, Qajars, Shia

Persia, 1789-1797, Persian Qajar Shah, Aga Mohammad Khan Qajar
Persia, 1789-1797, Persian Qajar Shah, Aga Mohammad Khan Qajar ; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Persia, 1795, Persian Battle of Krtsanisi, Tiblisi, Muslim Traitors
Persia, 1795, Persian Battle of Krtsanisi, Tiblisi, Muslim Traitors inside the gates ; Persian Qajar Shah, 1789-1797, Aga Mohammad Khan Qajar ; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Persia, 1796-1925, Persian Qajar dynasty, in Tehran, Shia Islam
Persia, 1796-1925, Persian Qajar dynasty, in Tehran, Shia Islam; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Isfahan, Persia (Crossroads NS and EW)
Isfahan, Persia (Crossroads NS and EW); Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated September 13 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœDeliverer from PotionsÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 22 ; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1;

Zayanderud River Mouth (Gavkhouni Sink)

Gavkhouni Basin (a sink)

Persian Capital - Pasargadae (Daniel Lived Here 559BC-486BC)
Persian Capital - Pasargadae ; Darius Hystaspis (Darius I, Darias the Great) ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17 ;

Susa, Persia (Tigris River 10)
Susa, Persia, from Nehemiah Chapter 1; Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 24 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ;

Elymais (Susa, Persia)
Elymais (Susa), 1 Maccavees Ch 6; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY (6 January) ;

Capital of Persian emperor Darius - Daniel Lived Here
Persian emperor Darius - Susa - Capital of Persia during Darius; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17 ;

Assyria, Assyrian Empire
Assryia (Assyrian Empire); Assur; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17 ; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Venerable Euthymius the Co-Founder of Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated January 20 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Nineveh (Mosul), Assyria, Persia (Tigris River 4)
Nineveh; Jonah 3:1-10,4:1-11, Conversion of Nineveh ; TobitÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s Youth and Virtuous Life, 3 I, Tobit, walked in the ways of truth and righteousness all the days of my life. I performed many acts of charity for my kindred and my people who had gone with me in exile to Nineveh in the land of the Assyrians. 4When I was in my own country, in the land of Israel, while I was still a young man, the whole tribe of my ancestor Naphtali deserted the house of David and Jerusalem. This city had been chosen from among all the tribes of Israel, where all the tribes of Israel should offer sacrifice and where the temple, the dwelling of God, had been consecrated and established for all generations for ever. Prophet Jonah, Commemorated on September 22 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated November 12 ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated December 1 ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ;

Kaserin, across from Nineveh
Kaserin, across from Nineveh, Tobit Chapter 11: Homeward Journey 11When they came near to Kaserin, which is opposite Nineveh, Raphael said, 2ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜You are aware of how we left your father. 3Let us run ahead of your wife and prepare the house while they are still on the way.ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ 4As they went on together Raphael* said to him, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜Have the gall ready.ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ And the dog* went along behind them. 5 Meanwhile, Anna sat looking intently down the road by which her son would come. 6When she caught sight of him coming, she said to his father, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜Look, your son is coming, and the man who went with him!ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ TobitÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s Sight Restored 7 Raphael said to Tobias, before he had approached his father, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜I know that his eyes will be opened. 8Smear the gall of the fish on his eyes; the medicine will make the white films shrink and peel off from his eyes, and your father will regain his sight and see the light.ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ 9 Then Anna ran up to her son and threw her arms around him, saying, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜Now that I have seen you, my child, I am ready to die.ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ And she wept. 10Then Tobit got up and came stumbling out through the courtyard door. Tobias went up to him, 11with the gall of the fish in his hand, and holding him firmly, he blew into his eyes, saying, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜Take courage, father.ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ With this he applied the medicine on his eyes, 12and it made them smart.* 13Next, with both his hands he peeled off the white films from the corners of his eyes. Then Tobit* saw his son and* threw his arms around him, 14and he wept and said to him, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜I see you, my son, the light of my eyes!ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Then he said, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜Blessed be God, and blessed be his great name, and blessed be all his holy angels. May his holy name be blessed* throughout all the ages. 15 Though he afflicted me, he has had mercy upon me.* Now I see my son Tobias!ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ So Tobit went in rejoicing and praising God at the top of his voice. Tobias reported to his father that his journey had been successful, that he had brought the money, that he had married RaguelÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s daughter Sarah, and that she was, indeed, on her way there, very near to the gate of Nineveh. 16 Then Tobit, rejoicing and praising God, went out to meet his daughter-in-law at the gate of Nineveh. When the people of Nineveh saw him coming, walking along in full vigour and with no one leading him, they were amazed. 17Before them all, Tobit acknowledged that God had been merciful to him and had restored his sight. When Tobit met Sarah the wife of his son Tobias, he blessed her saying, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜Come in, my daughter, and welcome. Blessed be your God who has brought you to us, my daughter. Blessed be your father and your mother, blessed be my son Tobias, and blessed be you, my daughter. Come in now to your home, and welcome, with blessing and joy. Come in, my daughter.ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ So on that day there was rejoicing among all the Jews who were in Nineveh. 18Ahikar and his nephew Nadab were also present to share TobitÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s joy. With merriment they celebrated TobiasÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s wedding feast for seven days, and many gifts were given to him.* ;

Arbela, Persia (Tigris River 4)
Arbela, Persia; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Martyr Akepsimas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; St Snandulia of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ;

Arbela, Assyria (Tigris River 4)
Arbela in Assyria; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Martyr Akepsimas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; St Snandulia of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ;

Samarra, Persia (Tigris River 6)
Samarra (Tigris River 6); Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10 ; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Seleucia, Persia, Syria and Messopotamia (Tigris River 7)
Seleucia; Hieromartyr Athanasius the Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 22 ; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11;

Ctesiphon, Persia (Tigris River 7, Near Bagdad)
Ctesiphon; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch. Commemorated October 20 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22 ;

Bahu Kalat River Mouth (Gwadar Bay, Gulf of Oman)

Dashtiari River, Iran

Dasht River, Iran

Persian Azerbaijan - Northwest Persia
Persian Azerbaijan - Azerbaijan in Northwest Persia ; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Gadar River Source (Iran, Turkey and Iraq border)
Zagros Mountains ;

Gadar River (Hajji Firuz Tepe)

Gadar River (Teppe Hasanlu)

Barandouz River, Iran
Barandouz River;

Zarrine River (Miandoab)

Quri Chay River, Iran

Quri Chay River (Tabriz)

Kelissa Monestary, Artaz Region, Persia, AD 68, Saint Jude
Kelissa Monestary or Qara Kelissa or Saint Thaddeus Monastery; Venerable Arsenius of Latros, Commemorated on December 13 ;

Zangmar River (Maku)

Zangmar River Mouth (Aras River 9)

Atrek River Source

Parthia (Atrek River Source, northeastern Iran or Persia, south of Ochus River)

Atrek River 1 (Sumbar River)

Safid River Source

Talysh Hills of Alborz Range
Talysh Hills of the main Alborz Range ;

Safid River (Manjil Dam)

Abhar River

Safid River Mouth (Caspian Sea)

Shah Rud River Source

Alborz (Elburz) Mountains (Manjil Gap)
Alborz (Elburz) Mountains;

Kojoor River Source

Azad Kuh River Source

Elburz Mountains (over 18,600 ft.)
Elburz Mountains ;

Haraz River Source (Mount Damavand)
Mount Damavand ;

Haraz River (Amol City)

Hyrcania, Persia (South of Caspian Sea)
Hyrcania ; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8;

Mazandaran, Persia, provincial capital of Sari
Mazandaran; Sari; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21 ;

Rages, Media, Persia (Rey or Tehran)
Rages, Media, Persia; Tobit; Tobit 4 Tobit Gives Instructions to His Son 4That same day Tobit remembered the money that he had left in trust with Gabael at Rages in Media, 2and he said to himself, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜Now I have asked for death. Why do I not call my son Tobias and explain to him about the money before I die?ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ 3Then he called his son Tobias, and when he came to him he said, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜My son, when I die,* give me a proper burial. Honour your mother and do not abandon her all the days of her life. Do whatever pleases her, and do not grieve her in anything. 4Remember her, my son, because she faced many dangers for you while you were in her womb. And when she dies, bury her beside me in the same grave. 5 ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜Revere the Lord all your days, my son, and refuse to sin or to transgress his commandments. Live uprightly all the days of your life, and do not walk in the ways of wrongdoing; 6for those who act in accordance with truth will prosper in all their activities. To all those who practise righteousness* 7give alms from your possessions, and do not let your eye begrudge the gift when you make it. Do not turn your face away from anyone who is poor, and the face of God will not be turned away from you. 8If you have many possessions, make your gift from them in proportion; if few, do not be afraid to give according to the little you have. 9So you will be laying up a good treasure for yourself against the day of necessity. 10For almsgiving delivers from death and keeps you from going into the Darkness. 11Indeed, almsgiving, for all who practise it, is an excellent offering in the presence of the Most High. 12 ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜Beware, my son, of every kind of fornication. First of all, marry a woman from among the descendants of your ancestors; do not marry a foreign woman, who is not of your fatherÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s tribe; for we are the descendants of the prophets. Remember, my son, that Noah, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, our ancestors of old, all took wives from among their kindred. They were blessed in their children, and their posterity will inherit the land. 13So now, my son, love your kindred, and in your heart do not disdain your kindred, the sons and daughters of your people, by refusing to take a wife for yourself from among them. For in pride there is ruin and great confusion. And in idleness there is loss and dire poverty, because idleness is the mother of famine. 14 ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜Do not keep over until the next day the wages of those who work for you, but pay them at once. If you serve God you will receive payment. Watch yourself, my son, in everything you do, and discipline yourself in all your conduct. 15And what you hate, do not do to anyone. Do not drink wine to excess or let drunkenness go with you on your way. 16Give some of your food to the hungry, and some of your clothing to the naked. Give all your surplus as alms, and do not let your eye begrudge your giving of alms. 17Place your bread on the grave of the righteous, but give none to sinners. 18Seek advice from every wise person and do not despise any useful counsel. 19At all times bless the Lord God, and ask him that your ways may be made straight and that all your paths and plans may prosper. For none of the nations has understanding, but the Lord himself will give them good counsel; but if he chooses otherwise, he casts down to deepest Hades. So now, my child, remember these commandments, and do not let them be erased from your heart. Money Left in Trust with Gabael 20 ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜And now, my son, let me explain to you that I left ten talents of silver in trust with Gabael son of Gabrias, at Rages in Media. 21Do not be afraid, my son, because we have become poor. You have great wealth if you fear God and flee from every sin and do what is good in the sight of the Lord your God.ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™

Qom (River)

Karaj River (Tehran)

Karaj River Mouth (Namak Sink)

Kerman, Persia (home of Shapur II the Great)
Shapur II the Great; Kerman, Persia; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4 ; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6;

Hazaran Mountains
Hazaran Mountains ;

Halil River (Jiroft Dam)

Halil River (Jiroft)
Jiroft ;

Jaz Murian Basin ( a sink)

Bakhtegan Lake (a sink)

Roodkhaneye Khoshk (Dry river) Mouth

Mond River Mouth (Persian Gulf)
Mond River;

Bushehr, Persia (Bushehr River Mouth)
Bushehr, Persia; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31;

Media region of Persia
Media or Median Empire; Taken Captive to Nineveh: Tobit Chapter 1:10 After I was carried away captive to Assyria and came as a captive to Nineveh, everyone of my kindred and my people ate the food of the Gentiles, 11but I kept myself from eating the food of the Gentiles. 12Because I was mindful of God with all my heart, 13the Most High gave me favour and good standing with Shalmaneser,* and I used to buy everything he needed. 14Until his death I used to go into Media, and buy for him there. While in the country of Media I left bags of silver worth ten talents in trust with Gabael, the brother of Gabri. 15But when Shalmaneser* died, and his son Sennacherib reigned in his place, the highways into Media became unsafe and I could no longer go there. Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, November 16 ;

Diyala River Source (near Sananda)

Diyala River Mouth (Tigris River 7)

Zagros Mountains
Zagros Mountains ;

Karkeheh River (Gihon River)

Ecbatana in Media, Persia
Ecbatana in Media, Persia ; Tobit; Tobit Chapter 3: Sarah Falsely Accused in Ecbatana 7 On the same day, at Ecbatana in Media, it also happened that Sarah, the daughter of Raguel, was reproached by one of her fatherÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s maids. 8For she had been married to seven husbands, and the wicked demon Asmodeus had killed each of them before they had been with her as is customary for wives. So the maid said to her, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜You are the one who kills* your husbands! See, you have already been married to seven husbands and have not borne the name of* a single one of them. 9Why do you beat us? Because your husbands are dead? Go with them! May we never see a son or daughter of yours!ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™

Hamedan, Media, Persia
Hamedan, Iran or Persia; Battle of Nahavand 665; Arab Muslim Conquest of North Africa 665;

Scotland Folder, its rivers and mountains.kmz

Scotland Folder, its rivers and mountains

Scotland
Scotland; ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21 ; St Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated August 5 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG); St Ciaran of Clonmacnois, Commemorated September 9 ; St Theodore of Tarsus the Archbishop of Canterbury, Commemorated on September 19; THEODORE OF TARSUS, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (19 SEP 690); ALFRED THE GREAT, KING OF THE WEST SAXONS (26 OCT 899) ; MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND (16 NOV 1093) ; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); ANDREW THE APOSTLE(30 NOV NT); JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, (13 March 1911), Commemorated November 8 ; WILLIAM BYRD of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585, Commemorated November 21 ; WILLIAM LAUD, ARCHBISHOP AND MARTYR (10 JANUARY 1645) ; St Kentigern, first Bishop of Glasgow, Scotland, Commemorated January 14 ; ERIC LIDDELL MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22; William W. Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6 ; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20; THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711) ; John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ; Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10; AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605); COLUMBA, ABBOT OF IONA AND MISSIONARY (9 JUNE 597) ;

Scotland 380-1093 and 1910, Scotland History Folder

Scotland, 300-399, History Folder, St Ninian of Galloway

Scotland, 380-432, Saint, Ninian of Galloway
Scotland, 380-432, Saint, Ninian of Galloway; NINIAN OF GALLOWAY, BISHOP, MISSIONARY TO SCOTLAND (16 SEP 430);

Scotland, 400-499, History Folder, St Patrick, Coroticus of Alt Clut

Scotland, 410-461, Saint Patrick of Ireland
Ireland, Saint, 410-461, Patrick of Ireland; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461) ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17;

Scotland, 430's, Coroticus of Dumbarton, Briton Chieftan (River Clyde 6)
Coroticus of Dumbarton, Scotland (River Clyde 6); Alt Clut (Dumbarton), Scotland; Epistle to Coroticus; St. Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17;

Scotland, 450, Coroticus, King of Alt Clut, mid 400's
Coroticus, King of Alt Clut, mid 400's ; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ;

Scotland, 500-599, History Folder, St Columba

Scotland, 541-597, Scottish Saint, St Columba
Scotland, Scottish Saint, 541-597, St Columba; St Kentigern, first Bishop of Glasgow, Scotland, Commemorated on January 14;

Scotland, 554-584, Brude, King of the Picts, Converted by Columba
Scotland, 554-584, Brude, King of the Picts, Converted by Columba; COLUMBA, ABBOT OF IONA AND MISSIONARY (9 JUNE 597) ;

Scotland, 584-614, Scottish Welsh Saint, St Kentigern Mungo
Scotland, Scottish Welsh Saint, 584-614, St Kentigern Mungo; St Kentigern, first Bishop of Glasgow, Scotland, Commemorated on January 14;

Scotland, 600-699, History Folder, St Adian of Lindisfarne

Scotland, 610-651, Saint, Irish Monk, Aidan of Lindisfarne, England
Scotland, 610-651, Saint, Irish Monk, Aidan of Lindisfarne, England; AIDAN, MISSIONARY, ABBOT, BISHOP OF LINDISFARNE (31 AUGUST 651);

Scotland, 1000-1099, History Folder, Malcolm III and Margaret of Scotland

Scotland,1058-1093, Scottish King, Malcolm III of Scotland
Scotland,1058-1093, Scottish King, Malcolm III of Scotland; MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND (16 NOV 1093);

Scotland,1070-1093, Scottish Queen, Saint Margaret of Scotland
Scotland,1070-1093, Malcolm III of Scotland; MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND (16 NOV 1093);

Scotland, 1900-1999, History Folder, Womens Christian Temperance Union, World Missionary Confoerence, Ecumenical Movement

Scotland, 1900, Womens Christian Temperance Union Meetings, Edinburgh
Scotland, 1900, Womens Christian Temperance Union Meetings, Edinburgh; FRANCES JOSEPH-GAUDET, EDUCATOR AND PRISON REFORMER, (30 December 1934);

Scotland, 1910 World Missionary Conference, Edinburgh
Scotland, 1910 World Missionary Conference; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955 ;

Ecumenical Movement, 1910, World Missionary Conference, Edinburg
Ecumenical Movement, 1910, World Missionary Conference, Edinburg ; Scotland, 1910 World Missionary Conference; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955 ; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958;

Scotland, Tweed River Folder, Scottish Borders

Scottish Borders
Scottish Borders; St Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated August 5 ; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG);

Tweed River

Tweed River Source (Tweedsmuir)

Tweed River 1

Tweed River 2

Tweed River 3 (Peebles)

Tweed River 4

Tweed River 5 (Melrose Abby, Leader River Mouth)

Scotland, Tweed River 5, Leader River Folder

River Leader

River Leader Source (Lammermuir Hills)

Lammermuir Hills, Scottish Borders
Lammermuir hills south of Edinburgh near the River Leader; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG); St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20;

River Leader 1

River Leader 2 (Lauder)

River Leader 3 (Earlston)

River Leader Mouth (Tweed River 5, Melrose Abby)

Melrose Abbey, Scottish Borders, Scotland, Great North Road, Tweed River 5
Melrose Abbey; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG); St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20;

Tweed River 6 (Kelso)

Tweed River 7 (Bernicia and Norham Castle)

Bernicia, Scottish Borders (Tweed River 7)
Bernicia; St Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated August 5 ;

Tweed River Mouth (Berwick Bay, North Sea)

Berwick-upon-Tweed, Scottish Borders
Berwick-upon-Tweed; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG);

Scotland, Galloway Region Folder, Cree, Ken and Nith Rivers

Galloway Region, Scotland (Lake Ken, Nith and Cree Rivers)
Galloway Region (Lake Ken); St Aidan the Bishop of Lindesfarne, Commemorated on August 31 ; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG); NINIAN OF GALLOWAY, BISHOP, MISSIONARY TO SCOTLAND (16 SEP 430) ;

Galloway Hills
Galloway Hills;

River Cree Mouth (Solway Firth)

River Cree

Range of the Awful Hand
Range of the Awful Hand;

Water of Ken River Source (Carsphairn Hills)

Water of Ken River 1

Water of Ken River Mouth (Selway Firth)

Water of Ken River

Carsphairn and Scaur Hills

Lake Doon
Lake Doon;

River Nith Source (Carsphairn Hills)

Nithsdale (Valley of the River Nith)
Nithsdale (Valley of the River Nith);

River Nith Mouth (Solway Firth at Ards Point)

River Nith

Solway Firth (inlet)
Solway Firth (inlet);

Scotland, River Clyde Folder, Glasgow

River Clyde

River Clyde Source (Daer and Portrail Waters)

River Clyde 1 (River Clyde Proper)

River Clyde 2

River Clyde 3

River Clyde 4 (Bothwell Castle)

River Clyde 5 (Glasgow)

Cambuslang, near Glascow (Whitefield's Preaching to 30,000 in 1742)
Cambuslang, Scotland (George Whitefield's Preaching to 30,000) ; George Whitefield of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15 ;

University of Glasgow, 1451
University of Glasgow; ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21

Glasgow, Scotland (River Clyde 5)
St Kentigern, first Bishop of Glasgow, Scotland; ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21 ; George Whitefield of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15 ; St Kentigern, first Bishop of Glasgow, Scotland, Commemorated January 14 ; William W. Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6 ;

Lennox District, Scotland
Lennox District; AELRED OF RIEVAULX, ABBOT (12 JANUARY 1167) ; Dukes of Lennox Chamberlin of Scotland or Master of the Household of the King of Scotland;

River Clyde 6 (Dumbarton, Alt Clut)

Alt Clut (Dumbarton), Scotland (River Clyde 6)
Alt Clut (Dumbarton), Scotland; Epistle to Coroticus; St. Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17;

River Clyde Mouth (Firth of Clyde)

Strathclyde, Scotland (Clyde Valley)
Strathclyde; St Kentigern, first Bishop of Glasgow, Scotland, Commemorated January 14 ;

Scotland, River Forth Folder, Edinburg

Forth River

Forth River Source (Loch Ard)
Loch Ard, a freshwater lake in Trossachs National Park in the Trossachs, a woodland glen;

Picts - Scottish Picts - Land of the Picts (north of the Forth and Clyde rivers)
Picts; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31; NINIAN OF GALLOWAY, BISHOP, MISSIONARY TO SCOTLAND (16 SEP 430); COLUMBA, ABBOT OF IONA AND MISSIONARY (9 JUNE 597) ;

Kinloch House Hotel, River Forth Area, Northwest of St Andrew
Kinloch House; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940;

Firth (Estuary) of Forth (River), Scotland
Firth (Estuary) of Forth (River); St Kentigern, first Bishop of Glasgow, Scotland, Commemorated January 14 ;

Aberdeen, Scotland
Aberdeen, Scotland; SAMUEL SEABURY, BISHOP (14 NOV 1784), (BESTOWAL OF THE AMERICAN EPISCOPATE) ;

Forth River 1 (Sterling Castle)

Stirling Castle, Scotland - Home of the English Chapel Royal after 1594
Stirling Castle - Home of the English Chapel Royal after 1594; WILLIAM BYRD of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585, Commemorated November 21 ;

Scottish Court at Forteviot, 10th and 11th Centuries
Scottish Court at Forteviot, 10th and 11th Centuries; AELRED OF RIEVAULX, ABBOT (12 JANUARY 1167);

Forth River 2 (Dunfermine)

Benedictine Abbey at Dunfermline
Benedictine Abbey at Dunfermline; MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND (16 NOV 1093) ;

Forth River 3 (Edinburg)

Edinburg, Scotland (Great North Road and Firth of Forth)
Edinburg; FRANCES JOSEPH-GAUDET, EDUCATOR AND PRISON REFORMER, (30 December 1934), 1900 Womens Christian Temperance Union International Convention Edinburg ; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20;

Episcopal Church (Kirk) of Scotland
Episcopal Church (Kirk) of Scotland; SAMUEL SEABURY, BISHOP (14 NOV 1784), (BESTOWAL OF THE AMERICAN EPISCOPATE) ; THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711) ;

Lothian Region, Scotland
Lothian Region, Scotland ; St Kentigern, first Bishop of Glasgow, Scotland, Commemorated January 14 /a>;

Dunbar, East Lothian, Scotland
Dunbar, East Lothian, Scotland; John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ;

Forth River Mouth (Edinburg, Firth of Forth)

Firth of Forth Mouth

Fife, Scotland
Fife; ANDREW THE APOSTLE, (30 NOV NT) ;

St Andrews, Scotland
St Andrews; ANDREW THE APOSTLE, (30 NOV NT) ;

Scotland, Scottish Highlands Folder

Scottish Highlands
Scottish Highlands; MARGARET;

Grampian Mountains
Grampian Mountains; NINIAN OF GALLOWAY, BISHOP, MISSIONARY TO SCOTLAND (16 SEP 430);

Caithness Area
Caithness County SAMUEL SEABURY, BISHOP (14 NOV 1784), (BESTOWAL OF THE AMERICAN EPISCOPATE) ;

Ross Region
Ross Region; Ross County; SAMUEL SEABURY, BISHOP (14 NOV 1784), (BESTOWAL OF THE AMERICAN EPISCOPATE) ;

Craig Phadrig, Ross Region, Scottish Highlands
Craig Phadrig, Ross Region, Scottish Highlands; Scotland, 554-584, Brude, King of the Picts, Converted by Columba; COLUMBA, ABBOT OF IONA AND MISSIONARY (9 JUNE 597) ;

Scottish Highlands - Land of the Gaels
Land of the Gaels (Highland Scots) ; Scottish Highlands ; COLUMBA, ABBOT OF IONA AND MISSIONARY (9 JUNE 597) ;

Moray Firth (Inlet)
Moray Firth;

Large Gash across Scotland
COLUMBA, ABBOT OF IONA AND MISSIONARY (9 JUNE 597) ;

Bannavem Taberniae, Scotland, St Patric's Birthplace
Bannavem Taberniae, Scotland; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ;

Isle of Mull
Isle of Mull ; COLUMBA, ABBOT OF IONA AND MISSIONARY (9 JUNE 597) ;

Columba's monastery of Iona, Scotland, 563
Iona Abbey; St Aidan the Bishop of Lindesfarne, Commemorated on August 31 ; St Ciaran of Clonmacnois, Commemorated September 9 ; MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND (16 NOV 1093) ; St Kentigern, first Bishop of Glasgow, Scotland, Commemorated January 14 ; COLUMBA, ABBOT OF IONA AND MISSIONARY (9 JUNE 597) ;

Iona, Scotland
Iona monastery; AIDAN, MISSIONARY, ABBOT, BISHOP OF LINDISFARNE (31 AUGUST 651); St Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated August 5 ; St Aidan the Bishop of Lindesfarne, Commemorated on August 31 ; St Ciaran of Clonmacnois, Commemorated September 9 ; MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND (16 NOV 1093) ; COLUMBA, ABBOT OF IONA AND MISSIONARY (9 JUNE 597) ;

Scotland, Roman Wall Folder - The Wall - Hadrian's Wall, in England

Scotland, Great North Road Folder, England to Scotland

Africa, West Africa, 18 Countries of West Africa Filder.kmz

South America Folder.kmz

South America Folder

South America or Latin America
Latin America ; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; JAMES WELDON JOHNSON, POET, 1938, Commended June 25;

Latin America (South America, Central America, French Canada)
Latin America ; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; JAMES WELDON JOHNSON, POET, 1938, Commended June 25;

South America, Veneszuela and Guyana Folder, Northern SA Folder

Orinoco River

Venezuela, Northern South America
Venezuela; JAMES WELDON JOHNSON, POET, 1938, Commemorated June 25 ;

Orinoco River Source (along the border)

Orinoco River Delta

Orinoco River Mouth (Atlantic Ocean)

Guyana, Northern South America (Guyana Rivers)
Guyana; Ida B. Robinson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1946, Commemorated April 20;

French Guiana 1

French Guiana 2

French Guiana 3

South America, Brazil Folder, Northcentral, and Eastern SA

Brazil
Brazil; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; PIONEERS OF THE EPISCOPAL ANGLICAN CHURCH OF BRAZIL, Commemorated June 7;

Sao Paulo, Brazil
Sao Paulo, Brazil ; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; PIONEERS OF THE EPISCOPAL ANGLICAN CHURCH OF BRAZIL, Commemorated June 7;

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Rio de Janeiro; Central Diocese; PIONEERS OF THE EPISCOPAL ANGLICAN CHURCH OF BRAZIL, Commemorated June 7; EPISCOPAL ANGLICAN CHURCH OF BRAZIL;

Guanabara Bay
Guanabara Bay;

Lagoa dos Patos, Brazil (Lagoon of the Ducks)
Lagoa dos Patos; Southern Diocese; PIONEERS OF THE EPISCOPAL ANGLICAN CHURCH OF BRAZIL, Commemorated June 7; EPISCOPAL ANGLICAN CHURCH OF BRAZIL;

Porto Alegre, Brazil (five rivers converge, Rio Guaiba, Guaiba Lake)
Porto Alegre; PIONEERS OF THE EPISCOPAL ANGLICAN CHURCH OF BRAZIL, Commemorated June 7; EPISCOPAL ANGLICAN CHURCH OF BRAZIL;

Amazon River Mouth (Atlantic Ocean)

Amazon River 1 (Main Branch Amazon)

Amazon River 2 (Main Branch Amazon)

Amazon River 3 (Jurua River)

Jurua River Mouth (Amazon River 3)

Amazon River 4 (Tapajos River)

Tapajos River Source (along the border)

Tapajos River Mouth (Amazon River 4)

Amazon River 5 (Madeira River)

Madeira River Mouth (Amazon River 5)

Amazon River 6 (Purus River)

Purus River Mouth (Amazon River 6)

Amazon River 7

Amazon River 7 Source (along the border)

Amazon River 8 (Putumayo River)

Source of the Putumayo 200 miles from Pacific Ocean
Source of the Putumayo is only 200 miles from Pacific Ocean, in a straight line passing through Pasto, Columbia.

Putumayo River Source (200 miles from Pacific)

Putumayo River Mouth (Amazon River Main Branch)

Putumayo River

Amazon River 9

Amazon River 10 (Maranon River)

Amazon River 11

Amazon River 13 (Negro River, blackwater)

Negro River Mouth (Amazon River 13)

Araguaia River 1 (Tocantins River Mouth)

Araguaia River Mouth

Araguaia River

Tocantins River Mouth (Araguaia River)

Tocantins River

South America, Bolivia River, Southcentral SA Folder

Bolivia, South America
Bolivia, South America; PIONEERS OF THE EPISCOPAL ANGLICAN CHURCH OF BRAZIL, Commemorated June 7;

Altiplano Plateau (Bolivian Plateau)

Bolivian River 1

Bolivian river 2 - Piray River from Source 1

Piray River Source 1

Piray River 1 (near Quirusillas)

Bolivian River 3 - Piray River from Source 2

Piray River Source 2

Bolivian River 4

Bolivian River 5

Bolivian river 7 - Mother of God River

South America, Peru Folder, Western SA Folder

Peru (Lima)
Peru ; Saints of Peru, MARTIN DE PORRES; ROSA DE LIMA; and TORIBIO DE MOGROVEJO, Commemorated August 23 ;

Lima, Peru
Lima, Peru; Saints of Peru, MARTIN DE PORRES; ROSA DE LIMA; and TORIBIO DE MOGROVEJO, Commemorated August 23 ;

Viceroyalty of Peru
Viceroyalty of Peru; Lima, Peru; Saints of Peru, MARTIN DE PORRES; ROSA DE LIMA; and TORIBIO DE MOGROVEJO, Commemorated August 23 ;

Paita, Peru (600 miles northwest of Lima)
Paita, Peru (600 miles northwest of Lima) ; TORIBIO DE MOGROVEJO, Commemorated 23 August, 1606;

Third Order of Saint Dominic in Lima
Third Order of Saint Dominic worldwide ; Saints of Peru, MARTIN DE PORRES; ROSA DE LIMA; and TORIBIO DE MOGROVEJO, Commemorated August 23 ;

Huallaga River

Huallaga River Mouth (Maranon River)

Maranon River

Maranon River Source (160k NE of Lima, Peru)
Maranon River;

160k northeast of Lima, Peru (Source of Maranon River)

Maranon River 1
Maranon River;

Maranon River Mouth (Amazon River Source)

Ucayali River

Ucayali River Source (a confluence)

Ucayali River Mouth (Amazon River Source)

Tambo River

Pawkartampu River

Pawkartampu River Mouth (Perene River)

Chanchamayu River

Chanchamayu River Mouth (Perene River Source)

Tambo River Mouth (Ucayali River Source)

Mantaro River Source (Lake Junin)
Mantaro River;

Chila mountain range, Mt Misimi
Chila mountain range; Mt Misimi;

Apurimac River Source (Mt Misimi, Peru)
ApurÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂmac River;

Perene River

Perene River Source (a confluence)

Ene River

Ene River Source (a confluence)
Ene River;

Mantaro River

Urubamba River

Urubamba River Source (southeast of Cuzco)

Urubamba River Pongo de Mainique (a whitewater canyon)
Pongo de Mainique, a whitewater canyon that divides the Upper and Lower Urbamba River areas;

Urubamba River Source (a confluence)
Urubamba River;

Urubamba River Mouth (Ucayali River Source)

Tambo River Source (a confluence)
Tambo River;

Apurimac River

South America, Argentina Folder, Southern SA Folder

Argentina
Argentina; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; JOHN BOSCO PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31 ; PIONEERS OF THE EPISCOPAL ANGLICAN CHURCH OF BRAZIL, Commemorated June 7;

Patagonia, Argentina (and Chile)
Patagonia; JOHN BOSCO PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

British Empire - Falkland Islands
British Empire - Falkland Islands; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

South America, Argentina, Paraguay, Paraguay River Folder

Paraguay River

Pantanal Wetlands (54,000 to 75,000 sq miles)

Paraguay River Source (Parecis Plateau)

Paraguay River Mouth (Parana River)

Pilcomayo River

Pilcomayo River Source (Andes Mountains)
Andes Mountains;

Pilcomayo River Mouth (Asuncion, Paraguay River)
Pilcomayo River;

Bermejo River

Bermejo River Source (along the border)

Bermejo River Mouth (Paraguay River at Parana River)

South America, Argentina, Parana River Folder

Parana River

ParanaÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â­ba River Source (Minas Gerais)

Paranaiba River Mouth (Parana River Souce)

Parana River Source (Minas Gerais)

Parana River Mouth (River of Silver)

Rio Grande River (Parana River)

Mantiqueira Mountains
Mantiqueira Mountains ;

Rio Grande River Source (Mantiqueira Mountains)
Rio Grande River Source (Mantiqueira Mountains);

Rio Grande Mouth (Parana River Source)

Rio Grande River 2

Rio Grande River second source near Rio

Tiete River

Tiete River Source (Sao Paulo)

Tiete River Mouth (Parana River)

Paranapanema River

Paranapanema River Source (Serra dos Agudos)

Paranapanema River (Brazilia)

Paranapanema River Mouth (Parana River)

Iguazu River

Triple Frontier (Paraguay, Argintina and Brazil)

Iguazu River Source (Serra du Mar)

Iguazu Falls
Iguazu Falls;

Iguazu River Mouth (Parana River)
Iguazu River Mouth (Parana River) ;

Salado River

Salado River Source (Salta Provence)

Salado River Mouth (Parana River)

South America, Argentina, Uruguay, Uruguay River Folder

Uruguay River

Uruguay River Source

Uruguay River Mouth (River of Silver)

Canoas River

Canoas River (Santa Catarina) Source (Serra do Mar)

Canoas River (Santa Catarina) River Mouth (Uraguay River Source)

Ibicu River

Ibicu River Source

Santa Maria, Argentina (Rio Grande do Sul)
Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Southwest Diocese; a highway and railway hub ; PIONEERS OF THE EPISCOPAL ANGLICAN CHURCH OF BRAZIL, Commemorated June 7 ; EPISCOPAL ANGLICAN CHURCH OF BRAZIL;

Ibicu River Mouth (Uraguay River)

Negro River

Negro River Source

Negro River Mouth (Uruguay River)

South America, Argentina, Colorado River Folder

Colorado River Source (Black Lake)

Colorado River 1

Colorado River 2

Colorado River 3

Colorado River 10 (Desaguadero River)

Colorado River 10.5

Colorado River Mouth (Atlantic Ocean)

Desaguadero River

Desaguadero River Source (a spring)

Desaguadero River 1

Desaguadero River 2

Desaguadero River 3

Desaguadero River 5 (Jachal River)

Desaguadero River 6 (San Juan River)

Desaguadero River 7 (Tunayan River)

Desaguadero River Mouth (Colorado River 10)

Jachal River

Jachal River Source

Jachal River Mouth (Desaguadero River 5)

San Juan River

San Juan River Source

San Juan River (San Juan)

San Juan River Mouth (Desaguadero River 6)

Tunuyan River

Tunuyan River 1 (Rivadavia)

Tunuyan River 2

Tunuyan River 3

Tunuyan River Mouth (Desguadero River 7)

South America, Argentina, Buenos Aires Folder

Buenos Aires, Argentina
Buenos Aires; JOHN BOSCO PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

Rio de la Plata Basin, Argentina
Rio de la Plata Basin ;

River of Silver Estuary (RÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â­o de la Plata)

River of Silver (Rio de la Plata) Estuary

South America, Argentina Folder, Southern SA Folder.kmz

Spain and Portugal, Guadiana, Guadelete and Guadalquivir Rivers Folder, Gibraltar, Vandalusia.kmz

Tonga Area.kmz

West Indies - surrounded by Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea.kmz

Africa, Central Africa Folder.kmz

Africa, Central Africa Folder

Africa, Central Africa, Congo Basin, Rhodesia, Botswana Folder

Congo Basin
Congo Basin;

Africa, Central Africa, 1700, 18th-21st Century History Folder, Mangwende Dynasty

Africa, Central Africa, Congo Basin, 1710-present, Mangwende Dynasty
Mangwende Dynasty, 1710-present; BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

Africa, Central Africa, 1800, 19th 20th Century Folder, Mungate Mangwende

Africa, Central Africa, Congo Basin, 1880-1924, Chief Mungate Mangwende, Mangwende Dynasty
Mangwende Dynasty, 1710-present; BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

Africa, Central Africa, Congo Basin, Limpopo River Folder

Africa, Central Africa, Congo Basin, Zambezi River Folder

Mozambique Island, Zambezi River Mouth, Straight of Madagascar
Mozambique, Zambezi River Mouth, Straight of Madagascar;

Rodesia, Northern Rhodesia (outside the Zambezi River arc)
Northern Rhodesia; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Mashonaland (inside Zambezi River arc)
Mashonaland; BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

Nhowe (tribe of the Murehwa District, Mashonaland)
Nhowe (somewhere in Murehwa district, the area of the Nhowe people), Mukarakate is the Great ancestor of the Nhowe tribe, Murehwa is the place name; BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

Rodesia, Southern Rhodesia (inside the Zambezi River arc)
Southern Rhodesia; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

Bulawayo Rhodesia (between Limpopo and Zambezi Rivers)
Bulawayo Rhodesia (between Limpopo and Zambezi Rivers); ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21 ;

Zambezi River

Zambezi River Source (Mwinilunga, Zambezi)
Mwinilunga, Zambezi ;

Zambezi River 1

Zambezi River 2

Zambezi River 3

Zambezi River 8 (Ngonye Falls )

Zambezi River 14 (Victoria Falls)

Zambezi River 20 (Lake Kariba)

Zambezi River 26 (Lake Cahora Bassa)

Zambezi River Mouth (Straight of Madagascar)

Okavango (Cubango) River Source (Angola)

Okavango River 1

Okavango River 2

Okavango (Cubango) River 3

Okavango River 4

Okavango River Mouth (Moremi Game Reserve)

Komana, Botswana (Okavango River Mouth (Moremi Game Reserve))
Komana; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25;

Kalahari Desert
Kalahari Desert;

Africa, Central Africa, Congo Basin, Congo River Folder

Congo River

Boga-Zaire (Congo)
Boga-Zaire (Congo); JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977);

Gabala (Angola)
St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople;

Mitumba Mountains
Mitumba Mountainsl

Congo River Source (along the border)

Congo River Mouth (Atlantic Ocean)

Lukuga River

Lukuga River Source (Kalemie, Lake Tanganyika)

Lukuga River Mouth (Congo River)

Africa, East Africa Folder.kmz

Africa, East Africa Folder

East Africa
East Africa; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated on January 14; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977); Venerable Mark the Anchorite of Athens, Commemorated on April 5; MARTYRS OF SUDAN, (16 May 1983) THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (3 JUNE 1886); ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Albertine Rift

East African Rift

Mount Elgon, between Uganda and Kenya
Mount Elgon

Africa, East Africa 600BC-1983, Folder

Africa, East Africa, 600BC-700, East African Arabs

Africa, East Africa, 600 BC - 8th Century, East African Egyptian Arabs, Blemmyes Nubian Kingdom
East African Egyptian Arabs, 600 BC - 8th Century, Blemmyes Nubian Kingdom; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated on January 14;

Africa, East Africa, 000, 1st Century Folder, Arabs, Apostles Thomas, Matthew

Africa, East Africa, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas
East Africa, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6

Africa, East Africa, 1st Century, Apostle Matthew
Ethiopia, 1st Century, Apostle Matthew; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6 ; Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated on November 16;

Africa, East Africa, 100, 2nd-10th Century Folder, Arabs, Christian Axum Kingdom, Orthodox

Africa, East Africa, 100-940, Abyssinian (Ethiopian) Kingdom of Axum, Christian
East Africa, Abyssinia, 100-940, Ethiopian Kingdom of Axum, Christian; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24;

Africa, East Africa, Arabs, 300-399, St Frumentius and Kings Ella Amida, Ezana,

Africa, East Africa, 320-333, King, Ella Amida aka Ousanas
East Africa, 320-333, King, Ella Amida aka Ousanas; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30;

Africa, East Africa, 323-383, Abyssinia (Ethiopian) Saint, Frumentius
East Africa, Abyssinia, 323-383, Ethiopian Saint, Frumentius; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30;

Africa, East Africa, 333-356, King, Ezana of Axum
East Africa, 333-356, King, Ezana of Axum; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30;

Africa, East Africa, Arabs, 500-599, 6th Century Folder, Elesbaan and Abyssinia

Africa, East Africa, 520-540, Abyssinia, Ethiopian King, Elesbaan (Caleb or Kaleb), Christian
East Africa, Abyssinia, Ethiopian King, 520-540, Elesbaan (Caleb or Kaleb), Christian ; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Africa, East Africa, 900-1270, Christian Ethiopian Zagwe Dynasty

Africa, East Africa, Abyssinia, 900-1270, Ethiopian Zagwe dynasty, Christian
East Africa, Abyssinia, 900-1270, Ethiopian Zagwe dynasty, Christian; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30;

Africa, East Africa, 1137-1974, Christian Ethopian Empire, Orthodox

Africa, East Africa, Abyssinia, 1137-1974, Ethiopian Empire, Christian, Orthodox
East Africa, Abyssinia, 1137-1974, Ethiopian Empire, Christian, Orthodox; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30;

Africa, East Africa, 1800, 19th 20th Century Folder, Uganda, Homosexual Mwanga War, British Protectorate

Africa, East Africa, 1900, 20th Century Folder, Uganda, Milton Obote, Idi Amin

Africa, East Africa, Blue Nile River Folder

Blue Nile River

Blue Nile Source (Lake Tana, Ethiopia)
Blue Nile;

Blue Nile Spring Mt Gish (sacred source of the Nile)
Mt Gish Blue Nile Spring (sacred source of the Nile, at 9,000 ft elevation, in Ethiopia); Gish Abay Spring;

Blue Nile 1 (Blue Nile Falls)
Blue Nile Falls;

Blue Nile 2

Blue Nile 3

Blue Nile 4

Blue Nile 19 (Sudan)

Blue Nile 27 (Khartoum, Nile River Source)

Africa, East Africa, White Nile Folder

White Nile River

White Nile Source (Lake Victoria)
White Nile; Lake Victoria;

White Nile 1 (Buganda and Namugongo, Uganda)

White Nile 2 (Victoria Nile section)

White Nile 3 (Albert Lake, Albert Nile section)

White Nile 5 (Juba, Sudan)

White Nile 6

White Nile 7

White Nile 8 (Lake No, South Sudan)

White Nile 9

White Nile Mouth (Kartoum, Blue Nile, Nile River Source)

Africa, East Africa, Albert Nile Folder

Albert Nile (Semliki) River

Albert Nile Source (Lake Albert, Uganda)

Semliki River Mouth (Lake Albert)

Rwenzori Mountains

Semliki River Source (Lake Edward)

Mitumba Mountains (North Kivu)
Mitumba Mountainsl

Rutshura River

Rutshuru River Source (Lake Mutanda)

Rutshuru River Mouth (Lake Edward)

Virunga Mountains
Virunga Mountains;

Africa, South Africa Folder.kmz

Africa, South Africa Folder

South Africa
South Africa; ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21 ; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, Commemorated January 16 ; David du Plessis, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1987, Commemorated February 2 ; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ; BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

Capetown, South Africa (Cape of Good Hope)
Capetown, South Africa; BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

Boer republics of South Africa
Boer republics of South Africa; Charles Gore of RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, AND CHARLES GORE BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16;

Africa, South Africa 1880-1967, Folder

Africa, South Africa, 1800, 19th and 20th Century Folder, Boer Wars, Gandhi

Africa, South Africa, 1880-1881, Boer War 1 (Transvaal Republic, 1899)
Boer Wars; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936;

Africa, South Africa, 1889-1948, Mahatma Gandhi
India, 1889-1948, Mahatma Gandhi; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated January 12;

Africa, South Africa, 1899-1902, Boer War 2 (Orange Free State, 1880)
Boer Wars; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936;

Africa, South Africa, 1900, 20th Century, Albert Lutuli, Sharpeville massacre

Africa, South Africa, 1952-1967, Politician, Albert Lutuli
South African Politician, 1952-1967, Albert Lutuli; ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21 ;

Africa, South Africa, 1960, Sharpeville massacre
Sharpeville massacre; ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21;

Africa, South Africa, Gourits River Folder, Natal Province, Capetown

Gourits River

Gourits River Source (Gamka and Olifants Rivers)

Gourits River Mouth (Gouritsmond, Indian Ocean)

Natal Province, South Africa
Natal Province, South Africa; ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21 ; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12;

Stanger, Natal, South Africa
Stanger, South Africa ; ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21 ;

Groutville, Natal, South Africa
Groutville, South Africa; ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21 ;

Sneeuberge (Snow Mountains)

Africa, South Africa, Gourits River Source, Olifants and Gamka Rivers Folder

Olifants River

Olifants River Source (north of Swartberg)

Olifants River Mouth (Gourits River Source)

Gamka River

Gamka River Source (north of Beaufort West)

Gamka River Mouth (Gourits River Source)

Africa, West Africa Folder.kmz

Africa, West Africa Folder

West Africa
West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Africa, West Africa 1200-Present, Folder, Niger River History

Africa, West Africa, 1200, 13th 14th Centurys Folder, Mali Empire

Niger River, 1235-1600, Mali Empire
Niger River, 1235-1600, Mali Empire;

Africa, West Africa, 1400, 15th 16th Century Folder, Songhai Empire

Niger River, 1464-1591, Songhai Empire, Gao the capital
Niger River, 1464-1591, Songhai Empire, Gao the capital ;

Africa, West Africa, 1600, 17th- 19th Century Folder, Bamana Empire

Niger River, 1640-1861, Bamana Empire
Niger River, 1640-1861, Bamana Empire ;

Africa, West Africa, 1700, 18th-19th Century Folder, Fulani Imamate of Futa Jallon, Sunni, Slave Traders

Niger River, 1725-1896, Fulani Imamate of Futa Jallon, Sunni
Niger River, 1725-1896, Fulani Imamate of Futa Jallon, Sunni ; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

Africa, West Africa, 1800, 19th Century Folder, Fulani War, Massina, Toucouleur, and Wassoulou Empires, French w Barnana

Africa, West Africa, 1804-1808, Fulani War
Fulani War; Land of the Fulani People is a 1,000 mile wide streach of land across Africa south of the Sahara Desert; Muslim Fulani Slave Raiders; Portuguese slave traders; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31 ;

Niger River, 1818-1862, Massina Empire
Niger River, 1818-1862, Massina Empire ;

Niger River, 1848-1893, Toucouleur Empire
Niger River, 1848-1893, Toucouleur Empire;

Niger River, Massina Almami, 1818-1845, Seku Amadu. Massina Empire Founder
Niger River, Massina Almami, 1818-1845, Seku Amadu. Massina Empire Founder; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

Niger River, 1878-1898, Wassoulou Empire, Sunni Islam, Mandinka people
Niger River, 1878-1898, Wassoulou Empire, Sunni Islam, Mandinka people ; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

Niger River, Fulani Iman, 1890-1896, Bokar Biro, Sunni
Niger River, Fulani Iman, 1890-1896, Bokar Biro, Sunni; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

Niger River, 1893-1900, The French allied with Bamana Empire
Niger River, 1893-1893, The French allied with Bamana Empire; Niger River, 1640-1861, Bamana Empire ; The French Scramble for Africa

Africa, West Africa, 1900, 20th Century Folder, French Colony of Niger, 1930 Revival

Niger River, 1900-1960, The French Colony of Niger
Niger River, 1900-1960, The French Colony of Niger;

Niger River Mouth, Ogun River, The Great Revival of 1930
The Great Revival of 1930 ; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Africa, West Africa, Liberia, Saint Paul, Mesurado and Cavalla Rivers Folder, Liberia

Liberia, West Africa
Liberia; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2 ; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898); SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

Saint Paul River

Saint Paul River Source (Guinea Highlands)
Saint Paul River;

Nimba Range of Guinea Highlands
Guinea Highlands;

Saint Paul River Mouth (Atlantic Ocean)

Mesurado River

Mesurado River Source

Cuttington University, Liberia
Cuttington University; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2 ;

Mesurado River 1

Mesurado River 2

Mesurado River Mouth and Cape

Liberia College
Liberia College; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ;

Monrovia, Liberia
Monrovia; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2 ;

Cavalla River

Cavalla River Source (Guinea Highlands)

Cavalla River 1

Cavalla River 2

Cavalla River 3

Cavalla River Mouth (Cape Palmas, Atlantic Ocean)

Cape Palmas, Liberia (Cavalla River Mouth, Atlantic Ocean)
Cape Palmas; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2 ;

Africa, West Africa, Fulani Folder, Upper Niger River

Fulani, Land of the Fulani People (Sierra Leone, Timbuktu, Upper Niger River)
Land of the Fulani People is a 1,000 mile wide streach of land across Africa south of the Sahara Desert; Muslim Fulani Slave Raiders; Portuguese slave traders; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

Niger River

Niger River Source (Guinea Highlands)
Guinea Highlands;

Niger River 1

Niger River 2

Niger River 3 (Inland Delta)

Niger River (Overview)

Niger River 4 (Timbuktu)

Timbuktu (Niger River 4)
Timbuktu; Muslim Fulani Slave Raiders; Portuguese slave traders; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31 ;

Niger River 5

Kaduna River Mouth (Niger River)

Niger Delta or Mouth (Gulf of Guinea)

Africa, West Africa, Niger River Folder

Africa, West Africa, Niger River 3, Bani River Folder

Bani River

Bani River Source (Baoule and Bagoe Rivers Convergence)

Bani River 1

Bani River 2

Bani River 3

Bani River Mouth (Niger River 3)

Africa, West Africa, Niger River 6, Sokoto River Folder

Sokoto River

Sokoto River Source
Sokoto River

Fulani Empire (Upper Niger River)
Fulani Empire; Muslim Fulani Slave Raiders; Portuguese slave traders; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31 ;

Sokoto River 1

Fulani Capital

Sokoto River Mouth (Niger River 6)

Africa, West Africa, Niger River 8, Benue (Chadda) River Folder

Benue (Chadda) River

Benue (Chadda) River Source (Adamawa Plateau)
Benue River; Adamawa Plateau ;

Benue (Chadda) River 1

Benue (Chadda) River 2

Benue (Chadda) River 3

Benue (Chadda) River Mouth (Niger River 8)

NIGER TERRITORIES, Niger Delta, Between Forcados and Brasse Rivers
NIGER TERRITORIES, Niger Delta, Between Forcados and Brasse Rivers; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

Forcados River

Brasse River

Arab Lands Folder (Saracens, Hagarenes, Pre-Islamic Arabia, Havilah).kmz

Mongol, China Folder, its major rivers.kmz

Mongol, China Folder, its major rivers

China (Mongol China)
China; Aimee Semple McPherson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1944, Commemorated September 27 ; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906) ; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910) ; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922) ; Repose of St John of Kronstadt; LOTTIE MOON, Commemorated December 22 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20 ; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Mongol, China, 1260-ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â“1368, Mongol-Tartar Capital - Dadu (Peking or Beijing)
1260ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â“1368 Mongol-Tartar Capital - Dadu (Peking or Beijing); Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Mongol, China, 1368-1644, Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty;

Mongol, China, 1644-1912, Qing dynasty
China, 1644-1912, Qing dynasty ;

Mongol, China, 1899-1901, Boxer Rebellion, Anti Christian
Boxer Rebellion; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9 ; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Mongol, China, Republic of China, 1912-1949
China, Republic of China, 1912-1949; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31;

Mongol, China, 1915-1916, Empire of China
China, 1915-1916, Empire of China ; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, China, 1927-1949, Chinese Civil War, Nationalist vs. Communist
Chinese Civil War 1927-1949;

Mongol, China History Folder

Mongol, China, 1260-1368, Mongol Tartar Capital Peking Folder

Mongol, China, 1368-1644, Ming Dynasty Folder

Mongol, China, 1644-1912, Qing Dynasty Folder, 1685 Kangxi's Peking Spiritual Mission

Mongol, China, 1644-1699, 17th Century Folder, China Russia War of the Amur, Orthodox Peking Spiritual Mission

Mongol, China, 1643-1661, Qing dynasty Emperor, Shunzhi Emperor
Mongol, China, 1643-1661, Qing dynasty Emperor, Shunzhi Emperor ; China, 1644-1912, Qing dynasty ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9;

Mongol, China, 1652-1695, China War of the Amur Region
Russia China War of the Amur Region (1652-1695) ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9;

Mongol, China, 1661-1722, Qing dynasty Emperor, Kangxi
China, 1661-1722, Qing dynasty Emperor, Kangxi Emperor; China, 1644-1912, Qing dynasty ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26;

Mongol, China, 1684-1686, Chinese Invasions of Albazin and Amur River
Siberia, Chinese Invasions of Albazin (1684-1686) ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Mongol, China, 1700-1799, I8th Century Folder, China Russia War of the Amur, Orthodox Peking Spiritual Mission

Mongol, China, 1722-1735, Qing dynasty Emperor,Yongzheng Emperor
China, 1722-1735, Qing dynasty Emperor,Yongzheng Emperor; China, 1644-1912, Qing dynasty ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26;

Mongol, China, 1800-1899, 19th Century History Folder, Boxer Rebellion, War of the Amur, Peking Spiritual Mission

Mongol, China, 1850-1861, Qing dynasty, Xianfeng Emperor
China, Qing dynasty Emperor, 1850-1861, Xianfeng Emperor; China, 1644-1912, Qing dynasty ; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910);

Mongol, China, 1861-1875, Qing dynasty Emperor, Tongzhi Emperor
China, Qing dynasty Emperor, 1861-1875, Tongzhi Emperor; China, 1644-1912, Qing dynasty ; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22;

Mongol, China, 1875-1908, Qing dynasty Emperor, Guangxu Emperor
China, Qing dynasty Emperor, 1875-1908, Guangxu Emperor; China, 1644-1912, Qing dynasty ; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22;

Mongol, China, 1899-1901, Boxer Rebellion (Shandong and North China Plain) against Christian Foreigners
Boxer Rebellion; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9 ; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Mongol, China, 1900-1912, 20th History Folder, Boxer Rebellion, War of the Amur, Peking Spiritual Mission

Mongol, China, 1908-1912, Qing dynasty Emperor, Puyi
China, Qing dynasty Emperor, 1908-1912, Puyi ; China, 1644-1912, Qing dynasty ; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22;

Mongol, China, 1912-1949, Republic of China Folder

Mongol, China, 1912-1923, Republic of China President, Yuan Shikai
China, Republic of China President, 1912-1923, Yuan Shikai ; China, Republic of China, 1912-1949; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31;

Mongol China, 1915-1916, Empire of China
China, 1915-1916, Empire of China ; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, China, 1916-1923, Republic of China President, Li Yuanhong
China, Republic of China President, 1916-1923, Li Yuanhong ; China, Republic of China, 1912-1949; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31;

Mongol, China, 1917-1923, President, Li Yuanhong, President of China
China President, 1917-1923, Li Yuanhong, President of China (off and on) ; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, China, 1921, Peking Man Site
China, 1921, Peking Man Site; Even though the original fossils disappeared in 1941 during World War II, excellent casts and descriptions remain. So to believe in Peking Man, we have to trust those descriptions from people who came to China to find a prehistoric man. Here is the story of the discovery and identification before that disappearance (copied from Wikipedia, Peking Man Site): Swedish geologist Johan Gunnar Andersson and American palaeontologist Walter W. Granger came to Zhoukoudian, China in search of prehistoric fossils in 1921. They were directed to the site at Dragon Bone Hill by local quarrymen, where Andersson recognised deposits of quartz that were not native to the area. Immediately realising the importance of this find he turned to his colleague and announced, "Here is primitive man; now all we have to do is find him!" Excavation work was begun immediately by Andersson's assistant Austrian palaeontologist Otto Zdansky, who found what appeared to be a fossilised human molar. He returned to the site in 1923, and materials excavated in the two subsequent digs were sent to Uppsala University in Sweden for analysis. In 1926 Andersson announced the discovery of two human molars in this material, and Zdansky published his findings. Canadian anatomist Davidson Black of Peking Union Medical College, excited by Andersson and ZdanskyÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™s find, secured funding from the Rockefeller Foundation and recommenced excavations at the site in 1927 with both Western and Chinese scientists. Swedish palaeontologist Anders Birger Bohlin unearthed a tooth that fall, and Black placed it in a gold locket on his watch chain. Black published his analysis in the journal Nature, identifying his find as belonging to a new species and genus which he named Sinanthropus pekinensis, but many fellow scientists were skeptical about such an identification on the basis of a single tooth, and the foundation demanded more specimens before it grant additional money. A lower jaw, several teeth, and skull fragments were unearthed in 1928. Black presented these finds to the foundation and was rewarded with an $80,000 grant that he used to establish the Cenozoic Research Laboratory. Excavations at the site under the supervision of Chinese archaeologists Yang Zhongjian, Pei Wenzhong, and Jia Lanpo uncovered 200 human fossils (including six nearly complete skullcaps) from more than 40 individual specimens. These excavations came to an end in 1937 with the Japanese invasion. Fossils of Peking Man were placed in the safe at the Cenozoic Research Laboratory of the Peking Union Medical College. Eventually, in November 1941, secretary Hu Chengzi packed the fossils so that they could be sent to USA for safekeeping until the end of the war. The fossils vanished en route to the port city of Qinhuangdao in northern China. So to believe in Peking Man, we have to trust those casts and descriptions from people who came to China to find a prehistoric man. Note: according to their stories, all these people involved already believed in evoluton and were looking for its proofs like missing links. Some were medical doctors, some were geologists, some were both, and much of their science actually derived from this type of search. Since evolution does not jive with the origin of sin and death, it is impossible to fear God and believe in Evolution. The Bible story is all about that original sin and and our salvation from sin and death through the life of Jesus Christ, both his current business as head of his Body the Church (our crosses) and his previous business on his cross. So to be understood, Life by Faith (the solution to sin and death) requires us to understand the origin of sin and death. PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, China, 1921-1976, Communist China Leader, Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong, Communist China Leader, 1921-1976; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, China, 1922-1926, Republic of China President, Yan Huiqing
China, Republic of China President, 1922-1926, Yan Huiqing, President or Premier Republic of China; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31;

Mongol, China, 1923-1924, Republic of China President, Cao Kun
China, Republic of China President, 1923-1924, Cao Kun ; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, China, 1924-1927, Republic of China President, Wellington Koo
China, Republic of China President, 1924-1927, Wellington Koo ; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, China, 1924-1926, Republic of China Chief Executive, Duan Qirui
China, Republic of China Chief Executive, 1924-1926, Duan Qirui ; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, China, 1927-1928, Republic of China President, Zhang Zuolin
China, Republic of China President, 1927-1928, Zhang Zuolin; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, China, 1928-1975, Republic of China President, Chiang Kai-shek
China, Republic of China President, 1928-1975, Chiang Kai-shek ; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, China, 1949-Present, Communist China Folder

Mongol, China, Yangtze River Folder (Shanghai)

Yangtze River

Yangtze River Source (head of Dan Qu tributary)

Yangtze River 1 (Qinghai)

Yangtze River 2 (China Inland Mission, Yunnan)

Yalong River Mouth (Yangtze River 2)

Mongol, China, Yangtze River 2, Yunnan Protected Areas Folder

Daen Lao Range
Daen Lao Range;

Tiger Leaping Gorge
Tiger Leaping Gorge ; Tom and Margaurite Antonson, 2015

Three Paralles Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas 1

Three Paralles Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas 2

Three Paralles Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas 3

Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas
Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas;

Yunnan Province and Yunnan, China
Yunnan Province and Yunnan, China; JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922) ;

China Inland Mission, China Burma border (Salween River 1) 1865
China Inland Mission Dengyue; Dengyue is a treaty port; LOTTIE MOON, Commemorated December 22 ; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Yangtze River 3 (Yibin)

Mongol, China, Yangtze River 3, Min River Folder, (Inland China)

Min River

Min River (Sichuan) Source (Min Mountains)

Min River 1 (Shaochang or Chengdu)

Shaochang (Changdu), (Min River 1)
Shaochang (Min River 1); ERIC LIDDELL, MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22;

Inland China (Min Mts, north and east of Yunnan Province)
Inland China in Relation to Yunnan Province; JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922) ;

Kangding, Sichuan (Inland China, Min River 1 of Yangtze 3)
Kangding, Sichuan (Inland China, Min River of Yangtze); Tom and Margaurite Antonson, 2015

Tagong, Sichuan (Inland China, Min River 1 of Yangtze River 3)
Tagong, Sichuan (Inland China, Min River of Yangtze River); Tom and Margaurite Antonson, 2015

Litang, Sichuan (Inland China, Min River 1 of Yangtze 3)
Litang, Sichuan (Inland China, Min River of Yangtze); Tom and Margaurite Antonson, 2015

Min River 2

Emeishan, Sichuan, China (Inland China, Min River 2 of Yangtze River 3)
Emeishan, Sichuan, China (Inland China, Min River of Yangtze River 3); Tom and Margaurite Antonson, 2015

Leshan, Sichuan (Inlane China, Min River 2 of Yangtze River 3)
Leshan, Sichuan; Tom and Margaurite Antonson, 2015

Min River (Sichuan) Mouth (Yangtze River 3)

Yangtze River 4 (Luzhou)

Tuo River Mouth (Yangtze River 4)

Yangtze River 5 (Chongqing)

Jialing River Mouth (Yangtze River 5)

Yangtze River 6 (Wanzhou)

Wu River Mouth (Wu Gorge, Yangtze River 6)

Three Gorges Dam (Yangtze River 7)

Yangtze River 7 (Yichang)

Yangtze River 8 (Jingzhou)

Yangtze River 9 (Yueyang)

Xiang River Mouth (Yangtze River 9)

Yangtze River 10 (Wuhan)

Mongol, China, Yangtze River 10, Xiang River Folder

Xiang River

Xiang River Source (Haiyang Mountain, northeast of Guilin)
Haiyang Mountain;

Xaing River 1 (Hengyang)

Zi River Mouth (Xiang River 2, Yangtze River 9)

Mongol, China, Yangtze River 10, Han River Folder, Dengzhou

Han River

Dengzhou, China (a treaty port on Han River)
treaty port; LOTTIE MOON, Commemorated December 22 ;

North China Mission Station (Dengzhou)
Dengzhou is a treaty port; LOTTIE MOON, Commemorated December 22 ;

Han River Source (along the border)

Han River Mouth (Yangtze River 10)

Yangtze River 11 (Jiujiang)

Gan River Mouth (Yangtze River 11)

Mongol, China, Yangtze River 11, Gan River Folder

Gan River (Jiangxi)

Gan River Tributary

Gan River Source (along the border)

Gan River Source (South Central Jiangxi)

Yangtze River 12 (Anqing)

Yangtze River 13 (Tongling)

Yangtze River 14 (Wuhu)

Yangtze River 15 (Nanjing)

Yangtze River 16 (Zhenjiang)

Yangtze River 17 (Nantong)

Yangtze River 18 (Shanghai)

Huangpu River Mouth (Yangtze River 18)

Yangtze River Mouth (Shanghai, East China Sea)

Shanghai, China (Yangtze River Mouth, East China Sea)
Shanghai; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906) ;

Saint John's University, Shanghai, 1859-1952
Saint John's University, Shanghai, 1859-1952; Shanghai; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906) ;

Mongol, China, Great Wall of China Folder, 1368-1644, 13,170 Miles

Great Wall of China
Great Wall of China;

Great Wall of China - Dandong

Great Wall of China - Hushan Great Wall
Great Wall of China - Hushan Great Wall;

Great Wall of China - Liaoning Wall
Great Wall of China - Liaoning Wall;

Great Wall of China - Jinshanling
Great Wall of China - Jinshanling;

Great Wall of China - Mutianyu Great Wall
Great Wall of China - Mutianyu Great Wall;

Great Wall of China - Juyong Pass
Great Wall of China - Juyong Pass;

Great Wall of China - Badaling
Great Wall of China - Badaling;

Great Wall of China - Sihaiye in Yanqing County
Great Wall of China - Sihaiye in Yanqing County;

Great Wall of China - Pingxing Pass
Great Wall of China - Pingxing Pass;

Great Wall of China - Piantou Pass in Xinzhou
Great Wall of China - Piantou Pass in Xinzhou;

Great Wall of China - Yanmen Pass
Great Wall of China - Yanmen Pass;

Great Wall of China - Ordos Desert
Great Wall of China - Ordos Desert;

Great Wall of China - Yinchuan, Ningxia
Great Wall of China - Yinchuan; Hexi Corridor; Ningxia;

Great Wall of China - Jiayu Pass
Great Wall of China - Jiayu Pass;

Great Wall of China - Yang Pass
Great Wall of China - Yang Pass;

Great Wall of China - Yumen Pass
Great Wall of China - Yumen Pass;

Great Wall of China - Lop Lake
Great Wall of China - Lop Lake;

Mongol, China, Silk Road Folder (to China to Turkey)

Silk Road North 1 Luoyang

Silk Road North 2 Changan

Xi'an, ancient capital of China (Silk Road Starting Point)
Xi'an, ancient capital of China;

Xianyang, China (Silk Road North 2 Changan)
Xianyang; ERIC LIDDELL MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22;

Bin County, Shaanxi, China (Includes Xiaozhang)
Bin County, Shaanxi (Includes Xiaozhang), and is part of Xianyang, Shaanxi, China; ERIC LIDDELL MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22 ;

Silk Road North 3 Shaanxi Province

Silk Road North 4 Gansu Province

Silk Road North 5a north of Taklimakan Desert

Silk Road North 5b South of Taklimakan Desert

Silk Road North 5c Turpan

Silk Road North 6a Kashgar

Silk Road North 6b Talgar

Silk Road Divider (Tian Shan Mountains)
Tian Shan Mountains;

Silk Road North 7 Amaty

Alma-Atu, Silk Road North 7, Turkestan, Kazakistan
Alma-Atu, Silk Road North 7, Turkestan, Kazakistan; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated on December 15;

Silk Road North Kokand

Silk Road North Termiz

Silk Road North Balkh

Silk Road North Fergana Valley

Silk Road North Karakum Desert

Silk Road North and South at Merv

Silk Road North and South at Black Sea at Trabzon

Silk Road South Karakoram

Silk Road South Karakoram Highway

Silk Road South Khunjerab Pass

Silk Road South, K Hwy 1, Upal China

Silk Road South, K Hwy 2, Tashkurgan, Xinjiang China

Silk Road South, K Hwy 3, Sost

Silk Road South, K Hwy 4, Passu

Silk Road South, K Hwy 5, Gulmit

Silk Road South, K Hwy 6, Hunza Valley

Silk Road South, K Hwy 7, Nagar Valley

Silk Road South, K Hwy 8, Gilgit

Silk Road South, K Hwy 9, Parri Bangla

Silk Road South, K Hwy 10, Chilas

Silk Road South, K Hwy 11, Kohistan

Silk Road South, K Hwy 12, Besham

Silk Road South over the Hindu Kush Mountains

Silk Road South, Hindu Kush Mountains to Merv

Silk Road South, Kashgar, China to Hindu Kush Mountains (Tea Horse Route)

Silk Road North to Kashgar by north of the Taklimakan Desert route

Silk Road North to Kashgar by south of the Taklimakan Desert route

Silk Road North and North of the Tian Shan Mountains

Silk Road from Kashgar to Fergana Valley to Koland to Merv

Silk Road from Kashgar to Termiz to Balkh to Merv

Silk Road, Trabezon to Merv
Western reaches of the Silk Road

Grand Trunk Road (between South China and Afganistan)

Southern Silk Road

Southern Silk Road - The Tea Route (Hunnan to Bengal)

Southern Silk Road- the Tea Route (Yunnan)

Southern Silk Road - The Tea Route (Dhaka, Bengal

Geography - Mongol Empire

Mongol Lands Folder, Mongolia, China, Scythia, Kazan, Perm, Crimea, Turkmenistan

Tartars (could be Mongols, Turks, Chinese, or Persians; Tartary was a huge area, much of the World)
Tartars (could be Mongols, Turks or Persians; Tartary was a huge area, much of the World); Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18;

Mongol, Scythia Folder, and its rivers

Scythia
Scythia; Venerable Theodora of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 30; Martyr Seleucus in Scythia, Commemorated September 13 ; Martyr Inna, Disciples of the Apostle Andrew, in Scythia, Commemorated January 20; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21; Martyr Anastasius the Disciple of the Venerable Maximus the Confessor; Martyr Inna the Disciple of Apostle Andrew in Scythia, Commemorated on June 20;

Mongol, Scythia (Ural River, Aral Sea)
Scythia; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sviatogorsk, Commemorated on July 17; Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Greben, Commemorated July 28 ; Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated August 7 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13 ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated August 13; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania, Commemorated on September 13; Martyr Seleucus in Scythia, Commemorated on September 13 ; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated September 18 ; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 24 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Venerable Theodora of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on December 30 ; Martyr Anastasius the Disciple of the Venerable Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov"Â, Commemorated on February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Rescuer of the Drowning", Commemorated February 5; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11 ; First opening of the relics of St Tikhon of Zadonsk, Commemorated on May 14; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14 ; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8 ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; Martyr Inna the Disciple of Apostle Andrew in Scythia, Commemorated on June 20 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Akhtyr, Commemorated on July 2 ; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Mongol, Scythia, Mongol Lands (from Ural River to Dneister River)
Scythia; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sviatogorsk, Commemorated on July 17; Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Greben, Commemorated July 28 ; Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated August 7 ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated August 13; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania, Commemorated on September 13; Martyr Seleucus in Scythia, Commemorated on September 13 ; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated September 18 ; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Theodora of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 30; Venerable Theodora of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on December 30 ; Martyr Seleucus in Scythia, Commemorated September 13 ; Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 24 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Elets, Commemorated January 11 ; Martyr Inna, Disciples of the Apostle Andrew, in Scythia, Commemorated January 20 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Anastasius the Disciple of the Venerable Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov"Â, Commemorated on February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Rescuer of the Drowning", Commemorated February 5; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11 ; First opening of the relics of St Tikhon of Zadonsk, Commemorated on May 14; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14 ; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8 ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; Martyr Inna the Disciple of Apostle Andrew in Scythia, Commemorated on June 20 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Akhtyr, Commemorated on July 2 ; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Mongol, Scythia, Little Russia (Eastern Ukraine)
Scythia, Little Russia (Eastern Ukraine) ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ;

Mongol, Scythia (mostly along the Dneister River)
Scythia; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sviatogorsk, Commemorated on July 17; Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Greben, Commemorated July 28 ; Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated August 7 ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated August 13; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania, Commemorated on September 13; Martyr Seleucus in Scythia, Commemorated on September 13 ; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated September 18 ; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Icon of the Mother of God "Jerusalem", Commemorated October 12 ; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 24 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Venerable Theodora of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on December 30 ; Martyr Anastasius the Disciple of the Venerable Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov"Â, Commemorated on February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Rescuer of the Drowning", Commemorated February 5; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11 ; First opening of the relics of St Tikhon of Zadonsk, Commemorated on May 14; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14 ; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8 ; Martyr Inna the Disciple of Apostle Andrew in Scythia, Commemorated on June 20 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Akhtyr, Commemorated on July 2 ; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Mongol, Scythia Minor (Lesser Scythia, Dacia Pontica)
Lesser Scythia (Scythia Minor); Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania, Commemorated on September 13; Martyr Seleucus in Scythia, Commemorated on September 13 ; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated September 18 ; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Martyr Inna, Disciple of the Apostle Andrew, in Scythia, Commemorated on January 20 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26; Icon of the Mother of God of Akhtyr, Commemorated on July 2 ; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Mongol, Scythia, Land of the Polovetsians AKA Cumanians
Scythia, Land of the Polovetsians AKA Cumanians, North of the Black Sea, along the Volga River ; Cumanians; Cuman (Polovetsian) Battles in Kievan Rus' and the Balkans 1055-1230 (175 years) ; Khan Bonyak; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4;

Polovetsians AKA Cumanians, Mongol Scythia
Scythia, Land of the Polovetsians AKA Cumanians, North of the Black Sea, along the Volga River ; Cumanians; Cuman (Polovetsian) Battles in Kievan Rus' and the Balkans 1055-1230 (175 years) ; Khan Bonyak; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4;

Sarmatians (Scythia and Persia)
Sarmatians ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated on September 6 ;

Mongol, Scythia, Don River Folder (to Sea of Azov, Crimea, Black Sea)

Don River

Mongol, Scythia, Don River 4, Bystraya River Folder

Bystraya Sosna River

Mongol, Scythia, Don River 8, Vorenezh River Folder

Vorenezh River

Voronezh, Scythia (Voronezh River Mouth, Don River 8)
Voronezh; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated August 7 ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated August 13; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated on September 18 ; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on November 23; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Rescuer of the DrowningÂ, Commemorated on February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated Febraury 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unfading BloomÂ, Commemorated on April 3; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ;

Voronezh Annunciation Cathedral, 1718, Saint Metrophanes, incorrupt relics
Voronezh Annunciation Cathedral; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on August 7 Uncovering of the Relics of Saint Metrophanes, Bishop of Voronezh (1832): The memory of the deep piety and pastoral virtues of Saint Metrophanes (Macarius, in the schema) was revered at Voronezh from the time of his death (November 23, 1703). His successors, the Voronezh hierarchs, considered it their sacred duty to make annual remembrance of the first hierarch of their flock, together with his parents, the priest Basil and Maria. people of Voronezh and its environs came to the Annunciation cathedral, where memorial services were offered at his tomb. Contributing to the intense remembrance of Saint Metrophanes was also his dying request that prayers be said for him. For this purpose the saint, even during his lifetime, had built a chapel at the cathedral in honor of the holy Archangel Michael (his patron saint), and in it a special priest served the Liturgy. Although succeeding generations did not know the saint, they also revered his memory. veracity of the sainthood of the first hierarch of the Voronezh diocese was also confirmed by his incorrupt relics, attested during their repeated transfers from one temple to another. In the year 1718, Metropolitan Pachomius of Voronezh, about to begin the construction of a new cathedral, gave orders to demolish the old Annunciation cathedral. The body of Saint Metrophanes was temporarily transferred into the church of the Unburnt Bush. In 1735, the body of Saint Metrophanes was transferred into the new cathedral, during which time the incorrupt state of his relics was again observed. At the place of the burial of the saint, panikhidas were customarily served for him. 1820 it was noticed that the number of those venerating Saint Metrophanes and thronging to Voronezh, had extraordinarily increased. Grace-filled signs also increased. Archbishop Anthony II of Voronezh made repeated reports to the Holy Synod about the miracles, and he petitioned for a resolution for the glorification of the saint. The Holy Synod then prescribed that records be kept of miracles at the grave of Saint Metrophanes. In the year 1831, after seeing the incorrupt body of the saint, Archbishop Anthony together with commission members of the Holy Synod, Archbishop Eugenius of Yaroslavl and Archimandrite Hermogenes of the Moscow Savior-Androniev monastery, became convinced in the miraculous intercession of Saint Metrophanes before the Throne of God. The Holy Synod then issued its resolution adding Saint Metrophanes to the ranks of the Saints. Since then, the Russian Church celebrates the memory of the saint twice during the year: November 23, the day of his repose, and August 7, the day of his glorification. Anthony II (1827-1846) established in the Voronezh also the following feastdays in honor of Saint Metrophanes: June 4, the Feast of his namesake Saint Metrophanes, Patriarch of Constantinople; April 2, the saint’s day of consecration as bishop in 1682; and December 11, the day of the transfer of the relics of Saint Metrophanes in 1831. Metrophanes left behind a Spiritual Testament. Its original is preserved in the State Historical Museum. Upon the testament is the unique authoritative signature of the saint: “This spiritual dictate is attested to by me... Bishop Metrophanes of Voronezh.” the lower cover (inside) is an inscription from the eighteenth century: “This is the book of testament or last will of the Voronezh schemamonk Macarius, written in the God-saved city of Voronezh, in the house of His Grace the bishop and schemamonk Macarius, who reposed in the month of November on the 23rd day in the year 1703, and was buried on the 4th day of December.” the day preceding the Uncovering of the Relics of Saint Metrophanes, Archbishop Anthony of Voronezh went to church, so as to lay out the new vestments prepared for the relics. Suddenly, he felt so weak that he was barely able to go about his cell. Troubled by this, he sat and pondered and then he heard a quiet voice: “ Do not transgress my legacy.” he did not understand right away, and instead thinking about his own plans, he gathered up his strength and opened the closet where the vestments were, and there he caught sight of the monastic schema, brought shortly before this by an unknown monk who had entrusted it to him and said that it soon would be needed. this monastic schema, the hierarch then realized that the words, “Do not transgress my legacy,” was actually the will of Saint Metrophanes, that they not place upon his relics bishop’s vestments, but rather to clothe them in the schema. By this and by his extreme humility, he indicated the deep spiritual connection with his patronal saint (in schema), Saint Macarius of Unzhensk.

Voronezh Region, Scythia (Between the Don and Khopyor River)
Voronezh Oblast, Main rivers: Don Voronezh Bityug Khopyor ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated September 27 ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Rescuer of the DrowningÂ, Commemorated on February 5 ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ;

Tikha Sosna (Quiet Pine) River

Mongol, Scythia, Don River 11, Khopyor River Folder

Khopyor River

Verona River

Mongol, Scythia, Don River 13, Chira River Folder

Chir River

Pontic steppe
Pontic steppe;

Mongol, Scythia, Don River 14, Seversky Donets Folder

Seversky Donets River

Mongol, Scythia, Don River, Muravsky Trail Folder

Muravsky Trail
Muravsky Trail To avoid major river crossings, the route followed the high ground between the basins of the Dnieper and Don, making an almost straight line from the Dnieper bend to Tula. It ran mostly through thinly populated tallgrass steppe country ('Muravi is an old Slavic word for prairie or grassland) avoiding forests, marshes and river crossings. ;

Muravsky Trail 1 (Perekop)
Muravsky Trail To avoid major river crossings, the route followed the high ground between the basins of the Dnieper and Don, making an almost straight line from the Dnieper bend to Tula. It ran mostly through thinly populated tallgrass steppe country ('MuravÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â¡' is an old Slavic word for prairie or grassland) avoiding forests, marshes and river crossings. ;

Muravsky Trail 2 (Parallel to the Sea of Azov)

Muravsky Trail 3 (east of Dnieper 6 and west of Donets 3)

Polovetsians (Cumans) Chuhuiv, Muravsky Trail 3
Polovetsians (Cumans) Chuhuiv, Muravsky Trail 3; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov, Commemorated on September 20;

Muravsky Trail 4 (west of Donets River Source)

Muravsky Trail 5 (Stary Oskol)

Muravsky Trail 6 (Livny)

Muravsky Trail 7 (Tula)

Tula, Kaluga, Russia (Upa River 1, Muravsky Trail 7)
Tula, Russia (Upa River 1); Synaxis of the Saints of Tula, Commemorated on September 22 ; Venerable Leonid of Optina; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ;

Muravsky Trail 9 (Serpukhov, crossing at Oka River 6)
Muravsky Trail To avoid major river crossings, the route followed the high ground between the basins of the Dnieper and Don, making an almost straight line from the Dnieper bend to Tula. It ran mostly through thinly populated tallgrass steppe country ('MuravÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â¡' is an old Slavic word for prairie or grassland) avoiding forests, marshes and river crossings. ;

Mongol, Scythia, Dniester River Folder (Eastern Moldovia)

Dniester River

Galicia, Moldovia (Halychia, Eastern Europe, Dniester River 2)
Galicia (Eastern Europe); Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17 ; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Galich, Moldovia (Halych) Ukraine (Dniester River 2) Vladimir the Great, 900's
Galich, (Halych) Ukraine (Dniester River 2); Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17 ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Halych, Moldovia (Galich) Ukraine (Dniester River 2) Vladimir the Great, 900's
Galich, (Halych) Ukraine (Dniester River 2); Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17 ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Khotyn, Ukraine (Dniester River 5)
Khotyn or Khutin; Venerable Barlaam of Khutin, Commemorated on June 24;

Kamenets Podolski, Moldovia or Ukraine (Smotrych Mouth, Dniester 5)
Kamenets Podolski, Ukraine or Moldovia ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ;

Podolia, Moldovia (Dniester River 7)
Podolia; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ;

Gerbovets monastery (Dniester River 9, Bessarabia, Romania or Moldovia)
Gerbovets monastery (Bessarabia, Romania) ; Bessarabia, Romania, Bassarabia is a historical term for the geographic region in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the east and the Prut River on the west; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ;

Kishinev, Bassarabia, Moldovia
Kishinev, Bassarabia, Moldovia; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1;

Bessarabia, Moldovia, Romania (area between Prut and Dniester Rivers)
Bessarabia, Moldovia, Romania; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1;

Mongol, Scythia, Lesser Scythia Folder (Dacia Pontica)

Scythia, Lesser Scythia (in Dacia Pontica, from Moldavia and Transylvania (Dacia) to Pontine)
Lesser Scythia (in Dacia Pontica); Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated July 7 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4; Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated on July 7 ; Martyr Epictetus the Presbyter at Halmyris, Commemorated on July 8;

Lesser Scythia (in Dacia Pontica, from Moldavia and Transylvania (Dacia) to Pontine)
Lesser Scythia (in Dacia Pontica); Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated July 7 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4; Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated on July 7 ; Martyr Epictetus the Presbyter at Halmyris, Commemorated on July 8;

Dacia Pontica (Lesser Scythia)
Dacia Pontica: from Transylvania thru Lesser Scythia to Pontus Dacia; Pontica; Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated July 7 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4; Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated on July 7 ; Martyr Epictetus the Presbyter at Halmyris, Commemorated on July 8;

Tomis, Lesser Scythia (Constantsa, in Dacia Pontica)
Tomis (Constantsa); Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated July 7 ; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania, Commemorated September 13 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 29; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Niculitel and Cocosh Monastery, Lesser Scythia
Niculits›el; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Noviodunum, Lesser Scythia (Isacea, Danube River 17)
Noviodunum (Isacea); Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Tulcea County, Lesser Scythia
Tulcea County; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Halmyris (in Lesser Scythia on Danube)
Halmyris (in Scythia on Danube); Epictetus and Astion, Commemorated July 8 ; Martyr Epictetus the Presbyter at Halmyris, Commemorated on July 8;

Mongol, Scythia, Volga River Folder

Annunciation Monastery (Tolyatti, Volga River 12)
Annunciation Monastery (Tolyatti);

Astrakhan, Scythia (Volga River Mouth, North Caspian Sea)
Astrakhan (Volga River Mouth); Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11

Atil, Scythia, 765-969. Capital of the Khazars (Volga River Mouth)
Atil, Scythia, 765-969. Capital of the Khazars; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Black Ravine (Chernyi Yar), about 250 K up the River from Astrackhan, the child Bogolep, schema
Black Ravine (Chernyi Yar), about 250 K up the River from Astrackhan Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; Child Schemamonk Bogolep was the son of a Moscow nobleman Iakov Lukich Ushakov and his wife Katherine. He was born in 1660 at Moscow. At Baptism they gave him the name Boris, in honor of the holy Passion-Bearer Boris (July 24). was appointed voevoda (military-commander) in the city of Chernyi Yar (Black Ravine), situated 250 versts from Astrakhan. He was known for his integrity. From infancy Boris displayed unusual traits. On Wednesdays and Fridays he would not drink milk from his mother’s breasts. When the bells pealed at the church, he began to cry, and became quiet only when they brought him into the church. When they did not take the infant to church, he cried all day and ate nothing. 1662 a deadly pestilence spread about in Russia. The child fell ill, and the pestilence afflicted him in the legs. He became lame, but continued to walk to church. The parents prayed for the health of their son and they tried everything in their power to heal him. But no sooner had the one illness gone, than upon his face there appeared another, called scales. during his illness the child saw a wandering monk who visited at their home. The angelic garb so impressed the child, that he began to implore his parents to sew him such clothing and permit him to receive monastic tonsure. The holy child proclaimed: “You will see for yourselves, when you tonsure and grant me the angelic garb, I shall be well.” The parents consented. The child was invested in the schema with the name Bogolep (the Russian version of the Greek name Theoleptos, meaning “similar to God”). the next day the child schemamonk was completely healthy, his face was clear and there remained no trace of the illness. But on the third day there was a new illness, he developed a fever, and it struck down the child. He died on August 1, 1667 and was buried at the left wall of the wooden Black Ravine church in honor of the Resurrection of Christ. (This church was built after a great fire in Black Ravine, on July 24, 1652 the Feast of Saint Boris). A chapel was built over the grave of the child. Life of the holy Schemamonk Bogolep was compiled under a vow by the Black Ravine merchant Savva Tatarinov during the years 1731-1732. of the saint, with the Troparion and Kontakion to him, were widely dispersed throughout the Astrakhan region. 1750 on the place of the wooden church a stone church was built with a side-altar in honor of the holy Martyr John the Warrior. The grave of the holy schemamonk was enclosed in this side altar. bank of the river, where the church of the Resurrection of Christ stood, was constantly eroding. By the mid-nineteenth century the structure of the church was threatened, and they removed all the holy things from it. For a long time the people of Black Ravine did not remove the chief holy object: the grave of the holy schemamonk. Finally, in 1851 when the water had already approached 4 ft. 8 inches, the people petitioned the Most Holy Synod with a request to transfer the holy relics of the Schemamonk Bogolep, and they received permission for this. The small child’s coffin was laid bare, but just when the city head took it into his hands, it slid out of his hands and disappeared into the waters of the Volga. disappearance of the relics just at the opening of the grave was accepted as the Will of God, since the holy child had repeatedly appeared to many either in sleep, or awake while walking along the river bank, or coming down the hill. He consoled them, promising that he would be present spiritually with believers. simple life of the holy Schemamonk Bogolep, full of the mysteries of God, illustrates the words of the Savior concerning children: “Let the children come unto Me and forbid them not, for of such is the Kingdom of God. Truly I say to you, whosoever shall not receive the Kingdom of God as a little child, shall not enter therein. And He took them up in His arms, put His hands upon them, and blessed them” (Mark 10: 14-16). pray to Saint Bogolep for children, and also for protection against lightning.

Bolghar, Scythia (Kama River Mouth, Volga River 10)
Bolghar or Bolgara; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1;

Chelno-Vershinsky District, Scythia, just south of Perm (Volga River 11)
Chelno-Vershinsky District ; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14 ;

Kazaria, Scythia (Volga River Mouth)
Kazaria; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Mongol, Scythia, Volga Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria, land of the Volga Bulgars; Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated September 18 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1;

Samara, Scythia (Volga River 13)
Samara, Russia; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Sarai (city), Scythia
Sarai (city); St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated on September 19 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30 ;

Saratov, Scythia (Volga River 14)
Saratov (Volga River 14) ; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated September 18 ;

Scythia, Volga Region - Land of the Tartars
Volga Region - Land of the Tartars; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7;

Volga Region - Land of the Tartars
Volga Region - Land of the Tartars; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7;

Tartar Winter Camp (1232, Bolghar, Capital of Islamic Volga Bulgars)
In 1232 the Tatars made winter camp, having barely reached the capital of the Volga Bulgars. Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4 ;

Bolghar (1232, Tartar Winter Camp, Capital of Islamic Volga Bulgars)
In 1232 the Tatars made winter camp, having barely reached the capital of the Volga Bulgars. Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4 ;

Tetyakov, Sythia (Volga River 11)
Tetyushi; In 1277, the allied forces of the Russian princes, in union with the Tatar forces, took part in a campaign in the Osetian land and in the taking of "its famed city Tetyakov."; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated September 19 ;

Volga Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria, land of the Volga Bulgars; Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated September 18 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1;

Volga River

Volga-Kama Bulghar
Volga Bulgaria, land of the Volga Bulgars; Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated September 18 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1;

Kamska Bulgars, Volga-Kama Bulghar

Mongol, Scythia, Ural River Folder

Ural River

Orenburg, Scythia (Ural River 4)
Orenburg ; Orenburg Cossacks; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Orenburg Cossacks, Russia, 1734-1916
Russia, 1734-1916, Orenburg Cossacks; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Kartalin District, Scythia
Kartalin District; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ;

Kartaly (Kahetin), Scythia (a crossroads)
Kartaly (Kahetin), Scythia; Kartalin District; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ;

Ural River Source (Southern Ural Mountains)

Ural River 1 (Magnitogorsk)

Ural River 2 (Orsk)

Ural River 3

Ural River 4 (Orenburg)

Sakmara River Mouth (Ural River 4)

Ural River 5

Ural River Mouth (Caspian Sea)

Mongol, Scythia, Sarmatae, Lower Dnieper River Area of Ukraine

Mongol, Scythia, Sarmatae, Lower Dnieper River Area, Not Asian
Mongol, Scythia, Sarmatae, Lower Dnieper River Area, Not Asian; Mongol, Scythia, Sarmatae, Lower Dnieper River Area of Ukraine; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated on September 6;

Mongol, Mongolia Folder, including Tibet

Mongolia
Mongolia; Mongols; Tartars; Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 19; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30 ; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated September 19; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23; Martyr Mercurius of Smolensk, Commemorated on November 24 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœCzestochowaÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16 ; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23 ; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, Land of the Mongols
Inner Mongolia; Mongols; Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 19; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23 ; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Khentii Mountains
Khentii Mountains ;

Mt Burkhan Khaldun (birthplace of Ghengis Khan)
Mt Burkhan Khaldun;

Kherlen River

Hulun Lake
Hulun Lake;

Xanadu (Kubli Khan's Capitol, Inner Mongolia) 1260, summer only after 1271 and Peking
Xanadu, Mongolia;

Gobi Desert (Mongolian Steppes, Grasslands)
Gobi Desert; Mongolian-Manchurian Steppes (Grassland) surround the Gobi Desert; Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 19; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4;

Mongolian-Manchurian Steppes (Grassland)
Mongolian-Manchurian Steppes (Grassland) surround the Gobi Desert; Gobi Desert; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4;

Mongolia, Karakorum (Orkhum River 3)
Mongolia, Karakorum: Karakorum was the capital of the Mongul Empire. Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14;

Orkhon River

Lamaism, Home of Lamaism (Tibetan Buddhism)
Lamaism;

Tibet (Capitol Lhasa)
Tibet (Capitol Lhasa); St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28 ;

Tibetan Plateau

Geladaindong Peak
Geladaindong Peak;

China (Mongol China)
China; Aimee Semple McPherson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1944, Commemorated September 27 ; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906) ; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910) ; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922) ; Repose of St John of Kronstadt; LOTTIE MOON, Commemorated December 22 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made Flesh, Commemorated on March 9; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20 ; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Mongol, China, 1260-“1368, Mongol-Tartar Capital - Dadu (Peking or Beijing)
1260-“1368 Mongol-Tartar Capital - Dadu (Peking or Beijing); Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

China Inland Mission, China Burma border (China's Yangtze River 2, Burma's Salween River 1) 1865
China Inland Mission Dengyue; Dengyue is a treaty port; LOTTIE MOON, Commemorated December 22 ; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Peking, Mongol Capitol since 1260, China (Hai River and North China Plain)
Peking (Hai River and Northern tip of North China Plain); Major rivers flowing through the municipality include the Yongding River and the Chaobai River, part of the Hai River system, and flow in a southerly direction. St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated on September 19; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œThe Word was made Flesh"Â, Commemorated on March 9 ; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10;

Tianjin, Far North China (Hai River Mouth, Five Rivers)
Tianjin (Hai River Source, Five Rivers); ERIC LIDDELL MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, Perm Folder, and its rivers, Tartarstan

Kazan Region (Perm)
Kazan Region; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated December 21 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping œIlyin Chernigov, Commemorated on April 16 ; Monkmartyr Pachomius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27;

Perm, Land of the Zyrian (Komi) People 2 (Kama River Basin)
Land of the Zyrian (Komi) People 2 (Kama River Basin, Perm Region); St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26;

Perm, Land of the Voguls
Voguls; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19;

Vogulani, Voguls, Perm, Land of the Voguls
Voguls; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19;

Tartarstan (Perm)
Tartarstan is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) located in the Volga Federal District. Its capital is the city of Kazan; Tatars; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 24 ; Martyr Mercurius of Smolensk, Commemorated on November 24 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated December 21 ; Martyr John of Kazan, Commemorated January 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-ChernigovÂ, Commemorated on February 5; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6 ; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21 ; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping œIlyin ChernigovÂ, Commemorated on April 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Monkmartyr Pachomius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Laurence the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8 ; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; Translation of the relics of St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 20; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2 ; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4;

Bashkortostan, south of Perm (between Volga River and Ural Mts)
Bashkortostan, located between the Volga River and the Ural Mountains. Its capital is the city of Ufa; Tatars; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-ChernigovÂ, Commemorated on February 5 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31;

Trans-Siberian RWY 6 - Perm
Trans-Siberian RWY 6 - Perm;

Mongol, Perm, Kama River Folder

Perm, Great Perm Region (Kama River Basin including Chusovaya, Vishera, and Kolva Rivers)
Perm Krai, 29,000 Rivers in Great Perm Region (Perm Krai) ; Icon of the Mother of God of Seven Lakes, Commemorated on July 28; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; St Ignatius, Wonderworker and Bishop of Smolensk, Commemorated January 29 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30 ; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2;

Kama River

Veslyana River

Chyornaya River

Malaya Sol River

Malaya, Perm (Lesser Perm, Malya Sol River, Kama River 2)
Malaya, Perm ; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26 ;

Mongol, Perm, Kama River 4, Vishera and Kolva Rivers Folder

Ural Mountains, Perm, Mongol Lands
Ural Mountains; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated September 12 ; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated September 19; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; Righteous Simeon the Wonderworker of Verkhoturye;

Vishera River

Kolva River

Perm or Great Perm City (Kolva River Mouth, Vishera River 5)
Great Perm; Cherdyn; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8;

Perm, Land of the Perm-Komi-Zyrians (Kolva Vishera Rivers, Greater Perm)
Komi-Zyrians; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19;

Visherka River

Chusovskoye Lake, Source of the Visherka River
Chusovskoye Lake ;

Vishersk (Visherka River, Perm)
Vishersk (Visherka River); Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1;

Vishero, Perm (Kama River 4, Vishera River)
Vishero; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26;

Chusovaya River Folder

Chusovaya River

Sylva River

Iren River

Ordinsky District, Perm (Iren River Valley)
Ordinsky District; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30 ;

Ordinsk, Perm (Iren River Valley)
Ordinsk; Ordinsky District; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30 ;

Perm, Ostyak People near Perm
Perm, Ostyak People near Perm ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8;

Ostyak People near Perm
Perm, Ostyak People near Perm ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8;

Perm, Voguli (Mansi) People near Perm
Perm, Voguli (Mansi) People near Perm; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8;

Voguli (Mansi) People near Perm
Perm, Voguli (Mansi) People near Perm; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8;

Perm (Mulyanka and Sylva Rivers, Kama River 6)
Perm (Kama River 6); Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 19; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Seven Lakes, Commemorated on July 28; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated September 8 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; a and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated September 18 ; First Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on September 25 ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye; St Tarasius of Glushetsa, Commemorated October 12 ; St Demetrius of Tsilibinsk, Commemorated on October 26 ; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on December 5 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Martyr John of Kazan, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, January 29 ; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-ChernigovÂ, Commemorated on February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Dalmatia, Commemorated on February 15; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinners of Odrino, Orlov, Commemorated on March 7; Icon œNot Made by HandsÂ from Lydda, Commemorated on March 12; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16 ; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping œIlyin ChernigovÂ, Commemorated on April 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; œMyrrh-BearingÂ Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Monkmartyr Pachomius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Laurence the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinnersÂ, Commemorated on May 29; New Martyr Archbishop Andronicus of Perm, Commemorated on June 4; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6 ; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Avnezh, Vologda, Commemorated on June 15; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; Translation of the relics of St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 20; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; Second Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 23 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Seven Lakes, Commemorated on June 26; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30 ; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ; Appearance of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on July 8;

Mulyanka River

Merkushinsk, Perm (Mulyanka River 1)
Village of Merkushinsk (Mulyanka) not far from Verkhoturye on the outskirts of Perm on the Mulyanka River; Righteous Simeon the Wonderworker of Verkhoturye, Commemorated December 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Motoviliha city district of Perm
Motoviliha; New Martyr Archbishop Andronicus of Perm, Commemorated on June 4;

Naberezhnye Chelny, Perm (Kama River 7)
Naberezhnye Chelny ; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14 ;

Mongol, Perm, Kama River 8, Vyatka River Folder

Vyatka River

Vyatka, Perm (Kirov, Kama River 8, Vyatka River 1)
Vyatka (Kirov); Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8 ; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated December 21 ;

Khlynov, Perm (Vyatka, Kama River 8, Vyatka River 1)
Khlynov, Perm (Vyatka, Vyatka River 1) ; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated December 21 ;

Orlov, Perm (Vyatka River 2)
Orlov; Icon of the Mother of God the Surety of sinners of Odrino, Orlov, Commemorated on March 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God Surety of Sinners is known by this name because of the inscription on the icon: I am the Surety of sinners for My Son Who has entrusted Me to hear them, and those who bring Me the joy of hearing them will receive eternal joy through Me. The Mother of God embraces Her Child, Who holds Her right hand with both His hands so that Her thumb is in His right hand, and Her small finger in His left hand. This is the gesture of one who gives surety for another. we do not know when or by whom the icon was originally painted, it is believed that the basis of the icon is to be found in the Akathist to the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos: Rejoice, You Who offer Your hands in surety for us to God. icon was first glorified by miracles at the Saint Nicholas Odrino men’s monastery of the former Orlov gubernia in the mid-nineteenth century (the Assuage My Sorrows Icon commemorated on October 9 is also from this monastery). The Surety of Sinners icon of the Mother of God was in an old chapel beyond the monastery gates, and stood between two other ancient icons. Because it was so faded and covered with dust, it was impossible to read the inscription. 1843 it was revealed to many of the people in dreams that the icon was endowed with miraculous power. They solemnly brought the icon into the church. Believers began to flock to it to pray for the healing of their sorrows and sicknesses. The first to receive healing was a crippled child, whose mother prayed fervently before the icon in 1844. The icon was glorified during a cholera epidemic, when many people fell deathly ill, and were restored to health after praying before the icon. large stone church with three altars was built at the monastery in honor of the wonderworking icon. Surety of Sinners Icon is also commemorated on May 29 and on Thursday of the week of All Saints. Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinners, Commemorated on May 29; Icon of the Mother of God “Surety of Sinners” is known by this name because of the inscription on the icon: “I am the Surety of sinners for My Son Who has entrusted Me to hear them, and those who bring Me the joy of hearing them will receive eternal joy through Me.” The Mother of God embraces Her Child, Who holds Her right hand with both His hands so that Her thumb is in His right hand, and Her small finger in His left hand. This is the gesture of one who gives surety for another. we do not know when or by whom the icon was originally painted, it is believed that the basis of the icon is to be found in the Akathist to the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos: “Rejoice, You Who offer Your hands in surety for us to God.” icon was first glorified by miracles at the Saint Nicholas Odrino men’s monastery of the former Orlov gubernia in the mid-nineteenth century (The “Assuage My Sorrows Icon” commemorated on October 9 is also from this monastery). The “Surety of Sinners” icon of the Mother of God was in an old chapel beyond the monastery gates, and stood between two other ancient icons. Because it was so faded and covered with dust, it was impossible to read the inscription. 1843 it was revealed to many of the people in dreams that the icon was endowed with miraculous power. They solemnly brought the icon into the church. Believers began to flock to it to pray for the healing of their sorrows and sicknesses. The first to receive healing was a crippled child, whose mother prayed fervently before the icon in 1844. The icon was glorified during a cholera epidemic, when many people fell deathly ill, and were restored to health after praying before the icon. large stone church with three altars was built at the monastery in honor of the wonderworking icon. 1848, through the zeal of Lt. Col. Demetrius Boncheskul, a copy of the wonderworking image was made and placed in his home. Soon it began to exude a healing myrrh, which was given to many so they might recover their health after grievous illnesses. Boncheskul donated this wonderworking copy to the church of Saint Nicholas at Khamovniki in Moscow, where a chapel was built in honor of the icon. “Surety of Sinners” Icon is also commemorated on March 7 and on Thursday of the week of All Saints. Assuage My Sorrows Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on October 9 ; we commemorate a copy of the “Assuage My Sorrows” Icon (January 25) which is treasured in the Saint Nicholas Odrino Monastery in the Orel Diocese, Karachev district. 1784, this icon belonged to Count Nicholas Borisovitch Samoilov, who regarded it as a holy icon. At first, it was at the Count’s home in Moscow, where it was renowned for many miraculous healings. Later, N.B. Samoilov moved it to his estate adjoining the Saint Nicholas Odrino Monastery. He constructed, at his own expense, a heated chapel in honor of the “Assuage My Sorrows” Icon as part of the Saint Nicholas katholikon (main church).The Count later donated the icon to the monastery. wonderworking icon is celebrated locally twice a year: on January 25, and on October 9. Many people visit the Saint Nicholas Odrino Monastery on both days.

Kama River Mouth (Kazan, Volga River 10)

Mongol, Perm, Kazanka River Folder, Kazan

Kazanka River

Kazan, Perm (Kazanka and Kama Rivers, Volga River 10)
Kazan ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia; Bulgars and Tartars of Kazan; Appearance of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated July 8 ; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 19; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God ofSeven Lakes, Commemorated July 28 ; Seven Lakes (Sedmiezernaya) Icon of the Mother of God was glorified by great miracles in the seventeenth century in the area around the city of Kazan. This holy icon was in the Seven Lakes hermitage near the city of Kazan. Originally, seven small lakes surrounded the monastery, but these later merged into one large body of water. wonderworking Icon of the Mother of God was brought from Great Ustiug near Kazan on October 13, 1615 by the monk Euthymius, founder of the Seven Lakes monastery. He placed this icon in the temple of the newly established monastery. the middle of the seventeenth century, a deadly plague raged throughout all Russia, and reached Kazan. There 48,000 men died within a short time, almost all the inhabitants of the city. certain pious monk had a vision in a dream: a radiant man apeared to him and commanded that the inhabitants of the city should establish a seven-day fast and go out to meet the icon of the Mother of God which was coming to them from the Seven Lakes hermitage for their deliverance. monk told the authorities about the vision. The Seven Lakes Icon was brought through the city gates in procession. After circling the entire stone city, it was placed in the church of the Annunciation. After an All Night Vigil and Liturgy the next morning, the icon was carried to visit homes in the wooden city. After seven days of prayer and processions, the deadly pestilence began to abate. the monks asked to have their icon returned, it was decided to celebrate an All Night Vigil, then to carry the icon in procession back to the hermitage. A heavy snow storm came up, however, which prevented them from leaving the church. This was repeated three times, so it was decided to let the holy icon remain in Kazan for a time. It was returned to the Seven Lakes monastery in 1655. ’s Feast commemorates a second deliverance of Kazan from pestilence in 1771. Orthodox inhabitants of Kazan and the surrounding area deeply revere this holy icon, and receive healing from sickness and help in misfortune from the Mother of God. Seven Lakes Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is also commemorated on October 13 and June 26. St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated September 8 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; a and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated September 18 ; First Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on September 25 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Gurias the First Archbishop of Kazan; St Jonah of Kazan, Commemorated October 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated October 13 ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on December 5 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Martyr John of Kazan, Commemorated January 24 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Icon "œNot Made by Hands" from Lydda, Commemorated on March 12; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16 ; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; ; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Laurence the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Avnezh, Vologda, Commemorated on June 15; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; Translation of the relics of St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 20; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20; Second Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 23 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Seven Lakes, Commemorated on June 26; “Seven Lakesâ€ Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos shone forth with many miracles in the seventeenth century in the area of Kazan. It is similar to the Smolensk Icon (July 28). “The Seven Lakesâ€ Icon is also commemorated on July 28 and October 13. Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ; Appearance of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on July 8;

Seven Lakes Monastery of the Mother of God, Kazan, Perm,1615, All Rus Pestilance in 1650, 48k d in Kazan
The Seven Lakes Hermitage of the Mother of God, 420099 Republic of Tatarstan; Seven Lakes Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on July 28; Seven Lakes (Sedmiezernaya) Icon of the Mother of God was glorified by great miracles in the seventeenth century in the area around the city of Kazan. This holy icon was in the Seven Lakes hermitage near the city of Kazan. Originally, seven small lakes surrounded the monastery, but these later merged into one large body of water. wonderworking Icon of the Mother of God was brought from Great Ustiug near Kazan on October 13, 1615 by the monk Euthymius, founder of the Seven Lakes monastery. He placed this icon in the temple of the newly established monastery. the middle of the seventeenth century, a deadly plague raged throughout all Russia, and reached Kazan. There 48,000 men died within a short time, almost all the inhabitants of the city. certain pious monk had a vision in a dream: a radiant man apeared to him and commanded that the inhabitants of the city should establish a seven-day fast and go out to meet the icon of the Mother of God which was coming to them from the Seven Lakes hermitage for their deliverance. monk told the authorities about the vision. The Seven Lakes Icon was brought through the city gates in procession. After circling the entire stone city, it was placed in the church of the Annunciation. After an All Night Vigil and Liturgy the next morning, the icon was carried to visit homes in the wooden city. After seven days of prayer and processions, the deadly pestilence began to abate. the monks asked to have their icon returned, it was decided to celebrate an All Night Vigil, then to carry the icon in procession back to the hermitage. A heavy snow storm came up, however, which prevented them from leaving the church. This was repeated three times, so it was decided to let the holy icon remain in Kazan for a time. It was returned to the Seven Lakes monastery in 1655. ’s Feast commemorates a second deliverance of Kazan from pestilence in 1771. Orthodox inhabitants of Kazan and the surrounding area deeply revere this holy icon, and receive healing from sickness and help in misfortune from the Mother of God. Seven Lakes Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is also commemorated on October 13 and June 26. Seven Lakes Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on October 13; Seven Lakes Icon of the Mother of God was brought from Ustiug near Kazan on October 13, 1615 by the monk Euthymius, founder of the Seven Lakes Mother of God monastery. He blessed the place of the future monastery with this icon. of the Seven Lakes Icon were established in memory of its transfer from Ustiug, in memory of the deliverance of Kazan from a plague epidemic in 1654 and 1655 (June 26), and again from pestilence in 1771 (July 28).

Kazan Military District (the Eastern Volga Region)
Kazan Military District; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Mongol, Perm, Volga River Folder

Tsilibinsk, Perm (Tsilninsky District, Volga River 11, Ulyanovsk)
Tsilibinsk, Perm (Tsilninsky District) ; St Demetrius of Tsilibinsk, Commemorated on October 26 ;

Tetyakov, Perm (Volga River 11)
Tetyushi; In 1277, the allied forces of the Russian princes, in union with the Tatar forces, took part in a campaign in the Osetian land and in the taking of "its famed city Tetyakov."; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated September 19 ;

Mongol, Crimea Folder

Crimea, Invasion Gateway to Russia both by Varangian Trade R and M Trail, always taken first
Crimea; Crimean Tartars; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated on August 10 ; Intercession of the œDon Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated on August 19; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-ChernigovÂ, Commemorated on February 5 ; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Cherson, Mongol Crimea, Greek name
Cherson, Crimea; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated November 25 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Korsun, Mongol Crimea, Slavic name
Cherson, Crimea; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated November 25 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Azov Lands (Sea of Azov)
Sea of Azov; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ;

Alma River

Perekop Isthmus, Crimea (meaning to dig through)
Perekop Isthmus; between Crimea and Ukraine; Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16 ;

Tmutarakan, Crimea
Tmutarakan peninsula (on the eastern banks of the Kerchensk straits); Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Taman Peninsula, Crimea
Taman Peninsula; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Surozh, Crimea, Mongol Lands
Sudak (Surozha, Surrentium), Crimea;; Icon of the Mother of God of Novgorod; St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ;

Sudak (Surozha, Surrentium), Mongol Crimea
Sudak (Surozha, Surrentium), Crimea; St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ;

Taurida (Taurica, the Crimean Penninsula)
Taurida; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Akritian, Cherson, Crimea
Akritian (Anti Moslem Frontier) Cherson; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ;

Korsun, Crimea, Mongol Lands
Korsun, Crimea ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Korsun, , the Greek name for Cherson; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11 and April 6 ; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Mount Ayu-Dag, Crimea
Mount Ayu-Dag; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Alushta, Crimea
Alushta, Crimea; Martyrs Inna, Pinna, and Rimma, disciples of the Apostle Andrew, in Scythia, Commemorated on January 20; Holy Martyrs Inna, Pinna and Rimma were Slavs from northern Scythia (modern Bulgaria), and they were disciples of the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called. They preached the Gospel of Christ and they baptized many barbarians who converted to the true Faith. They were seized by the local chieftain, but they would not deny Christ, nor would they offer sacrifice to idols. was wintertime, and the rivers were so frozen that not only people, but also horses with carts could travel on the ice. The chieftain had the saints tied to logs on the ice, and gradually lowered them into the freezing water. When the ice reached their necks, they surrendered their blessed souls to the Lord. Martyrs Inna, Pinna, and Rimma, disciples of Apostle Andrew in Scythia, Commemorated on June 20;

Mongol, Khzaria Folder, Commands Western Silk Road, North Black Sea and Scythia

Mongol, Khzaria, 965-969, Atil, Scythia. Capital of the Khazars
Atil, Scythia, 965-969. Capital of the Khazars; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Khazaria, Land of the Khzars, Dagestan , Derbent, North Caucusus, Above Silk Road
Land of the Khzars, Khazaria, Derbent ; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11 and April 6;

Mongol, Khzaria, Western Silk Road Folder (to China to Turkey)

Mongol, Khzaria, Roman Road, Via Militaris Folder, from Belgrade, Serbia to Adrianopolis, Bulgaia

Mongol, Khazaria, Scythia Folder

Mongol, Khzaria, Scythia, Don River Folder (to Sea of Azov, Crimea, Black Sea)

Mongol, Khzaria, Scythia, Lesser Scythia Folder (Dacia Pontica)

Mongol, Khzaria, Scythia, Volga River Folder

Mongol, Khzaria, Scythia, Ural River Folder

Mongol, Khzaria, North Black Sea Region, Danube River Folder

Danube Mouth (Black Sea)
Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called;

Danube River Trade Route from Germany's Black Forest to the Black Sea

Black Forest
Black Forest;

Danube River 1 (near Lake Constance, and Bingen in Bavaria)

Danube River 4 (Linz, Austria)

Danube River 5 (Vienna, Amber Road 5)

Danube River 6 (Slovakian Hungarian border)

Danube Regions
Danube regions; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24;

Danube River 7 (Budapest, Hungary)

Danube River 8 (Srem Region)

Danube River 9 (Belgrade, Serbia)

Danube River 10 (Overview 2)

Danube River 11

Danube River 12 (Iskar River)

Danube River 13 (Oltenia)

Danube River 14 (Bucharest)

Danube River 15 (Overview 3)

Danube River 16 (Galats, Siret River Mouth)

Danube River 17

Mongol, Khzaria, North Black Sea Region, Bosporan Kingdom Folder, in Thaurica (Crimea), Roman Empire

Bosporan Kingdom in Thaurica (Crimea), 438 BC - 370 AD
Bosporan Kingdom in Thaurica (Crimea), 438 BC - 370 AD; Bosporan Kingdom of the Roman Empire; Hieromartyrs of Cherson, 303-313 Diocletian Persecution; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7;

Hieromartyrs of Cherson, 303-313 Diocletian Persecution
Bosporan Kingdom in Thaurica (Crimea), 438 BC - 370 AD; Bosporan Kingdom of the Roman Empire; Hieromartyrs of Cherson, 303-313 Diocletian Persecution; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7;

Cherson, Crimea, Bosporan Kingdom in Thaurica (Crimea), 438 BC - 370 AD
Cherson, Crimea; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated November 25 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Crimea, Khzaria Border, 750-969, Northern Half of Crimea
Crimea, Khzaria Border, 750-969, Northern Half of Crimea; St. John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26

Mongol, Khzaria, North Black Sea Region, Kuban River Folder

Kuban River

Kuban River Source (Mount Elbrus)
Mount Elbrus;

Kuban River 1 (Karachayevsk)
Karachayevsk;

Kuban River 2 (Cherkessk)
Cherkessk;

Kuban River 3 (Nevinnomyssk)
Nevinnomyssk;

Kuban River 4 (Armavir, Russia)
Armavir, Russia;

Kuban River 5 (Ust-Labinsk)
Ust-Labinsk;

Kuban River 6 (Temryuk)
Temryuk;

Kuban River Mouth

Mongol, Khzaria, North Black Sea Region, Northwestern Georgia Folder, Abkhazeti

Colchis Region, Northwestern Georgia
Colchis Region; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ;

Abkhazeti Region (Northwest Georgia, Southwest Caucasus Mts)
Abkhazeti Region, A disputed territory on the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the south-western flank of the Caucasus ; St Gregory of Chandzoe in Georgia, Commemorated on October 5; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; St Ephraim the Lesser, Commemorated January 18 ; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ; St Ephraim the Great of Atsquri, Commemorated on April 15; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29;

Sochi, Russia (Northwestern Georgia, Alania)
Sochi; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2;

Alania, Land of the Bagrationi Dynasty, North Ossetia
Alania, Land of the Bagrationi Dynasty, North Ossetia; Georgia, 1187-1207, David Soslan Bagrationi, King Consort to Tamar; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Pityus in Abkhazia, Northwest Georgia on the Black Sea
Pityus in Abkhazia on the Black Sea ; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated November 13 ; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24 ;

Pitindeia, Northwest Georgia (Pitsunda)
Pitindeia (Pitsunda); Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24;

New Athos monastery, Abkhazeti, Georgia, 1875
New Athos Simono-Kananitsk monastery in the Caucasus; Icon of the Mother of God the "Deliveress", Commemorated October 17 ;

Simono-Kananitsk monastery, New Athos, in the Caucasus, 1875
New Athos Simono-Kananitsk monastery in the Caucasus; Icon of the Mother of God the "Deliveress", Commemorated October 17 ;

Khobi River

Khobi River Source

Schemarum Fortress, Tsageri, Khzaria, North Black Sea, Scythia (Khobi River 1)
Schemarum Fortress, Tsageri (in lower Svaneti); Tsageri (in lower Svaneti); St Jacob the Elder, and disciple of St Anthony of Chkondidi, Commemorated on October 13 ; St. Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on January 21; Martyr Anastasius the Disciple of the Venerable Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on January 21;

Khobi, Western Georgia
Khobi, Western Georgia ; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18 ;

Lazika, Northwest Georgia (planned city, Black Sea)
Lazika (planned city, Black Sea); Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13;

Enguri River (Inguri)

Egrisi (now Samegrelo Province)
Egrisi (now Samegrelo Province); St Jacob the Elder, and disciple of St Anthony of Chkondidi, Commemorated October 13 ;

Samegrelo Province, Northwestern Georgia
Samegrelo Province; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16

Mingrelia (Samegrelo)
Mingrelia (Samegrelo); Georgia, 1621-1682, Queen Mariam Dadiani; Martyr Evdemoz the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on October 4;

Ilori Theological School in Ochamchire, Northwestern Georgia
Ilori Theological School in Ochamchire; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27 ;

Bedia Cathedral, 999
Bedia Cathedral, 999; Georgia, 975-1014, Georgia King, Bagrat III, Bedia Cathedral ; Bedia Cathedral; St Hilarion of Tvali, Commemorated on July 24; St Melchizedek I, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19; Venerable Macarius the Faster, Abbot of the Khakhuli Monastery, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Sabiana, Abbess of the Samtskhe Monastery, Commemorated on December 31; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated on February 12; St John (Chrysostom) IV, the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on March 3; St John of Khakhuli the Oqropiri, also called Chrysostom, Commemorated on March 10; St Basil of Georgia, the son of King Bagrat III, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Enguri River Source (along the border, Caucasus Mountains)

Enguri River (Inguri) Mouth (Black Sea)

River Atcharistsqah

Egrisi, Northwestern Georgia
Egrisi; St Jacob the Elder, and disciple of St Anthony of Chkondidi, Commemorated October 13 ; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated November 30;

Tskhumi, Northwestern Georgia
Tskhumi, Northwestern Georgia Martyr David the Prince of Georgia, Commemorated October 2 ;

Sokhumi, Northwestern Georgia
Sokhumi; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated October 27 ; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Bridge of Queen Tamar, Northwest Georgia
Bridge of Queen Tamar; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29;

River Atcharistsqali 1
River Atcharistsqali; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29;

Mongol, Khzaria, North Black Sea Region - Khazars, Commanded Western Silk Road

North Black Sea Region, 650-1048, Khazars, Commanded Western Silk Road
Scythia, 650-1048, Khazars Scythia, Turks of Atil, 750-969, Khazars; Atil and the Land of the Khazars, 9th and 10th Century, (Volga Delta, Scythia); Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated on November 22; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ;

Mongol, Khzaria, North Black to Caspian Seas Region, Dagestan Folder

Mongol, Khzaria, North Black to Caspian Seas Region, Derbend Area Folder, West Caspian, North Caucusus

Derbend, Dagestan
Derbend, Dagestan; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28;

Caucasus, Greater Caucasus Mountains Southeast
Greater Caucasus Mountains;

Land of the Huns, 1st to 7th century AD, Caspian Sea and Cacausus Mts
Land of the Huns, Caspian Sea, Cacausus Mts, Scythia, and Hungary ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated on January 3 ;

Albanus (Albanapolis, Derbent, Dagestan, Caspian Sea)
Albanus (Derbent, Dagestan, Caspian Sea) ; BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE, (24 AUGUST NT) ;

Dagestan, Land of the Khzars, Khazaria, Derbent, North Caucusus, West Caspian
Land of the Khzars, Khazaria, Derbent ; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11 and April 6;

Sarir, Dagestan
Sarir, Dagestan; Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated on July 21 ;

Mongol, Khzaria, North Black to Caspian Seas Region, Terek River Folder, Ossetia North

Terek River

Terek River Source (SW of Mount Kazbek)

Mt. Kazbegi
Mt. Kazbegi; Venerable Joseph the Elder and Wonderworker of Khevi, Georgia, Commemorated October 7 ;

Khevi Area (Kazbegi District, Ossetia North, and Mtskheta Region, Ossetia South)
Khevi Area; Venerable Joseph the Elder and Wonderworker of Khevi, Georgia, Commemorated October 7 ;

Khevi Creek

Trinity Church, Gergeti (Ossetia Region, near Terek River Source) 1300-1399, 14th Century
Gergeti Trinity Church; Venerable Joseph the Elder and Wonderworker of Khevi, Georgia, Commemorated October 7 ;

Trinity Creek

Trinity Creek Upper Trinity Creek

Trinity Church (a picture)
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Stepantsminda-Sameba Georgia
http://www.heritagesites.ge/

Trinity Church, Gergeti, Tsminda samebo church, Georgia
Stepantsminda-Sameba,,Georgia

Bethlehem Cave, Betlemi in the rocks of Mt Mkinvartsveri (Georgia)
,,Georgia

Bethlehem Cave 13,450 feet on this trail to the peak?

Stepantsminda, Dagestan (Terek River Source)
Stepantsminda ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7;

Terek River 1 (Terek, Ossetia)

Ossetia Region (North and South of the Caucasus, Ossetian Language)
Ossetia Region North and South; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia;

Terek, Ossetia or Vladikavkaz (capital of North Ossetia)
Terek, Ossetia or Vladikavkaz (capital of North Ossetia); St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated on September 19 ;

Ingushetia Region (Assa River Valley, Chechnya, North Caucasus, Dagestan)
Ingushetia Region; Located in the North Caucasus region with its capital at Magas.

Chechnya
Chechnya; St. Arsenius the Great, Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on September 25;

Alania, Christian Bagrationi's
Alania, Christian Bagrationi's; David Soslan, King Consort, Kingdom of Georgia, 1187-1189, 1207, Bagrationi, Husband of Queen Tamar; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

North Caucasus
North Caucasus ; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16;

Osetian land, Dagestani Persians, Alans
Ossetia: Ossetian Land is the area both north and south of the Caucasus Mountians ; Ossetians came from Persia (Iran). ; These persians were Alans; These Alans were Aryan or Indo-Persians; These Aryans were from northern Indian including Nepal, Pakistan and the Ganges River Area called Aryavarta; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated September 19 ; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated November 30 ; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8 ;

Ossetia North, Dagestan
Ossetia; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated September 19 ; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated November 30 ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8 ;

North Ossetia-“Alania
North Ossetia-“Alania; Khan Mengu-Temir, 1266-1280; Saint Theodore, Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, and his sons Saints David and Constantine, Commemorated on September 19;

North Osetia-Alania, Khan Mengu-Temir, 1266-1280,
North Ossetia-“Alania; Khan Mengu-Temir, 1266-1280; Saint Theodore, Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, and his sons Saints David and Constantine, Commemorated on September 19;

Terek River 2 (Ossetia)

Terek River 3 (Sunzha River Mouth)

Georgia, Dagestan and Azerbaijan,Terek River 3, Sunzha River Folder

Sunzha River Source (Greater Caucasus Mountains)

Caucasaus, Greater Caucasus Mountains
Greater Caucasus Mountains;

Sunzha River

Sunzha River Mouth (Terek River 3)

Terek River 4 (Kizhar, Terek River Delta)

Kizliar, Dagestan (Terek River Delta, Caspian Sea)
Kizliar; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28;

Terek River Mouth (Caspian Sea)

Dagestan, Avar people (Caucasus)
Dagestan, Avar people (Caucasus) ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2 ;

Mongol, Khzaria, North Black to Caspian Seas Region, Kuma River Folder

Kuma River

Kuma River Delta

Kuma River Delta 2

Kuma River Tributary

Kuma River Source (west of Kislovodsk)

Kuma River 1 (Mineralnye Vody)
Kuma River 1 (Mineralnye Vody);

Dagestan, Kuma River 1.5, Podkumok River Folder

Podkumok River

Podkumok River Source

Podkumok River 1 (Kislovodsk)
Podkumok River 1 (Kislovodsk);

Podkumok River 2 (Yessentuki)
Podkumok River 2 (Yessentuki);

Podkumok River 3 (Pyatigorsk)
Podkumok River 3 (Pyatigorsk);

Podkumok River 4 (Georgiyevsk)
Podkumok River 4 (Georgiyevsk);

Podkumok River Mouth (Kuma River 1.5)

Kuma River 2 (Zelenokumsk)
Kuma River 2 (Zelenokumsk);

Kuma River 3 (Budyonnovsk)
Kuma River 3 (Budyonnovsk);

Kuma River 4 (Neftekumsk)
Kuma River 4 (Neftekumsk);

Kuma River (Russia) Mouth
Kuma River (Russia) Mouth;

Mongol, Persia Folder, Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire

Mongol, Turkmenistan Folder, Central Asia, Ochus and Oxus Rivers, Afghanistan and Pakistan

Mongol, Turkmenistan, Central Asia (between Ochus and Oxus Rivers, Afghanistan and Pakistan)
Turks; Turkmenistan; In 1227 Sultan Jalal al-Din of Khwarazm and his army of Turkmen attacked Georgia ; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; New-martyr John of Thasos, Commemorated December 20 ; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7; Mongols; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26;

Silk Road Folder (to China to Turkey)

Mongol, Turkmenistan, Central Asia, Ochus River Folder

Ochus River

Mashhad (Silk Road)

Ochus (Panj) River Source (confluence
Parthia; Ochus River Map; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas;

Jam River Mouth (Ochus River 2)

Mongol, Turkmenistan, Central Asia, Oxus River Folder

Oxus River from Second Source

Pamir Mountains
Pamir Mountains;

Oxus River Source to Oxus River 5

Wakhan River

Wakhjir Pass
Wakhjir Pass;

Nisa, Turkmenistan (first Parthian capital)
Nisa, Turkmenistan (first Parthian capital) ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30 ;

Karakum Desert (a sink)

Tukhari Fortress, Turkmenistan
Tukhari Fortress; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ;

fortress of Gulab-Kala, Guldursun-Kala, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan
fortress of Gulab-Kala, Guldursun-Kala, Uzbekistan; also Guldursun Qala, in modern Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, was an ancient fortress in Chorasmia built in the 12th century CE.[1] It is one of the largest fortresses of Khwarezm, with perimeter walls of about 1 kilometer in total length, and an internal area of about 6.4 hectares (64,000 square meters, or 15.8 acres). is part of the "Fifty fortresses oasis" in modern-day Uzbekistan.[2] It was last occupied by Muhammad II of Khwarazm (1169, 1200-20), before it fell to the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire. Martyr Luarsab II, King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21; Abbas I received Saint Luarsab II amicably and, it would seem, was prepared to fulfill his promise. After a hunt together Shah Abbas invited him to Mazandaran, but Luarsab II refused to eat fish (since it was Great Lent), despite the threats and demands of the shah. The enraged shah began to insist that the Georgian emperor accept Islam, in return for which he promised to let him go with great treasures to Kartli, threatening death by torture if he did not. The emperor Luarsab II, having from his youth kept strict fast and constantly at prayer, without hesitation refused the demands of the shah. They seized him and imprisoned him in the impenetrable fortress of Gulab-Kala, near Shiraz. The Mrovel Bishop Nicholas relates, that the emperor Luarsab spent seven years imprisoned in chains, undergoing cruel torments and frequent beatings to force him to accept Islam. But the holy confessor remained faithful to the Holy Church of Christ and accepted a martyr’s death in the year 1622 at 35 years of age. Two of his faithful retainers were martyred with him. night the bodies of the holy martyrs were cast out of the prison without burial, but on the next day Christians committed them to earth in a common grave.

Khwarazm, Turkmenistan (near Oxus River Mouth)
Khwarazm, Turkmenistan (near Oxus River Mouth) ; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31;

Mongol, Turkmenistan, Central Asia, Hari River Folder

Hari River

Hari River, Afghanistan Mouth (Ochus River Source)
Hari River, Afghanistan ;

Hari River, Afganistan (Tejen or Tedzjen)

Mongol, Turkmenistan, Central Asia, Afghanistan Folder, its Helmand rivers and Grand Trunk Road

Afghanistan
Afghanistan; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Afghanistan, Helmand River Folder

Helmand River

Sistan Basin (a sink)

Afghanistan, Arghastan River Folder

Afghanistan, Arghastan River Mouth, Tarnak River Folder

Tarnak River Source

Afghanistan, Arghastan River Mouth, Arghandab River Folder

Arghandab River Source (NW of Ghazni)

Kandahar, Afganistan (Arghandab River Mouth)
Kandahar, Afganistan

Arghandab River (Dahla Dam)

Afghanistan, Grand Trunk Road Folder (between South China and Afganistan)

Kabul, Afghanistan (end of the Grand Trunk Road)

Bagram, Afghanastan, capital of India's Kushan Empire, Grand Turk Road and Silk Road Intersection
Bagram, Afghanastan, capital of India's Kushan Empire; India and Afghanistan, 30-375, Kushan Empire, 30-376; Kushan Empire was a syncretic empire, formed by the Yuezhi, in the Bactrian territories in the early 1st century. It spread to encompass much of modern-day territory of Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India,[16] at least as far as Saketa and Sarnath near Varanasi (Benares), where inscriptions have been found dating to the era of the Kushan Emperor Kanishka the Great.[17] Emperor Kanishka and the Kushans in general were great patrons of Buddhism, as well as Zoroastrianism.[18] They played an important role in the establishment of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent and its spread to Central Asia and China. Kushans were most probably one of five branches of the Yuezhi confederation,[19][20] an Indo-European nomadic people of possible Tocharian[21][22][23][24][25] origin, who migrated from northwestern China (Xinjiang and Gansu) and settled in ancient Bactria.[20] Kushans possibly used the Greek language initially for administrative purposes, but soon began to use Bactrian language.[7] Kanishka sent his armies north of the Karakoram mountains. A direct road from Gandhara to China remained under Kushan control for more than a century, encouraging travel across the Karakoram and facilitating the spread of Mahayana Buddhism to China. Kushan dynasty had diplomatic contacts with the Roman Empire, Sasanian Persia, the Aksumite Empire and the Han dynasty of China. The Kushan Empire was at the center of trade relations between the Roman Empire and China: according to Alain Danilou, "for a time, the Kushana Empire was the centerpoint of the major civilizations".[26] While much philosophy, art, and science was created within its borders, the only textual record of the empire's history today comes from inscriptions and accounts in other languages, particularly Chinese.[27] Kushan empire fragmented into semi-independent kingdoms in the 3rd century AD, which fell to the Sasanians invading from the west, establishing the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom in the areas of Sogdiana, Bactria and Gandhara. In the 4th century, the Guptas, an Indian dynasty also pressed from the east. The last of the Kushan and Kushano-Sasanian kingdoms were eventually overwhelmed by invaders from the north, known as the Kidarites, and then the Hephthalites.[12]

Geography - Moslem Empires, Caliphs, Dynasties in chronological order
Geography - Moslem Empires, Caliphs, Dynasties in order by country: Persia - Rashdun C; Umayyad C; , Sajid D, Persia into Geogria; Khwarezmid E, Ilkhanate E, Timurid E, Safarid D, Afsharid D, Qajar D; Bithynia, Ottoman E, Bulgaria, Ottoman E, Constantinople, Ottoman E; Arab Lands, Rashdun C -Jerusalem, Babylon Fortress, Alexandria, Egypt; Umayyad C - Jerusalem (Dome of the Rock), Turkistan, Pakistan, Syria, Greater Syria, China, Tibet, Georgia; Abbasaid C - Baghdad, Abbasaid Anarchy, Sunni Shia battles, Greater Armenia and Georgia; Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate, Cairo); North Africa - Fatmid C, all of North Africa, Egypt in 969, Levant, Sicily;

Rashidun Caliphate, Medina and Kufa, Arabian Peninsula, Levant, Transcaucasus of Georgia, Great Armenia, North Africa from Egypt to Tunisia, Persia or Iranian Plateau, Central Asia, South Asia
Rashidun Caliphate, Medina and Kufa; Rashidun Caliphate was the first of the four major caliphates established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. was ruled by the first four successive caliphs (successors) of Muhammad after his death in 632 CE (AH 11). caliphs are collectively known in Sunni Islam as the Rashidun, or "Rightly Guided" caliphs. This term is not used in Shia Islam, as Shia Muslims do not consider the rule of the first three caliphs legitimate.[4] Rashidun Caliphate is characterized by a twenty-five-year period of rapid military expansion followed by a five-year period of internal strife. Rashidun Army numbered more than 100,000 men at its peak. the 650s, in addition to the Arabian Peninsula, the caliphate had subjugated the Levant to the Transcaucasus in the north; North Africa from Egypt to present-day Tunisia in the west; and the Iranian Plateau to parts of Central Asia and South Asia in the east. four Rashidun caliphs were chosen by a small electoral body consisting of prominent members of the Quraysh tribal confederation called shura.[5] caliphate arose out of the death of Muhammad in 632 CE and the subsequent debate over the succession to his leadership. Bakr, a close companion of Muhammad from the Banu Taym clan, was elected the first Rashidun leader and began the conquest of the Arabian Peninsula. He ruled from 632 to his death in 634. Bakr was succeeded by Umar, his appointed successor from the Banu Adi clan, who continued the conquest of Persia, eventually leading to the fall of the Sasanian Empire in 651. was assassinated in 644 by a Persian slave and was succeeded by Uthman, a member of the Banu Umayya clan, who was elected by a six-person committee arranged by Umar. Under Uthman, the conquest of Armenia, Fars and Khorasan began.[6] was assassinated by Egyptian rebels in 656[7] and succeeded by Ali, a member of Muhammad's Banu Hashim clan, who presided over the civil war known as the First Fitna (656–661). war was primarily between those who believed Uthman was unlawfully killed, supporting his cousin and governor of the Levant Muawiyah, and those who believed his killing was deserved, supporting the caliph Ali. civil war permanently consolidated the divide between Sunni and Shia Muslims, with Shia Muslims believing Ali to be the first rightful caliph and Imam after Muhammad, favouring his bloodline connection to Muhammad.[8] a third faction in the war believed both Ali and Muawiyah should be deposed and a new caliph elected by shura; this faction supported the governor of Egypt Amr ibn al-As. war led to the end of the Rashidun Caliphate and the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate in 661 under Muawiyah. Rashidun Caliphate at greatest extent (orthographic projection) Muhammad's death in 632 CE, his Medinan companions debated which of them should succeed him in running the affairs of the Muslims while Muhammad's household was busy with his Umar and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah pledged their loyalty to Abu Bakr, with the Ansar and the Quraysh soon following suit. Abu Bakr thus became the first (Successor of the Messenger of God), or Caliph, and embarked on campaigns to propagate Islam. he would have to subdue the Arabian tribes which had claimed that although they pledged allegiance to Muhammad and accepted Islam, they owed nothing to Abu Bakr. As a caliph, Abu Bakr was not a monarch and never claimed such a title; nor did any of his three successors. Rather, their election and leadership were based upon merit.[9][10][11][12] according to Sunnis, all four Rashidun Caliphs were connected to Muhammad through marriage, were early converts to Islam,[13] were among ten who were explicitly promised paradise, were his closest companions by association and support and were often highly praised by Muhammad and delegated roles of leadership within the nascent Muslim community. to Sunni Muslims, the term Rashidun Caliphate is derived from a famous[14] hadith of Muhammad, where he foretold that the caliphate after him would last for 30 years[15] (the length of the Rashidun Caliphate) and would then be followed by kingship. (the Umayyad Caliphate was a hereditary monarchy)[16][17] Furthermore, according to other hadiths in Sunan Abu Dawood and Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, towards the end times, the Rightly Guided Caliphate will be restored once again by God.[18]

Umayyad Caliphate, Damascus, Syria, Rashidun area plus Spain,
Umayyad Caliphate, Damascus, Syria; Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE)[4] was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. caliphate was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty (Sons of Umayyah). third caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644-656), was also a member of the Umayyad clan. family established dynastic, hereditary rule with Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of al-Sham (Greater Syria), who became the sixth caliph after the end of the First Fitna in 661. Mu'awiyah's death in 680, conflicts over the succession resulted in the Second Fitna,[5] and power eventually fell into the hands of Marwan I from another branch of the clan. region of Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital. Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) under Islamic rule. its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 11,100,000 km2 (4,300,000 sq mi),[1] making it one of the largest empires in history in terms of area. dynasty in most of the Islamic world was eventually overthrown by a rebellion led by the Abbasids in 750. ------------------------Survivors of the dynasty established themselves in Cordoba which, in the form of an emirate and then a caliphate, became a world centre of science, medicine, philosophy and invention during the Islamic Golden Age.[6][7] Umayyad Caliphate ruled over a vast multiethnic and multicultural population. who still constituted a majority of the caliphate's population, and Jews were allowed to practice their own religion but had to pay a head tax from which Muslims were exempt.[8] was, however, the Muslim-only zakat tax, which was earmarked explicitly for various welfare programmes[8][9] for the benefit of Muslims or Muslim converts only.[10] positions were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served in Byzantine governments. The employment of Christians was part of a broader policy of religious accommodation that was necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces, as in Syria. policy also boosted Muawiya's popularity and solidified Syria as his power base.[11][12] The Umayyad era is often considered the formative period in Islamic art.[13]

Saiid Dynasty in Maragheh and Aradibil, Iran, Azerbaijan and parts of Armenia and Georgia
Saiid Dynasty in Maragheh and Aradibil, Iran; Sajid dynasty, was an Iranian Muslim dynasty that ruled from 889-890 until 929. The Sajids ruled Azerbaijan and parts of Armenia first from Maragha and Barda and then from Ardabil.[a][1] Sajids originated from the Central Asian province of Ushrusana and were of Iranian (Sogdian)[2][3][b] descent. Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj Diwdad the son of Diwdad, the first Sajid ruler of Azerbaijan, was appointed as its ruler in 889 or 890. father Abu'l-Saj Devdad had fought under the Ushrusanan prince Afshin Khaydar during the latter's final campaign against the rebel Babak Khorramdin in Azerbaijan, and later served the caliphs. the end of the 9th century, as the central authority of the Abbasid Caliphate weakened, Muhammad was able to form a virtually independent state. of the Sajids' energies were spent in attempting to take control of neighboring Armenia. The dynasty ended with the death of Abu'l-Musafir al-Fath in 929. Saiid Dynasty in Maragheh, Iran;

Khwarazmian Empire, Gurgani, Samargand, Ghazna, and Tabriz, Iran, ruled Central Asia, Afghanistan and Persia
Khwarazmian Empire, Gurgani, Samargand, Ghazna, and Tabriz, Iran; Khwarazmian Empire[a] was a Turko-Persian[9] Sunni Muslim empire that ruled large parts of present-day Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Iran in the approximate period of 1077 to 1231, first as vassals of the Seljuk Empire[10] and the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty),[11] and later as independent rulers, up until the Mongol conquest in the 13th century. is estimated that the empire spanned an area of 2.3 million square kilometers[12] to 3.6 million square kilometers[13] in the beginning of the 13th century, effectively making it one of the largest land empires in history. date of the founding of the state of the Khwarazmshahs remains debatable. The dynasty that ruled the empire was founded by Anush Tigin (also known as Gharachai), initially a Turkic slave of the rulers of Gharchistan, later a Mamluk in the service of the Seljuqs. However, it was Ala ad-Din Atsiz, descendant of Anush Tigin, who achieved Khwarazm's independence from its neighbors. of the Turkic peoples pre–14th century History of the Turkic peoples Tiele people Göktürks First Turkic Khaganate 552–581 Western Turkic Khaganate 581–657 (Tokhara Yabghus, Turk Shahis) Eastern Turkic Khaganate 581–650 Second Turkic Khaganate 682–744 Khazar Khaganate 618–1048 Xueyantuo 628–646 Kangar union 659–750 Turk Shahi 665-850 Türgesh Khaganate 699–766 Kimek confederation 743–1035 Uyghur Khaganate 744–840 Oghuz Yabgu State 750–1055 Karluk Yabgu State 756–940 Kara-Khanid Khanate 840–1212 Western Kara-Khanid Eastern Kara-Khanid Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 848–1036 Qocho 856–1335 Pecheneg Khanates 860–1091 Ghaznavid Empire 963–1186 Seljuk Empire 1037–1194 Sultanate of Rum Cuman–Kipchak confederation 1067–1239 Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1231 Kerait Khanate 11th century–13th century Delhi Sultanate 1206–1526 Mamluk dynasty Khalji dynasty Tughlaq dynasty Qarlughid Kingdom 1224–1266 Golden Horde 1240s–1502 Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) 1250–1517 Bahri dynasty 1220, the Mongols under their ruler Genghis Khan invaded the Khwarazmian Empire, successfully conquering the whole of it in less than two years. The Mongols exploited existing weaknesses and conflicts in the empire, besieging and plundering the richest cities, while putting its citizens to the sword in one of the bloodiest wars in human history.

Ilkhanate Empire in Maragheh, Tabriz and Soltaniyeh, core of Iran, Azeerbaijan, and Turkey, then Black Death
Ilkhanate Empire in Maragheh, Tabriz and Soltaniyeh, Iran, Azeerbaijan, Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Georgia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and part of Dagestan, then Black Death; Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate, known to the Mongols as Hulegu Ulus[6] was a khanate established from the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. Ilkhanid realm, officially known as Iranzamin (lit. 'land of Iran'),[7][8] was ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu. Hulagu Khan, the son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, inherited the Middle Eastern part of the Mongol Empire after his brother Mongke Khan died in 1260. core territory lies in what is now part of the countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. its greatest extent, the Ilkhanate also included parts of modern Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Georgia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, part of modern Dagestan, and part of modern Tajikistan. Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, converted to Islam. In the 1330s, the Ilkhanate was ravaged by the Black Death. Its last khan Abu Sa'id died in 1335, after which the khanate disintegrated. The Ilkhanid rulers, although of non-Iranian origin, tried to advertise their authority by tying themselves to the Iranian past, and they recruited historians in order to present the Mongols as heirs to the Sasanians (224–651 AD) of pre-Islamic Iran.[9]

Timurid Empire, Samarkand, Uzbekistan and Herat, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, etc
Timurid Empire, Samarkand, Uzbekistan and Herat, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Iran, Southern Caucasus, Iraq, Kuait, part of Russia, India, Pakistan, Syria and Turkey; Timurid Empire, was a Persianate[7][8] Turco-Mongol empire comprising modern-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Iran, the southern region of the Caucasus, Iraq, Kuwait, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, as well as parts of contemporary Russia, India, Pakistan, Syria and Turkey. empire was founded by Timur (also known as Tamerlane), a warlord of Turco-Mongol lineage, who established the empire between 1370 and his death in 1405. He envisioned himself as the great restorer of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan, regarded himself as Genghis's heir, and associated much with the Borjigin. Timur continued vigorous trade relations with Ming China and the Golden Horde. The empire led to the Timurid Renaissance, particularly during the reign of astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Begh. 1467, the ruling Timurid dynasty, or Timurids, lost most of Persia to the Aq Qoyunlu confederation. But members of the Timurid dynasty continued to rule smaller states, sometimes known as Timurid emirates, in Central Asia and parts of India. In the 16th century, Babur, a Timurid prince from Ferghana (modern Uzbekistan), invaded Kabulistan (modern Afghanistan) and established a small kingdom there. Twenty years later, he used this kingdom as a staging ground to invade India and establish the Mughal Empire.

Safarid Dynasty, Zaranj, Persia, now Southwest Afghanistan, most of Iran and Afghanistan, parts of Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekisan
Safarid Dynasty, Zaranj, Persia, now Southwest Afghanistan, most of Iran and Afghanistan, parts of Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekisan; Saffarid dynasty was a Sunni[3] Persian[4][5][6] dynasty from Sistan that ruled over parts of Greater Iran, with its capital at Zaranj (a city now in southwestern Afghanistan),[7][8] from 861 to 1003.[9] of the first indigenous Persian dynasties to emerge after the Islamic conquest,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] the Saffarid dynasty was part of the Iranian Intermezzo. dynasty's founder was Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar, who was born in 840 in a small town called Karnin (Qarnin), which was located east of Zaranj and west of Bost, in what is now Afghanistan. A native of Sistan and a local ayyār, Ya'qub worked as a coppersmith (ṣaffār) before becoming a warlord. He seized control of the Sistan region and began conquering most of Iran and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Saffarids used their capital Zaranj as a base for an aggressive expansion eastward and westward. They first invaded the areas south of the Hindu Kush, and then overthrew the Persian Tahirid dynasty, annexing Khorasan in 873. By the time of Ya'qub's death, he had conquered the Kabul Valley, Sindh, Tocharistan, Makran (Balochistan), Kerman, Fars, Khorasan, and nearly reached Baghdad but then suffered a defeat by the Abbasids.[9] Saffarid dynasty did not last long after Ya'qub's death. His brother and successor, Amr bin Laith, was defeated at the Battle of Balkh against Ismail Samani in 900. Amr bin Laith was forced to surrender most of his territories to the new rulers. The Saffarids were confined to their heartland of Sistan, and with time, their role was reduced to that of vassals of the Samanids and their successors.

Afsharid dynasty, Mashhad (Silk Road), Turkmenistan, 1736-
Afsharid dynasty; Afsharid dynasty was an Iranian[7] dynasty that originated from the Turkoman[8][9] Afshar tribe in Iran's north-eastern province of Khorasan, ruling Iran (Persia) in the mid-eighteenth century. The dynasty was founded in 1736 by the brilliant military[10] commander Nader Shah, who deposed the last member of the Safavid dynasty and proclaimed himself as the Shah of Iran. Nader's reign, Iran reached its greatest extent since the Sasanian Empire. At its height it controlled modern-day Iran, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan Republic, parts of the North Caucasus (Dagestan), Afghanistan, Bahrain, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Pakistan, and parts of Iraq, Turkey, United Arab Emirates and Oman. After his death, most of his empire was divided between the Zands, Durranis, Georgians, and the Caucasian khanates, while Afsharid rule was confined to a small local state in Khorasan. Finally, the Afsharid dynasty was overthrown by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar in 1796, who would establish a new native Iranian empire and restore Iranian suzerainty over several of the aforementioned regions. dynasty was named after the Turcoman Afshar tribe from Khorasan in north-east Iran, to which Nader belonged.[11] The Afshars had originally migrated from Turkestan to Azerbaijan (Iranian Azerbaijan) in the 13th century. In the early 17th century, Abbas the Great moved many Afshars from Azerbaijan to Khorasan to defend the north-eastern borders of his state against the Uzbeks, after which the Afshars settled in those regions. Nader belonged to the Qereqlu branch of the Afshars.[12] Foundation of the dynasty[edit] See also: Restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne, Treaty of Resht, Treaty of Ganja, and Ottoman–Persian War (1730–35) Shah was born (as Nadr Qoli) into a humble semi-nomadic family from the Afshar tribe of Khorasan,[13] where he became a local warlord.[14] path to power began when the Ghilzai Mir Mahmud Hotaki overthrew the weakened and disintegrated Safavid shah Sultan Husayn in 1722. the same time, Ottoman and Russian forces seized Iranian land. Russia took swaths of Iran's Caucasian territories in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia, as well as mainland northern Iran, by the Russo-Persian War, while the neighbouring Ottomans invaded from the west. By the 1724 Treaty of Constantinople, they agreed to divide the conquered areas between themselves.[15] the other side of the theatre, Nader joined forces with Sultan Husayn's son Tahmasp II and led the resistance against the Ghilzai Afghans, driving their leader Ashraf Khan easily out of the capital in 1729 and establishing Tahmasp on the throne. fought to regain the lands lost to the Ottomans and Russians and to restore Iranian hegemony in Iran. he was away in the east fighting the Ghilzais, Tahmasp waged a disastrous campaign in the Caucasus which allowed the Ottomans to retake most of their lost territory in the west . Nader, displeased, had Tahmasp deposed in favour of his infant son Abbas III in 1732. Four years later, after he had recaptured most of the lost Persian lands, Nader felt confident enough to have himself proclaimed shah in his own right at a ceremony on the Moghan Plain.[16] subsequently made the Russians cede the taken territories taken in 1722–23 through the Treaty of Resht of 1732 and the Treaty of Ganja of 1735.[17] Back in control of the integral northern territories, and with a new Russo-Iranian alliance against the common Ottoman enemy,[18] he continued the Ottoman–Persian War. The Ottoman armies were expelled from western Iran and the rest of the Caucasus, and the resultant 1736 Treaty of Constantinople forced the Ottomans to confirm Iranian suzerainty over the Caucasus and recognised Nader as the new Iranian shah (king).[19] of Nader Shah and the succession problem[edit] Fall of the Hotaki dynasty[edit] Main article: Restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne and the Qajar leader Fath Ali Khan (the ancestor of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar) contacted Nader and asked him to join their cause and drive the Ghilzai Afghans out of Khorasan. agreed and thus became a figure of national importance. When Nader discovered that Fath Ali Khan was corresponding with Malek Mahmud and revealed this to the shah, Tahmasp executed him and made Nader the chief of his army instead. subsequently took on the title Tahmasp Qoli (Servant of Tahmasp). In late 1726, Nader recaptured Mashhad.[20] chose not to march directly on Isfahan. First, in May 1729, he defeated the Abdali Afghans near Herat. Many of the Abdali Afghans subsequently joined his army. new shah of the Ghilzai Afghans, Ashraf, decided to move against Nader but in September 1729, defeated him at the Battle of Damghan and again decisively in November at Murchakhort, banishing the Afghans from Persian soil forever. Ashraf fled and Nader finally entered Isfahan, handing it over to Tahmasp in December and plundering the city to pay his army. made Nader governor over many eastern provinces, including his native Khorasan, and married him to his sister. Nader pursued and defeated Ashraf, who was murdered by his own followers.[21] 1738, Nader Shah besieged and destroyed the last Hotaki seat of power, at Kandahar. He built a new city nearby, which he named "Naderabad".[22] Ottoman campaign and the regain of the Caucasus[edit] Main articles: Ottoman–Persian War (1730–35), Treaty of Resht, and Treaty of Ganja the spring of 1735, Nader attacked Persia's archrival, the Ottomans, and regained most of the territory lost during the recent chaos. At the same time, the Abdali Afghans rebelled and besieged Mashhad, forcing Nader to suspend his campaign and save his brother, Ebrahim. It took Nader fourteen months to crush this uprising. Painting of Nader Shah between Nader and the Shah had declined as the latter grew alarmed by his general's military successes. While Nader was absent in the east, Tahmasp tried to assert himself by launching a campaign to recapture Yerevan. He ended up losing all of Nader's recent gains to the Ottomans, and signed a treaty ceding Georgia and Armenia in exchange for Tabriz. Nader, furious, saw that the moment had come to depose Tahmasp. He denounced the treaty, seeking popular support for a war against the Ottomans. In Isfahan, Nader got Tahmasp drunk then showed him to the courtiers asking if a man in such a state was fit to rule. In 1732 he forced Tahmasp to abdicate in favour of the Shah's baby son, Abbas III, to whom Nader became regent. decided, as he continued the 1730–35 war, that he could win back the territory in Armenia and Georgia by seizing Ottoman Baghdad and then offering it in exchange for the lost provinces, but his plan went badly amiss when his army was routed by the Ottoman general Topal Osman Pasha near the city in 1733. Nader decided he needed to regain the initiative as soon as possible to save his position because revolts were already breaking out in Persia. He faced Topal again with a larger force and defeated and killed him. He then besieged Baghdad, as well as Ganja in the northern provinces, earning a Russian alliance against the Ottomans. Nader scored a decisive victory over a superior Ottoman force at Yeghevard (modern-day Armenia) and by the summer of 1735, Persian Armenia and Georgia were under his rule again. In March 1735, he signed a treaty with the Russians in Ganja by which the latter agreed to withdraw all of their troops from Persian territory,[23][24] those which had not been ceded back by the 1732 Treaty of Resht yet, mainly regarding Derbent, Baku, Tarki, and the surrounding lands, resulting in the reestablishment of Iranian rule over all of the Caucasus and northern mainland Iran again. becomes king[edit] suggested to his closest intimates, after a hunting party on the Moghan plains (presently split between Azerbaijan Republic and Iran), that he should be proclaimed the new king (shah) in place of the young Abbas III.[25] small group of close intimates, Nader's friends, included Tahmasp Khan Jalayer and Hasan-Ali Beg Bestami.[25] Following Nader's suggestion, the group did not "demur", and Hasan-Ali remained silent.[25] When Nader asked him why he remained silent, Hasan-Ali replied that the best course of action for Nader would be to assemble all the leading men of the state, in order to receive their agreement in "a signed and sealed document of consent".[25] Nader approved of the proposal, and the writers of the chancellery, which included the court historian Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi, were instructed with sending out orders to the military, religious and nobility of the nation to summon at the plains.[25] The summonses for the people to attend had gone out in November 1735, and they began arriving in January 1736.[26] In the same month of January 1736, Nader held a qoroltai (a grand meeting in the tradition of Genghis Khan and Timur) on the Moghan plains. The Moghan plain was specifically chosen for its size and "abundance of fodder".[27] Everyone agreed to the proposal of Nader becoming the new king, many—if not most—enthusiastically, the rest fearing Nader's anger if they showed support for the deposed Safavids. Nader was crowned Shah of Iran on March 8, 1736, a date his astrologers had chosen as being especially propitious,[28] in attendance of an "exceptionally large assembly" composed of the military, religious and nobility of the nation, as well as the Ottoman ambassador Ali Pasha.[29] Invasion of the Mughal Empire[edit] Main articles: Nader Shah's invasion of India and Battle of Karnal The flank march of Nader's army at Battle of Khyber pass has been called a "military masterpiece" by the Russian general & historian Kursinski At the Battle of Karnal, Nader crushed an enormous Mughal army six times greater than his own In 1738, Nader Shah conquered Kandahar, the last outpost of the Hotaki dynasty and established Naderabad, Kandahar. His thoughts now turned to the Mughal Empire based in Delhi. This once powerful Muslim state to the east was falling apart as the nobles became increasingly disobedient and the Hindu Marathas of the Maratha Empire made inroads on its territory from the south-west. Its ruler Muhammad Shah was powerless to reverse this disintegration. Nader asked for the Afghan rebels to be handed over, but the Mughal emperor refused. Nader used the pretext of his Afghan enemies taking refuge in India to cross the border and invade the militarily weak but still extremely wealthy far eastern empire.[30] In a brilliant campaign against the governor of Peshawar, he took a small contingent of his forces on a daunting flank march through nearly impassable mountain passes, and took the enemy forces positioned at the mouth of the Khyber Pass completely by surprise, decisively beating them despite being outnumbered two-to-one. This led to the capture of Ghazni, Kabul, Peshawar, Sindh and Lahore. As Nader moved into the Mughal territories, he was accompanied by his loyal Georgian subject and future king of eastern Georgia, Erekle II, who led a Georgian contingent as a military commander as part of Nader's force.[31] Following the defeat of Mughal forces priorly, he then advanced deeper into India, crossing the river Indus before the end of year. The news of the Persian army's swift and decisive successes against the northern vassal states of the Mughal empire caused much consternation in Delhi, prompting the Mughal ruler, Muhammad Shah, to summon an overwhelming force of some 300,000 men and march this massive host north towards the Persian army. Afsharid forces negotiate with a Mughal Nawab. Nader Shah crushed the Mughal army in less than three hours at the large Battle of Karnal on 13 February 1739. After this decisive victory, Nader captured Mohammad Shah and entered with him into Delhi.[32] When a rumour broke out that Nader had been assassinated, some of the Indians attacked and killed Persian troops. Nader, furious, reacted by ordering his soldiers to plunder and sack the city. During the course of one day (March 22) 20,000 to 30,000 Indians were killed by the Persian troops, forcing Mohammad Shah to beg Nader for mercy.[33] In response, Nader Shah agreed to withdraw, but Mohammad Shah paid the consequence in handing over the keys of his royal treasury, and losing even the Peacock Throne to the Persian emperor. The Peacock Throne thereafter served as a symbol of Persian imperial might. It is estimated that Nadir took away with him treasures worth as much as seven hundred million rupees. Among a trove of other fabulous jewels, Nader also gained the Koh-i-Noor and Darya-ye Noor diamonds (Koh-e-Noor means "Mountain of Light" in Persian, Darya-ye Noor means "Sea of Light"). The Persian troops left Delhi at the beginning of May 1739, but before they left, he ceded back to Muhammad Shah all territories to the east of the Indus that he had overrun.[34] Nader's soldiers also took with them thousands of elephants, horses and camels, loaded with the booty they had collected. The plunder seized from India was so valuable that Nader stopped taxation in Iran for a period of three years following his return.[35] Nader attacked the empire to, perhaps, give his country some breathing space after previous turmoils. His successful campaign and replenishment of funds meant that he could continue his wars against Iran's archrival and neighbour, the Ottoman Empire.[36] North Caucasus, Central Asia, Arabia, and the second Ottoman war[edit] Main articles: Ottoman–Persian War (1743–46) and Nader's Dagestan campaign Silver coin of Nader Shah, minted in Dagestan, dated 1741/2 (left = obverse; right = reverse) The Indian campaign was the zenith of Nader's career. After his return from India, Nader fell out with his eldest son Reza Qoli Mirza, who had ruled Persia during his father's absence. Reza had behaved highhandedly and somewhat cruelly but he had kept the peace in Persia. Having heard a rumour that Nader was dead, he had prepared to seize the throne by having the Safavid royal captives, Tahmasp and his nine-year-old son Abbas III, executed. On hearing the news, Reza's wife, who was Tahmasp's sister, committed suicide. Nader was not pleased with the young man's behaviour and humiliated him by removing him from the post of viceroy, but he took him on his expedition to conquer territory in Transoxiana. Nader became increasingly despotic as his health declined markedly. In 1740 he conquered Khanate of Khiva. After the Persians had forced the Uzbek khanate of Bukhara to submit, Nader wanted Reza to marry the khan's elder daughter because she was a descendant of his role model Genghis Khan, but Reza flatly refused and Nader married the girl himself. Nader also conquered Khwarezm on this expedition into Central Asia.[37] The Battle of Kars (1745) was the last major field battle Nader fought in his spectacular military career Nader now decided to punish Daghestan for the death of his brother Ebrahim Qoli on a campaign a few years earlier. In 1741, while Nader was passing through the forest of Mazandaran on his way to fight the Daghestanis, an assassin took a shot at him but Nader was only lightly wounded. He began to suspect his son was behind the attempt and confined him to Tehran. Nader's increasing ill health made his temper ever worse. Perhaps it was his illness that made Nader lose the initiative in his war against the Lezgin tribes of Daghestan. Frustratingly for him, they resorted to guerrilla warfare and the Persians could make little headway against them.[38] Though Nader managed to take most of Dagestan during his campaign, the effective guerrilla warfare as deployed by the Lezgins, but also the Avars and Laks made the Iranian re-conquest of this particular North Caucasian region this time a short lived one; several years later, Nader was forced to withdraw. During the same period, Nader accused his son of being behind the assassination attempt in Mazandaran. Reza angrily protested his innocence, but Nader had him blinded as punishment, although he immediately regretted it. Soon afterwards, Nader started executing the nobles who had witnessed his son's blinding. In his last years, Nader became increasingly paranoid, ordering the assassination of large numbers of suspected enemies. With the wealth he gained, Nader started to build a Persian navy. With lumber from Mazandaran and Gilan, he built ships in Bushehr and order to build new artillery in Amol. He also purchased thirty ships in India.[22] He recaptured the island of Bahrain from the Arabs. In 1743, he conquered Oman and its main capital Muscat. In 1743, Nader started another war against the Ottoman Empire. Despite having a huge army at his disposal, in this campaign Nader showed little of his former military brilliance. It ended in 1746 with the signing of a peace treaty, in which the Ottomans agreed to let Nader occupy Najaf.[39] Military[edit] Main articles: Military of the Afsharid dynasty of Persia and Afsharid navy The military forces of the Afsharid dynasty of Persia had their origins in the relatively obscure yet bloody inter-factional violence in Khorasan during the collapse of the Safavid state. The small band of warriors under local warlord Nader Qoli of the Turkomen Afshar tribe in north-east Iran were no more than a few hundred men. Yet at the height of Nader's power as the king of kings, Shahanshah, he commanded an army of 375,000 fighting men which constituted the single most powerful military force of its time,[40][41] led by one of the most talented and successful military leaders of history.[42] Map of Iran during the collapse of the Afsharid Empire After the assassination of Nader Shah at the hands of a faction of his officers in 1747, Nader's powerful army fractured as the Afsharid state collapsed and the country plunged into decades of civil war. Although there were numerous Afsharid pretenders to the throne, (amongst many other), who attempted to regain control of the entire country, Persia remained a fractured political entity in turmoil until the campaigns of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar toward the very end of the eighteenth century reunified the nation. Civil war and downfall of the Afsharids[edit] See also: Khanates of the Caucasus The Afsharid dynasty near its end, as its authority is reduced to Mashhad and the surrounding territory[43] After Nader's death in 1747, his nephew Ali Qoli (who may have been involved in the assassination plot) seized the throne and proclaimed himself Adil Shah ("The Just King"). ordered the execution of all Nader's sons and grandsons, with the exception of the 13-year-old Shahrokh, the son of Reza Qoli.[44] Nadir's former treasurer, Ahmad Shah Abdali, had declared his independence by founding the Durrani Empire. In the process, the eastern territories were lost and in the following decades became part of Afghanistan, the successor-state to the Durrani Empire. northern territories, Iran's most integral regions, had a different fate. Erekle II and Teimuraz II, who, in 1744, had been made the kings of Kakheti and Kartli respectively by Nader himself for their loyal service,[45] capitalized on the eruption of instability and declared de facto independence. Erekle II assumed control over Kartli after Teimuraz II's death, thus unifying the two as the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, becoming the first Georgian ruler in three centuries to preside over a politically unified eastern Georgia,[46] and due to the frantic turn of events in mainland Iran he would be able to remain de facto autonomous through the Zand period.[47] Under the successive Qajar dynasty, Iran managed to restore Iranian suzerainty over the Georgian regions, until they would be irrevocably lost in the course of the 19th century, to neighbouring Imperial Russia.[48] Many of the rest of the territories in the Caucasus, comprising modern-day Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Dagestan broke away into various khanates. Until the advent of the Zands and Qajars, its rulers had various forms of autonomy, but stayed vassals and subjects to the Iranian king.[49] Under the early Qajars, these territories in Transcaucasia and Dagestan would all be fully reincorporated into Iran, but eventually permanently lost as well (alongside Georgia), in the course of the 19th century to Imperial Russia through the two Russo-Persian Wars of the 19th century.[48] made the mistake of sending his brother Ebrahim to secure the capital Isfahan. Ebrahim decided to set himself up as a rival, defeated Adil in battle, blinded him and took the throne. had reigned for less than a year. Meanwhile, a group of army officers freed Shahrokh from prison in Mashhad and proclaimed him shah in October 1748. was defeated and died in captivity in 1750 and Adil was also put to death at the request of Nader Shah's widow. was briefly deposed in favour of another puppet ruler Soleyman II but, although blinded, Shahrokh was restored to the throne by his supporters. He reigned in Mashhad and from the 1750s his territory was mostly confined to the city and it's environs.[43] In 1796 Mohammad Khan Qajar, the founder of the Qajar dynasty, seized Mashhad and tortured Shahrokh to force him to reveal the whereabouts of Nader Shah's treasures. Shahrokh died of his injuries soon after and with him the Afsharid dynasty came to an end.[50][51] of Shahrokh's sons, Nader Mirza, revolted in 1797 upon the death of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar but the revolt was crushed and he was executed in April 1803. descendants continue into the 21st century under the Afshar Naderi surname. policy[edit] Safavids had introduced Shi'a Islam as the state religion of Iran. Nader was probably brought up as a Shi'a [52] but later espoused the Sunni[53] faith as he gained power and began to push into the Ottoman Empire. He believed that Safavid Shi'ism had intensified the conflict with the Sunni Ottoman Empire. His army was a mix of Shi'a and Sunni (with a notable minority of Christians) and included his own Qizilbash as well as Uzbeks, Afghans, Christian Georgians and Armenians,[54][55] and others. He wanted Persia to adopt a form of religion that would be more acceptable to Sunnis and suggested that Persia adopt a form of Shi'ism he called "Ja'fari", in honour of the sixth Shi'a imam Ja'far al-Sadiq. He banned certain Shi'a practices which were particularly offensive to Sunnis, such as the cursing of the first three caliphs. Personally, Nader is said to have been indifferent toward religion and the French Jesuit who served as his personal physician reported that it was difficult to know which religion he followed and that many who knew him best said that he had none.[50] Nader hoped that "Ja'farism" would be accepted as a fifth school (mazhab) of Sunni Islam and that the Ottomans would allow its adherents to go on the hajj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca, which was within their territory. In the subsequent peace negotiations, the Ottomans refused to acknowledge Ja'farism as a fifth mazhab but they did allow Persian pilgrims to go on the hajj. Nader was interested in gaining rights for Persians to go on the hajj in part because of revenues from the pilgrimage trade.[22] Nader's other primary aim in his religious reforms was to weaken the Safavids further since Shi'a Islam had always been a major element in support for the dynasty. He had the chief mullah of Persia strangled after he was heard expressing support for the Safavids. Among his reforms was the introduction of what came to be known as the kolah-e Naderi. This was a hat with four peaks which symbolised the first four caliphs.

Durrani Empire, Kandahar, Afganistan, 1747-1800, Eastern Iran, Pakistan, Northern India, Central Asia, Middle East, South Asia
Durrani Empire, Kandahar, Afganistan (Arghandab River Mouth), 1747-1800, huge, Eastern Iran, Pakistan, Northern India, Central Asia, Middle East, South Asia; Durrani Empire, also called the Sadozai Kingdom[6]: 116  and the Afghan Empire,[7] was an Afghan empire founded and built by Ahmad Shah Abdali in parts of Central Asia, the Middle East and South Asia. its maximum extent, the empire ruled over the modern-day countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan, as well as parts of northeastern and southeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan, and northwestern India.[8][6]: 190  to the Ottoman Empire, the Durrani Empire was the greatest Muslim empire of the second half of the eighteenth century.[9] Shah Abdali was the son of Muhammad Zaman Khan Abdali (Chieftain of the Abdalis) and the commander of Nader Shah Afshar. Conquering the disunity in his tribe, in June 1747 after Nader's death, Ahmad Shah Abdali secured Afghanistan by taking Kandahar, Ghazni, Kabul and Peshawar that year, becoming the King of Afghanistan. After his accession, Ahmad Shah Abdali changed his tribal name to "Durrani", henceforth becoming known as Ahmad Shah Durrani. In 1749 the Mughal ruler had ceded sovereignty over much of northwest India to the Afghans. Ahmad Shah then set out westward to take possession of Mashhad, which was ruled by Shahrokh Shah and acknowledged Ahmad Shah's suzerainty.[10] He next sent an army to subdue the areas north of the Hindu Kush down to the Amu Darya, and in short order, all the different tribes began joining his cause. Ahmad Shah and his forces then invaded India four times, taking control of Kashmir and the Punjab regions. Early in 1757, he sacked Delhi but permitted the Mughal emperor Alamgir II to remain in nominal control as long as the ruler acknowledged Ahmad Shah's suzerainty over the regions south of the Indus. the death of Ahmad Shah Durrani in about 1773, his son Timur Shah Durrani became the next ruler of the Durrani dynasty. Under Timur Shah, Kabul became the new capital of the empire while Peshawar became the winter capital; the empire began to crumble by this time.[11] The dynasty would become heirs of Afghanistan for generations, up until Dost Mohammad Khan gained control in 1823. Durrani Empire is considered the foundation of the modern state of Afghanistan, with Ahmad Shah Durrani being credited as "Father of the Nation".[12] of Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747–1772) vte Campaigns of Ahmad Shah Durrani Foundation of the Afghan state 1709 Mirwais Hotak, chief of the Ghilji tribe of Kandahar Province, gained independence from the Safavid Persians. From 1722 to 1725, his son Mahmud Hotak briefly ruled large parts of Iran and declared himself as Shah of Persia. the Hotak dynasty came to a complete end in 1738 after being toppled and banished by the Afsharids who were led by Nader Shah Afshar of Persia. year 1747 marks the definitive appearance of an Afghan political entity independent of both the Persian and Mughal empires.[13] July of that year a loya jirga (grand council) was called into session. The jirga lasted for nine days and two chief contestants emerged: Hajji Jamal Khan of the Mohammadzai lineage and Ahmad Khan of the Saddozai. Sabir Khan, a noted darwish (holy man), who had earlier predicted that Ahmad Khan would be the leader of the Afghans, rose in the jirga and said all this verbose talk? God has created Ahmad Khan a much greater man than any of you; his life is the most noble of all the Afghan families. Maintain, therefore, God's work, for His wrath will weigh heavily upon you if you destroy it. Khan reputedly hesitated to accept the open decision of the jirga, so Sabir Khan again intervened. He placed some wheat or barley sheaves in Ahmad Khan's turban, and crowned him Badshah, Durr-i-Dauran (Shah, Pearl of the Age).[14] The jirga concluded near the city of Kandahar with Ahmad Shah Durrani being selected as the new leader of the Afghans, thus the Durrani dynasty was founded. Despite being younger than the other contenders, Ahmad Shah had several overriding factors in his favor. He belonged to a respectable family of political background, especially since his father had served as Governor of Herat who died in a battle defending the Afghans. victories of Kandahar, its principal bazaar and citadel, as seen from the Nakkara Khauna of Ahmad Shah's first military actions was to capture Qalati Ghilji and Ghazni from the Ghilji, and wrest Kabul and Peshawar from Mughal-appointed governor Nasir Khan. In 1749, the Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur was induced to cede Sindh, the Punjab region and the important trans Indus River to Ahmad Shah Durrani in order to save his capital from Afghan attack.[15]: 69  Having thus gained substantial territories to the east without a fight, Ahmad Shah turned westward to take possession of Mashhad, which was ruled by Nader Shah Afshar's grandson, Shahrukh Afshar. Ahmad Shah next sent an army to subdue the areas north of the Hindu Kush mountains. In short order, the powerful army brought under its control the Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Turkmen, and other tribes of northern Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah invaded the remnants of the Mughal Empire a third time, and then a fourth, consolidating control over the Kashmir and Punjab regions, with Lahore being governed by Afghans. He sacked Delhi in 1757 but permitted the Mughal dynasty to remain in nominal control of the city as long as the ruler acknowledged Ahmad Shah's suzerainty over Punjab, Sindh, and Kashmir. Leaving his second son Timur Shah to safeguard his interests, Ahmad Shah left India to return to Afghanistan. with China by the expansion of China's Qing Dynasty up to the eastern border of Kazakhstan, Ahmad Shah attempted to rally neighboring Muslim khanates and the Kazakhs to unite and attack China, ostensibly to liberate its western Muslim subjects.[16] Shah halted trade with Qing China and dispatched troops to Kokand.[17] with his campaigns in India exhausting the state treasury, and with his troops stretched thin throughout Central Asia, Ahmad Shah lacked sufficient resources to do anything except to send envoys to Beijing for unsuccessful talks. Battle of Panipat Main article: Third Battle of Panipat Shah Durrani and his coalition decisively defeat the Maratha Confederacy, during the Third Battle of Panipat and restored the Mughal Empire to Shah Alam II.[18] Mughal power in northern India had been declining after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb, who died in 1707. 1751–52, the Ahamdiya treaty was signed between the Marathas and Mughals, when Balaji Bajirao was the Peshwa.[19][full citation needed] this treaty, the Marathas controlled virtually the whole of India from their capital at Pune and the Mughal rule was restricted only to Delhi (the Mughals remained the nominal heads of Delhi). Marathas were now straining to expand their area of control towards the Northwest of India. Ahmad Shah sacked the Mughal capital and withdrew with the booty he coveted. To counter the Afghans, Peshwa Balaji Bajirao sent Raghunathrao. He defeated the Rohillas and Afghan garrisons in Punjab and succeeded in ousting Timur Shah and his court from India and brought Lahore, Multan, Kashmir and other subahs on the Indian side of Attock under Maratha rule.[20] Thus, upon his return to Kandahar in 1757, Ahmad was forced to return to India and face the formidable attacks of the Maratha Confederacy. Shah declared a jihad (or Islamic holy war) against the Marathas, and warriors from various Afghan tribes joined his army, including the Baloch people under the command of Khan of Kalat Mir Nasir I of Kalat. Suba Khan Tanoli (Zabardast Khan) was selected as army chief of all military forces. Early skirmishes were followed by victory for the Afghans against the much larger Maratha garrisons in Northwest India and by 1759 Ahmad Shah and his army had reached Lahore and were poised to confront the Marathas. Ahmad Shah Durrani was famous for winning wars much larger than his army. By 1760, the Maratha groups had coalesced into a big enough army under the command of Sadashivrao Bhau. Once again, Panipat was the scene of a confrontation between two warring contenders for control of northern India. The Third Battle of Panipat (14 January 1761), fought between largely Muslim and largely Hindu armies was waged along a twelve-kilometer front. Despite decisively defeating the Marathas, what might have been Ahmad Shah's peaceful control of his domains was disrupted by many challenges. As far as losses are concerned, Afghans too suffered heavily in the Third Battle of Panipat. This weakened his grasp over Punjab which fell to the rising Sikh misls. There were rebellions in the north in the region of Bukhara. The Durranis decisively defeated the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat on 14 January 1761.[21] The defeat at Panipat resulted in heavy losses for the Marathas, and was a huge setback for Peshwa Balaji Rao. He received the news of the defeat of Panipat on 24 January 1761 at Bhilsa, while leading a reinforcement force. Besides several important generals, he had lost his own son Vishwasrao in the Battle of Panipat. He died on 23 June 1761, and was succeeded by his younger son Madhav Rao I.[22] years The Bala Hissar fort in Peshawar was one of the royal residences of the Durrani kings. victory at Panipat was the high point of Ahmad Shah's—and Afghan—power. However, even prior to his death, the empire began to unravel. In 1762, Ahmad Shah crossed the passes from Afghanistan for the sixth time to subdue the Sikhs. From this time and on, the domination and control of the Empire began to loosen, and by the time of Durrani's death he had completely lost Punjab to the Sikhs, as well as earlier losses of northern territories to the Uzbeks, necessitating a compromise with them.[15]: 71  assaulted Lahore and, after taking their holy city of Amritsar, massacred thousands of Sikh inhabitants, destroyed their revered Golden Temple.[23] Within two years, the Sikhs rebelled again and rebuilt their holy city of Amritsar. Ahmad Shah tried several more times to subjugate the Sikhs permanently, but failed. Durrani's forces instigated the Vaḍḍā Ghallūghārā when they killed thousands of Sikhs in the Punjab in 1762.[24]: 144–45 [25][26][24]: 154  Ahmad Shah also faced other rebellions in the north, and eventually he and the Uzbek Emir of Bukhara agreed that the Amu Darya would mark the division of their lands. Ahmad Shah retired to his home in the mountains east of Kandahar, where he died on June 4th 1772.[27] He had succeeded to a remarkable degree in balancing tribal alliances and hostilities, and in directing tribal energies away from rebellion. He earned recognition as Ahmad Shah Baba, or "Father" of Afghanistan.[2] Durrani Empire lost its control over Kashmir to the Sikh Empire in the Battle of Shopian in 1819.[28] Durrani rulers (1772–1823) Shah's successors governed so ineptly during a period of profound unrest that within fifty years of his death, the Durrani empire per se was at an end, and Afghanistan was embroiled in civil war. Much of the territory conquered by Ahmad Shah fell to others in this half century. By 1818, the Sadozai rulers who succeeded Ahmad Shah controlled little more than Kabul and the surrounding territory within a 160-kilometer radius. They not only lost the outlying territories but also alienated other tribes and lineages among the Durrani Pashtuns. Shah (1772–1793) Main article: Timur Shah Durrani Shah was succeeded by his son, Timur Shah Durrani. Timur Shah had briefly fought civil war against his older brother, Suleiman Mirza. Timur Shah had succeeded in defeating Suleiman and begun his effective reign in late 1773-1774. Timur Shah had spent most of his reign trying to keep his realm together, fighting constant rebellions and civil war in Punjab, Kashmir, and Kalat. Timur Shah was proven as an incapable leader, he alienated the Pashtun tribes, and was an inclusive leader, more open to different groups such as the Qizilbash as his private bodyguards. This had caused strife among the Pashtuns. Timur Shah had died on 20 May 1793.[29] Shah (1793–1801) Main article: Zaman Shah Durrani The main street in the bazaar at Kabul, 1842 James Atkinson watercolour painting. the death of Timur Shah, three of his sons, the governors of Kandahar, Herat and Kabul, contended for the succession. Zaman Shah, governor of Kabul, held the field by virtue of being in control of the capital, and became shah at the age of twenty-three. Many of his half-brothers were imprisoned on their arrival in the capital for the purpose, ironically, of electing a new shah. The quarrels among Timur's descendants that threw Afghanistan into turmoil also provided the pretext for the interventions of outside forces. efforts of the Sadozai heirs of Timur to impose a true monarchy on the truculent Pashtun tribes, and their efforts to rule absolutely and without the advice of the other major Pashtun tribal leaders, were ultimately unsuccessful. The Sikhs started to rise under the command of Sikh chief, Ranjit Singh, who succeeded in wresting power from Zaman's forces. Later, when Zaman was blinded by his brother, Ranjit Singh gave him asylum in Punjab. downfall was triggered by his attempts to consolidate power. Although it had been through the support of the Barakzai chief, Painda Khan Barakzai, that he had come to the throne, Zaman soon began to remove prominent Barakzai leaders from positions of power and replace them with men of his own lineage, the Sadozai. upset the delicate balance of Durrani tribal politics that Ahmad Shah had established and may have prompted Painda Khan and other Durrani chiefs to plot against the shah. Painda Khan and the chiefs of the Nurzai and the Alizai Durrani clans were executed, as was the chief of the Qizilbash clan. Painda Khan's son fled to Iran and pledged the substantial support of his Barakzai followers to a rival claimant to the throne, Zaman's younger brother, Mahmud Shah. The clans of the chiefs Zaman had executed joined forces with the rebels, and they took Kandahar without bloodshed. Mahmud Shah had then proceeded to march to Kabul, where he met Zaman Shah and his army on the way from Ghanzi to Kabul, Zaman Shah was decisively defeated, including portions of his army fleeing to Mahmud Shah's cause. Mahmud Shah ordered the lancing of Zaman Shah's eyes, and had succeeded Zaman Shah on the throne of the Durrani Empire.[30] Shah (first reign, 1801–1803) Main article: Mahmud Shah Durrani Shah's overthrow in 1801 was not the end of civil strife in Afghanistan, but the beginning of even greater violence. Mahmud Shah's first reign lasted for only two years before he was replaced by Shuja Shah. Shah (1803–1809 and 1839–1842) Main article: Shuja Shah Durrani another of Timur Shah's sons, Shuja Shah (or Shah Shuja), ruled for only six years. June 7, 1809, Shuja Shah signed a treaty with the British, which included a clause stating that he would oppose the passage of foreign troops through his territories. This agreement, the first Afghan pact with a European power, stipulated joint action in case of Franco-Persian aggression against Afghan or British dominions. Only a few weeks after signing the agreement, Shuja was deposed by his predecessor, Mahmud. Much later, he was reinstated by the British, ruling during 1839–1842. Two of his sons also ruled for a brief period in 1842. Shah (second reign, 1809–1818) Main article: Mahmud Shah Durrani second reign lasted 9 years, where he had further attempted to consolidate power, but was deposed by his brother in 1818, Mahmud's reign was also disputed in 1810, while he was campaigning, another one of Timur Shah Durrani's sons had seized the throne, but was defeated by Shah Mahmud in 1810. Mirza (1810) [icon] This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (November 2021) Sultan Ali Shah (1818–1819) Main article: Ali Shah Durrani Shah was another son of Timur Shah. He seized power for a brief period in 1818–1819. in 1818 or 1819, He was strangled by his brother, Isma'il.[31] Shah (1819–1823) Main article: Ayub Shah Durrani Shah was another son of Timur Shah, who took control of the Durrani Empire after the death of Ali Shah Durrani.[citation needed] The Durrani Empire lost its control over Kashmir to the Sikh Empire in the Battle of Shopian in 1819.[28] Ayub Shah was himself later deposed, and presumably killed in 1823.[citation needed] Durrani military was based on cavalry armed with flintlocks who performed hit-and-run attacks, combining new technology in firearms with Turco-Mongol tactics.[32] The core of the Durrani army were the 10,000 sher-bacha (blunderbuss)-carrying mounted ghulams (slave-soldiers) of which a third were previously Shia soldiers (Qizilbash) of Nader Shah. Many others were also former troops of Nader Shah. The bulk of the army were Afghan irregular tribal cavalry armed with lance and broadsword. Mounted archers were still used but were uncommon due to the difficulty of training them. Infantry played a very small role in the Durrani army and, with the exception of light swivel guns mounted on camels, the Zamburak, so did artillery.[33] Kandahar, Afganistan

Mughal Empire, Grand Trunk Road 9 (Delhi, India)
Mughal Empire; Mughal, Mogul or Moghul Empire (Persian: هند مغولان, Hind-e Moǧulān; Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت‎‎) was an early modern empire in South Asia.[10] For some two centuries, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan plateau in south India.[11] The Mughal empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by Babur, a warrior chieftain from what is today Uzbekistan, who employed military aid in the form of matchlock guns and cast cannon from the Ottoman Empire,[12] and his superior strategy and cavalry to defeat the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodhi,[13][14] in the First Battle of Panipat,[15][16] and to sweep down the plains of Upper India, subduing Rajputs and Afghans.[17][18][19] The Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, Akbar.[20] This imperial structure lasted until 1720, until shortly after the death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb,[21][22] during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent. Reduced subsequently, especially during the East India Company rule in India, to the region in and around Old Delhi, the empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Although the Mughal empire was created and sustained by military warfare,[23][24][25] it came to rule by establishing new administrative practices,[26][27] and incorporating diverse ruling elites, leading to more efficient, centralised, and standardised rule.[28] The base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar.[29][30] These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,[31] were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[28] and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.[32] The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion.[33] Burgeoning European presence in the Indian Ocean, and its increasing demand for Indian raw and finished products, created still greater wealth in the Mughal courts.[34] There was more conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite,[35] resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture, especially during the reign of Shah Jahan.[36] Among the Mughal UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South Asia are: Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, Red Fort, Humayun's Tomb, Lahore Fort and the Taj Mahal, which is described as the "jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage."[37]

Arabia or Havilah - Land of the Ishmaelites - Havilah, Shur to Assur
Havilah is both a point (Habala) and this line east of the Jordan Rift from Habala to Wilderness of Shur to Assur (Mosel, Ninevah, Assyria, Persia). That line and the area it describes (between the Red Sea and the Jordan Rift) defines the Land of the Ishmaelites.; In addition to the region described in Genesis 2 in the Garden of Eden description, two individuals named Havilah are listed in the Table of Nations which lists the descendants of Noah, who are considered eponymous ancestors of nations. They are mentioned in Genesis 10:7,29, 1 Chronicles 1:9,23. One is the son of Cush, the son of Ham; the other, a son of Joktan and descendant of Shem.[2] The other sons of Cush are associated with eastern Africa, while Joktan's other sons are often associated with the Arabian desert. Such a land in the Arabian desert is mentioned in Genesis 25:18, where it defines the territory inhabited by the Ishmaelites as being "from Havilah to Shur, opposite Egypt in the direction of Assyria"; and in 1 Samuel 15:7, which states that king Saul of Israel attacked the Amalekites who were living there.[3]. The Amalekites also fought Moses et all near Mt Sinai-Horeb in Median of Arabia.

Arabia, Roman Province of Arabia (Capital Petra)
Roman Province of Arabia; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25;

Saracens (Hagarenes), Arabs, Saracen Land (the original Saracens north of the Euphrates River)
Saracens, Both Hippolytus and Uranius mention three distinct peoples in Arabia during the first half of the third century: the Saraceni, the Taeni and the Arabes.[2] The Taeni, later identified with the Arabic speaking people called Tayy, were located around the Khaybar oasis north of Medina, and also in an area stretching up to the Euphrates river, while the Saraceni were placed north of them.[2] These Saracens located in the northern Hejaz appeared as people with a certain military ability who were opponents of the Roman Empire and who were characterized by the Romans as barbarians.[2]; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; St Leo of Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 28; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Hagarenes (Saracens), Arabs, Saracen Land (the original Saracens north of the Euphrates River)
Saracens, Both Hippolytus and Uranius mention three distinct peoples in Arabia during the first half of the third century: the Saraceni, the Taeni and the Arabes.[2] The Taeni, later identified with the Arabic speaking people called Tayy, were located around the Khaybar oasis north of Medina, and also in an area stretching up to the Euphrates river, while the Saraceni were placed north of them.[2] These Saracens located in the northern Hejaz appeared as people with a certain military ability who were opponents of the Roman Empire and who were characterized by the Romans as barbarians.[2]; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; St Leo of Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 28; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Philadelphia, Arabia (Amman, Jordan, Kings Highway 14)
Philadelphia, Arabia (Amman, Jordan); Martyr Zeno of Philadelphia, Commemorated on June 22 ;

Midian (Northwest Arabian Penninsula, and Western Havilah)
Midian; is a geographical place mentioned in the Hebrew Bible and Quran. William G. Dever states that biblical Midian was in the "northwest Arabian Peninsula, on the east shore of the Gulf of Aqaba on the Red Sea", an area which he notes was "never extensively settled until the 8th–7th century B.C."[1] to the Book of Genesis, the Midianites were the descendants of Midian, who was a son of Abraham and his wife Keturah: "Abraham took a wife, and her name was Keturah. And she bare him Zimran, and Jokshan, and Medan, and Midian, and Ishbak, and Shuah" (Genesis 25:1–2, King James Version).[2] Median and Mt Sinai; map of Median and Mt. Sinai Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses 1] was the most important prophet in Judaism,[4][5] and an important prophet in Christianity, Islam, the Baháʼí Faith, and a number of other Abrahamic religions. In the biblical and quranic[6] narrative, he was the leader of the Israelites and lawgiver to whom the authorship, or "acquisition from heaven", of the Torah (the first five books of the Bible) is attributed. to the Book of Exodus, Moses was born in a time when his people, the Israelites, an enslaved minority, were increasing in population and, as a result, the Egyptian Pharaoh worried that they might ally themselves with Egypt's enemies.[7] Hebrew mother, Jochebed, secretly hid him when the Pharaoh ordered all newborn Hebrew boys to be killed in order to reduce the population of the Israelites. the Pharaoh's daughter (identified as Queen Bithia in the Midrash), the child was adopted as a foundling from the Nile river and grew up with the Egyptian royal family. killing an Egyptian slave-master who was beating a Hebrew, Moses fled across the Red Sea to Midian, where he encountered the Angel of the Lord,[8] speaking to him from within a burning bush on Mount Horeb, which he regarded as the Mountain of God. sent Moses back to Egypt to demand the release of the Israelites from slavery. said that he could not speak eloquently,[9] so God allowed Aaron, his elder brother,[10] to become his spokesperson. the Ten Plagues, Moses led the Exodus of the Israelites out of Egypt and across the Red Sea, after which they based themselves at biblical Mount Sinai, where Moses received the Ten Commandments. 40 years of wandering in the desert, Moses died within sight of the Promised Land on Mount Nebo. Moses is seen as a legendary figure, whilst retaining the possibility that Moses or a Moses-like figure existed in the 13th century BCE.[11][12][13][14][15] Rabbinical Judaism calculated a lifespan of Moses corresponding to 1391–1271 BCE;[16] Jerome suggested 1592 BCE,[17] and James Ussher suggested 1571 BCE as his birth year.[18][note 2] Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ; Holy Prophet and God-Seer Moses was of the tribe of Levi, the son of Abram and Jochabed (Exodus 6:20). His life is described in the Bible (Exodus 2 through Deuteronomy 34:12). was born in Egypt around 1689 B.C. When Pharaoh ordered all male children of the Hebrew slaves to be killed (Exodus 1:22), Moses’ mother placed him in a basket of papyrus coated with pitch, and set him adrift on the Nile. Pharaoh’s daughter found him and raised him as her own son. the age of eighty, Moses fled to Midian, where he spoke to God in the Burning Bush on Mt. Horeb (Exodus 3:2). God chose Moses to lead His people from the slavery of Egypt. They crossed the Red Sea as if it were dry land, and for forty years they wandered in the desert. in the land of Moab, Moses went to the top of Mt. Nabau, or Nebo (Deuteronomy 32:49), which is called Phasga (Deut. 34:1). There, according to the will of God, he died in 1569 B.C. at the age of 120 without entering the Promised Land. first two Biblical Odes are attributed to Moses: “Let us sing to the Lord...” (Exodus 15:1-9), which was sung on the shores of the Red Sea after the Hebrews had crossed it. “Attend, O heaven...” (Deut. 32:1-43) was sung in the land of Moab, a few days before Moses’ death. He is also regarded as the author of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Old Testament). holy Prophet Moses performed many miracles during his lifetime, and also after his death. He appeared on Tabor with the Prophet Elias at the Transfiguration of the Lord (August 6). the day that Saint John of the Ladder (March 30) was installed as abbot of Mt. Sinai, the Prophet Moses was seen going around and giving orders to the cooks, stewards, and servants. When the guests had gone and the monks were sitting at table, they wondered what had become of the stranger who had been giving orders. Saint John said, “Our Lord Moses does nothing strange by serving in the place which belongs to him.” Righteous Phineas the grandson of Aaron, Commemorated on March 12;

Land of the Kenites (Midian), Jethro and Heber
Land of the Kenites (Midian) ; to the Hebrew Bible, the Kenites were a nomadic tribe in the ancient Levant. Kenites were coppersmiths and metalworkers.[1] They played an important role in the history of ancient Israel. of the most recognized Kenites is Jethro, Moses' father-in-law, who was a shepherd and a priest in the land of Midian. Judges 1:16 says that Moses had a father-in-law who was a Kenite, but it is not clear from the passage if this refers to Jethro. Certain groups of Kenites settled among the Israelite population, including the descendants of Moses' brother-in-law,[2] although the Kenites descended from Rechab maintained a distinct, nomadic lifestyle for some time. is a rendition of Hebrew Cain. According to Gesenius, the name is kabbalistically derived from the name Cain.[3] According to A. H. Sayce, the name Kenite or Qeni, is identical to an Aramaic word meaning a smith, which in its turn is a cognate of Hebrew Qayin, with the meaning ‘a lance’.[4] to the Kenite hypothesis, Yahweh was historically a Midian deity, and the association of Moses' father-in-law with Midian reflects the historical adoption of the Midianite cult by the Hebrews.[1][5][6] Moses apparently identified Jethro's concept of God, Yahweh, with the Israelites' God El Shaddai.[1] Midian, land of Jethro and Heber, Moses' father in law and brother in law.; Judges 4, Deborah and Barak;

Moses' Father In-Law's Home - Jeptha
Median and Mt Sinai; map of Median and Mt. Sinai and Jethro's home

Highway 5 ( and 394), Moses potentian route from Kings Highway to home of Jeptha, 137k or 85m

high point Highway 5 (and 394)

Watercourse route to Mount Horeb, Median (up from the Desert of Sin) 119m or 192k
Watercourse Route;

King Solomon's crossing monument still there in the 1980's but since removed

Watercourse Route from Kings Highway to Neviot and Moses' Red Sea Crossing

Goshen to Red Sea Crossing at Nevitot 531K
Distance: 531 km (about 8 hours 16 mins)
Map data 011 ORION-ME

Horeb, Mt Horeb / Sinai in Median, Land of the Arabs, Burning Bush
Mt Sinai / Horeb up from the Desert of Sin and Jethro's home in Midian (not Mt Sinai in Egypt); Mt Sinai diagram not drawn to scale; Ron Wyatt's work there; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush"; St Simeon "the Ancient" of Mt. Sinai; St Simeon œthe AncientÂ of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26 ; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19;

Elijah's Cave, Median, Arabia (Near Mt Horeb)
Elijah's Cave is on Mount Horeb in Median.; Mt Sinai diagram not drawn to scale; Ron Wyatt's work there; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated November 19 ;

Mt Sinai, Mt Horeb in Median, Land of the Arabs
Mt Sinai / Horeb up from the Desert of Sin and Jethro's home in Midian (not Mt Sinai in Egypt); Mt Sinai diagram not drawn to scale; Ron Wyatt's work there; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush"; St Simeon "the Ancient" of Mt. Sinai; St Simeon œthe AncientÂ of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26 ; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19;

Sinai / Mt Horeb in Median, Land of the Arabs
Mt Sinai / Horeb up from the Desert of Sin and Jethro's home in Midian (not Mt Sinai in Egypt); Mt Sinai diagram not drawn to scale; Ron Wyatt's work there; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush"; St Simeon "the Ancient" of Mt. Sinai; St Simeon œthe Ancientof Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26 ; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19;

Mt Sinai (Horeb) in Median 12 Pillars, 12 Wells, Gold Calf, Altar Folder

Gold Calf
Holy Precinct of Mt Sinai; Ron Wyatt's work there;

12 Pillars (Wells)
Holy Precinct of Mt Sinai; 12 Pillars (Wells) ;

Altar
Holy Precinct of Mt Sinai; Ron Wyatt's work there;

Mecca, Arab Lands
Mecca; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Habala, Land of the Arabs
Habala; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar. Gregory, Bishop of Homer (Omirits), the son of Agapius and Theodota, was filled with the grace of God and possessed gifts of healing and wonderworking even in his youth. Providence of God led him to hierarchical service. While still a deacon at Mediolanum (Milan) he heard the foretelling of his destiny from a hermit, and then he received confirmation of these words from another spirit-bearing Elder who lived an ascetic life in the mountains. Gregory went to this holy schemamonk for guidance, a miracle occurred. As he approached the mountain, he saw a fiery column in the air. He soon realized that the fiery column was actually the man of God coming toward him. That night he saw the Elder standing in the air above the ground. Elder revealed to Saint Gregory that he must go to Rome to pray in the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida. he would go to Alexandria and to become a bishop. he would arrive in the city of Negran in the land of Homer (in southern Arabia) to proclaim the Gospel. Gregory felt himself unworthy of this, and wished to remain with the ascetic as his disciple. that Gregory should have no doubts of the veracity of his words, the Elder revealed that he knew a secret about him. In a vision, Gregory had seen the First-Ranked Apostles Peter and Paul, and they had placed a bishop’s omophorion upon him. Gregory stayed a short time in Carthage (North Africa) serving as a deacon, then arrived in Rome. He went to the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida, then to the tomb of Saint Peter. There he was granted a vision of the holy Apostle, who told him to walk the path of virtue and to live according to God’s will. That night he saw the Apostle Paul in a dream bringing to him a cup filled with oil, foretelling that he should receive the grace of the priesthood and the episcopacy. this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar.

Omirits (Wadi Nejran, Nejran River 1)
Nejran or Negran; Wadi Najran; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar. Gregory, Bishop of Homer (Omirits), the son of Agapius and Theodota, was filled with the grace of God and possessed gifts of healing and wonderworking even in his youth. Providence of God led him to hierarchical service. While still a deacon at Mediolanum (Milan) he heard the foretelling of his destiny from a hermit, and then he received confirmation of these words from another spirit-bearing Elder who lived an ascetic life in the mountains. Gregory went to this holy schemamonk for guidance, a miracle occurred. As he approached the mountain, he saw a fiery column in the air. He soon realized that the fiery column was actually the man of God coming toward him. That night he saw the Elder standing in the air above the ground. Elder revealed to Saint Gregory that he must go to Rome to pray in the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida. he would go to Alexandria and to become a bishop. he would arrive in the city of Negran in the land of Homer (in southern Arabia) to proclaim the Gospel. Gregory felt himself unworthy of this, and wished to remain with the ascetic as his disciple. that Gregory should have no doubts of the veracity of his words, the Elder revealed that he knew a secret about him. In a vision, Gregory had seen the First-Ranked Apostles Peter and Paul, and they had placed a bishop’s omophorion upon him. Gregory stayed a short time in Carthage (North Africa) serving as a deacon, then arrived in Rome. He went to the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida, then to the tomb of Saint Peter. There he was granted a vision of the holy Apostle, who told him to walk the path of virtue and to live according to God’s will. That night he saw the Apostle Paul in a dream bringing to him a cup filled with oil, foretelling that he should receive the grace of the priesthood and the episcopacy. this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar.

Negran (Najran), Arabia (Najran River 1)
Negran (Najran); Martyr Arethas and 4,299 Martyrs with him, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Arethas and with him 4299 Martyrs suffered for the Lord Jesus Christ in the sixth century. Arethas was prefect of the Christian city of Negran in Arabia. The Arabian (or Omirite) king, Dunaan, who was Jewish, decided to eliminate Christianity from the land. He issued an edict that all followers of Christ were to be put to death. the inhabitants of Negran remained faithful to the Lord, Dunaan came with a large army to destroy the city. At the city walls of Negran the king’s heralds announced that Dunaan would only spare those who renounced Christ and referred to His Cross as a “sign of malediction.” daring to assault the Christian city by force, Dunaan resorted to a ruse. Dunaan swore an oath that he would not force the Christians into Judaism, but would merely collect a tribute from Negran. The inhabitants of the city would not heed the advice of Saint Arethas, and putting their trust in Dunaan, they opened the city gates. very next day Dunaan gave orders to light an immense fire and throw all the clergy of the city into it in order to frighten the rest of the Christians. 427 men were burned. He also threw the prefect Arethas and the other chief men into prison. Then the oppressor sent his messengers through the city to convert the Christians to Judaism. Dunaan himself conversed with those inhabitants brought from the prisons, saying, “I do not demand that you should renounce the God of heaven and earth, nor do I want you to worship idols, I want merely that you do not believe in Jesus Christ, since the Crucified One was a man, and not God.” holy martyrs replied that Jesus is God the Word, the Second Person of the Holy Trinity, Who for the salvation of mankind was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary. Those suffering said, “We shall not abjure Christ, since He is Life for us. To die for Him is to find Life.” than four thousand Christians, men, women, both the aged and children, from the city of Negran and surrounding villages suffered martyrdom for Christ. Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated on October 24 ; Dunaan; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Homer, Land of Homer, Omirits (Najran River, Wadi Nejran)
Nejran or Negran; Wadi Najran; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar. Gregory, Bishop of Homer (Omirits), the son of Agapius and Theodota, was filled with the grace of God and possessed gifts of healing and wonderworking even in his youth. Providence of God led him to hierarchical service. While still a deacon at Mediolanum (Milan) he heard the foretelling of his destiny from a hermit, and then he received confirmation of these words from another spirit-bearing Elder who lived an ascetic life in the mountains. Gregory went to this holy schemamonk for guidance, a miracle occurred. As he approached the mountain, he saw a fiery column in the air. He soon realized that the fiery column was actually the man of God coming toward him. That night he saw the Elder standing in the air above the ground. Elder revealed to Saint Gregory that he must go to Rome to pray in the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida. he would go to Alexandria and to become a bishop. he would arrive in the city of Negran in the land of Homer (in southern Arabia) to proclaim the Gospel. Gregory felt himself unworthy of this, and wished to remain with the ascetic as his disciple. that Gregory should have no doubts of the veracity of his words, the Elder revealed that he knew a secret about him. In a vision, Gregory had seen the First-Ranked Apostles Peter and Paul, and they had placed a bishop’s omophorion upon him. Gregory stayed a short time in Carthage (North Africa) serving as a deacon, then arrived in Rome. He went to the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida, then to the tomb of Saint Peter. There he was granted a vision of the holy Apostle, who told him to walk the path of virtue and to live according to God’s will. That night he saw the Apostle Paul in a dream bringing to him a cup filled with oil, foretelling that he should receive the grace of the priesthood and the episcopacy. this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar.

Yemen (Southern Arabia)
Yemen; Dunaan; Martyr Arethas and 4,299 Martyrs with him, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Arethas and with him 4299 Martyrs suffered for the Lord Jesus Christ in the sixth century. Arethas was prefect of the Christian city of Negran in Arabia. The Arabian (or Omirite) king, Dunaan, who was Jewish, decided to eliminate Christianity from the land. He issued an edict that all followers of Christ were to be put to death. the inhabitants of Negran remained faithful to the Lord, Dunaan came with a large army to destroy the city. At the city walls of Negran the king’s heralds announced that Dunaan would only spare those who renounced Christ and referred to His Cross as a “sign of malediction.” daring to assault the Christian city by force, Dunaan resorted to a ruse. Dunaan swore an oath that he would not force the Christians into Judaism, but would merely collect a tribute from Negran. The inhabitants of the city would not heed the advice of Saint Arethas, and putting their trust in Dunaan, they opened the city gates. very next day Dunaan gave orders to light an immense fire and throw all the clergy of the city into it in order to frighten the rest of the Christians. 427 men were burned. He also threw the prefect Arethas and the other chief men into prison. Then the oppressor sent his messengers through the city to convert the Christians to Judaism. Dunaan himself conversed with those inhabitants brought from the prisons, saying, “I do not demand that you should renounce the God of heaven and earth, nor do I want you to worship idols, I want merely that you do not believe in Jesus Christ, since the Crucified One was a man, and not God.” holy martyrs replied that Jesus is God the Word, the Second Person of the Holy Trinity, Who for the salvation of mankind was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary. Those suffering said, “We shall not abjure Christ, since He is Life for us. To die for Him is to find Life.” than four thousand Christians, men, women, both the aged and children, from the city of Negran and surrounding villages suffered martyrdom for Christ. St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar. Gregory, Bishop of Homer (Omirits), the son of Agapius and Theodota, was filled with the grace of God and possessed gifts of healing and wonderworking even in his youth. Providence of God led him to hierarchical service. While still a deacon at Mediolanum (Milan) he heard the foretelling of his destiny from a hermit, and then he received confirmation of these words from another spirit-bearing Elder who lived an ascetic life in the mountains. Gregory went to this holy schemamonk for guidance, a miracle occurred. As he approached the mountain, he saw a fiery column in the air. He soon realized that the fiery column was actually the man of God coming toward him. That night he saw the Elder standing in the air above the ground. Elder revealed to Saint Gregory that he must go to Rome to pray in the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida. he would go to Alexandria and to become a bishop. he would arrive in the city of Negran in the land of Homer (in southern Arabia) to proclaim the Gospel. Gregory felt himself unworthy of this, and wished to remain with the ascetic as his disciple. that Gregory should have no doubts of the veracity of his words, the Elder revealed that he knew a secret about him. In a vision, Gregory had seen the First-Ranked Apostles Peter and Paul, and they had placed a bishop’s omophorion upon him. Gregory stayed a short time in Carthage (North Africa) serving as a deacon, then arrived in Rome. He went to the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida, then to the tomb of Saint Peter. There he was granted a vision of the holy Apostle, who told him to walk the path of virtue and to live according to God’s will. That night he saw the Apostle Paul in a dream bringing to him a cup filled with oil, foretelling that he should receive the grace of the priesthood and the episcopacy. this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar.

Zafar, Yemen
Zafar, Yemen; Martyr Arethas and 4,299 Martyrs with him, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Arethas and with him 4299 Martyrs suffered for the Lord Jesus Christ in the sixth century. Arethas was prefect of the Christian city of Negran in Arabia. The Arabian (or Omirite) king, Dunaan, who was Jewish, decided to eliminate Christianity from the land. He issued an edict that all followers of Christ were to be put to death. the inhabitants of Negran remained faithful to the Lord, Dunaan came with a large army to destroy the city. At the city walls of Negran the king’s heralds announced that Dunaan would only spare those who renounced Christ and referred to His Cross as a “sign of malediction.” daring to assault the Christian city by force, Dunaan resorted to a ruse. Dunaan swore an oath that he would not force the Christians into Judaism, but would merely collect a tribute from Negran. The inhabitants of the city would not heed the advice of Saint Arethas, and putting their trust in Dunaan, they opened the city gates. very next day Dunaan gave orders to light an immense fire and throw all the clergy of the city into it in order to frighten the rest of the Christians. 427 men were burned. He also threw the prefect Arethas and the other chief men into prison. Then the oppressor sent his messengers through the city to convert the Christians to Judaism. Dunaan himself conversed with those inhabitants brought from the prisons, saying, “I do not demand that you should renounce the God of heaven and earth, nor do I want you to worship idols, I want merely that you do not believe in Jesus Christ, since the Crucified One was a man, and not God.” holy martyrs replied that Jesus is God the Word, the Second Person of the Holy Trinity, Who for the salvation of mankind was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary. Those suffering said, “We shall not abjure Christ, since He is Life for us. To die for Him is to find Life.” than four thousand Christians, men, women, both the aged and children, from the city of Negran and surrounding villages suffered martyrdom for Christ. St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar. Gregory, Bishop of Homer (Omirits), the son of Agapius and Theodota, was filled with the grace of God and possessed gifts of healing and wonderworking even in his youth. Providence of God led him to hierarchical service. While still a deacon at Mediolanum (Milan) he heard the foretelling of his destiny from a hermit, and then he received confirmation of these words from another spirit-bearing Elder who lived an ascetic life in the mountains. Gregory went to this holy schemamonk for guidance, a miracle occurred. As he approached the mountain, he saw a fiery column in the air. He soon realized that the fiery column was actually the man of God coming toward him. That night he saw the Elder standing in the air above the ground. Elder revealed to Saint Gregory that he must go to Rome to pray in the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida. he would go to Alexandria and to become a bishop. he would arrive in the city of Negran in the land of Homer (in southern Arabia) to proclaim the Gospel. Gregory felt himself unworthy of this, and wished to remain with the ascetic as his disciple. that Gregory should have no doubts of the veracity of his words, the Elder revealed that he knew a secret about him. In a vision, Gregory had seen the First-Ranked Apostles Peter and Paul, and they had placed a bishop’s omophorion upon him. Gregory stayed a short time in Carthage (North Africa) serving as a deacon, then arrived in Rome. He went to the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida, then to the tomb of Saint Peter. There he was granted a vision of the holy Apostle, who told him to walk the path of virtue and to live according to God’s will. That night he saw the Apostle Paul in a dream bringing to him a cup filled with oil, foretelling that he should receive the grace of the priesthood and the episcopacy. this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar.

Mocha, Yemen
Mocha, Yemen; Martyr Arethas and 4,299 Martyrs with him, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Arethas and with him 4299 Martyrs suffered for the Lord Jesus Christ in the sixth century. Arethas was prefect of the Christian city of Negran in Arabia. The Arabian (or Omirite) king, Dunaan, who was Jewish, decided to eliminate Christianity from the land. He issued an edict that all followers of Christ were to be put to death. the inhabitants of Negran remained faithful to the Lord, Dunaan came with a large army to destroy the city. At the city walls of Negran the king’s heralds announced that Dunaan would only spare those who renounced Christ and referred to His Cross as a “sign of malediction.” daring to assault the Christian city by force, Dunaan resorted to a ruse. Dunaan swore an oath that he would not force the Christians into Judaism, but would merely collect a tribute from Negran. The inhabitants of the city would not heed the advice of Saint Arethas, and putting their trust in Dunaan, they opened the city gates. very next day Dunaan gave orders to light an immense fire and throw all the clergy of the city into it in order to frighten the rest of the Christians. 427 men were burned. He also threw the prefect Arethas and the other chief men into prison. Then the oppressor sent his messengers through the city to convert the Christians to Judaism. Dunaan himself conversed with those inhabitants brought from the prisons, saying, “I do not demand that you should renounce the God of heaven and earth, nor do I want you to worship idols, I want merely that you do not believe in Jesus Christ, since the Crucified One was a man, and not God.” holy martyrs replied that Jesus is God the Word, the Second Person of the Holy Trinity, Who for the salvation of mankind was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary. Those suffering said, “We shall not abjure Christ, since He is Life for us. To die for Him is to find Life.” than four thousand Christians, men, women, both the aged and children, from the city of Negran and surrounding villages suffered martyrdom for Christ. St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar. Gregory, Bishop of Homer (Omirits), the son of Agapius and Theodota, was filled with the grace of God and possessed gifts of healing and wonderworking even in his youth. Providence of God led him to hierarchical service. While still a deacon at Mediolanum (Milan) he heard the foretelling of his destiny from a hermit, and then he received confirmation of these words from another spirit-bearing Elder who lived an ascetic life in the mountains. Gregory went to this holy schemamonk for guidance, a miracle occurred. As he approached the mountain, he saw a fiery column in the air. He soon realized that the fiery column was actually the man of God coming toward him. That night he saw the Elder standing in the air above the ground. Elder revealed to Saint Gregory that he must go to Rome to pray in the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida. he would go to Alexandria and to become a bishop. he would arrive in the city of Negran in the land of Homer (in southern Arabia) to proclaim the Gospel. Gregory felt himself unworthy of this, and wished to remain with the ascetic as his disciple. that Gregory should have no doubts of the veracity of his words, the Elder revealed that he knew a secret about him. In a vision, Gregory had seen the First-Ranked Apostles Peter and Paul, and they had placed a bishop’s omophorion upon him. Gregory stayed a short time in Carthage (North Africa) serving as a deacon, then arrived in Rome. He went to the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida, then to the tomb of Saint Peter. There he was granted a vision of the holy Apostle, who told him to walk the path of virtue and to live according to God’s will. That night he saw the Apostle Paul in a dream bringing to him a cup filled with oil, foretelling that he should receive the grace of the priesthood and the episcopacy. this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar.

Land of the Sabeans (Yemen)
Land of the Sabeans (Yemen) ; Job 1:1-22, Job, Job and His Family, Attack on Job'™s Character, Job Loses Property and Children;

Arab Lands, Rouba Desert

Rouba desert, huge desert middle Arabia
Rouba desert, middle Arabia; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20;

Bithynia, 284-1413, Bithynia History Folder

Bithynia, 200, 3rd Century Folder, Saints Autonomus and Pantaleon

Bithynia, 222-235, Martyr Theodota at Nicea, from Cappadocia, Armenia, felt no pain or scars from iron hooks
Bithynia, 222-235, Martyr Theodota at Nicea; Holy Martyr Theodota, a native of Cappadocia, suffered in the city of Nicea during the reign of the emperor Alexander Severus (222-235). At this time the governor of Cappadocia was a certain Symblicius. They told him that a rich woman named Theodota was confessing Christ. The governor summoned Theodota and for a long time urged her to turn from the true Faith. the futility of his attempts, he gave Theodota over to torture. They suspended her and began to rake her with iron hooks, but she did not feel any pain. Then they put her in chains and led her away to a prison cell. eight days, when they led the saint out for new tortures, only faint traces of the tortures already endured remained on her body. The governor was amazed and asked, “Who are you?” The saint answered: “Your mind is darkened, but if you were sober, then you would have realized that I am Theodota.” commanded the martyr to be cast into a red-hot furnace. Flames shot out from the furnace and scorched those standing nearby, while those remaining unharmed shut the furnace and scattered in fright. After a certain while, pagan priests came and opened the furnace to scatter the ashes of the martyr, but they too were burned by the flames. Those remaining unhurt saw Saint Theodota unharmed. She stood in the midst of the flames between two youths in white raiment, and was glorifying the Lord. This apparition so terrified the pagans that they fell down as if dead. Later, they returned the saint to prison. invincibility of the martyr gave Symblicius no peace. He made a journey to Byzantium, on the return trip he stopped over at Ancyra and tried to get the better of Theodota. He gave orders to throw her all at once onto red-hot iron, but again the martyr remained unharmed. Symblicius gave orders that the saint be taken to Nicea. There, in a pagan temple he wanted to compel her to offer sacrifice to the idols, but through the prayer of the saint, the idols fell and were shattered. The outraged governor gave orders to stretch the martyr out and saw through her body, but here also the power of God preserved the saint. The saw caused Theodota no harm, and the servants became exhausted. Finally, they beheaded the saint. Bishop Sophronius of Nicea buried her body. Nicea (Nicaea); Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on July 21; Martyr Theodota in Bithynia, Commemorated on July 29; Righteous Nonna the mother of St Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on August 5; Martyr Diomedes the Physician of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 16; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on August 17; St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated August 27 ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; Fathers of the First Six Councils; First Council of Nicaea; Second Council of Nicaea; Martyr Theodota in Bithynia; Saint Sava I, first Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30 and January 14; St Peter Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated September 10 ; Venerable Paul the Obedient, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on September 10; Martyr Theodota at Nicea, Commemorated on September 17 ; Arrival of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God in Georgia, Commemorated on September 26 ; Martyr Polychronius the Presbyter, Commemorated on October 7 ; St Theophanes the Confessor and Hymnographer, Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated on October 11 ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16 ; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Martyr Eustathius of Nicea, Commemorated on November 20 ; NICHOLAS OF MYRA, FRIEND OF CHILDREN, GIVER OF GIFTS, CLIMBER OF CHIMNEYS, ETC. (6 DEC 326) ; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated December 23 ; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "the branded," Confessor, Commemorated December 27 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated January 21; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Iveron", Commemorated February 12 ; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21; St Tarasius the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated February 25; Martyr Antonina of Nicea, in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 1; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Martyr Quadratus and the rest of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 10; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); Appearance of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on March 31; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Antonina of Nicea, Commemorated on June 13; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Bithynia, 284-303, Italian and Bithynian Saint Autonomus, chruch builder, martyr, incorrupt relics
Bithynia, 284-303, Italian and Bithynian Saint Autonomus; Hieromartyr Autonomus the Bishop in Italy, Commemorated on September 12; Hieromartyr Autonomus was a bishop in Italy. During the time of the persecution against Christians under the emperor Diocletian (284-305), Autonomus left his own country and resettled in Bithynia, in the locality of Soreus with a man named Cornelius. Saint Autonomus did his apostolic duty with zeal and converted to Christ so many pagans, that a large Church was formed, for which he consecrated a temple in the name of the Archangel Michael. For this church, the saint at first ordained Cornelius as deacon, and then presbyter. Preaching about Christ, Saint Autonomus visited also Lykaonia and Isauria. emperor Diocletian gave orders to arrest Saint Autonomus, but the saint withdrew to Claudiopolis on the Black Sea. In returning to Soreus, he had the priest Cornelius ordained bishop. Saint Autonomus then went to Asia, and when he had returned from there, he began to preach in the vicinity of Limna, near Soreus. the newly-converted destroyed a pagan temple. The pagans decided to take revenge on the Christians. Seizing their chance, the pagans rushed upon the church of the Archangel Michael when Saint Autonomus was serving Divine Liturgy there. After torturing Saint Autonomus they killed him, reddening the altar of the church with his martyr’s blood. The deaconess Maria removed the body of the holy martyr from beneath a pile of stones and buried it. the reign of Saint Constantine the Great, a church was built over the tomb of the saint. In the year 430, a certain priest had the old church pulled down. Not realizing that the martyr’s body had been buried beneath the church, he rebuilt the church in a new spot. But after another 60 years the relics of the saint were found incorrupt, and a church was then built in the name of the Hieromartyr Autonomus.

Bithynia, 284-304, Saints, Cyprian and Justina, Pagan Priest Magician, Virgin bridegroom of Christ
Bithynia, 284-304, Saints, Cyprian and Justina; Cyprian and Justina are honored in the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy as Christians of Antioch, who in 304, during the persecution of Diocletian, suffered martyrdom at Nicomedia (modern-day İzmit, Turkey) on September 26. According to Roman Catholic sources, no Bishop of Antioch bore the name of Cyprian.[1] story must have arisen as early as the 4th century, as it is mentioned by both St. Gregory Nazianzen and Prudentius; both, nevertheless, have conflated Cyprian with St. Cyprian of Carthage, a mistake often repeated. The attempt has been made to find in Cyprian a mystical prototype of the Faustian legend. The legend is given in Greek and Latin in Acta SS. September, VII. Ancient Syriac and Ethiopic versions of it have been published.[1] Their story is told in the Golden Legend. outline of the legend or allegory is found with diffuse descriptions and dialogues in the unreliable "Symeon Metaphrastes" and was made the subject of a poem by Empress Aelia Eudocia.[1] Saint Cyprian and the demon, 14th-century manuscript of the Golden Legend. known by the title of "the Magician", to distinguish him from Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, received a liberal education in his youth, and particularly applied himself to astrology; after which he traveled for improvement through Greece, Egypt, India, etc.[2] Cyprian was a magician in Antioch and dealt in sorcery. is known for converting Cyprian,[3] and is said to have been a young woman who took private vows of chastity. She was killed during the persecutions of the Roman emperor Diocletian in the year 304 AD. would-be suitor sought the aid of Cyprian's magic to induce Justina into marrying him. The charms and spells had no effect on Justina, who spent her time in prayer and fasting. Brought to despair, Cyprian made the Sign of the cross himself and in this way was freed from the toils of Satan. He was received into the Church, was made pre-eminent by miraculous gifts, and became in succession deacon, priest and, finally, bishop, while Justina became abbess of a convent.[4] the Diocletian Persecution, both were seized and taken to Damascus, where they were tortured. As their faith never wavered, they were brought before Diocletian at Nicomedia, where at his command they were beheaded[4] on the bank of the Gallus River, a tributary of the Sakarya River. The same fate befell a man named Theoctistus, who upon observing Cyprian's faith, declared himself a Christian.[4] After the bodies of the saints had lain unburied for six days, they were taken by Christian sailors to Rome, where they were interred on the estate of a noble lady named Rufina and later entombed in Constantine's basilica. is mentioned in Foxe's Book of Martyrs. It was under the 10th Persecution in 303 AD while Diocletian was Emperor of Rome. It says: " In the course of time he [Cyprian] became acquainted with Justina, a young lady of Antioch, whose birth, beauty, and accomplishments, rendered her the admiration of all who knew her. A pagan gentleman applied to Cyprian, to promote his suit with the beautiful Justina; this he undertook, but soon himself converted, burnt his books of astrology and magic, received baptism, and felt animated with a powerful spirit of grace. The conversion of Cyprian had a great effect on the pagan gentleman who paid his addresses to Justina, and he in a short time embraced Christianity. During the persecutions of Diocletian, Cyprian and Justina were seized upon as Christians, the former was torn with pincers, and the latter chastised; and, after suffering other torments, both were beheaded."[citation needed] and liturgical celebration feast day appeared in the General Roman Calendar of Roman Rite from the thirteenth century until it was deleted in 1969 because of the lack of historical evidence of their existence.[5] Their names were also removed from the 2001 revision of the Roman Martyrology, the official but professedly incomplete list of saints recognized by the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Martyrology, however, includes five other saints called Cyprian and two named Justina. Some traditionalist Catholics continue to observe their feast based on pre-1970 versions of the Roman Calendar. popular culture Spanish author, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, took the story as the basis of a drama: El mágico prodigioso. In 2005, American author Tono Rondone published a novel, The Martyrs, which is a continuation of this tradition. [6] Great Book of Saint Cyprian is full of prayers and spells, and is widely sold in the Portuguese- and Spanish-speaking world. is a popular name for a grimoire in Scandinavian folklore. Nicomedia; Hieromartyr Cyprian, Virgin Martyr Justina, and Martyr Theoctistus, of Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2; Cyprian was a pagan and a native of Antioch. From his early childhood his misguided parents dedicated him to the service of the pagan gods. From the age seven until he was thirty, Cyprian studied at the leading centers of paganism: on Mount Olympus; in the cities of Argos and Tauropolis; in the Egyptian city of Memphis; and at Babylon. Once he attained eminent wisdom in pagan philosophy and the sorcerer’s craft, he was initiated into the pagan priesthood on Mount Olympus. Having discovered great power by summoning unclean spirits, he beheld the Prince of Darkness himself, speaking with him and receiving from him a host of demons to serve him. returning to Antioch, Cyprian was revered by the pagans as a prominent pagan priest, amazing people with his ability to cast spells, to summon pestilence and plagues, and to conjure up the dead. He brought many people to ruin, teaching them to serve the demons, and how to cast magic spells. holy virgin Justina lived in Antioch. After turning her own father and mother away from the error of paganism and leading them to faith in Christ, she dedicated herself to the Heavenly Bridegroom and spent her time in fasting and prayer. When the young man Aglaidas proposed marriage to her, the saint refused, for she wished to remain a virgin. sought Cyprian’s help. He said that he would arrange for Justina's heart to become filled with lust for the young man. No matter what Cyprian tried, he accomplished nothing, since the Saint overcame all the wiles of the devil by prayer and fasting. sent an unclean spirit to attack the holy virgin, and to arouse carnal passions in her, but she overcame them by the power of the Sign of the Cross, and by fervent prayer to the Lord. though one of the demons, and Cyprian himself, assumed various guises by the power of sorcery, they were unable to influence Saint Justina, who was guarded by her firm faith in Christ. All the spells were dissipated, and the demons fled at the mention of Justina's name. in his rage, sent down pestilence and plague upon Justina’s family and upon the entire city, but this was thwarted by her prayer. The sorcerer brought tribulation not only upon Justina and her family, but upon the entire city as well. Rumors spread that the city was being punished because Justina would not wed Aglaias. Several people went to her and demanded that she marry Aglaias so that Cyprian would not punish them with more afflictions. Justina calmed them and assured them that soon the misfortunes which Cyprian caused with the help of the demons would end. Saint Justina prayed to God, the power of the demons was destroyed, and everyone was healed of their illnesses and afflictions. began to praise Christ, and to mock Cyprian and his sorcery. Convinced that the devil was powerless against the Sign of the Cross, and trembled at the name of Christ, Cyprian came to his senses and realized that he had been corrupted by becoming a sorcerer, and participating in every sort of wickedness, doing harm to others and deceiving them. He killed many with his spells and potions, and he murdered many men and women as sacrificial offerings to the demons. He was already a partaker of the portion of the demons, and if he had died at that moment, he would have been cast into the depths of Hell. The Lord, however, in His infinite compassion, saved him from the abyss. Cyprian saw that the devil whom he served was afraid of Christ. The Evil One admitted that he was unable to conquer the maiden because he was afraid of "a certain sign" upon her. “If you take fright at even the mere shadow of the Cross and if the mere name of Christ makes you tremble,” said Cyprian, “then what will you do when Christ Himself stands before you?” devil then threw himself upon the pagan priest and attempted to beat and strangle him. For the first time, Saint Cyrian tested the power of the Sign of the Cross and the name of Christ, guarding himself from the fury of the Enemy. Afterward, he went to the local bishop Anthimos in profound repentance, and threw all of his books into the flames. The very next day, he went into the church, and did not want to leave it, even though he had not yet been baptized. his efforts to follow after righteousness, Saint Cyprian understood the great power of faith in Christ, making up for more than thirty years of service to Satan. Seven days after his Baptism he was tonsured as a reader, on the twelfth day, subdeacon, on the thirtieth, deacon. After a year, he was ordained as a priest. Shortly after this, Saint Cyprian was elevated to the rank of bishop. Cyprian converted so many pagans to Christ that in his diocese no one was left to offer sacrifice to idols, and the pagan temples fell into disuse. Saint Justina withdrew to a monastery and was chosen as its Superior. the persecution against Christians under Enperor Diocletian, Bishop Cyprian and Saint Justina were arrested and brought to Nicomedia, where after horrible tortures they were beheaded with the sword. Saint Cyprian, fearful that the holy virgin’s courage might falter if she saw him put to death, asked for time to pray. Saint Justina inclined her neck and was beheaded first. seeing the torments of Saint Justina, a soldier named Theoktistos fell at Cyprian’s feet and declared himself a Christian, and he was beheaded with them. Hieromartyr Cyprian, the Virgin Martyr Justina, and the Martyr Theoktistos suffered for Christ at Nicomedia in the year 304. relics of Saints Cyprian and Justina are to be found in various places around the world. One of Saint Cyprian's feet is at Iviron Monastery on Mount Athos. A piece of Saint Cyprian's skull is in the church named for these Saints at Menikos Nicosia. A small piece of Saint Justina's skull is there as well. Fragments of the Holy Relics of Saints Cyprian and Justina are in the Monastery which is dedicated to them at Phylḗ, Attica. The head of Saint Justina is located in the Monastery of Panagia Panachrantou (the All-Holy Theotokos) on the Greek island if Andros. Part of the hand of Saint Cyprian is located in the Zlătari church (Calea Victoriei 14, Bucharest Romania)

Bithynia, 284-305, Saint, Panteleimon, Healer, dead child in street, snake, envious doctors, healing contest
Nicomedia; Bithynia, 284-305, Saint, Panteleimon, Healer; Greatmartyr and Healer Panteleimon, Commemorated on July 27; Great Martyr and Healer Panteleimon was born in the city of Nicomedia into the family of the illustrious pagan Eustorgius, and he was named Pantoleon. His mother Saint Euboula (March 30) was a Christian. She wanted to raise her son in the Christian Faith, but she died when the future martyr was just a young child. His father sent Pantoleon to a pagan school, after which the young man studied medicine at Nicomedia under the renowned physician Euphrosynus. Pantoleon came to the attention of the emperor Maximian (284-305), who wished to appoint him as royal physician when he finished his schooling. hieromartyrs Hermolaus, Hermippus and Hermocrates, survivors of the massacre of 20,000 Christians in 303 (December 28), were living secretly in Nicomedia at that time. Saint Hermolaus saw Pantoleon time and again when he came to the house where they were hiding. Once, the priest invited the youth to the house and spoke about the Christian Faith. After this Pantoleon visited Saint Hermolaus every day. day the saint found a dead child on the street. He had been bitten by a great snake, which was still beside the child’s body. Pantoleon began to pray to the Lord Jesus Christ to revive the dead child and to destroy the venomous reptile. He firmly resolved that if his prayer were fulfilled, he would become a follower of Christ and receive Baptism. The child rose up alive, and the snake died before Pantoleon’s eyes. this miracle, Pantoleon was baptized by Saint Hermolaus with the name Panteleimon (meaning “all-merciful”). Speaking with Eustorgius, Saint Panteleimon prepared him to accept Christianity. When the father saw how his son healed a blind man by invoking Jesus Christ, he then believed in Christ and was baptized by Saint Hermolaus together with the man whose sight was restored. the death of his father, Saint Panteleimon dedicated his life to the suffering, the sick, the unfortunate and the needy. He treated all those who turned to him without charge, healing them in the name of Jesus Christ. He visited those held captive in prison. These were usually Christians, and he healed them of their wounds. In a short time, reports of the charitable physician spread throughout the city. Forsaking the other doctors, the inhabitants began to turn only to Saint Panteleimon. envious doctors told the emperor that Saint Panteleimon was healing Christian prisoners. Maximian urged the saint to refute the charge by offering sacrifice to idols. Saint Panteleimon confessed himself a Christian, and suggested that a sick person, for whom the doctors held out no hope, should be brought before the emperor. Then the doctors could invoke their gods, and Panteleimon would pray to his God to heal the man. A man paralyzed for many years was brought in, and pagan priests who knew the art of medicine invoked their gods without success. Then, before the very eyes of the emperor, the saint healed the paralytic by calling on the name of Jesus Christ. The ferocious Maximian executed the healed man, and gave Saint Panteleimon over to fierce torture. Lord appeared to the saint and strengthened him before his sufferings. They suspended the Great Martyr Panteleimon from a tree and scraped him with iron hooks, burned him with fire and then stretched him on the rack, threw him into a cauldron of boiling tar, and cast him into the sea with a stone around his neck. Throughout these tortures the martyr remained unhurt, and denounced the emperor. this time the priests Hermolaus, Hermippus and Hermocrates were brought before the court of the pagans. All three confessed their faith in the Savior and were beheaded (July 26). order of the emperor they brought the Great Martyr Panteleimon to the circus to be devoured by wild beasts. The animals, however, came up to him and licked his feet. The spectators began to shout, “Great is the God of the Christians!” The enraged Maximian ordered the soldiers to stab with the sword anyone who glorified Christ, and to cut off the head of the Great Martyr Panteleimon. led the saint to the place of execution and tied him to an olive tree. While the martyr prayed, one of the soldiers struck him with a sword, but the sword became soft like wax and inflicted no wound. The saint completed his prayer, and a Voice was heard from Heaven, calling the passion-bearer by his new name and summoning him to the heavenly Kingdom. the Voice, the soldiers fell down on their knees before the holy martyr and begged forgiveness. They refused to continue with the execution, but Saint Panteleimon told them to fulfill the emperor’s command, because otherwise they would have no share with him in the future life. The soldiers tearfully took their leave of the saint with a kiss. the saint was beheaded, the olive tree to which the saint was tied became covered with fruit. Many who were present at the execution believed in Christ. The saint’s body was thrown into a fire, but remained unharmed, and was buried by Christians. Saint Panteleimon’s servants Laurence, Bassos and Probus witnessed his execution and heard the Voice from Heaven. They recorded the life, the sufferings and death of the saint. of the holy relics of the Great Martyr Panteleimon were distributed throughout all the Christian world. His venerable head is now located at the Russian monastery of Saint Panteleimon on Mt. Athos. veneration of the holy martyr in the Russian Orthodox Church was already known in the twelfth century. Prince Izyaslav (in Baptism, Panteleimon), the son of Saint Mstislav the Great, had an image of Saint Panteleimon on his helmet. Through the intercession of the saint he remained alive during a battle in the year 1151. On the Feast of the Great Martyr Panteleimon, Russian forces won two naval victories over the Swedes (in 1714 near Hanhauze and in 1720 near Grenham). Panteleimon is venerated in the Orthodox Church as a mighty saint, and the protector of soldiers. This aspect of his veneration is derived from his first name Pantoleon, which means “a lion in everything”. His second name, Panteleimon, given him at Baptism, which means “all-merciful”, is manifest in the veneration of the martyr as a healer. The connection between these two aspects of the saint is readily apparent in that soldiers, receiving wounds more frequently than others, are more in need of a physician-healer. Christians waging spiritual warfare also have recourse to this saint, asking him to heal their spiritual wounds. holy Great Martyr and Healer Panteleimon is invoked in the Mystery of Anointing the Sick, at the Blessing of Water, and in the Prayers for the Sick. Martyr Anicetus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Diomedes the Physician of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 16; Martyr Straton of Nicomedia, Commemorated August 17 ; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; Martyr Adrian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on August 26 ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; Martyr Callista with her brothers at Nicomedia, Commemorated September 1 ; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated September 2 ; Hieromartyr Anthimus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Theophilus the Deacon of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 3 ; Martyr Basilissa of Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Babylas of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Theodore of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Urban and 79 Companions at Nicomedia, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10 ; St Coronatus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 12 ; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2 ; 20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia, Commemorated on December 28 ; Martyr Callisthene and her father Audactus of Ephesus ; Martyr Eulampius at Nicomedia, Commemorated October 10 ; 200 Martyrs with Eulampius and Eulampia at Nicomedia, Commemorated October 10 ; Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15 ; Martyr Dasius at Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 21; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6 ; Virginmartyr Juliana of Nicomedia, Commemorated on December 21 ; The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ; Afterfeast of the Nativity of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated December 28; 20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia, Commemorated December 28 ; Martyr Philetairus of Nicomedia, Commemorated December 30 ; Apostle Prochorus the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Hieromartyr Theopemptus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Virginmartyr Euphrasia of Nicomedia, Commemorated January 19 ; Martyr Bassus at Nicomedia, Commemorated January 20 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23 ; 1,003 Martyrs of Nicomedia,Commemorated February 7 ; St Athanasius the Confessor of Constantinople, Commemorated February 22 ; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; Theophylactus lived at Constantinople in the eighth century during the time of the Iconoclast heresy. After the death of the iconoclast emperor Leo IV the Khazar (775-780), Emperor Constantine VI (780-797) ascended the throne. At the same time, the holy Patriarch Paul (August 30), not having the strength to continue guiding the flock in the face of iconoclasm, voluntarily resigned his office (784). Saint Tarasius (February 25) was chosen in his place. At that time, he was an eminent imperial counselor. Under the supervision of the new Patriarch the Seventh Ecumenical Council (787) was convened to condemn the Iconoclast heresy. A relatively peaceful time began for the Church, and monasteries again began to fill with monks. Theophylactus, a gifted disciple of Saint Tarasius, with the blessing of the Patriarch, went to a monastery on the coast of the Black Sea with Saint Michael (May 23). The zealous ascetics by their God-pleasing labors and intense prayer were granted the gift of wonderworking by God. During a drought, when the workers in the field were weakened by thirst, the saints prayed and an empty vessel became filled with enough water to last the entire day. several years in the monastery, they were both consecrated as bishops by Patriarch Tarasius. Saint Michael was made Bishop of Synada, and Saint Theophylactus was made Bishop of Nicomedia. the Church of Nicomedia, Saint Theophylactus cared for the flock entrusted to him. He built churches, hospices, homes for wanderers, he generously distributed alms, was the guardian of orphans, widows and the sick, and personally attended those afflicted with leprosy, not hesitating to wash their wounds. the iconoclast Leo the Armenian (813-820) came to the imperial throne, the terrible heresy burst forth with renewed strength. the iconoclast emperor was not able to influence Saint Nicephorus (June 2), the successor of Patriarch Tarasius, who with the other bishops vainly urged Leo not to destroy the peace of the Church. Saint Theophylactus was present at the negotiations of the emperor with the Patriarch. Denouncing the heretics, Saint Theophylactus predicted a speedy death for Leo the Armenian. For his bold prophecy the saint was sent into exile to the fortress Strobil (in Asia Minor). He languished for thirty years until his death, which took place around the year 845. the restoration of icon-veneration in the year 847 under the empress Saint Theodora (February 11) and her son Michael, the holy relics of Saint Theophylactus were returned to Nicomedia. Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9 ; Martyr Quadratus and the rest of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 10; Martyr Trophimus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 18; Martyr Pancharius at Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 19; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; Martyr Victor of Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 18; Martyr Christopher at Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 19; Martyr Isaac of Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 21; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Martyr Eusebius and Others, at Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 24; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; Martyr Lucillian and those who suffered with him at Byzantium, Commemorated on June 3; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia, Commemorated on July 7;

Bithynia, 300, 4th Century Folder, Great Martyr George and First E Council

Bithynia, 301-311, Martyrs Menodora, Metrodora, and Nymphodora, special piety, healings, martyrdom, fire, rain
Bithynia, 300-311, Martyrs Menodora, Metrodora, and Nymphodora; Great Martyr George, died in Nicomedia, 303; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10; Holy Virgins Menodora, Nymphodora, and Metrodora (305-311), were sisters from Bithynia (Asia Minor). Distinguished for their special piety, they wanted to preserve their virginity and avoid worldly associations. They chose a solitary place for themselves in the wilderness and spent their lives in deeds of fasting and prayer. of the holy life of the virgins soon spread, since healings of the sick began to occur through their prayers. The Bithynia region was governed at that time by a man named Frontonus, who ordered that the sisters be arrested and brought before him. first he tried to persuade them to renounce Christ, promising great honors and rewards. But the holy sisters steadfastly confessed their faith before him, rejecting all his suggestions. They told him that they did not value the temporal things of this world, and that they were prepared to die for their Heavenly Bridegroom, for death would be their gateway to eternal life. into a rage, the governor took out his wrath on Saint Menodora, the eldest sister. She was stripped of her clothes and beaten by four men, while a herald urged her to offer sacrifice to the gods. The saint bravely endured the torments and cried out, “Sacrifice? Can’t you see that I am offering myself as a sacrifice to my God?” Then they renewed their torments with even greater severity. Then the martyr cried out, “ Lord Jesus Christ, joy of my heart, my hope, receive my soul in peace.” With these words she gave up her soul to God, and went to her Heavenly Bridegroom. days later, they brought the two younger sisters Metrodora and Nymphodora to the court. They showed them the battered body of their older sister to frighten them. The virgins wept over her, but remained steadfast. Saint Metrodora was tortured. She died, crying out to her beloved Lord Jesus Christ with her last breath. Then they turned to the third sister, Nymphodora. Before her lay the bruised bodies of her sisters. Frontonus hoped that this sight would intimidate the young virgin. that he was charmed by her youth and beauty, he urged her to worship the pagan gods, promising great rewards and honors. Saint Nymphodora scoffed at his words, and shared the fate of her older sisters. She was tortured and beaten to death with iron rods. bodies of the holy martyrs were to be burned in a fire, but a heavy rain extinguished the blazing fire, and lightning struck down Frontonus and his servant. Christians took up the bodies of the holy sisters and reverently buried them at the so-called Warm Springs at Pythias (Bithynia). of the relics of the holy martyrs are preserved on Mt. Athos in the Protection cathedral of the Saint Panteleimon Russian monastery, and the hand of Saint Metrodora is on the Holy Mountain in the monastery of the Pantocrator. St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22 ;

Bithynia, 303-320, 9yr old Martyr Basilissa of Nicomedia, tortured, her firmness converted Gov Alex
Nicomedia; Martyr Basilissa of Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Basilissa of Nicomedia suffered for her faith in Christ under the emperor Diocletian. The Nicomedia governor Alexander gave orders to arrest the nine-year-old Basilissa and force her to renounce Christ. But the young maiden displayed unshakable firmness in fidelity to her Lord, and so she was subjected to protracted and intense torture. the grace of God, the holy martyr remained alive and unharmed. This was evident to all those present as a manifestation of the power of God, and it so upset the governor Alexander, that he also came to believe in Christ and confessed himself a Christian. later by Bishop Anthimus, he lived for a short while in deep repentance, and then departed peacefully to the Lord, as did Saint Basilissa some while after him. Her death was peaceful and accompanied by miraculous signs of God’s mercy.

Bithynia, 303, Great Martyr George, died in Nicomedia, 303
Great Martyr George, died in Nicomedia, 303; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22 ;

Bithynia, 303, Church Fire in Nicomedia, 20K died, Survivors, Hieromartyr Hermolaus and Martyrs Hermippus and Hermocrates
Bithynia, 303, Church Fire in Nicomedia, Survivors, Hieromartyr Hermolaus and Martyrs Hermippus and Hermocrates; Nicomedia; Hieromartyr Hermolaus and Martyrs Hermippus and Hermocrates at Nicomedia, Commemorated on July 26; Hermolaus, Hermippus and Hermocrates of Nicomedia, were among the small number of those remaining alive after 20,000 Christians were burned alive in a church at Nicomedia in the year 303 (December 28), on the orders of the emperor Maximian (284-305). They lived in remote places and did not cease to preach Christianity to the pagans. young pagan named Pantoleon (Holy Great Martyr Panteleimon, July 27) often passed by the house in which Saint Hermolaus had concealed himself. Once Saint Hermolaus chanced to meet the youth and asked him to stop by his house. In their conversation Saint Hermolaus began to explain to his guest the falseness, impiety and vanity of worshipping the pagan gods. From that day on, Pantoleon began to visit Saint Hermolaus daily and received holy Baptism from him. the trial of the holy Great Martyr Panteleimon was being held, Saints Hermolaus, Hermippus and Hermocrates, were also arrested. The Lord Jesus Christ appeared to Saint Hermolaus one evening and revealed to him that on the following day he would suffer for Him and receive a martyr’s crown. Hermippus and Hermocrates were arrested and brought to trial after Saint Hermolaus. All three were given the chance to deny Christ and offer sacrifice to idols. But they resolutely refused, confessed their faith in the Lord Jesus Christ and were prepared gladly to die for Him. pagans began to threaten the holy priests with torture and death. Suddenly, a strong earthquake occurred, and the idols and pagan temple collapsed and shattered. This was reported to the emperor. The enraged Maximian gave the holy martyrs over to torture and pronounced upon them a sentence of death. Bravely enduring all the torments, the holy Hieromartyrs Hermolaus, Hermippus and Hermocrates were beheaded in about the year 305. Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 25; the banishment of Saint John Chrysostom, someone set fire to a large church, and after this a large part of the city burned down. the supporters of Saint John Chrysostom came under suspicion of arson, and they were summoned for interrogation. They summoned Saint Olympias to trial, rigorously interrogating her. They fined her a large sum of money for the crime of arson, despite her innocence and a lack of evidence against her. After this the saint left Constantinople and set out to Kyzikos (on the Sea of Marmara). But her enemies did not cease their persecution. In the year 405 they sentenced her to prison at Nicomedia, where the saint underwent much grief and deprivation. Saint John Chrysostom wrote to her from his exile, consoling her in her sorrow. In the year 409 Saint Olympias entered into eternal rest. 20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia, Commemorated on December 28 ; Holy 20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia: At the beginning of the fourth century the emperor Maximian (284-305) gave orders to destroy Christian churches, to burn service books, and to deprive all Christians of rights and privileges of citizenship. At this time the bishop of the city of Nicomedia was Saint Cyril, who by his preaching and life contributed to the spread of Christianity, so that many members of the emperor’s court were also secret Christians. pagan priestess Domna was living in the palace at that time. Providentially, she obtained a copy of the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistles of Saint Paul. Her heart burned with the desire to learn more about the Christian teaching. With the help of a young Christian girl, Domna went secretly to Bishop Anthimus (Cyril’s successor) with her faithful servant, the eunuch Indes. Saint Anthimus catechized them, and both received holy Baptism. began to help the poor: she gave away her valuables with the assistance of Indes, and she also distributed food from the imperial kitchen. The chief eunuch, who was in charge of provisions for the imperial household, found out that Domna and Indes were not eating the food sent them from the emperor’s table. He had them beaten in order to find out why they did not partake of the food, but they remained silent. Another eunuch informed him that the saints were distributing all the emperor’s gifts to the poor. He locked them up in prison to exhaust them with hunger, but they received support from an angel and did not suffer. Saint Domna feigned insanity so she wouldn’t have to live among the pagans. Then she and Indes managed to leave the court, and she went to a women’s monastery. Abbess Agatha quickly dressed her in men’s clothing, cut her hair and sent her off from the monastery. this time the emperor returned from battle and ordered that a search be made for the former pagan priestess Domna. The soldiers sent for this purpose found the monastery and destroyed it. The sisters were thrown into prison, subjected to torture and abuse, but not one of them suffered defilement. Sent to a house of iniquity, Saint Theophila was able to preserve her virginity with the help of an angel of the Lord. The angel led her from the brothel and brought her to the cathedral. this time the emperor cleared the city square to offer sacrifice to the pagan gods. When they began sprinkling the crowd with the blood of the sacrificial animals, Christians started to leave the square. Seeing this, the emperor became enraged, but in the middle of his rantings a great thunderstorm sprang up. People fled in panic, and the emperor had to retreat to the palace for his own safety. Maximian went to the church with soldiers and told them they could escape punishment if they renounced Christ. Otherwise, he promised to burn the church and those in it. The Christian presbyter Glycerius told him that Christians would never renounce their faith, even under the threat of torture. Hiding his anger, the emperor exited the church, and a short time later commanded the presbyter Glycerius be arrested for trial. The executioners tortured the martyr, who did not cease to pray and to call on the Name of the Lord. Unable to force Saint Glycerius stop confessing Christ, Maximian ordered him to be burned to death. the Feast of the Nativity of Christ in the year 302, when about 20,000 Christians had assembled at the cathedral in Nicomedia, the emperor sent a herald into the church. He told the Christians that soldiers were surrounding the building, and that anyone who wished to leave had to offer sacrifice to the pagan gods. Anyone who defied the emperor would perish when the soldiers set fire to the church. All those present refused to worship the idols. the pagans prepared to set fire to the church, Bishop Anthimus, baptized all the catechumens and communed everyone with the Holy Mysteries. All 20,000 of those praying died in the fire. Among them were the abbess Agatha and Saint Theophila who had been saved from the den of iniquity by a miracle. Bishop Anthimus, however, managed to escape the fire. thought that he had exterminated all the Christians of Nicomedia. He soon learned that there were many more, and that they would confess their faith and were prepared to die for Christ. The emperor wondered how to deal with them. At his command they arrested the regimental commander Zeno, who was openly criticizing the emperor for his impiety and cruelty. Zeno was fiercely beaten and finally beheaded. They jailed the eunuch Indes, formerly a priest of the idols, for refusing to participate in a pagan festival. persecution against Christians continued. Dorotheus, Mardonius, Migdonius the deacon and others were thrown into prison. Bishop Anthimus encouraged them by sending letters to them. One of the messengers, the Deacon Theophilus, was captured. They subjected him to torture, trying to learn where the bishop was hiding. The holy martyr endured everything, while revealing nothing. Then they executed him and also those whom the bishop had addressed in his letter. Though they were executed in different ways, they all showed the same courage and received their crowns from God. weeks, Saint Domna concealed herself within a cave and sustained herself by eating plants. When she returned to the city, she wept for a long time at the ruins of the church, regretting that she was not found worthy to die with the others. That night she went to the sea shore. At that moment fishermen pulled the bodies of the martyrs Indes, Gorgonius and Peter from the water in their nets. Domna was still dressed in men’s clothing, and she helped the fishermen to draw in their nets. They left her the bodies of the martyrs. With reverence she looked after the holy relics and wept over them, especially over the body of her spiritual friend, the Martyr Indes. giving them an honorable burial, she did not depart from these graves so dear to her heart. Each day she burned incense before them, sprinkling them with fragrant oils. When the emperor was told of an unknown youth who offered incense at the graves of executed Christians, he gave orders to behead the youth. The Martyr Euthymius was also executed along with Domna.

Bithynia, 304, Euphemia the all Praised, Chalcedon, stood alone, incorrupt relics, angel help, animals, then confessor in 451
Bithynia, 304, Euphemia the all Praised, Chalcedon, stood alone, incorrupt relics; Holy Great Martyr Euphēmia was the daughter of Christian parents, the senator Philophronos and his wife Theodosia. She suffered for Christ in the year 304 in the city of Chalcedon, on the Bosphorus opposite Constantinople, the Queen of Cities. the Proconsul of Chalcedon, issued a decree which required all the inhabitants of Chalcedon and the surrounding area to attend a pagan festival, in order to worship and offer sacrifice to the idol of Ares. He threatened grave torments for anyone who failed to appear. During this impious festival, 49 Christians were hidden in one house, where they worshiped the true God in secret. The young virgin Euphēmia was among those who prayed there. their hiding place was discovered, and they were brought before Priscus to answer the charges against them. For nineteen days the martyrs were subjected to various torments, but none of them wavered in their faith, nor did they consent to offer sacrifice to the idol. The governor, beside himself with rage and not knowing any other way of forcing the Christians to abandon their faith, sent them to Emperor Diocletian for trial. He kept the youngest, the virgin Euphēmia, hoping that she would not persevere if she were left all alone. from her fellow-Christians, Saint Euphēmia fervently prayed that the Lord Jesus Christ would strengthen her for her impending ordeal. Priscus urged the Saint to offer sacrifice to the idol, promising her many rewards. When she refused, he ordered that she be tortured. martyr was tied to a wheel with sharp knives attached to it, which slashed her body. The Saint prayed aloud, and miraculously, the wheel stopped by itself and would not move despite all the efforts of the executioners. An angel of the Lord, came down from Heaven, removed Euphēmia from the wheel, and healed her of her wounds, and the Saint gave thanks to God. did not notice the miracle which had taken place, so he ordered the soldiers Victor and Sosthenes to take the Saint to a red-hot furnace. the soldiers, seeing two Angels in the midst of the flames, refused to carry out the Proconsul's order and declared that they believed in the God Whom Euphēmia worshipped. Boldly proclaiming that they were Christians, Victor and Sosthenes awaited punishment. They were sentenced to be devoured by wild beasts. In the arena, they begged God to forgive the sins they had committed, asking the Lord to receive them into the Heavenly Kingdom. A Divine voice was heard, and the two soldiers entered into eternal life. The beasts, however, did not harm their bodies. Euphēmia, cast into the fire by other soldiers, did not suffer. With God's help she emerged unscathed after many other torments. Ascribing these things to sorcery, Priscus ordered a pit to be dug. Filling it with knives, he had it covered over with earth and grass, so that the martyr would not notice this trap. again, Saint Euphēmia remained safe, walking over the pit. Finally, she was sentenced to be devoured by wild beasts in the arena. Before her execution the Saint prayed that the Lord would deem her worthy of martyrdom. But none of the bears or lions attacked her, but only licked her feet. Finally, one she-bear wounded her foot, which bled slightly, and the Holy Great Martyr Euphēmia died right away. As her soul departed, there was an earthquake. The city was shaken, the walls fell down, and the pagan temples crumbled. As Saint Euphēmia lay dead in the sand, the guards and spectators fled in terror, so that the Saint's parents were able to take her body and bury it near Chalcedon. a majestic church was built over the grave of the Great Martyr Euphēmia. The sessions of the Fourth Ecumenical Council took place there in the year 451. At that time, the Holy Great Martyr Euphēmia confirmed the Orthodox confession of faith in a miraculous way, exposing the Monophysite heresy. That miracle is commemorated on July 11. the Persians captured Chalcedon in the year 617, the relics of the holy Great Martyr Euphēmia were transferred to Constantinople (around the year 620). During the Iconoclast heresy, the reliquary containing Saint Euphēmia's relics seems to have been thrown into the sea, but pious sailors recovered them. They were brought to the island of Lemnos, and they were returned to Constantinople in 796. incorrupt body of Saint Euphēmia is in the Patriarchal Church of Saint George at the Phanar in Constantinople. Portions of her relics are to be found in Kykkos Monastery on Cyprus, and in the Saint Alexander Nevsky Lavra at Saint Petersburg. Chalcedon; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Miracle of Saint Euphemia the All-Praised: The holy Great Martyr Euphemia (September 16) suffered martyrdom in the city of Chalcedon in the year 304, during the time of the persecution against Christians by the emperor Diocletian (284-305). One and a half centuries later, at a time when the Christian Church had become victorious within the Roman Empire, God deigned that Euphemia the All-Praised should again be a witness and confessor of the purity of the Orthodox teaching. the year 451 in the city of Chalcedon, in the very church where the glorified relics of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia rested, the sessions of the Fourth Ecumenical Council (July 16) took place. The Council was convened for determining the precise dogmatic formulae of the Orthodox Church concerning the nature of the God-Man Jesus Christ. This was necessary because of the widespread heresy of the Monophysites [“mono-physis” meaning “one nature”], who opposed the Orthodox teaching of the two natures in Jesus Christ, the Divine and the Human natures (in one Divine Person). The Monophysites falsely affirmed that in Christ was only one nature, the Divine [i.e. that Jesus is God but not man, by nature], causing discord and unrest within the Church. At the Council were present 630 representatives from all the local Christian Churches. On the Orthodox side Anatolius, Patriarch of Constantinople (July 3), Juvenal, Patriarch of Jerusalem (July 2), and representatives of Saint Leo, Pope of Rome (February 18) participated in the conciliar deliberations. The Monophysites were present in large numbers, headed by Dioscorus, the Patriarch of Alexandria, and the Constantinople archimandrite Eutychius. prolonged discussions the two sides could not come to a decisive agreement. holy Patriarch Anatolius of Constantinople proposed that the Council submit the decision of the Church dispute to the Holy Spirit, through His undoubted bearer Saint Euphemia the All-Praised, whose wonderworking relics had been discovered during the Council’s discussions. The Orthodox hierarchs and their opponents wrote down their confessions of faith on separate scrolls and sealed them with their seals. They opened the tomb of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia and placed both scrolls upon her bosom. Then, in the presence of the emperor Marcian (450-457), the participants of the Council sealed the tomb, putting on it the imperial seal and setting a guard to watch over it for three days. During these days both sides imposed upon themselves strict fast and made intense prayer. After three days the patriarch and the emperor in the presence of the Council opened the tomb with its relics: the scroll with the Orthodox confession was held by Saint Euphemia in her right hand, and the scroll of the heretics lay at her feet. Saint Euphemia, as though alive, raised her hand and gave the scroll to the patriarch. After this miracle many of the hesitant accepted the Orthodox confession, while those remaining obstinant in the heresy were consigned to the Council’s condemnation and excommunication. an invasion by the Persians during the seventh century, the relics of Saint Euphemia were transferred from Chalcedon to Constantinople, into a newly built church dedicated to her. Many years later, during the period of the Iconoclast heresy, the reliquary with the relics of the saint was cast into the sea by order of the Iconoclast emperor Leo the Isaurian (716-741). The reliquary was rescued from the sea by the ship-owning brothers Sergius and Sergonos, who gave it over to the local bishop. The holy bishop ordered that the relics be preserved in secret, beneath a crypt, since the Iconoclast heresy was continuing to rage. A small church was built over the relics, and over the reliquary was put a board with an inscription stating whose relics rested within. When the Iconoclast heresy was finally condemned at the holy Seventh Ecumenical Council (in the year 787), during the time of Saint Tarasius, Patriarch of Constantinople (784-806) and the emperor Constantine VI (780-797) and his mother Saint Irene (797-802), the relics of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia were once again solemnly transferred to Constantinople. Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on September 16 ;

Bithynia, 325, First Ecumenical Council, Nicaea, Bythnia
Bithynia, 325, First Ecumenical Council, Nicaea, Bythnia ; Righteous Nonna the mother of St Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on August 5; St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated August 27 ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30 ; Martyr Polychronius the Presbyter, Commemorated on October 7 ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16 ; Martyr Sisinius the Bishop of Cyzicus, Commemorated on November 23 ; NICHOLAS OF MYRA, FRIEND OF CHILDREN, GIVER OF GIFTS, CLIMBER OF CHIMNEYS, ETC. (6 DEC 326); St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated on December 12 ; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated December 23 ; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated February 21 ; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31 ; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Bithynia, 386-446, Saint, Hypatius of Bithynia
Bithynia, 386-446, Saint, Hypatius of Bithynia; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31;

Bithynia, 388-430, Bithynian Historian and Bishop, Palladius
Bithynian Historian and Bishop, 388-430, Palladius; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27;

Bithynia, 400, 5th Century Folder, Mt St Auxentius, Earthquakes, 4th E Council

Bithynia, 420-473, Saint Ausentius, Mt St Auxentius of Bithynia
Mt St Auxentius of Bithynia; Martyr Anna, Commemorated on November 28 ; Monkmartyr and Confessor Stephen the New of Mt St Auxentius, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated February 14;

Bithynia, 420-450, Hypatius of Bithynia, Mt St Auxentius of Bithynia
Bithynia, 420-450, Hypatius of Bithynia, Mt St Auxentius of Bithynia; Mt St Auxentius of Bithynia; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated February 14;

Bithynia, 434-447, Devastating Earthquakes throughout B. Empire, boy snatched up, Angels' Trisagion Prayer
Constantinople, 434-447, Devastating Earthquakes throughout B. Empire, Trisagion Prayer; Constantinople Patriarch, 434-446, Proclus of Constantinople; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20; Proclus, Archbishop of Constantinople, from his early years devoted all his time to prayer and the study of Holy Scripture. Lord granted him the great good fortune to be a disciple of Saint John Chrysostom (November 13), who at first ordained him as a deacon, and then to the holy priesthood. witnessed the appearance of the Apostle Paul to Saint John Chrysostom. Saint Proclus received from his teacher a profound understanding of Holy Scripture, and learned to elucidate his thoughts in a polished form. the exile and death of Saint John Chrysostom, the holy Patriarch of Constantinople Sisinius (426-427) consecrated Saint Proclus as bishop of the city of Kyzikos, but under the influence of Nestorian heretics he was expelled by his flock there. Proclus then returned to the capital and preached the Word of God in the churches of Constantinople, strengthening listeners in the Orthodox Faith and denouncing the impiety of the heretics. once preached a sermon before Nestorius in which he fearlessly defended the title “Theotokosâ€ in speaking of the holy Virgin. the death of the Patriarch Saint Sisinius, Saint Proclus was chosen to take his place. Having thus been made Patriarch of Constantinople, he guided the Church over the course of twelve years (434-447). By the efforts of Saint Proclus, the relics of Saint John Chrysostom were transferred from Comana to Constantinople in the time of the holy emperor Saint Theodosius II (408-450). Saint Proclus was Patriarch, the Empire suffered destructive earthquakes, lasting for several months. At Bithynia, in the Hellespont, and in Phrygia cities were devastated, rivers disappeared from the face of the earth, and terrible flooding occurred in previously dry places. people of Constantinople came out of the city with the patriarch and emperor at their head and offered prayers for an end to the unprecedented calamities. one prayer service, a boy from the crowd was snatched up into the air by an unseen force and carried up to such a height that he was no longer to be seen by human eyes. Then, whole and unharmed, the child was lowered to the ground and he reported that he heard and he saw the angels glorifying God singing: “Holy God, Holy Mighty, Holy Immortal.â€ the people began to sing this Trisagion Prayer, adding to it the refrain, “Have mercy on us!â€ Then the earthquakes stopped. The Orthodox Church sings still this prayer at divine services to this very day. Constantinople flock esteemed their Patriarch for his ascetic life, for his concern about the downtrodden, and for his preaching. works of the saint have survived to the present day. Best known are his discourses against the Nestorians, two tracts of the Saint in praise of the Mother of God, and four tracts on the Nativity of Christ, setting forth the Orthodox teaching about the Incarnation of the Son of God. The activity of the holy patriarch in establishing decorum in all the church affairs gained him universal esteem. Surrounded by love and respect, Saint Proclus departed to the Lord after serving as Patriarch for twenty years.

Bithynia, 451, Fourth Ecumenical Council, Chalcedon, Bithynia, Euphemia's choice of scrolls
Fourth Ecumenical Counci; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11; the year 451 in the city of Chalcedon, in the very church where the glorified relics of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia rested, the sessions of the Fourth Ecumenical Council (July 16) took place. prolonged discussions the two sides could not come to a decisive agreement. holy Patriarch Anatolius of Constantinople proposed that the Council submit the decision of the Church dispute to the Holy Spirit, through His undoubted bearer Saint Euphemia the All-Praised, whose wonderworking relics had been discovered during the Council’s discussions. The Orthodox hierarchs and their opponents wrote down their confessions of faith on separate scrolls and sealed them with their seals. They opened the tomb of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia and placed both scrolls upon her bosom. Then, in the presence of the emperor Marcian (450-457), the participants of the Council sealed the tomb, putting on it the imperial seal and setting a guard to watch over it for three days. During these days both sides imposed upon themselves strict fast and made intense prayer. After three days the patriarch and the emperor in the presence of the Council opened the tomb with its relics: the scroll with the Orthodox confession was held by Saint Euphemia in her right hand, and the scroll of the heretics lay at her feet. Saint Euphemia, as though alive, raised her hand and gave the scroll to the patriarch. After this miracle many of the hesitant accepted the Orthodox confession, while those remaining obstinant in the heresy were consigned to the Council’s condemnation and excommunication. Miracle of Saint Euphemia the All-Praised: The holy Great Martyr Euphemia (September 16) suffered martyrdom in the city of Chalcedon in the year 304, during the time of the persecution against Christians by the emperor Diocletian (284-305). One and a half centuries later, at a time when the Christian Church had become victorious within the Roman Empire, God deigned that Euphemia the All-Praised should again be a witness and confessor of the purity of the Orthodox teaching. the year 451 in the city of Chalcedon, in the very church where the glorified relics of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia rested, the sessions of the Fourth Ecumenical Council (July 16) took place. The Council was convened for determining the precise dogmatic formulae of the Orthodox Church concerning the nature of the God-Man Jesus Christ. This was necessary because of the widespread heresy of the Monophysites [“mono-physisâ€ meaning “one natureâ€], who opposed the Orthodox teaching of the two natures in Jesus Christ, the Divine and the Human natures (in one Divine Person). The Monophysites falsely affirmed that in Christ was only one nature, the Divine [i.e. that Jesus is God but not man, by nature], causing discord and unrest within the Church. At the Council were present 630 representatives from all the local Christian Churches. On the Orthodox side Anatolius, Patriarch of Constantinople (July 3), Juvenal, Patriarch of Jerusalem (July 2), and representatives of Saint Leo, Pope of Rome (February 18) participated in the conciliar deliberations. The Monophysites were present in large numbers, headed by Dioscorus, the Patriarch of Alexandria, and the Constantinople archimandrite Eutychius. prolonged discussions the two sides could not come to a decisive agreement. holy Patriarch Anatolius of Constantinople proposed that the Council submit the decision of the Church dispute to the Holy Spirit, through His undoubted bearer Saint Euphemia the All-Praised, whose wonderworking relics had been discovered during the Council’s discussions. The Orthodox hierarchs and their opponents wrote down their confessions of faith on separate scrolls and sealed them with their seals. They opened the tomb of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia and placed both scrolls upon her bosom. Then, in the presence of the emperor Marcian (450-457), the participants of the Council sealed the tomb, putting on it the imperial seal and setting a guard to watch over it for three days. During these days both sides imposed upon themselves strict fast and made intense prayer. After three days the patriarch and the emperor in the presence of the Council opened the tomb with its relics: the scroll with the Orthodox confession was held by Saint Euphemia in her right hand, and the scroll of the heretics lay at her feet. Saint Euphemia, as though alive, raised her hand and gave the scroll to the patriarch. After this miracle many of the hesitant accepted the Orthodox confession, while those remaining obstinant in the heresy were consigned to the Council’s condemnation and excommunication. an invasion by the Persians during the seventh century, the relics of Saint Euphemia were transferred from Chalcedon to Constantinople, into a newly built church dedicated to her. Many years later, during the period of the Iconoclast heresy, the reliquary with the relics of the saint was cast into the sea by order of the Iconoclast emperor Leo the Isaurian (716-741). The reliquary was rescued from the sea by the ship-owning brothers Sergius and Sergonos, who gave it over to the local bishop. The holy bishop ordered that the relics be preserved in secret, beneath a crypt, since the Iconoclast heresy was continuing to rage. A small church was built over the relics, and over the reliquary was put a board with an inscription stating whose relics rested within. When the Iconoclast heresy was finally condemned at the holy Seventh Ecumenical Council (in the year 787), during the time of Saint Tarasius, Patriarch of Constantinople (784-806) and the emperor Constantine VI (780-797) and his mother Saint Irene (797-802), the relics of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia were once again solemnly transferred to Constantinople. Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on September 16 ; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated November 25 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Venerable Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia, Commemorated February 1 ; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated February 14; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated February 18; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11; St Juvenal the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on July 2; St Anatolius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 3; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Council of Chalcedon (451, 4th Ecum. Council)
Council of Chalcedon Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated November 25 ;

Bithynia, 600, 7th Century Folder, Hand of Forerunner to Chalcedon after fall of Antioch

Bithynia, 637, Arab Moslem Conquest of Antioch, Iron Bridge Battle
Syria, 637, Arab Moslem Conquest of Antioch, When the Moslems seized Antioch centuries later (in 637), a deacon named Job brought the holy hand of the Forerunner from Antioch to Chalcedon. From there, on the eve of the Theophany of the Lord, it was transferred to Constantinople (956) and kept thereafter. ; Battle of the Iron Bridge; In 637, during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, Antioch was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate during the Battle of the Iron Bridge.;

Bithynia, 700, 8th Century Folder, 7th E. Council, St Joannicius the Great

Bithynia, 772-846, Joannicius, no ed, all day prayer, cross over cattle, military, seclusion, prophecy, levitation, invisible
Bithynia, 772-846, Saint, Joannicius The Great; St. Irene Chrysovolantou, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Joannicius the Great, Commemorated on November 4; Joannicius the Great was born in Bithynia in the year 752 in the village of Marikat. His parents were destitute and could not provide him even the basics of an education. From childhood he had to tend the family cattle, their sole wealth. for God and prayer completely dominated the soul of the child Joannicius. Often, having shielded the herd with the Sign of the Cross, he went to a secluded place and spent the whole day praying, and neither thieves nor wild beasts came near his herd. order of the emperor Leo IV (775-780), a multitude of officials went through the cities and towns to draft young men for military service. Young Joannicius was also drafted into the imperial army. earned the respect of his fellow soldiers for his good disposition, but he was also a brave soldier who struck fear in the hearts of his enemies. Joannicius served in the imperial army for six years. More than once he was rewarded by his commanders and the emperor. But military service weighed heavily on him; his soul thirsted for spiritual deeds and solitude. Joannicius, having renounced the world, longed to go at once into the wilderness. However, on the advice of an Elder experienced in monastic life, he spent a further two years at the monastery. Here the saint became accustomed to monastic obedience, to monastic rules and practices. He studied reading and writing, and he learned thirty Psalms of David by heart. this, commanded by God to go to a certain mountain, the monk withdrew into the wilderness. For three years he remained in deep solitude in the wilderness, and only once a month a shepherd brought him some bread and water. The ascetic spent day and night in prayer and psalmody. After each verse of singing the Psalms Saint Joannicius made a prayer, which the Orthodox Church keeps to this day in a somewhat altered form, “The Father is my hope, the Son is my refuge, the Holy Spirit is my protection.” chance, he encountered some of his former companions from military service. The saint fled the wilderness and withdrew to Mount Kountourea to hide himself from everyone. after twelve years of ascetic life did the hermit accept monastic tonsure. The saint spent three years in seclusion after being tonsured. Then he went to a place called Chelidon to see the great ascetic Saint George (February 21). The ascetics spent three years together. During this time Saint Joannicius learned the entire Psalter by heart. As he grew older, Saint Joannicius settled in the Antidiev monastery and dwelt there in seclusion until his death. Joannicius spent seventy years in ascetic deeds and attained to a high degree of spiritual perfection. Through the mercy of God the saint acquired the gift of prophecy, as his disciple Pachomius has related. The Elder also levitated above the ground when he prayed. Once, he crossed a river flooded to overflowing. The saint could make himself invisible for people and make others also hidden from sight. Saint Joannicius led Greek captives out of prison under the very eyes of the guards. Poison and fire, with which the envious wanted to destroy the saint, did him no harm, and predatory beasts did not touch him. He freed the island of Thasos from a multitude of snakes. Saint Joannicius also saved a young nun who was preparing to leave the monastery to marry; he took upon himself the agonized maiden’s suffering of passion, and by fasting and prayer, he overcame the seductive assault of the devil. his death, Saint Joannicius fell asleep in the Lord on November 4, 846, at the age of 94.

Bithynia, 787, Seventh Ecumenical Council, Nicaea, Bythnia, Icons
Bithynia, 787, Seventh Ecumenical Council, Nicaea, Bythnia ; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on July 21; Armatia Icon of the Mother of God was in Constantinople at the Armatian monastery. The place where the monastery was located, was called “Armation” or “of the Armatians” and received its name from the military magister Armatios, nephew of the tyrant Basiliscus, and a contemporary of the emperor Zeno (474-491). celebration of the wonderworking icon was established to commemorate deliverance from the Iconoclast heresy. The Seventh Ecumenical Council of 787 drew up dogmatic definitions about icon veneration based on Holy Scripture and Church Tradition. Armatia Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is commemorated twice during the year, on July 21 and August 17. Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on August 17; Icon of the Mother of God of Pisidia, Commemorated on September 3; Commemoration of the Miracle of the Icon of Our Lord Jesus Christ in Beret, Commemorated on October 11 ; St Nicetas the Confessor of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on October 13 ; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion; Hieromartyr Euthymius the Bishop of Sardis, Commemorated December 26 ; St Tarasius the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated February 25; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem (Spiritual Meadow), Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11;

Bithynia, 800, 9th Century Folder, Saints Cosmos and Auxentios, Iconodules

Bithynia, 813, Saints Cosmos and Auxentios
Bithynia, 800, 9th Century Folder, Saints Cosmos and Auxentios; Saint Cosmas, Bishop of Chalcedon, and his fellow ascetic, Saint Auxentius Commemorated on April 18 ;

Bithynia, 1000, 11th 14th Century Folder, Sultanate of Rum

Sultanate of Rum, 1077-1307, Nicaea, Bithynia (Iznik), Sunni
Sultanate of Rum, 1077-1307, Nicaea, Bithynia (Iznik), Sunni; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Bithynia, 1204-1261, Nicean Empire Folder, temporary Roman (Byzantine) Empire

Bithynia, 1204-1261, Nicean Empire, temporary Roman Empire after Crusaders took Constatninople
Empire, temporary Roman Empire after Crusaders took Constatninople Empire of Nicaea or the Nicene Empire[1] is the conventional historiographic name for the largest of the three Byzantine Greek[2][3] rump states founded by the aristocracy of the Byzantine Empire that fled after Constantinople was occupied by Western European and Venetian forces during the Fourth Crusade. the Empire of Trebizond and the Empire of Thessalonica, it claimed to be the continuation of the Roman Empire. by the Laskaris family,[3] it lasted from 1204 to 1261, when the Nicaeans restored the Byzantine Empire in Constantinople. Nicea (Nicaea);

Bithynia, 1299, 13th 14th Century Folder, Ottoman Empire in Bithynia

Bithynia, 1299-1335, Ottoman Empire, Sogut, (Sunni, Turkey, the Turks)
Ottoman Empire, Sogut, Bithynia 1299-1335 (Sunni, Turkey, the Turks); Turks; 26 Monk-Martyrs of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated September 21 ; The Martyrs of Armenia, 24 April 1915 ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated December 10 ; Venerable Agapius of Vatopedi, Commemorated on March 1; MARTYRS OF ARMENIA, 24 April 1915 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia;

Bithynia, 1299-1326, Ottoman Sultan, Osman 1, Sogut, Bithynia
Ottoman Sultan, 1299-1326, Osman 1, Sogut, Bithynia ; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11;

Bithynia, Ottoman Empire Prusa,1335-1413, (Sunni, Turkey, The Turks)
Ottoman Empire Prusa, Bithnia, 1335-1413, (Sunni, Turkey, The Turks); Moslem sultan Bayazet; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ;

Moslem sultan Bayazet 1389-1402 - Ottoman, Turks - Fortress at Bursa
Ottoman Empire, Prusa, Bithnia (1335-1413); Moslem sultan Bayazet; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ;

Bulgaria Folder, Danube rivers North, Rila Mountains Center, Roman Roads North and South

Balkan Mountains
Balkan Mountains ;

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula; New-martyr John of Thasos, Commemorated on December 20 ; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8;

Bulgaria (Rila Mountains, Upper Thracian Plain, South of the Danube)
Bulgaria ; Kutmichivitsa Region of Bulgaria; K Triangle, Kutmichevitsa triangle Saloniki-Skopje-Vlora; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Venerable Isaac the Ascetic of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on August 3; New Martyr Triandaphyllus of Stara Zagora, Commemorated on August 8 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated on August 20; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27 ; St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30 ; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13; Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 13; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Melitina of Marcianopolis, Commemorated September 16 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Venerable Cosmas the Bulgarian of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21; Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated October 1 ; New Martyr Chryse (Zlata) of Meglena, Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 13 ; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21 ; Venerable Pimen the Bulgarian of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated November 3 ; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated November 5 ; St Theophilus the Confessor of Bulgaria; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated November 22 ; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25 ; Venerable Nectarius of Bitolya and Mt Athos, Commemorated December 5 ; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11; Venerable Nectarius of Bitolya and Mt Athos; St Nectarius of Bite, Commemorated December 15 ; New-martyr John of Thasos, Commemorated December 20 ; Venerable Nicholas the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated December 24 ; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; St Prochorus the Abbot in the Vranski Desert on the river Pshina in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Gabriel, Founder of Lesnov Monastery in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; Martyr Inna, Disciples of the Apostle Andrew, in Scythia, Commemorated January 20 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Manuel the Bishop in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 22 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated January 30 ; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Sokolsky", Commemorated February 1 ; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7 ; St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe RecruitÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ), Commemorated on February 17; St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 8; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Pausilippus of Heraclea in Thrace, Commemorated on April 8; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Theodore Trichinas ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe Hair-Shirt WearerÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ and Hermit Near Constantinople, Commemorated on April 20; Martyr Pasikrates in Moesia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr Dada at Dorostolum, Commemorated on April 28 ; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on May 11; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Martyr Sophia of Thrace, Commemorated on June 4; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12 ; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15; Martyr Zosimus the Soldier at Antioch, in Pisidia, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19 ; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of SS Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1; Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Bulgaria (Sophia)
Bulgaria; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Venerable Isaac the Ascetic of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on August 3; New Martyr Triandaphyllus of Stara Zagora, Commemorated on August 8 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated on August 20; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27 ; St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30 ; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13; Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 13; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Melitina of Marcianopolis, Commemorated September 16 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Venerable Cosmas the Bulgarian of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated October 1 ; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21 ; Venerable Pimen the Bulgarian of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated November 3 ; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated November 5 ; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated November 22 ; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Venerable Nectarius of Bitolya and Mt Athos, Commemorated December 5 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica; St Nectarius of Bite, Commemorated December 15 ; Venerable Nicholas the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated December 24 ; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; St Prochorus the Abbot in the Vranski Desert on the river Pshina in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Gabriel, Founder of Lesnov Monastery in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; Martyr Inna, Disciples of the Apostle Andrew, in Scythia, Commemorated January 20 ; Martyr Manuel the Bishop in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 22; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated January 30 ; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Sokolsky", Commemorated February 1 ; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7 ; St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe RecruitÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ), Commemorated on February 17; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 8; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; Martyr Pausilippus of Heraclea in Thrace, Commemorated on April 8; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Theodore Trichinas ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe Hair-Shirt WearerÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ and Hermit Near Constantinople, Commemorated on April 20; Martyr Pasikrates in Moesia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr Dada at Dorostolum, Commemorated on April 28 ; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on May 11; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Martyr Sophia of Thrace, Commemorated on June 4; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12 ; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15; Martyr Zosimus the Soldier at Antioch, in Pisidia, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19 ; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of SS Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26 ; Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Bulgaria, Old Great Bulgaria
Bulgaria, Old Great Bulgaria; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1;

Bulgaria, 480BC-46AD, Odrysian kingdom
Bulgaria, 480BC-46AD, Odrysian kingdom ; Bulgaria, 46-681, Roman Times;

Bulgaria, 46-681, Roman Times
Bulgaria, 46-681, Roman Times;

Bulgaria, 681-1018, First Bulgarian Empire
Bulgaria, 681-1018, First Bulgarian Empire ; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Bulgaria, 1185-1422, Second Bulgarian Empire
Bulgaria, 1185-1422, Second Bulgarian Empire; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7;

Bulgaria, 1362-1919, Caliphates, Ottoman, Turk, first based in Adrianople
Ottoman Caliphate, first based in Adrianople, 1362-1919 (The Turks);

Bulgarian History Folder

Bulgaria, 480BC-46AD Folder, Odrysian kingdom

Bulgaria, 30-681, Folder, Roman Times

Bulgaria, 307, Demetrios of Thrace, Bulgaria, a slav, tortured, martyred
Thrace; Martyr Demetrios of Thrace, Commemorated on November 15 Demetrios was a Slav from the village of Davoudio (Dabuda) in Thrace, which was near the town of Amapasos. He was arrested in the time of Emperor Maximian and the Archon Publius, about the year 298 (some sources say 307). After suffering many tortures for Christ, he was finally beheaded.

Bulgaria, 000, 1st Century, Apostles Andrew, Herman, Centurion Cornelius

Bulgaria, 46, 1st Century, Saint Andrew the Apostle, First Called
Bulgaria, 1st Century, Saint Andrew the Apostle; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30; Martyr Inna, Disciple of the Apostle Andrew, in Scythia, Commemorated on January 20;

Bulgaria, 41-54, Cornelius, Centurion, Peter, sheet, eat everything, salvation, Skepsis, idols, earthquake, wife and c
Palestine Centurion, 1st Century, Cornelius the Centurion; was a Roman centurion who is considered by Christians to be the first Gentile to convert to the faith, as related in Acts of the Apostles (see Ethiopian eunuch for the competing tradition). The baptism of Cornelius is an important event in the history of the early Christian church. account[edit] was a centurion in the Cohors II Italica Civium Romanorum, mentioned as Cohors Italica in the Vulgate.[2][3] He was stationed in Caesarea, the capital of Roman Iudaea province.[4] He is depicted in the New Testament as a God-fearing man[5] who always prayed and was full of good works and deeds of alms. Cornelius receives a vision in which an angel of God tells him that his prayers have been heard; he understands that he has been chosen for a higher alternative. The angel then instructs Cornelius to send the men of his household to Joppa, where they will find Simon Peter, who is residing with a tanner by the name of Simon (Acts 10:5ff). conversion of Cornelius comes after a separate vision given to Simon Peter himself (Acts 10:10–16). In the vision, Simon Peter sees all manner of beasts and fowl being lowered from Heaven in a sheet. A voice commands Simon Peter to eat. When he objects to eating those animals that are unclean according to Mosaic Law, the voice tells him not to call unclean that which God has cleansed.[6] Cornelius' men arrive, Simon Peter understands that through this vision the Lord commanded the Apostle to preach the Word of God to the Gentiles. Peter accompanies Cornelius' men back to Caesarea.[6] When Cornelius meets Simon Peter, he falls at Peter's feet. Simon Peter raises the centurion and the two men share their visions. Simon Peter tells of Jesus' ministry and the Resurrection; the Holy Spirit descends on everyone at the gathering. The Jews among the group are amazed that Cornelius and other uncircumcised should begin speaking in tongues, praising God. Thereupon Simon Peter commands that Cornelius and his followers, "kinsmen and near friends", be baptized.[7] The controversial aspect of Gentile conversion is taken up later at the Council of Jerusalem (Acts 15). situation of Judea[edit] into account that Judea had been within the Hellenic orbit since the conquest of Alexander the Great, there was time for wise men and philosophers, both Greek and Jewish, to exchange knowledge, thus beginning the syncretism between Hellenism and Judaism, a phenomenon that occurred in the rest of his empire. Later with the arrival of the Romans (already Hellenized), there were no problems of religious tolerance (except in the case of the Zealots), since thanks to the interpretatio graeca exported by the Macedonians, it was possible to identify Caelus (Roman god) or Uranus (his Greek equivalent) and Yahweh as the Supreme God himself, allowing conversion cases like Cornelius.[8][9][10] this painting by Gerbrand van den Eeckhout an angel appears to the Roman centurion Cornelius. The angel tells him to seek out St. Peter.[11] The Walters Art Museum. any man forbid water, that these should not be baptized, which have received the Holy Ghost as well as we? — Acts 10:47 Cornelius is considered to be one of the first Gentiles converted to Christianity.[12] baptism of Cornelius is an important event in the history of the early Christian church, along with the conversion and baptism of the Ethiopian eunuch. The Christian church was first formed around the original disciples and followers of Jesus, all of whom, including Jesus himself, were Galilean, except for Judas, who was Judean. All males in the Judean community were Jews: they were circumcised and observed the Law of Moses. The reception of Cornelius sparked a debate among the leaders of the new community of followers of Jesus, culminating in the decision to allow Gentiles to become Christians without conforming to Jewish requirements for circumcision, as recounted in Acts 15. Certain traditions hold Cornelius as becoming either the first bishop of Caesarea, or the bishop of Scepsis in Mysia.[4][7] feast day on the new Martyrologium Romanum is 20 October. He is commemorated in the Orthodox tradition on 13 September.[6] is honored[13] with a Lesser Feast on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America[14] on January 4.[15] When Governors Island in New York City was a military installation, the Episcopal Church maintained a stone chapel there dedicated to him.[16] Greek-French philosopher Cornelius Castoriadis is named after him.[17] Martyr Demetrius with his wife and son, at Skepsis on the Hellespont, Commemorated on September 11 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated September 13 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion: Soon after the sufferings of the Lord Jesus Christ on the Cross and His Ascension into Heaven, a centurion by the name of Cornelius settled at Caesarea in Palestine. He had lived previously in Thracian Italy. Although he was a pagan, he distinguished himself by deep piety and good deeds, as the holy Evangelist Luke says (Acts 10:1). The Lord did not disdain his virtuous life, and so led him to the knowledge of truth and to faith in Christ. Cornelius was praying in his home. An angel of God appeared to him and said that his prayer had been heard and accepted by God. The angel commande him to send people to Joppa to find Simon, also called Peter. Cornelius immediately fulfilled the command. those people were on their way to Joppa, the Apostle Peter was at prayer, and he had a vision: three times a great sheet was lowered down to him, filled with all kinds of beasts and fowl. He heard a voice from Heaven commanding him to eat everything. When the apostle refused to eat food which Jewish Law regarded as unclean, the voice said: “What God hath cleansed, you must not call common” (Acts 10:15). this vision the Lord commanded the Apostle Peter to preach the Word of God to the pagans. When the Apostle Peter arrived at the house of Cornelius in the company of those sent to meet him, he was received with great joy and respect by the host together with his kinsmen and comrades. fell down at the feet of the apostle and requested to be taught the way of salvation. Saint Peter talked about the earthly life of Jesus Christ, and spoke of the miracles and signs worked by the Savior, and of His teachings about the Kingdom of Heaven. Then Saint Peter told him of the Lord’s death on the Cross, His Resurrection and Ascension into Heaven. By the grace of the Holy Spirit, Cornelius believed in Christ and was baptized with all his family. He was the first pagan to receive Baptism. retired from the world and went preaching the Gospel together with the Apostle Peter, who made him a bishop. When the Apostle Peter, together with his helpers Saints Timothy and Cornelius, was in the city of Ephesus, he learned of a particularly vigorous idol-worship in the city of Skepsis. Lots were drawn to see who would go there, and Saint Cornelius was chosen. the city lived a prince by the name of Demetrius, learned in the ancient Greek philosophy, hating Christianity and venerating the pagan gods, in particular Apollo and Zeus. Learning about the arrival of Saint Cornelius in the city, he immediately summoned him and asked him the reason for his coming. Saint Cornelius answered that he came to free him from the darkness of ignorance and lead him to knowledge of the True Light. prince, not comprehending the meaning of what was said, became angry and demanded that he answer each of his questions. When Saint Cornelius explained that he served the Lord and that the reason for his coming was to announce the Truth, the prince became enraged and demanded that Cornelius offer sacrifice to the idols. saint asked to be shown the gods. When he entered the pagan temple, Cornelius turned towards the east and uttered a prayer to the Lord. There was an earthquake, and the temple of Zeus and the idols situated in it were destroyed. All the populace, seeing what had happened, were terrified. prince was even more vexed and began to take counsel together with those approaching him, about how to destroy Cornelius. They bound the saint and took him to prison for the night. At this point, one of his servants informed the prince that his wife and child had perished beneath the rubble of the destroyed temple. a certain while, one of the pagan priests, by the name of Barbates, reported that he heard the voice of the wife and son somewhere in the ruins and that they were praising the God of the Christians. The pagan priest asked that the imprisoned one be released, in gratitude for the miracle worked by Saint Cornelius, and the wife and son of the prince remained alive. joyful prince hastened to the prison in the company of those about him, declaring that he believed in Christ and asking him to bring his wife and son out of the ruins of the temple. Saint Cornelius went to the destroyed temple, and through prayer the suffering were freed. this the prince Demetrius, and all his relatives and comrades accepted holy Baptism. Saint Cornelius lived for a long time in this city, converted all the pagan inhabitants to Christ, and made Eunomios a presbyter in service to the Lord. Saint Cornelius died in old age and was buried not far from the pagan temple he destroyed.

Bulgaria, 30-70, Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Bishop of Philippopolis on the Roman Road Via Militarius
Bulgaria, 30-70, Apostle Hermes of the Seventy; Holy Apostle Hermas of the Seventy was bishop at Philippopolis, and died a martyr in the first century. In the Epistle to the Romans, the holy Apostle Paul commands the Romans to greet Hermas (Rom 16:14) (Rom 16:14). Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated November 5 ; Saints Patrobus, Hermes, Linus, Gaius, and Philologus, Apostles of the Seventy, preached the Gospel in various cities, each enduring various hardships in their service as bishops. Saint Patrobus (Rom 16:14) was Bishop of Neopolis (now Naples) and Puteoli in Italy. Saint Hermes was bishop in the city of Philippoplis where he died a martyr. Saint Linus (2 Tim 4:21) was a successor to the Apostle Peter at Rome. Saint Gaius (Rom 16:23), was Bishop of Ephesus after Saint Timothy. The Apostle Andrew consecrated Saint Philologus (Rom 16:15) as bishop of the city of Sinope (in the Black Sea region). Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; no longer there at OCA Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 8; Hermes is mentioned by the Holy Apostle Paul in his Epistle to the Romans (16:14). According to Tradition, he was the Bishop of Dalmatia and reposed in peace. In the Synaxarion of Hippolyte Delehaye (1902) he is called Ermylos. In the Paris Codex 13 f. 296 he is listed on April 8 along with with Herodion, Asynkritos (Bishop of Hyrkania in Asia), Phlegon (Bishop of Marathon), Rufus and his mother (whom Saint Paul refers to as his mother, as well), Epaphras, and Agabos. Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Holy Apostle Hermas was a bishop in Philippopolis, Thrace. He was a Greek, but he spent some time in Rome. The holy Apostle Paul greets him in the Epistle to the Romans (Rom 16:14). The Apostle Hermas endured much grief from the pagans for preaching the Gospel, but he died in peace. to Tradition, Saint Hermas is the author of The Shepherd, an instructive book based on revelations from angels.

Bulgaria, 100, 2nd Century Folder, Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea

Bulgaria, 177, Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea
Bulgaria, 177, Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea, Commemorated on May 13; Heraclea Sintica; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated on August 20; St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 8 ; Martyr Pausilippus of Heraclea in Thrace, Commemorated on April 8 ; Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea, Commemorated on May 13

Bulgaria, 200, 3rd Century Folder, Sophia the castle of Roman Emperor

Bulgaria, 293-311, Sophia, Castle of Roman emperor Galerius 293-311, Dacian Empire, not Roman E
Galerius, Sophia, Castle of Roman emperor Galerius; accusations[edit] to Lactantius, Galerius affirmed his Dacian identity and avowed himself the enemy of the Roman name once made emperor, even proposing that the empire should be called, not the Roman, but the Dacian Empire, much to the horror of the patricians and senators. Lactantius further states that Galerius exhibited anti-Roman attitude as soon as he had attained the highest power, treating the Roman citizens with ruthless cruelty, like the conquerors treated the conquered, all in the name of the same treatment that the victorious Trajan had applied to the conquered Dacians, forefathers of Galerius, two centuries before.[41] Galerius Valerius Maximianus (c. 258 - May 311) was Roman emperor from 305 to 311. his reign he campaigned, aided by Diocletian, against the Sassanid Empire, sacking their capital Ctesiphon in 299. also campaigned across the Danube against the Carpi, defeating them in 297 and 300. he was a staunch opponent of Christianity, Galerius ended the Diocletianic Persecution when he issued an Edict of Toleration in Serdica in 311. life[edit] was born near Serdica,[14] in Dacia Ripensis, later named Dacia Mediterranea, though some modern scholars consider the strategic site where he later built his palace named after his mother – Felix Romuliana (Gamzigrad) – his birth and funeral place.[12] father was a Thracian and his mother Romula had left Roman Dacia because of the Carpians' attacks.[15][16]: 19  He originally followed his father's occupation, that of a herdsman, where he was nicknamed Armentarius, herdsman. Galerius' father-in-law and senior emperor served with distinction as a soldier under Emperors Aurelian and Probus, and in 293 at the establishment of the Tetrarchy, was designated Caesar along with Constantius Chlorus, receiving in marriage Diocletian's daughter Valeria (later known as Galeria Valeria), and at the same time being entrusted with the care of the Illyrian provinces. a few years campaigning against Sarmatians and Goths on the Danube, he received command of the legions on the eastern imperial limits. Soon after his appointment, Galerius was dispatched to Egypt to fight the rebellious cities Busiris and Coptos.[17] with Persia[edit] See also: Roman relations with the Parthians and Sassanids and Roman–Persian Wars counterinvasion[edit] 294, Narseh, a son of Shapur I, who had been passed over for the Sassanid succession, came into power in Persia. Narseh probably moved to eliminate Bahram III, a young man installed by a noble named Vahunam in the wake of Bahram II's death in 293.[18]: 292 [19]: 69  In early 294, Narseh sent Diocletian the customary package of gifts, but within Persia, he was destroying every trace of his immediate predecessors, erasing their names from public monuments. He sought to identify himself with the warlike reigns of Ardashir (r. 226–41) and Shapur (r. 241–72), who had sacked Roman Antioch and captured Emperor Valerian.[19]: 69–70  295 or 296, Narseh declared war on Rome. He appears to have first invaded western Armenia, retaking the lands delivered to Tiridates in the peace of 287. He occupied the lands there until the following year.[18][20]: 149 [21]: 292 [22] historian Ammianus Marcellinus, circa 320–395, is the only source detailing the initial invasion of Armenia.[23] Southern (1999, 149) dates the invasion to 295; Barnes (1982, 17, 293) mentions an earlier, unsuccessful invasion by Narseh based on the fact that the title Persici Maximi was given to all four emperors; Odahl (2004, 59) concurs with Barnes and suggests that Saracen princes in the Syrian desert collaborated with Narseh's invasion. then moved south into Roman Mesopotamia, where he inflicted a severe defeat on Galerius, then commander of the eastern forces, in the region between Carrhae (Harran, Turkey) and Callinicum (Raqqa, Syria).[21] may or may not have been present at the battle,[18]: 652  but presented himself soon afterwards at Antioch, where the official version of events was made clear: Galerius was to take all the blame for the affair. Antioch, Diocletian forced Galerius to walk a mile in advance of his imperial cart while still clad in the purple robes of an emperor.[18][21]: 292–3  The message conveyed was clear; the loss at Carrhae was not due to the failings of the empire's soldiers, but due to the failings of their commander, and Galerius' failures would not be accepted.[24] Galerius' position at the head of the caravan possibly was merely the conventional organization of an imperial progression, designed to show a Caesar's deference to his Augustus.[25] of Galerius attacking Narseh on the Arch of Galerius at Thessaloniki, Greece, the city where Galerius carried out most of his administrative actions.[20]: 151  army was reinforced probably in the spring of 298 by new contingents collected from the empire's Danubian holdings.[26] did not advance from Armenia and Mesopotamia leaving Galerius to lead the offensive in 298 with an attack on northern Mesopotamia via Armenia.[24] may or may not have been present to assist the campaign.[27] retreated to Armenia to fight Galerius' force, to Narseh's disadvantage; the rugged Armenian terrain was favorable to Roman infantry, but not to Sassanid cavalry. Local aid gave Galerius the advantage of surprise over the Persian forces, and, in two successive battles, Galerius secured victories over Narseh.[24][26] the second encounter, the Battle of Satala in 298, Roman forces seized Narseh's camp, his treasury, his harem, and his wife.[24][26] Narseh's wife would live out the remainder of the war in Daphne, a suburb of Antioch, serving as a constant reminder to the Persians of the Roman victory.[24] advanced into Media and Adiabene, winning continuous victories, most prominently near Theodosiopolis (Erzurum),[20]: 151  securing Nisibis (Nusaybin) before 1 October 298. He moved down the Tigris, taking Ctesiphon, and gazing onwards to the ruins of Babylon before returning to Roman territory via the Euphrates.[26] source ever specifically claims that Ctesiphon was sacked, but it is assumed to have been, primarily due to the seizure of Narseh's wife and harem.[20]: 150  negotiations[edit] had previously sent an ambassador to Galerius to plead for the return of his wife and children, but Galerius had dismissed this ambassador, reminding him of how Shapur had treated Valerian.[26] Romans, in any case, treated Narseh's captured family well perhaps seeking to evoke comparisons to Alexander and his beneficent conduct towards the family of Darius III.[24] negotiations began in the spring of 299, with both Diocletian and Galerius presiding. Their magister memoriae (secretary) Sicorius Probus was sent to Narseh to present terms.[26] conditions of the Peace of Nisibis were heavy:[24] Persia would give up territory to Rome, making the Tigris the boundary between the two empires. terms specified that Armenia was returned to Roman domination with the fort of Ziatha as its border; Caucasian Iberia would pay allegiance to Rome under a Roman appointee; now under Roman rule, would become the sole conduit for trade between Persia and Rome; and Rome would exercise control over the five satrapies between the Tigris and Armenia: Ingilene, Sophanene (Sophene), Arzanene (Aghdznik), Corduene, and Zabdicene (near modern Hakkâri, Turkey). regions included the passage of the Tigris through the Anti-Taurus range; the Bitlis pass, the quickest southerly route into Persian Armenia; and access to the Tur Abdin plateau. these territories, Rome would have an advance station north of Ctesiphon, and would be able to slow any future advance of Persian forces through the region.[28] the terms of the peace, Tiridates would regain both his throne and the entirety of his ancestral claim, and Rome would secure a wide zone of cultural influence in the region.[26] Because the empire was able to sustain such constant warfare on so many fronts, it has been taken as a sign of the essential efficacy of the Diocletianic system and the goodwill of the army towards the tetrarchic enterprise.[20]: 150  as Augustus[edit] of Galerius the elevation of Constantius I and Galerius to the rank of Augustus, two new Caesars were required to take their place. The two persons whom Galerius promoted to the rank of Caesar were very much his creatures, and he hoped to enhance his authority throughout the empire with their elevation.[29] was Maximinus Daza, whose mother was Galerius' sister. An inexperienced youth with little formal education, he was invested with the purple, exalted to the dignity of Caesar, and assigned the command of Egypt and Syria. Second was Severus, Galerius' comrade in arms; he was sent to Milan to receive the possession of Italy and Africa. According to the forms of the constitution, Severus acknowledged the supremacy of the western emperor, but he was absolutely devoted to the commands of his benefactor Galerius, who, reserving to himself the intermediate countries from the confines of Italy to those of Syria, firmly established his power over three-quarters of the empire.[29] hopes were dashed when his colleague Constantius died at York in 306 and the legions elevated his son Constantine to the position of Augustus. Galerius only discovered this when he received a letter from Constantine, who informed him of his father's death, modestly asserted his natural claim to the succession, and respectfully lamented that the enthusiastic violence of his troops had not allowed him to obtain the imperial purple in the regular and constitutional manner. The first emotions of Galerius were those of surprise, disappointment, and rage, and as he could seldom restrain his passions, he threatened to burn both the letter and the messenger.[30][31][32][33] however, when he had time to reconsider his position, he inevitably saw that his chances of winning a war against Constantine were doubtful at best. Galerius was well aware of Constantine's strengths – Constantine had been his guest for some time at Nicomedia – and knew that Constantius' legions were wildly devoted to his son.[29] Therefore, without either condemning or ratifying the choice of the Roman army, Galerius accepted the son of his deceased colleague as the ruler of the provinces beyond the Alps; but he gave him only the title of Caesar, and the fourth rank among the Roman princes, whilst he conferred the vacant place of Augustus on his favourite Severus. ambitious spirit of Galerius was only just over this disappointment when he beheld the unexpected loss of Italy to Maxentius, who was married to his daughter Valeria Maximilla.[34] Galerius’ need for additional revenue had persuaded him to make a very strict and rigorous examination of the property of his subjects for the purpose of a general taxation. A very minute survey was taken of their real estates and, wherever there was the slightest suspicion of concealment, torture was used to obtain a sincere declaration of their personal wealth. Italy had traditionally been exempt from any form of taxation, but Galerius ignored this precedent, and the officers of the revenue already began to number the Roman people, and to settle the proportion of the new taxes. Italy began to murmur against this indignity and Maxentius used this sentiment to declare himself emperor in Italy, to the fury of Galerius. Therefore, Galerius ordered his colleague Severus to immediately march to Rome, in the full confidence that, by his unexpected arrival, he would easily suppress the rebellion.[29] Severus was captured after his troops deserted to their old commander Maximian, who had once again been elevated to the rank of co-emperor, this time by his son Maxentius. Severus was later executed. Palace of Galerius in Zaječar, Serbia, today an UNESO World Heritage Site importance of the occasion needed the presence and abilities of Galerius. At the head of a powerful army collected from Illyricum and the East, he entered Italy, determined to avenge Severus and to punish the rebellious Romans.[citation needed] But due to the skill of Maximian, Galerius found every place hostile, fortified, and inaccessible; and though he forced his way as far as Narni, within sixty miles of Rome, his control in Italy was confined to the narrow limits of his camp. that he was facing ever-greater difficulties, Galerius made the first advances towards reconciliation, and dispatched two officers to tempt the Romans by the offer of a conference, and the declaration of his paternal regard for Maxentius, reminding them that they would obtain much more from his willing generosity than anything that might have been obtained through a military campaign. The offers of Galerius were rejected with firmness, his friendship refused, and it was not long before he discovered that, unless he retreated, he would share Severus' fate. It was not a moment too soon; large monetary gifts from Maxentius to his soldiers had corrupted the fidelity of the Illyrian legions. When Galerius finally began his withdrawal from Italy, it was only with great difficulty that he managed to stop his veterans deserting him.[29] frustration, Galerius allowed his legions to ravage the countryside as they passed northwards. Maxentius declined to make a general engagement. so many emperors now in existence, in 308 Galerius, together with the retired emperor Diocletian and the now active Maximian, called an imperial 'conference' at Carnuntum on the River Danube to rectify the situation and bring some order back into the imperial government.[citation needed] Here it was agreed that Galerius’ long-time friend and military companion Licinius, who had been entrusted by Galerius with the defense of the Danube while Galerius was in Italy, would become Augustus in the West, with Constantine as his Caesar. In the East, Galerius remained Augustus and Maximinus remained his Caesar. Maximian was to retire, and Maxentius was declared a usurper. ’ plan soon failed. The news of Licinius’ promotion was no sooner carried into the East, than Maximinus, who governed the provinces of Egypt and Syria, rejected his position as Caesar, and, notwithstanding the prayers as well as arguments of Galerius, exacted the equal title of Augustus.[29] For the first, and indeed for the last time, six emperors administered the Roman world. Though the opposition of interest, and the memory of a recent war, divided the empire into two great hostile powers, their mutual fears and the fading authority of Galerius produced an apparent tranquility in the imperial government. last years of Galerius saw him relinquishing his aspirations towards being the supreme ruler of the empire, though he managed to retain the position of first among equals. He spent the remainder of his years enjoying himself and ordering some important public works, such as discharging into the Danube the superfluous waters of Lake Pelso, and cutting down the immense forests that encompassed it.[29] of Christians[edit] Main article: Diocletian Persecution of the Arch of Galerius in Thessaloniki. had lived pleasantly during most of the rule of Diocletian. The persecutions that began with an edict of February 24, 303, were credited by Christians to Galerius' work, as he was a fierce advocate of the old ways and old gods. Christian houses of assembly were destroyed, for fear of sedition in secret gatherings.[citation needed] was not anti-Christian during the first part of his reign, and historians have claimed that Galerius decided to prod him into persecuting them by secretly burning the Imperial Palace and blaming it on Christian saboteurs. Regardless of who was at fault for the fire, Diocletian's rage was aroused and he began one of the last and greatest Christian persecutions in the history of the Roman Empire.[citation needed] was at the insistence of Galerius that the last edicts of persecution against the Christians were published, beginning on February 24, 303, and this policy of repression was maintained by him until the appearance of the general edict of toleration, issued from Nicomedia in April 311, apparently during his last bout of illness (see Edict of Toleration by Galerius). Galerius's last request was that Christians should pray for him as he suffered with a painful and fatal illness; he died six days later.[35] one of the leading figures in the persecutions, Galerius later admitted that the policy of trying to eradicate Christianity had failed, saying: "wherefore, for this our indulgence, they ought to pray to their God for our safety, for that of the republic, and for their own, that the republic may continue uninjured on every side, and that they may be able to live securely in their homes." Lactantius gives the text of the edict in his moralized chronicle of the bad ends to which all the persecutors came, De Mortibus Persecutorum.[36] This marked the end of official persecution of Christians. Christianity was officially legalized in the Roman Empire two years later in 313 by Constantine and Licinius in the Edict of Milan.[citation needed] died in late April or early May 311[37] from a horribly gruesome disease described by Eusebius[38] and Lactantius,[39] possibly some form of bowel cancer, gangrene or Fournier gangrene. was buried in his mausoleum at Gamzigrad-Romuliana, which was part of the palace he built at his birthplace, today's Zaječar in Serbia. Several lumps composed of corroded iron ring mail (lorica hamata) have been found at the site. This mail armour may have been worn by the wax ﬁgure of the emperor that was burned during the imperial funeral and apotheosis ceremony.[40] The entire site has been inscribed into the World Heritage List in June 2007. accusations[edit] to Lactantius, Galerius affirmed his Dacian identity and avowed himself the enemy of the Roman name once made emperor, even proposing that the empire should be called, not the Roman, but the Dacian Empire, much to the horror of the patricians and senators. Lactantius further states that Galerius exhibited anti-Roman attitude as soon as he had attained the highest power, treating the Roman citizens with ruthless cruelty, like the conquerors treated the conquered, all in the name of the same treatment that the victorious Trajan had applied to the conquered Dacians, forefathers of Galerius, two centuries before.[41] Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (œthe ), Commemorated on February 17;

Bulgaria, 293-311, Emperor, Maximian Galerius, Fanatic Pagan, horrible disease, ended D Persecution
Rome, 305-311, Emperor Maximian Galerius ; Galerius, Sophia, Castle of Roman emperor Galerius; accusations[edit] to Lactantius, Galerius affirmed his Dacian identity and avowed himself the enemy of the Roman name once made emperor, even proposing that the empire should be called, not the Roman, but the Dacian Empire, much to the horror of the patricians and senators. Lactantius further states that Galerius exhibited anti-Roman attitude as soon as he had attained the highest power, treating the Roman citizens with ruthless cruelty, like the conquerors treated the conquered, all in the name of the same treatment that the victorious Trajan had applied to the conquered Dacians, forefathers of Galerius, two centuries before.[41] Galerius Valerius Maximianus (c. 258 - May 311) was Roman emperor from 305 to 311. his reign he campaigned, aided by Diocletian, against the Sassanid Empire, sacking their capital Ctesiphon in 299. also campaigned across the Danube against the Carpi, defeating them in 297 and 300. he was a staunch opponent of Christianity, Galerius ended the Diocletianic Persecution when he issued an Edict of Toleration in Serdica in 311. life[edit] was born near Serdica,[14] in Dacia Ripensis, later named Dacia Mediterranea, though some modern scholars consider the strategic site where he later built his palace named after his mother – Felix Romuliana (Gamzigrad) – his birth and funeral place.[12] father was a Thracian and his mother Romula had left Roman Dacia because of the Carpians' attacks.[15][16]: 19  He originally followed his father's occupation, that of a herdsman, where he was nicknamed Armentarius, herdsman. Galerius' father-in-law and senior emperor served with distinction as a soldier under Emperors Aurelian and Probus, and in 293 at the establishment of the Tetrarchy, was designated Caesar along with Constantius Chlorus, receiving in marriage Diocletian's daughter Valeria (later known as Galeria Valeria), and at the same time being entrusted with the care of the Illyrian provinces. a few years campaigning against Sarmatians and Goths on the Danube, he received command of the legions on the eastern imperial limits. Soon after his appointment, Galerius was dispatched to Egypt to fight the rebellious cities Busiris and Coptos.[17] with Persia[edit] See also: Roman relations with the Parthians and Sassanids and Roman–Persian Wars counterinvasion[edit] 294, Narseh, a son of Shapur I, who had been passed over for the Sassanid succession, came into power in Persia. Narseh probably moved to eliminate Bahram III, a young man installed by a noble named Vahunam in the wake of Bahram II's death in 293.[18]: 292 [19]: 69  In early 294, Narseh sent Diocletian the customary package of gifts, but within Persia, he was destroying every trace of his immediate predecessors, erasing their names from public monuments. He sought to identify himself with the warlike reigns of Ardashir (r. 226–41) and Shapur (r. 241–72), who had sacked Roman Antioch and captured Emperor Valerian.[19]: 69–70  295 or 296, Narseh declared war on Rome. He appears to have first invaded western Armenia, retaking the lands delivered to Tiridates in the peace of 287. He occupied the lands there until the following year.[18][20]: 149 [21]: 292 [22] historian Ammianus Marcellinus, circa 320–395, is the only source detailing the initial invasion of Armenia.[23] Southern (1999, 149) dates the invasion to 295; Barnes (1982, 17, 293) mentions an earlier, unsuccessful invasion by Narseh based on the fact that the title Persici Maximi was given to all four emperors; Odahl (2004, 59) concurs with Barnes and suggests that Saracen princes in the Syrian desert collaborated with Narseh's invasion. then moved south into Roman Mesopotamia, where he inflicted a severe defeat on Galerius, then commander of the eastern forces, in the region between Carrhae (Harran, Turkey) and Callinicum (Raqqa, Syria).[21] may or may not have been present at the battle,[18]: 652  but presented himself soon afterwards at Antioch, where the official version of events was made clear: Galerius was to take all the blame for the affair. Antioch, Diocletian forced Galerius to walk a mile in advance of his imperial cart while still clad in the purple robes of an emperor.[18][21]: 292–3  The message conveyed was clear; the loss at Carrhae was not due to the failings of the empire's soldiers, but due to the failings of their commander, and Galerius' failures would not be accepted.[24] Galerius' position at the head of the caravan possibly was merely the conventional organization of an imperial progression, designed to show a Caesar's deference to his Augustus.[25] of Galerius attacking Narseh on the Arch of Galerius at Thessaloniki, Greece, the city where Galerius carried out most of his administrative actions.[20]: 151  army was reinforced probably in the spring of 298 by new contingents collected from the empire's Danubian holdings.[26] did not advance from Armenia and Mesopotamia leaving Galerius to lead the offensive in 298 with an attack on northern Mesopotamia via Armenia.[24] may or may not have been present to assist the campaign.[27] retreated to Armenia to fight Galerius' force, to Narseh's disadvantage; the rugged Armenian terrain was favorable to Roman infantry, but not to Sassanid cavalry. Local aid gave Galerius the advantage of surprise over the Persian forces, and, in two successive battles, Galerius secured victories over Narseh.[24][26] the second encounter, the Battle of Satala in 298, Roman forces seized Narseh's camp, his treasury, his harem, and his wife.[24][26] Narseh's wife would live out the remainder of the war in Daphne, a suburb of Antioch, serving as a constant reminder to the Persians of the Roman victory.[24] advanced into Media and Adiabene, winning continuous victories, most prominently near Theodosiopolis (Erzurum),[20]: 151  securing Nisibis (Nusaybin) before 1 October 298. He moved down the Tigris, taking Ctesiphon, and gazing onwards to the ruins of Babylon before returning to Roman territory via the Euphrates.[26] source ever specifically claims that Ctesiphon was sacked, but it is assumed to have been, primarily due to the seizure of Narseh's wife and harem.[20]: 150  negotiations[edit] had previously sent an ambassador to Galerius to plead for the return of his wife and children, but Galerius had dismissed this ambassador, reminding him of how Shapur had treated Valerian.[26] Romans, in any case, treated Narseh's captured family well perhaps seeking to evoke comparisons to Alexander and his beneficent conduct towards the family of Darius III.[24] negotiations began in the spring of 299, with both Diocletian and Galerius presiding. Their magister memoriae (secretary) Sicorius Probus was sent to Narseh to present terms.[26] conditions of the Peace of Nisibis were heavy:[24] Persia would give up territory to Rome, making the Tigris the boundary between the two empires. terms specified that Armenia was returned to Roman domination with the fort of Ziatha as its border; Caucasian Iberia would pay allegiance to Rome under a Roman appointee; now under Roman rule, would become the sole conduit for trade between Persia and Rome; and Rome would exercise control over the five satrapies between the Tigris and Armenia: Ingilene, Sophanene (Sophene), Arzanene (Aghdznik), Corduene, and Zabdicene (near modern Hakkâri, Turkey). regions included the passage of the Tigris through the Anti-Taurus range; the Bitlis pass, the quickest southerly route into Persian Armenia; and access to the Tur Abdin plateau. these territories, Rome would have an advance station north of Ctesiphon, and would be able to slow any future advance of Persian forces through the region.[28] the terms of the peace, Tiridates would regain both his throne and the entirety of his ancestral claim, and Rome would secure a wide zone of cultural influence in the region.[26] Because the empire was able to sustain such constant warfare on so many fronts, it has been taken as a sign of the essential efficacy of the Diocletianic system and the goodwill of the army towards the tetrarchic enterprise.[20]: 150  as Augustus[edit] of Galerius the elevation of Constantius I and Galerius to the rank of Augustus, two new Caesars were required to take their place. The two persons whom Galerius promoted to the rank of Caesar were very much his creatures, and he hoped to enhance his authority throughout the empire with their elevation.[29] was Maximinus Daza, whose mother was Galerius' sister. An inexperienced youth with little formal education, he was invested with the purple, exalted to the dignity of Caesar, and assigned the command of Egypt and Syria. Second was Severus, Galerius' comrade in arms; he was sent to Milan to receive the possession of Italy and Africa. According to the forms of the constitution, Severus acknowledged the supremacy of the western emperor, but he was absolutely devoted to the commands of his benefactor Galerius, who, reserving to himself the intermediate countries from the confines of Italy to those of Syria, firmly established his power over three-quarters of the empire.[29] hopes were dashed when his colleague Constantius died at York in 306 and the legions elevated his son Constantine to the position of Augustus. Galerius only discovered this when he received a letter from Constantine, who informed him of his father's death, modestly asserted his natural claim to the succession, and respectfully lamented that the enthusiastic violence of his troops had not allowed him to obtain the imperial purple in the regular and constitutional manner. The first emotions of Galerius were those of surprise, disappointment, and rage, and as he could seldom restrain his passions, he threatened to burn both the letter and the messenger.[30][31][32][33] however, when he had time to reconsider his position, he inevitably saw that his chances of winning a war against Constantine were doubtful at best. Galerius was well aware of Constantine's strengths – Constantine had been his guest for some time at Nicomedia – and knew that Constantius' legions were wildly devoted to his son.[29] Therefore, without either condemning or ratifying the choice of the Roman army, Galerius accepted the son of his deceased colleague as the ruler of the provinces beyond the Alps; but he gave him only the title of Caesar, and the fourth rank among the Roman princes, whilst he conferred the vacant place of Augustus on his favourite Severus. ambitious spirit of Galerius was only just over this disappointment when he beheld the unexpected loss of Italy to Maxentius, who was married to his daughter Valeria Maximilla.[34] Galerius’ need for additional revenue had persuaded him to make a very strict and rigorous examination of the property of his subjects for the purpose of a general taxation. A very minute survey was taken of their real estates and, wherever there was the slightest suspicion of concealment, torture was used to obtain a sincere declaration of their personal wealth. Italy had traditionally been exempt from any form of taxation, but Galerius ignored this precedent, and the officers of the revenue already began to number the Roman people, and to settle the proportion of the new taxes. Italy began to murmur against this indignity and Maxentius used this sentiment to declare himself emperor in Italy, to the fury of Galerius. Therefore, Galerius ordered his colleague Severus to immediately march to Rome, in the full confidence that, by his unexpected arrival, he would easily suppress the rebellion.[29] Severus was captured after his troops deserted to their old commander Maximian, who had once again been elevated to the rank of co-emperor, this time by his son Maxentius. Severus was later executed. Palace of Galerius in Zaječar, Serbia, today an UNESO World Heritage Site importance of the occasion needed the presence and abilities of Galerius. At the head of a powerful army collected from Illyricum and the East, he entered Italy, determined to avenge Severus and to punish the rebellious Romans.[citation needed] But due to the skill of Maximian, Galerius found every place hostile, fortified, and inaccessible; and though he forced his way as far as Narni, within sixty miles of Rome, his control in Italy was confined to the narrow limits of his camp. that he was facing ever-greater difficulties, Galerius made the first advances towards reconciliation, and dispatched two officers to tempt the Romans by the offer of a conference, and the declaration of his paternal regard for Maxentius, reminding them that they would obtain much more from his willing generosity than anything that might have been obtained through a military campaign. The offers of Galerius were rejected with firmness, his friendship refused, and it was not long before he discovered that, unless he retreated, he would share Severus' fate. It was not a moment too soon; large monetary gifts from Maxentius to his soldiers had corrupted the fidelity of the Illyrian legions. When Galerius finally began his withdrawal from Italy, it was only with great difficulty that he managed to stop his veterans deserting him.[29] frustration, Galerius allowed his legions to ravage the countryside as they passed northwards. Maxentius declined to make a general engagement. so many emperors now in existence, in 308 Galerius, together with the retired emperor Diocletian and the now active Maximian, called an imperial 'conference' at Carnuntum on the River Danube to rectify the situation and bring some order back into the imperial government.[citation needed] Here it was agreed that Galerius’ long-time friend and military companion Licinius, who had been entrusted by Galerius with the defense of the Danube while Galerius was in Italy, would become Augustus in the West, with Constantine as his Caesar. In the East, Galerius remained Augustus and Maximinus remained his Caesar. Maximian was to retire, and Maxentius was declared a usurper. ’ plan soon failed. The news of Licinius’ promotion was no sooner carried into the East, than Maximinus, who governed the provinces of Egypt and Syria, rejected his position as Caesar, and, notwithstanding the prayers as well as arguments of Galerius, exacted the equal title of Augustus.[29] For the first, and indeed for the last time, six emperors administered the Roman world. Though the opposition of interest, and the memory of a recent war, divided the empire into two great hostile powers, their mutual fears and the fading authority of Galerius produced an apparent tranquility in the imperial government. last years of Galerius saw him relinquishing his aspirations towards being the supreme ruler of the empire, though he managed to retain the position of first among equals. He spent the remainder of his years enjoying himself and ordering some important public works, such as discharging into the Danube the superfluous waters of Lake Pelso, and cutting down the immense forests that encompassed it.[29] of Christians[edit] Main article: Diocletian Persecution of the Arch of Galerius in Thessaloniki. had lived pleasantly during most of the rule of Diocletian. The persecutions that began with an edict of February 24, 303, were credited by Christians to Galerius' work, as he was a fierce advocate of the old ways and old gods. Christian houses of assembly were destroyed, for fear of sedition in secret gatherings.[citation needed] was not anti-Christian during the first part of his reign, and historians have claimed that Galerius decided to prod him into persecuting them by secretly burning the Imperial Palace and blaming it on Christian saboteurs. Regardless of who was at fault for the fire, Diocletian's rage was aroused and he began one of the last and greatest Christian persecutions in the history of the Roman Empire.[citation needed] was at the insistence of Galerius that the last edicts of persecution against the Christians were published, beginning on February 24, 303, and this policy of repression was maintained by him until the appearance of the general edict of toleration, issued from Nicomedia in April 311, apparently during his last bout of illness (see Edict of Toleration by Galerius). Galerius's last request was that Christians should pray for him as he suffered with a painful and fatal illness; he died six days later.[35] one of the leading figures in the persecutions, Galerius later admitted that the policy of trying to eradicate Christianity had failed, saying: "wherefore, for this our indulgence, they ought to pray to their God for our safety, for that of the republic, and for their own, that the republic may continue uninjured on every side, and that they may be able to live securely in their homes." Lactantius gives the text of the edict in his moralized chronicle of the bad ends to which all the persecutors came, De Mortibus Persecutorum.[36] This marked the end of official persecution of Christians. Christianity was officially legalized in the Roman Empire two years later in 313 by Constantine and Licinius in the Edict of Milan.[citation needed] died in late April or early May 311[37] from a horribly gruesome disease described by Eusebius[38] and Lactantius,[39] possibly some form of bowel cancer, gangrene or Fournier gangrene. was buried in his mausoleum at Gamzigrad-Romuliana, which was part of the palace he built at his birthplace, today's Zaječar in Serbia. Several lumps composed of corroded iron ring mail (lorica hamata) have been found at the site. This mail armour may have been worn by the wax ﬁgure of the emperor that was burned during the imperial funeral and apotheosis ceremony.[40] The entire site has been inscribed into the World Heritage List in June 2007. accusations[edit] to Lactantius, Galerius affirmed his Dacian identity and avowed himself the enemy of the Roman name once made emperor, even proposing that the empire should be called, not the Roman, but the Dacian Empire, much to the horror of the patricians and senators. Lactantius further states that Galerius exhibited anti-Roman attitude as soon as he had attained the highest power, treating the Roman citizens with ruthless cruelty, like the conquerors treated the conquered, all in the name of the same treatment that the victorious Trajan had applied to the conquered Dacians, forefathers of Galerius, two centuries before.[41] Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Martyr Paul at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated July 16 ; Martyr and Archdeacon Euplus of Catania, Commemorated on August 11; Martyr Lucius, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; Martyr Lupus the Slave of St Demetrius of Thessalonica, Commemorated on August 23 ; Martyr Adrian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on August 26 ; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Hieromartyr Anthimus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Eudoxius, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; 156 Martyrs in Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; Hieromartyr Hierotheus the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 4 ; Martyr Callisthene and her father Audactus of Ephesus, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Theotecnus of Antioch, Commemorated on October 10 ; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Martyr Cyrenia in Cilicia, Commemorated on November 1; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23 ; NICHOLAS OF MYRA, FRIEND OF CHILDREN, GIVER OF GIFTS, CLIMBER OF CHIMNEYS, ETC. (6 DEC 326) ; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4; Martyr Juliana at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated on December 6; St Sophronius the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 9; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10; Martyr Elias in Cilicia, Commemorated on December 19; Martyr Philetairus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on December 30; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5; Martyr Peter of Anium, at Hieropolis, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Martyr Julian of Emesa, Commemorated on February 6; Virginmartyr Ennatha of Palestine, Commemorated on February 10; Hieromartyr Blaise the Bishop of Sebaste, Commemorated on February 11; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro ("œthe Recruit"Â), Commemorated on February 17; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 17; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18 ; Martyr Archippus of the Seventy Apostles, Commemorated on February 19; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; Martyr Maurice at Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 22; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3 ; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9; Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9 ; Martyr Alexander of Macedonia, Commemorated on March 13 ; Martyr Julian of Anazarbus, Commemorated on March 16; Martyr Papas of Lyconia, Commemorated on March 16; Virginmartyr Alexandra of Amisus, Commemorated on March 20; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Martyr Matrona of Thessalonica, Commemorated on March 27; Martyr Amphianus (Apphianus) of Lycia, Commemorated on April 2 ; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on April 3 ; Martyr Rufinus the Deacon at Sinope, Commemorated on April 7; St Akaki Asistavi of Georgia, Commemorated on May 7; Martyr Hesychius of Antioch, Commemorated on May 10; Martyr Basiliscus the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on May 22; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on May 29; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Hieromartyr Marcellinus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Martyr Priscilla of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Martyr Doulas of Cilicia, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Hieromartyr Methodius the Bishop of Patara, Commemorated on June 20; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ;

Bulgaria, 300, 4th Century Folder, Christianity dominant, Gothic Civil Wars

Bulgaria, 300, Christianity the dominant religion in Bulgaria
Bulgaria, 864-865, Bulgaria, 300, Christianity the dominant religion in Bulgaria; St. Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6

Bulgaria, 305 approx., Martyr Alexander of Rome at Drizipara
Drizipara, Bulgaria (on Via Egnatia, Martyr Alexander of Rome); Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13;

Bulgaria, 305-311, M's Theodotus, Maximus& Asklepiodote, Gov Tiris , lightning bolt hit him on judgement seat
Marcianopolis (Lake Beloslav); Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; Holy Martyr Theodotus suffered with Saints Maximus and Asklepiodote, at the beginning of the fourth century under the emperor Maximian Galerius (305-311). Eminent citizens of the city of Marcianopolis, Maximus, and Asklepiodote led a devout Christian life. By their example they brought many to faith in Christ and to holy Baptism. the persecution Tiris, the governor of Thrace, went around the city subject to him and persecuted those believing in Christ. He summoned Maximus and Asklepiodote before him and demanded they abandon the Christian Faith. When the martyrs refused, he ordered that they be beaten. a certain pious man named Theodotus, began to reproach the governor for his inhumanity and cruelty. They seized him also, and hanging him on a tree, they tortured him with iron hooks. After this, they threw the three martyrs into prison. Tiris traveled for two weeks more and took the holy martyrs along with him. the city of Adrianopolis he put them to still greater tortures, commanding that their bodies be scorched with white-hot plates. In the midst of their suffering they heard a Voice from Heaven encouraging them to persevere. After several days of torture they threw the martyrs to be eaten by wild beasts in the circus, but instead the she-bear released upon Saints Maximus and Theodotus began to cuddle up to them. Asklepiodote was tied to a bull, but she seemed to be rooted to the spot, and did not budge. Tiris resumed the journey and stopped in the village of Saltis before reaching the city of Philippopolis. Again he urged the martyrs to renounce Christ. When they refused, he ordered them to be beheaded. God’s wrath overtook him when a bolt of lightning struck him as he sat upon the judgment seat. St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated on September 16 ; Martyr Melitina of Marcianopolis, Commemorated September 16 ;

Bulgaria, 305-311, Emperor, Maximian Galerius, Fanatic Pagan, horrible disease, ended D Persecution
Rome, 305-311, Emperor Maximian Galerius ; Galerius, Sophia, Castle of Roman emperor Galerius; accusations[edit] to Lactantius, Galerius affirmed his Dacian identity and avowed himself the enemy of the Roman name once made emperor, even proposing that the empire should be called, not the Roman, but the Dacian Empire, much to the horror of the patricians and senators. Lactantius further states that Galerius exhibited anti-Roman attitude as soon as he had attained the highest power, treating the Roman citizens with ruthless cruelty, like the conquerors treated the conquered, all in the name of the same treatment that the victorious Trajan had applied to the conquered Dacians, forefathers of Galerius, two centuries before.[41] Galerius Valerius Maximianus (c. 258 - May 311) was Roman emperor from 305 to 311. his reign he campaigned, aided by Diocletian, against the Sassanid Empire, sacking their capital Ctesiphon in 299. also campaigned across the Danube against the Carpi, defeating them in 297 and 300. he was a staunch opponent of Christianity, Galerius ended the Diocletianic Persecution when he issued an Edict of Toleration in Serdica in 311. life[edit] was born near Serdica,[14] in Dacia Ripensis, later named Dacia Mediterranea, though some modern scholars consider the strategic site where he later built his palace named after his mother – Felix Romuliana (Gamzigrad) – his birth and funeral place.[12] father was a Thracian and his mother Romula had left Roman Dacia because of the Carpians' attacks.[15][16]: 19  He originally followed his father's occupation, that of a herdsman, where he was nicknamed Armentarius, herdsman. Galerius' father-in-law and senior emperor served with distinction as a soldier under Emperors Aurelian and Probus, and in 293 at the establishment of the Tetrarchy, was designated Caesar along with Constantius Chlorus, receiving in marriage Diocletian's daughter Valeria (later known as Galeria Valeria), and at the same time being entrusted with the care of the Illyrian provinces. a few years campaigning against Sarmatians and Goths on the Danube, he received command of the legions on the eastern imperial limits. Soon after his appointment, Galerius was dispatched to Egypt to fight the rebellious cities Busiris and Coptos.[17] with Persia[edit] See also: Roman relations with the Parthians and Sassanids and Roman–Persian Wars counterinvasion[edit] 294, Narseh, a son of Shapur I, who had been passed over for the Sassanid succession, came into power in Persia. Narseh probably moved to eliminate Bahram III, a young man installed by a noble named Vahunam in the wake of Bahram II's death in 293.[18]: 292 [19]: 69  In early 294, Narseh sent Diocletian the customary package of gifts, but within Persia, he was destroying every trace of his immediate predecessors, erasing their names from public monuments. He sought to identify himself with the warlike reigns of Ardashir (r. 226–41) and Shapur (r. 241–72), who had sacked Roman Antioch and captured Emperor Valerian.[19]: 69–70  295 or 296, Narseh declared war on Rome. He appears to have first invaded western Armenia, retaking the lands delivered to Tiridates in the peace of 287. He occupied the lands there until the following year.[18][20]: 149 [21]: 292 [22] historian Ammianus Marcellinus, circa 320–395, is the only source detailing the initial invasion of Armenia.[23] Southern (1999, 149) dates the invasion to 295; Barnes (1982, 17, 293) mentions an earlier, unsuccessful invasion by Narseh based on the fact that the title Persici Maximi was given to all four emperors; Odahl (2004, 59) concurs with Barnes and suggests that Saracen princes in the Syrian desert collaborated with Narseh's invasion. then moved south into Roman Mesopotamia, where he inflicted a severe defeat on Galerius, then commander of the eastern forces, in the region between Carrhae (Harran, Turkey) and Callinicum (Raqqa, Syria).[21] may or may not have been present at the battle,[18]: 652  but presented himself soon afterwards at Antioch, where the official version of events was made clear: Galerius was to take all the blame for the affair. Antioch, Diocletian forced Galerius to walk a mile in advance of his imperial cart while still clad in the purple robes of an emperor.[18][21]: 292–3  The message conveyed was clear; the loss at Carrhae was not due to the failings of the empire's soldiers, but due to the failings of their commander, and Galerius' failures would not be accepted.[24] Galerius' position at the head of the caravan possibly was merely the conventional organization of an imperial progression, designed to show a Caesar's deference to his Augustus.[25] of Galerius attacking Narseh on the Arch of Galerius at Thessaloniki, Greece, the city where Galerius carried out most of his administrative actions.[20]: 151  army was reinforced probably in the spring of 298 by new contingents collected from the empire's Danubian holdings.[26] did not advance from Armenia and Mesopotamia leaving Galerius to lead the offensive in 298 with an attack on northern Mesopotamia via Armenia.[24] may or may not have been present to assist the campaign.[27] retreated to Armenia to fight Galerius' force, to Narseh's disadvantage; the rugged Armenian terrain was favorable to Roman infantry, but not to Sassanid cavalry. Local aid gave Galerius the advantage of surprise over the Persian forces, and, in two successive battles, Galerius secured victories over Narseh.[24][26] the second encounter, the Battle of Satala in 298, Roman forces seized Narseh's camp, his treasury, his harem, and his wife.[24][26] Narseh's wife would live out the remainder of the war in Daphne, a suburb of Antioch, serving as a constant reminder to the Persians of the Roman victory.[24] advanced into Media and Adiabene, winning continuous victories, most prominently near Theodosiopolis (Erzurum),[20]: 151  securing Nisibis (Nusaybin) before 1 October 298. He moved down the Tigris, taking Ctesiphon, and gazing onwards to the ruins of Babylon before returning to Roman territory via the Euphrates.[26] source ever specifically claims that Ctesiphon was sacked, but it is assumed to have been, primarily due to the seizure of Narseh's wife and harem.[20]: 150  negotiations[edit] had previously sent an ambassador to Galerius to plead for the return of his wife and children, but Galerius had dismissed this ambassador, reminding him of how Shapur had treated Valerian.[26] Romans, in any case, treated Narseh's captured family well perhaps seeking to evoke comparisons to Alexander and his beneficent conduct towards the family of Darius III.[24] negotiations began in the spring of 299, with both Diocletian and Galerius presiding. Their magister memoriae (secretary) Sicorius Probus was sent to Narseh to present terms.[26] conditions of the Peace of Nisibis were heavy:[24] Persia would give up territory to Rome, making the Tigris the boundary between the two empires. terms specified that Armenia was returned to Roman domination with the fort of Ziatha as its border; Caucasian Iberia would pay allegiance to Rome under a Roman appointee; now under Roman rule, would become the sole conduit for trade between Persia and Rome; and Rome would exercise control over the five satrapies between the Tigris and Armenia: Ingilene, Sophanene (Sophene), Arzanene (Aghdznik), Corduene, and Zabdicene (near modern Hakkâri, Turkey). regions included the passage of the Tigris through the Anti-Taurus range; the Bitlis pass, the quickest southerly route into Persian Armenia; and access to the Tur Abdin plateau. these territories, Rome would have an advance station north of Ctesiphon, and would be able to slow any future advance of Persian forces through the region.[28] the terms of the peace, Tiridates would regain both his throne and the entirety of his ancestral claim, and Rome would secure a wide zone of cultural influence in the region.[26] Because the empire was able to sustain such constant warfare on so many fronts, it has been taken as a sign of the essential efficacy of the Diocletianic system and the goodwill of the army towards the tetrarchic enterprise.[20]: 150  as Augustus[edit] of Galerius the elevation of Constantius I and Galerius to the rank of Augustus, two new Caesars were required to take their place. The two persons whom Galerius promoted to the rank of Caesar were very much his creatures, and he hoped to enhance his authority throughout the empire with their elevation.[29] was Maximinus Daza, whose mother was Galerius' sister. An inexperienced youth with little formal education, he was invested with the purple, exalted to the dignity of Caesar, and assigned the command of Egypt and Syria. Second was Severus, Galerius' comrade in arms; he was sent to Milan to receive the possession of Italy and Africa. According to the forms of the constitution, Severus acknowledged the supremacy of the western emperor, but he was absolutely devoted to the commands of his benefactor Galerius, who, reserving to himself the intermediate countries from the confines of Italy to those of Syria, firmly established his power over three-quarters of the empire.[29] hopes were dashed when his colleague Constantius died at York in 306 and the legions elevated his son Constantine to the position of Augustus. Galerius only discovered this when he received a letter from Constantine, who informed him of his father's death, modestly asserted his natural claim to the succession, and respectfully lamented that the enthusiastic violence of his troops had not allowed him to obtain the imperial purple in the regular and constitutional manner. The first emotions of Galerius were those of surprise, disappointment, and rage, and as he could seldom restrain his passions, he threatened to burn both the letter and the messenger.[30][31][32][33] however, when he had time to reconsider his position, he inevitably saw that his chances of winning a war against Constantine were doubtful at best. Galerius was well aware of Constantine's strengths – Constantine had been his guest for some time at Nicomedia – and knew that Constantius' legions were wildly devoted to his son.[29] Therefore, without either condemning or ratifying the choice of the Roman army, Galerius accepted the son of his deceased colleague as the ruler of the provinces beyond the Alps; but he gave him only the title of Caesar, and the fourth rank among the Roman princes, whilst he conferred the vacant place of Augustus on his favourite Severus. ambitious spirit of Galerius was only just over this disappointment when he beheld the unexpected loss of Italy to Maxentius, who was married to his daughter Valeria Maximilla.[34] Galerius’ need for additional revenue had persuaded him to make a very strict and rigorous examination of the property of his subjects for the purpose of a general taxation. A very minute survey was taken of their real estates and, wherever there was the slightest suspicion of concealment, torture was used to obtain a sincere declaration of their personal wealth. Italy had traditionally been exempt from any form of taxation, but Galerius ignored this precedent, and the officers of the revenue already began to number the Roman people, and to settle the proportion of the new taxes. Italy began to murmur against this indignity and Maxentius used this sentiment to declare himself emperor in Italy, to the fury of Galerius. Therefore, Galerius ordered his colleague Severus to immediately march to Rome, in the full confidence that, by his unexpected arrival, he would easily suppress the rebellion.[29] Severus was captured after his troops deserted to their old commander Maximian, who had once again been elevated to the rank of co-emperor, this time by his son Maxentius. Severus was later executed. Palace of Galerius in Zaječar, Serbia, today an UNESO World Heritage Site importance of the occasion needed the presence and abilities of Galerius. At the head of a powerful army collected from Illyricum and the East, he entered Italy, determined to avenge Severus and to punish the rebellious Romans.[citation needed] But due to the skill of Maximian, Galerius found every place hostile, fortified, and inaccessible; and though he forced his way as far as Narni, within sixty miles of Rome, his control in Italy was confined to the narrow limits of his camp. that he was facing ever-greater difficulties, Galerius made the first advances towards reconciliation, and dispatched two officers to tempt the Romans by the offer of a conference, and the declaration of his paternal regard for Maxentius, reminding them that they would obtain much more from his willing generosity than anything that might have been obtained through a military campaign. The offers of Galerius were rejected with firmness, his friendship refused, and it was not long before he discovered that, unless he retreated, he would share Severus' fate. It was not a moment too soon; large monetary gifts from Maxentius to his soldiers had corrupted the fidelity of the Illyrian legions. When Galerius finally began his withdrawal from Italy, it was only with great difficulty that he managed to stop his veterans deserting him.[29] frustration, Galerius allowed his legions to ravage the countryside as they passed northwards. Maxentius declined to make a general engagement. so many emperors now in existence, in 308 Galerius, together with the retired emperor Diocletian and the now active Maximian, called an imperial 'conference' at Carnuntum on the River Danube to rectify the situation and bring some order back into the imperial government.[citation needed] Here it was agreed that Galerius’ long-time friend and military companion Licinius, who had been entrusted by Galerius with the defense of the Danube while Galerius was in Italy, would become Augustus in the West, with Constantine as his Caesar. In the East, Galerius remained Augustus and Maximinus remained his Caesar. Maximian was to retire, and Maxentius was declared a usurper. ’ plan soon failed. The news of Licinius’ promotion was no sooner carried into the East, than Maximinus, who governed the provinces of Egypt and Syria, rejected his position as Caesar, and, notwithstanding the prayers as well as arguments of Galerius, exacted the equal title of Augustus.[29] For the first, and indeed for the last time, six emperors administered the Roman world. Though the opposition of interest, and the memory of a recent war, divided the empire into two great hostile powers, their mutual fears and the fading authority of Galerius produced an apparent tranquility in the imperial government. last years of Galerius saw him relinquishing his aspirations towards being the supreme ruler of the empire, though he managed to retain the position of first among equals. He spent the remainder of his years enjoying himself and ordering some important public works, such as discharging into the Danube the superfluous waters of Lake Pelso, and cutting down the immense forests that encompassed it.[29] of Christians[edit] Main article: Diocletian Persecution of the Arch of Galerius in Thessaloniki. had lived pleasantly during most of the rule of Diocletian. The persecutions that began with an edict of February 24, 303, were credited by Christians to Galerius' work, as he was a fierce advocate of the old ways and old gods. Christian houses of assembly were destroyed, for fear of sedition in secret gatherings.[citation needed] was not anti-Christian during the first part of his reign, and historians have claimed that Galerius decided to prod him into persecuting them by secretly burning the Imperial Palace and blaming it on Christian saboteurs. Regardless of who was at fault for the fire, Diocletian's rage was aroused and he began one of the last and greatest Christian persecutions in the history of the Roman Empire.[citation needed] was at the insistence of Galerius that the last edicts of persecution against the Christians were published, beginning on February 24, 303, and this policy of repression was maintained by him until the appearance of the general edict of toleration, issued from Nicomedia in April 311, apparently during his last bout of illness (see Edict of Toleration by Galerius). Galerius's last request was that Christians should pray for him as he suffered with a painful and fatal illness; he died six days later.[35] one of the leading figures in the persecutions, Galerius later admitted that the policy of trying to eradicate Christianity had failed, saying: "wherefore, for this our indulgence, they ought to pray to their God for our safety, for that of the republic, and for their own, that the republic may continue uninjured on every side, and that they may be able to live securely in their homes." Lactantius gives the text of the edict in his moralized chronicle of the bad ends to which all the persecutors came, De Mortibus Persecutorum.[36] This marked the end of official persecution of Christians. Christianity was officially legalized in the Roman Empire two years later in 313 by Constantine and Licinius in the Edict of Milan.[citation needed] died in late April or early May 311[37] from a horribly gruesome disease described by Eusebius[38] and Lactantius,[39] possibly some form of bowel cancer, gangrene or Fournier gangrene. was buried in his mausoleum at Gamzigrad-Romuliana, which was part of the palace he built at his birthplace, today's Zaječar in Serbia. Several lumps composed of corroded iron ring mail (lorica hamata) have been found at the site. This mail armour may have been worn by the wax ﬁgure of the emperor that was burned during the imperial funeral and apotheosis ceremony.[40] The entire site has been inscribed into the World Heritage List in June 2007. accusations[edit] to Lactantius, Galerius affirmed his Dacian identity and avowed himself the enemy of the Roman name once made emperor, even proposing that the empire should be called, not the Roman, but the Dacian Empire, much to the horror of the patricians and senators. Lactantius further states that Galerius exhibited anti-Roman attitude as soon as he had attained the highest power, treating the Roman citizens with ruthless cruelty, like the conquerors treated the conquered, all in the name of the same treatment that the victorious Trajan had applied to the conquered Dacians, forefathers of Galerius, two centuries before.[41] Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Martyr Paul at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated July 16 ; Martyr and Archdeacon Euplus of Catania, Commemorated on August 11; Martyr Lucius, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; Martyr Lupus the Slave of St Demetrius of Thessalonica, Commemorated on August 23 ; Martyr Adrian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on August 26 ; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Hieromartyr Anthimus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Eudoxius, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; 156 Martyrs in Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; Hieromartyr Hierotheus the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 4 ; Martyr Callisthene and her father Audactus of Ephesus, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Theotecnus of Antioch, Commemorated on October 10 ; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Martyr Cyrenia in Cilicia, Commemorated on November 1; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23 ; NICHOLAS OF MYRA, FRIEND OF CHILDREN, GIVER OF GIFTS, CLIMBER OF CHIMNEYS, ETC. (6 DEC 326) ; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4; Martyr Juliana at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated on December 6; St Sophronius the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 9; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10; Martyr Elias in Cilicia, Commemorated on December 19; Martyr Philetairus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on December 30; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5; Martyr Peter of Anium, at Hieropolis, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Martyr Julian of Emesa, Commemorated on February 6; Virginmartyr Ennatha of Palestine, Commemorated on February 10; Hieromartyr Blaise the Bishop of Sebaste, Commemorated on February 11; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro ("œthe Recruit"Â), Commemorated on February 17; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 17; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18 ; Martyr Archippus of the Seventy Apostles, Commemorated on February 19; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; Martyr Maurice at Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 22; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3 ; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9; Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9 ; Martyr Alexander of Macedonia, Commemorated on March 13 ; Martyr Julian of Anazarbus, Commemorated on March 16; Martyr Papas of Lyconia, Commemorated on March 16; Virginmartyr Alexandra of Amisus, Commemorated on March 20; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Martyr Matrona of Thessalonica, Commemorated on March 27; Martyr Amphianus (Apphianus) of Lycia, Commemorated on April 2 ; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on April 3 ; Martyr Rufinus the Deacon at Sinope, Commemorated on April 7; St Akaki Asistavi of Georgia, Commemorated on May 7; Martyr Hesychius of Antioch, Commemorated on May 10; Martyr Basiliscus the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on May 22; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on May 29; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Hieromartyr Marcellinus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Martyr Priscilla of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Martyr Doulas of Cilicia, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Hieromartyr Methodius the Bishop of Patara, Commemorated on June 20; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ;

Bulgaria, 343, Council of Sardica, in Lydia? Thrace, Bulgaria
Council of Sardica ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18;

Bulgaria, 376-382, Fritigern, Gothic War of 376-382
Fritigern; Gothic War (376-“382) ; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; Thervingi people;

Bulgaria, 372, Gothic Saint, Nicetas the Goth, danube region, ven by Rus, soldier, archangel Michael, Cilicia
Byzantine Period, Gothic Saint, 372, Nicetas the Goth; is a Christian martyr of the 4th century, venerated particularly in the Russian Orthodox Church. His feastday is 15 September.[1] a Gothic soldier, lived in the Danube region at the margins of the Byzantine Empire.[2] Presumably, he received his Greek name on the occasion of his baptism by the Gothic bishop Theophilus, a participant in the First Ecumenical Council. Pagan Goths began to oppose the spread of Christianity, which resulted in internecine strife. Nicetas fought in the Gothic civil war between the pagan Athanaric and the Christian Fritigern. the defeat of Athanaric and after the invention of Gothic alphabets by Ulfilas, Nicetas worked intensely among the Goths.[2 He was condemned to the stake in 372. According to his Passio, the devil, shaped as an angel, induced Nicetas to sacrifice to the pagan gods for saving his life; Nicetas, however, put him to flight by means of prayer and assisted by archangel Michael. His body was buried it in Cilicia, and later transferred to Constantinople. Greece, Russia, Ukraine, Serbia, and Cyprus there are several churches and monasteries named after St Nicetas. See Church of Saint Nicetas. Nicetas is prayed to for the preservation of children from birth defects.[2] Byzantine Period, Gothic Civil War, 376-382, Eastern Roman Empire; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; Holy Great Martyr Nicetas was a Goth (a Germanic tribe). He was born and lived on the banks of the Danube River, suffering for Christ in the year 372. The Christian Faith was already spreading throughout the territory of the Goths at that time. Saint Nikḗtas believed in Christ and was baptized by the Gothic bishop Theophilos, who participated in the First Ecumenical Council. Pagan Goths started to oppose the spread of Christianity, which resulted in a civil war. Fritigern, at the head of a Christian army, defeated the pagan Athanaric, the Christian Faith continued to spread among the Goths. The Arian bishop Ulfilas, the successor to Bishop Theophilos, created a Gothic alphabet and translated many priestly books into the Gothic language. Saint Nicetas worked tirelessly among his fellow Goths to teach them about Christ. Through his personal example and inspired words, he brought many of them to the Christian Faith. his defeat, however, Athanaric managed to regroup his forces. He returned to his own country and regained his former power. Since he remained a pagan, he continued to hate the Christians and persecuted them, seeking revenge for the humiliation he had endured at their hands. Nikḗtas had to contend against both visible and invisible enemies. In opposing these invisible enemies, he converted many pagans to Christ, and strengthened the faithful for the contest of martyrdom. Filled with zeal for God, the Saint denounced the persecutor Athanaric for his cruelty and impiety, because he subjected the Christians to severe torments. Nicetas prevailed against both of these enemies. He trampled the devil underfoot, and defeated Athanaric in battle. The cruel tormentor was troubled because he was unable to convert Saint Nikḗtas to his own impiety, and so he resolved to capture the Saint and put him to death. Nicetas endured many tortures, and then he was thrown into a fire. Although his body was not burnt by the fire, he surrendered his soul to God, and his relics were illumined by a radiant light. By night, a Christian named Marianus, took the body of Saint Nicetas, and buried it in Cilicia. Afterward, it was transferred to Constantinople. Part of the relics of the Great Martyr Nicetas were later given to the monastery of Vysokie Dechani in Serbia. Thus Saint Nicetas received an unfading crown of glory from Christ on September 15, 372. pray to Saint Nicetas for the preservation of children from birth defects. AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397);

Bulgaria, 372, Novoniketa Icon, Dacia, appeared on boy' chest in the night, Niketas baptised right away
Temple of St. Nicetas the Martyr on Shvivaya Hill beyond Yauza; Icon of the Mother of God of Novoniketa, Commemorated on September 15; is one of the most ancient icons of the Mother of God. It appeared to the holy martyr Nikḗtas (+ September 15, 372). Saint Nikḗtas, a former soldier, was a disciple of Bishop Theophilos of the Goths. Even before he was baptized, he saw a Child in a dream, holding a Cross in His hand. When he awakened, he thought about this for a long time, but was unable to understand what this vision signified. A Christian girl named Juliana, who had a special revelation from God, told him to look down at his chest. his unspeakable surprise, Nikḗtas found an Icon of the Mother of God on his chest. She held her divine Child on her lap, and He was holding a Cross in His hand. "This is the same Icon I saw in my dream," the startled Nikḗtas cried. The appearance of the Icon made such an impression on him that he was baptized right away. afterward, the persecution of Christians began, and Saint Nikḗtas received the crown of martyrdom along with many other confessors. When he was being led to the place of execution, he had on his chest, under his clothes, the Icon of the Mother of God which had appeared to him. was established that the Novonikḗta Icon of the Mother of God should be commemorated on the day of Saint Nikḗtas's martyrdom. list of miracles from this Icon is in Moscow, in the court cathedral, which is dedicated to the All-Merciful Savior, at the Gate of Saint Nikḗtas.

Bulgaria, 378, Battle of Adrianople, Thrace, Gothic Civil War of 376-382, Valens dies by fire
Bulgaria, Battle of Adrianople, 378, Gothic Civil War of 376-382 ; Venerable Isaac the Ascetic of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on August 3; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ;

Bulgaria, 600, 7th Century Folder, Bulgars 632-668, Old Great Bularia

Bulgars, 7th Century, Old Great Bulgaria, 632-668
Bulghars, 7th Century, Old Great Bulgaria, 632-668; Bulgars, 7th Century; Martyr Manuel the Bishop in Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 22;

Bulgaria, 681-1018, Folder, First Bulgarian Empire Folder

Bulgaria, 681-699, 7th Century Folder, Pagan

Bulgaria, 700, 8th Century Folder, Pagan

Bulgarian Tsar, 768-777, Telerig of Bulgaria
Bulgarian Tsar, 768-777, Telerig of Bulgaria; Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1 ;

Bulgaria, 777-803, Bulgarian Tsar, Kardam of Bulgaria
Bulgarian Tsar, 777-803, Kardam of Bulgaria ; Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1 ;

Bulgaria, 800-864, 9th Century Folder, Pagan

Bulgaria, 801-833, Bulgarian Saint, Boyan or Enravota, converted by Byzantine captive
Bulgaria, 800-833, Bulgarian Saint, Boyan or Enravota; Enravota or Boyan (Ð‘Ð¾ÑÐ½) was the eldest son of Omurtag of Bulgaria and the first Bulgarian Christian martyr, as well as the earliest Bulgarian saint to be canonized. in the early 9th century, Enravota was the elder brother of Malamir of Bulgaria, who succeeded their father Omurtag to the Bulgarian throne in 831. was possibly deprived of the throne because he favoured Christianity, which the boyars feared might endanger the court. long after the death of Omurtag, Enravota asked his brother to release a pious Byzantine captive who had been imprisoned by Omurtag. The captive's sermons persuaded Enravota to convert to Christianity and be baptized. informed of his brother's deeds, Malamir attempted to make him renounce Christianity, but did not succeed. Enravota was killed on the order of Malamir, around 833. 11th-century chronicler Theophylact of Bulgaria claimed he delivered the following prophetic speech before his death: faith, which I now die for, will spread and increase across the whole Bulgarian land, although you may wish to oppress it with my death. In any case, the Sign of Christ will establish itself and churches of God will be built everywhere and pure priests will serve the pure God and will deliver "sacrifice of praise and confession" to the invigorating Trinity. Idols, and priests as well, and their ungodly temples, will crumble and will turn into nothing, as if they had not existed. Besides, you alone (to Malamir), after many years, will cast away your ungodly soul without receiving anything in reward for your cruelty. In the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Enravota's feast day is 28 March. Bulgarian Tsar, 852-889, Boris I ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; St. Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Bulgaria, 803-814, Bulgarian Tsar, Krum, doubled Bulgaria in size, wars with Byzantium
Bulgarian Tsar, 803-814, Krum ; [A], often referred to as Krum the Fearsome was the Khan of Bulgaria from sometime between 796 and 803 until his death in 814. During his reign the Bulgarian territory doubled in size, spreading from the middle Danube to the Dnieper and from Odrin to the Tatra Mountains. His able and energetic rule brought law and order to Bulgaria and developed the rudiments of state organization.[1][2] Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1 ; Peter was born into a patrician family at Constantinople at the end of the eighth century. During the reign of the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros (802-811) Peter was commissioned as an officer and participated in the campaigns of the Greek army against Bulgaria. one particular battle the emperor was mortally wounded, and Peter was one of many soldiers taken captive. night, while he was praying, the holy Evangelist John the Theologian appeared to him in a vision and released him from captivity. Having returned to Constantinople, Saint Peter left the world and withdrew into a monastery on Mount Olympus (in Asia Minor) and became a monk. There he passed his time in constant ascetic efforts for 34 years under the guidance of Saint Joannicius the Great (November 4). Saint Peter lived all his monastic life in strict fasting and constant vigil, wearing a prickly hair-shirt and going barefoot. He lived the final eight years of his life at Constantinople, where he founded a church and a monastery named for Saint Euandrus. Peter died in 854 in the seventieth year of his life, and was buried in his monastery.

Bulgaria, 814-831, Tsar, Omurtag, 30 year peace w Byzantines, coped w Franks, Builder
Bulgarian Tsar, 814-831, Omurtag of Bulgaria; (or Omortag) was a Great Khan (Kanasubigi)[3] of Bulgaria from 814 to 831. He is known as "the Builder". the very beginning of his reign he signed a 30-year peace treaty with the neighboring Byzantine Empire which remained in force to the end of his life. Omurtag successfully coped with the aggressive policy of the Frankish Empire to take Bulgaria's north-western lands and suppressed the unrest among several Slavic tribes. He made administrative reforms which increased the power and the authority of the central government. His reign was marked with a strong development of Bulgarian architecture with a number of significant construction projects Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1 ;

Bulgaria, 831-836, Tsar, Malamir, executed bro christian Enravota, 20yr? peace ended by Theophilos
Bulgarian Tsar, 831-836, Malamir ; was the ruler of Bulgaria 831–836. was a son of Omurtag and a grandson of Krum. His name may be of Slavic origin, which would make him the first Bulgar khan to possess a Slavic name; this has led to the speculation that his mother was a Slav, although that cannot be proven. Another theory is that it was an Iranian name, as there is an Iranian city named Malamir. became ruler of Bulgaria in 831 on the death of his father Omurtag, because his older brother Enravota (Voin) had forfeited his right to the succession by becoming a Christian. It is possible that Malamir was young and inexperienced at the time of his accession, and that affairs of state were managed by his kavhan (kaukhanos) Isbul. 833, Malamir executed his brother Enravota for refusing to renounce Christianity. After the expiration of the original 20-year peace treaty(?) with the Byzantine Empire in 836, emperor Theophilos ravaged the regions inside the Bulgarian frontier. The Bulgarians retaliated, and under the leadership of Isbul they reached Adrianople. At this time, if not earlier, the Bulgarians annexed Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and its environs. Several surviving monumental inscriptions from this reign make reference to the Bulgarian victories and others to the continuation of construction activities in and near Pliska. Malamir died in 836, allegedly as retribution for his execution of his older brother. several older studies, Malamir is identified with his successor Presian I, and it is assumed that he survived until the 850s as the direct predecessor of Boris I. This is very unlikely, as Malamir is attested as having been succeeded by his nephew (the son of his brother Zvinitsa), while Boris I was preceded by his father Presian I. Zlatarski resolved the problems in the fragmentary sources by determining that Malamir's unnamed nephew and successor was in fact Presian I, and Boris I was the latter's son. 17th century Volga Bulgar compilation Cagfar TarÃxÄ± (a work of disputed authenticity) represents Balamir (i.e., Malamir) as the son of YomyrÄak (i.e., Omurtag), and as the brother of SabanÅ¡a (i.e., Zvinica), who was the father of BirdÅ¾ihan (i.e., Presian I). Knoll on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, is named for Khan Malamir of Bulgaria. Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28;

Bulgaria, 831-836, Tzar, Malamir of Bulgaria, Vladimir, Pagan
Bulgaria, 831-836, Malamir of Bulgaria, Vladimir, Pagan; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28;

Bulgaria, 836-852, Tzar, Presian I of Bulgaria, Pagan, Bulgarian expansion in Macedonia, war w Serbia
Bulgaria, 836-852, Tzar, Presian I of Bulgaria; was the Khan of Bulgaria from 836–852. He ruled during an extensive expansion in Macedonia. composite picture of the Byzantine sources indicates that Presian I was the son of Zvinitsa, who was a son of Omurtag. In several older studies Presian is identified with his short-lived predecessor Malamir and it is assumed that this single character survived until the 850s as the direct predecessor of Boris I. This is very unlikely, as Malamir is attested as having been succeeded by his nephew (the son of his brother Zvinitsa), while Boris I was preceded by his father Presian. Zlatarski resolved the problems in the fragmentary sources by determining that Malamir’s unnamed nephew and successor was in fact Presian, and Boris I was the latter’s son. 17th century Volga Bulgar compilation Cagfar Tarixi, a work of disputed authenticity, represents Birdzhan (i.e., Presian) as the son of Sabansa (i.e., Zvinitsa), which may lend support to the interpretation of his origins now dominant in Bulgarian historiography.[clarification needed] with Serbia and Byzantium[edit] Inscription, sixth plate, Museum, Philippi, Greece. may have been young and inexperienced at the time of his accession, and state affairs may have been dominated by the minister Isbul, as under Presian's uncle Malamir. In 837, soon after Presian's accession, the Slavs in the vicinity of Thessalonica rebelled against the Byzantine Empire. Theophilos sought Bulgarian support in putting down the rebellion, but simultaneously arranged for his fleet to sail through the Danube delta and undertake a clandestine evacuation of some of the Byzantine captives settled in trans-Danubian Bulgaria by Krum and Omurtag. under Presian retaliation Isbul campaigned along the Aegean coasts of Thrace and Macedonia and captured the city of Philippi, where he set up a surviving memorial inscription set up in a local church. Isbul's campaign may have resulted in the establishment of Bulgarian suzerainty over the Slavic tribe of the Smolyani. reign coincides with the extension of Bulgarian control over the Slavic tribes in and around Macedonia. It is known that the Serbs and Bulgars lived in peace until Presian invaded Serbian territory in 839, during the last years of Theophilos.[1] Vlastimir, the Knez of Serbia, united several Serbian tribes,[2] and Emperor Theophilos (r. 829–842) granted the Serbs independence;[3] thus, the Serbs acknowledged the nominal overlordship of the Emperor.[1] The annexation of western Macedonia by the Bulgars changed the political situation. Malamir or Presian may have seen a threat in the Serb consolidation, and opted to subjugate them in the midst of the conquest of Slav lands.[1] Another reason might have been that the Byzantines wanted to divert attention in order to cope with the Slav Uprising in the Peloponnese, and so sent the Serbs to instigate the war.[4] Presian[5] invaded Serbian territory in 839. The invasion led to a 3-year war, in which Vlastimir was victorious;[6] Presian was driven out of Serbian territory by Vlastimir's army.[4] In addition to making no territorial gains, Presian suffered heavy losses due to the Serbian tactical advantage in the hills.[7] The war ended with the death of Theophilos in 842, which released Vlastimir from his obligations to the Byzantine Empire.[8] died in 852, and was succeeded by his son Boris I. Bulgaria, 831-836, Malamir of Bulgaria, Vladimir, Pagan; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28;

Bulgaria, 852-889, Tsar, Boris I, Christian, autocephalous Bulgarian Church
Bulgarian Tsar, 852-889, Boris I ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Bulgaria, 860-916, Clement of Ochrid, Enlightener of Bulgarians, s in Slavonic, first s author
Bulgarian Saint, 860-916, Saint Clement of Ohrid; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25; Clement, Bishop of Ochrid, Equal of the Apostles, Nahum, Savva, Gorazd and Angelar1 were Slavs, disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodios (May 11). At first they lived as ascetics in Moravia, where Saint Gorazd succeeded Saint Methodios as bishop. He was fluent in Slavonic, Greek and Latin. Saints Clement, Nahum, Angelar and Savva were priests. Enlighteners of the Slavs were opposed by German missionaries, who had the support of the Pope and the patronage of the Moravian Prince Svyatopolk. The struggle centered around the questions of the need for Divine Services in Slavonic, the Filioque, and Saturday fasting. Pope Stephen VI prohibited the use of Slavonic in church. proponents of the three-tongued heresy (who wanted to use only Hebrew, Greek, or Latin for Church Services), after setting aside the ancestral language of the Slavic peoples, brought the disciples of Saint Methodios to trial, including Saint Clement. They subjected them to fierce torture: dragging them through thorns, and holding them in prison for a long time, just as they had done with their Spiritual Father, Saint Methodios. 886, some of the prisoners were sold to slave-traders, and ended up in the Venice marketplace. The ambassador of the Byzantine Emperor Basil the Macedonian went to Venice, ransomed the Saints and took them to Constantinople. The older confessors were banished. It is not known where Saint Gorazd went, nor where Saint Savva found shelter. Saints Nahum and Angelar went to Bulgaria. 907 Moravia collapsed under the onslaught of the Magyars, and Moravian refugees by the same routes followed earlier by the Saints they had exiled. Bulgarians received the Slavonic confessors with respect and requested them to conduct Divine Services in the Slavonic language. The Bulgarian Prince Boris sought people such as the disciples of Saint Methodios, who labored for the enlightenment of his nation. Right away, the Saints began to study Slavonic books collected by the Bulgarian nobles. Angelar soon reposed, and Saint Clement was appointed to teach at Kutmichivitsa, in southwest Macedonia. In the Eastern Church, a teacher had to be a worthy person, someone known for his devout life, and who was able to speak well in public. Saint Clement was a teacher while he was still in Moravia. In Bulgaria, he worked as an instructor until 893. He organized a school at the princely court, which was highly regarded by the time of Simeon's reign. In southwest Macedonia he created separate schools for adults and children. Clement instructed the children in reading and in writing. The total number of his students was enormous. Those chosen and accepted for ordination amounted to 3500 men. In the year 893, Saint Clement became Bishop of Dremvitsa, or Velitsa, and Saint Nahum took his place. Clement was the first Bulgarian hierarch to serve, preach and write in the Slavonic language. To this end he systematically trained clergy from among the Slavic people. The holy bishop labored for the glory of God into his old age. When his strength failed, and he was unable to fulfill his responsibilities in the cathedral, he asked Tsar Simeon to let him retire. Tsar urged the Saint not to abandon his cathedral, and Saint Clement agreed to continue his episcopal service. After this he went to Okhrid, to a monastery he founded. There he continued his work of translation, including some important portions of the Pentecostarion. Clement became seriously ill and departed to the Lord in the year 916. His body was placed in a coffin, which he had made with his own hands, and was buried at Okhrid's Saint Panteleimon Monastery. Clement is considered the first Slavonic author. Not only did he continue the translation work begun by Saints Cyril and Methodios, he also left behind works of his own composition, the first samples of Slavonic spiritual literature. of the lessons and sermons of Saint Clement were brought to Russia, where they were read and lovingly copied by devout Russian Christians. relics of Saints Gorazd and Angelar rest near Berat in Albania, and Saint Nahum’s relics are in the monastery which bears his name, near Lake Okhrid. Clement is also commemorated on November 22 (Greek usage), on November 25 (his Name Day), and on July 27 (the day of his blessed repose). St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Bulgaria, 864-865, Bulgaria converted to the Church, Christianity officially adopted
Bulgaria, 864-865, Bulgaria converted to the Church, Christianity officially adopted; St. Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6

Bulgaria, 864-899, 9th Century Folder, Orthodox

Bulgaria, 864-865, Bulgaria converted to the Church, Christianity officially adopted
Bulgaria, 864-865, Bulgaria converted to the Church, Christianity officially adopted; St. Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Bulgaria, 889-893, Tsar, Vladimir, Serb Wars, Pagan, tried end Christianity, deposed&blinded by his f
Bulgarian Tsar, 889-893, Vladimir of Bulgaria; was the ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire from 889 to 893. 853 or 854, the Bulgar Army led by Vladimir, the son of Boris I of Bulgaria, invaded Serbia in an attempt to exact vengeance for the previous defeat of Presian in 839-842 against Vlastimir. Serbian Army, led by Mutimir and his brothers, defeated the Bulgars, capturing Vladimir and 12 boyars.[1] Boris I and Mutimir agreed on peace (and perhaps an alliance[1]), and Mutimir sent his sons Pribislav and Stefan to the border to escort the prisoners, where they exchanged items as a sign of peace. Boris gave them "rich gifts", while he was given "two slaves, two falcons, two dogs, and 80 furs". became ruler (Tzar) of Bulgaria when his father Boris-Mihail I (Boris adopted the name Mihail - Michael - after his baptism) decided to retire to a monastery after a reign of 36 years. Preserved seals with the inscription "Michael the Monk, who is archon of the Bulgarians" suggest, however, that Boris I never fully relinquished his power. was the oldest of Boris-Mihail's sons and possibly the only one of them who had been born before Boris' adoption of Christianity.[2] to Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos, Vladimir had taken part in a Bulgarian invasion of the Serbian lands, predating the Christianization of Bulgaria. little that is known about his reign includes a military alliance he concluded in 892 with the East Frankish (German) King Arnulf of Carinthia against Great Moravia which, having in mind the interests of the Byzantine Empire, was indirectly aimed against Constantinople. This was a serious straying from the pro-Byzantine policy of his father. is mainly remembered for his attempt to eliminate Christianity in Bulgaria and the re-institution of Paganism. This event is written of by Constantine of Preslav in his Didactic Gospel. started the process of destroying the Christian temples and persecuting of the clergymen, because he regarded them as instruments of Byzantium and its efforts to influence the Bulgarian kingdom. Vladimir-Rasate's actions were not well received by the population and the aristocracy, and he was only supported by a few of the boyars. Therefore, in 893, Boris I left the monastery he inhabited and dispossessed his son. He blinded Vladimir and put him in a dungeon, where his trails vanish. placed his third son Simeon on the Bulgarian throne during the Council of Preslav, itself a direct consequence of Vladimir-Rasate's ill-fated attempt to restore paganism.[3] Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Bulgaria, 893-927, Tsar, Simeon I, won against Byzantines, Serbs and Magyars, greatest expansion
Bulgarian Tsar, 893-927, Simeon I of Bulgaria; Simeon ruled over Bulgaria from 893 to 927,[3] during the First Bulgarian Empire. Simeon's successful campaigns against the Byzantines, Magyars and Serbs led Bulgaria to its greatest territorial expansion ever,[4] making it the most powerful state in contemporary Eastern and Southeast Europe.[5] His reign was also a period of unmatched cultural prosperity and enlightenment later deemed the Golden Age of Bulgarian culture.[6] During Simeon's rule, Bulgaria spread over a territory between the Aegean, the Adriatic and the Black Sea.[7][8] The newly independent Bulgarian Orthodox Church became the first new patriarchate besides the Pentarchy, and Bulgarian Glagolitic and Cyrillic translations of Christian texts spread all over the Slavic world of the time.[9] It was at the Preslav Literary School in the 890s that the Cyrillic alphabet was developed.[10][11][12] Halfway through his reign, Simeon assumed the title of Emperor (Tsar),[13] having prior to that been styled Prince (Knyaz).[14] Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Bulgaria, 896-946, John of Rila, cow calf river story, beans story, appearance for relics story
Bulgarian Saint, 896-946, John of Rila ; Repose of Venerable John, Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; John of Rila, the great spiritual ascetic of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and Heavenly Protector of the Bulgarian nation, was born in the year 876 in the village of Skrino in the Sredets district [now Sofia]. he had been orphaned, the boy became a cowherd in order to avoid people. Once the rich man beat him for losing a cow with its calf. The boy cried long and he prayed, that God would help him. When he found the cow with the calf, the water at that time flowed high and strong in the River Struma. The young cowherd prayed, he placed his own tattered shirt on the water, made the Sign of the Cross over it, took up the calf in his arms and went with it, as though on dry land, to the other bank of the river where the cow was. rich man, hidden in the forest, was frightened upon seeing this miracle. He rewarded the youth generously, then sent him away from his home. Having given away his things, the boy left his village. Where and when the saint took monastic tonsure is unknown. the very beginning he lived an ascetical life on top of a high and barren hill, eating only wild plants. His cell was made from brushwood. After a short time, robbers fell upon him by night, beat him, and drove him away. Later, he found a deep cave and settled in it. Soon, his nephew Saint Luke also came to live there. secretly left the home of his parents and went into the wilderness where the Saint was living. After much effort, he succeeded in finding him. At first the blessed one, seeing him from afar, thought this was a demonic temptation, and so he prayed. Like many solitaries, Saint John was bothered by demons, who assumed the shape of wild animals and tried to force him to leave. As Luke approached, he made prostration and asked for Saint John's blessing. That convinced the ascetic that it was truly his nephew, and not a delusion. He blessed Luke and asked why he had come. The young man told him of his desire to share his way of life, and was permitted to remain. Luke emulated Saint John the Forerunner, who had lived in the wilderness from childhood. could not endure Saint John's holy life of prayer and fasting. Moved by the devil, an acquaintance of Luke's father found him overwhelmed by grief and upset by his son's disappearance, so he said, "Your brother John came by night, took your son, and has him even now. Unless you rescue the boy, he will become food for the wild beasts. Come, and I will show you where he is, and then you can go and take your child." Luke's father heard this, he became furious and cursed his innocent brother. When they came near the place, the acquaintance showed him John's cave from afar and departed. The brother went on and found the Saint. He reproached him, calling him a deceiver and an evil man who had stolen his son. tried to kill the venerable one with a heavy stick and some stones, but Saint John just stood there saying nothing. The father seized the boy and took him from the wilderness, intending to bring him back to the world. The blessed man, knew that the child would fall into the snares of the devil, was overcome with sorrow and tears. Hefell to his knees and prayed: "Lord Jesus Christ, behold the affliction of my heart, and grant me a sign of Thy mercy. Thou hast said, 'Let the children come to me, and do not hinder them; for of such is the Kingdom of Heaven' (Matthew 19:24). they had walked a short distance, a snake bit Luke, and at once he died a painless death. The father did not know what to do. He returned to Saint John and repented of his actions. With profound sorrow, he revealed what had happened. Saint John told him to bury the boy and return to his home. The Saint was comforted in his sorrow and he glorified God, because by means of a physical death, He had saved the child from the future death of his soul. Saint John often visited the grave of his righteous nephew, which became his favorite place of solitude. John spent twelve years in the desolate cave, and then he went into the Rila wilderness and settled in the hollow of a tree. He fasted and prayed a great deal, wept incessantly, and ate only grass. Seeing such endurance, God caused beans to grow, which he ate for a long time. The beans and his exploits made him known to people. a flock of frightened sheep ran along the hilly steep paths, and did not stop until the place where the monk lived. The shepherds, following after the flock, with astonishment saw the hermit, who amicably greeted them: “You arrive here hungry. Pick some of my beans and eat.” All ate and were satisfied. One gathered many beans in reserve. Along the way home he offered them to his comrades, but there were no beans in the pilfered pods. The shepherds turned back penitent, and the Elder stood there, saying with a smile: “See, children, these fruits are appointed by God for subsistence in the wilderness.” that time they began to bring to the monk the sick and those troubled by unclean spirits, which he healed by prayer. Fleeing celebrity, the monk went from his beloved tree-hollow and settled on a high and rocky crag difficult of access, where he dwelt for seven years under the open sky. Reports about the great ascetic reached even the Bulgarian king Peter (927-969), who wanted to meet him. Saint John wrote a letter, refusing such a meeting out of humility. on Saint John accepted under him the guidance of monks, who built a monastery with a church in the cave where Saint John formerly lived. He wisely tended his flock and died on August 18, 946 at 70 years of age. years before his end he wrote in his own hand “A Testament to Disciples,” one of the finest creations of Old Bulgarian literature. The holy life of the ascetic and the remarkable mercies of God through his prayers were a fine preaching of the Christian Faith in the newly-baptized Bulgarian land. In the uneasy time of struggle of Bulgaria with Byzantium, under the west Bulgarian king Samuel (976-1014), Saint John appeared to his disciples, commanding them to transfer his relics to Sredets (Sofia), where the Bulgarian Patriarch Damian (927-972) was hiding. It is presumed that the transfer of relics took place in the year 980. later, the right hand of Saint John of Rila was transferred to Russia (presumably to the city of Rila, where a church was constructed in the name of Saint John of Rila, with a chapel dedicated to the martyrs Florus and Laurus, on the day of their commemoration (August 18) on which he died). name of Saint John was known and loved by the Russian people from antiquity. Data about the death of the saint is preserved, especially in Russian sources (the Menaion for August in the twelfth century, in the Mazurinsk Chronicle). the year 1183, the Hungarian king Bela II (1174-1196), during a campaign against the Greeks, seized the chest with the relics of Saint John, together with other booty, and took it to the city of Esztergom. the year 1187, after he embellished the reliquary, he sent back the holy relics with great honor. On October 19, 1238 the relics of Saint John were solemnly transferred to the new capital, Trnovo, and put in a church dedicated to the saint. On July 1, 1469 the holy relics of Saint John of Rila were returned to the Rila monastery, where they rest to the present day, granting grace-filled help to all the believers. St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Bulgaria, 900, 10th Century Folder, Orthodox

Bulgaria, 900-946, Saint John of Rila, A Testament to Disciples
Bulgaria, 900-946, Saint John of Rila; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19 ; we commemorate the transfer of the relics of Saint John, Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria (1238). relics of Saint John were transferred from the city of Sredets [Sofia] to Trnovo, the capital of the Bulgarian realm, in the year 1238. See August 18 for his Life. Repose of Venerable John, Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; John of Rila, the great spiritual ascetic of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and Heavenly Protector of the Bulgarian nation, was born in the year 876 in the village of Skrino in the Sredets district [now Sofia]. he had been orphaned, the boy became a cowherd in order to avoid people. Once the rich man beat him for losing a cow with its calf. The boy cried long and he prayed, that God would help him. When he found the cow with the calf, the water at that time flowed high and strong in the River Struma. The young cowherd prayed, he placed his own tattered shirt on the water, made the Sign of the Cross over it, took up the calf in his arms and went with it, as though on dry land, to the other bank of the river where the cow was. rich man, hidden in the forest, was frightened upon seeing this miracle. He rewarded the youth generously, then sent him away from his home. Having given away his things, the boy left his village. Where and when the saint took monastic tonsure is unknown. the very beginning he lived an ascetical life on top of a high and barren hill, eating only wild plants. His cell was made from brushwood. After a short time, robbers fell upon him by night, beat him, and drove him away. Later, he found a deep cave and settled in it. Soon, his nephew Saint Luke also came to live there. secretly left the home of his parents and went into the wilderness where the Saint was living. After much effort, he succeeded in finding him. At first the blessed one, seeing him from afar, thought this was a demonic temptation, and so he prayed. Like many solitaries, Saint John was bothered by demons, who assumed the shape of wild animals and tried to force him to leave. As Luke approached, he made prostration and asked for Saint John's blessing. That convinced the ascetic that it was truly his nephew, and not a delusion. He blessed Luke and asked why he had come. The young man told him of his desire to share his way of life, and was permitted to remain. Luke emulated Saint John the Forerunner, who had lived in the wilderness from childhood. could not endure Saint John's holy life of prayer and fasting. Moved by the devil, an acquaintance of Luke's father found him overwhelmed by grief and upset by his son's disappearance, so he said, "Your brother John came by night, took your son, and has him even now. Unless you rescue the boy, he will become food for the wild beasts. Come, and I will show you where he is, and then you can go and take your child." Luke's father heard this, he became furious and cursed his innocent brother. When they came near the place, the acquaintance showed him John's cave from afar and departed. The brother went on and found the Saint. He reproached him, calling him a deceiver and an evil man who had stolen his son. tried to kill the venerable one with a heavy stick and some stones, but Saint John just stood there saying nothing. The father seized the boy and took him from the wilderness, intending to bring him back to the world. The blessed man, knew that the child would fall into the snares of the devil, was overcome with sorrow and tears. Hefell to his knees and prayed: "Lord Jesus Christ, behold the affliction of my heart, and grant me a sign of Thy mercy. Thou hast said, 'Let the children come to me, and do not hinder them; for of such is the Kingdom of Heaven' (Matthew 19:24). they had walked a short distance, a snake bit Luke, and at once he died a painless death. The father did not know what to do. He returned to Saint John and repented of his actions. With profound sorrow, he revealed what had happened. Saint John told him to bury the boy and return to his home. The Saint was comforted in his sorrow and he glorified God, because by means of a physical death, He had saved the child from the future death of his soul. Saint John often visited the grave of his righteous nephew, which became his favorite place of solitude. John spent twelve years in the desolate cave, and then he went into the Rila wilderness and settled in the hollow of a tree. He fasted and prayed a great deal, wept incessantly, and ate only grass. Seeing such endurance, God caused beans to grow, which he ate for a long time. The beans and his exploits made him known to people. a flock of frightened sheep ran along the hilly steep paths, and did not stop until the place where the monk lived. The shepherds, following after the flock, with astonishment saw the hermit, who amicably greeted them: “You arrive here hungry. Pick some of my beans and eat.” All ate and were satisfied. One gathered many beans in reserve. Along the way home he offered them to his comrades, but there were no beans in the pilfered pods. The shepherds turned back penitent, and the Elder stood there, saying with a smile: “See, children, these fruits are appointed by God for subsistence in the wilderness.” that time they began to bring to the monk the sick and those troubled by unclean spirits, which he healed by prayer. Fleeing celebrity, the monk went from his beloved tree-hollow and settled on a high and rocky crag difficult of access, where he dwelt for seven years under the open sky. Reports about the great ascetic reached even the Bulgarian king Peter (927-969), who wanted to meet him. Saint John wrote a letter, refusing such a meeting out of humility. on Saint John accepted under him the guidance of monks, who built a monastery with a church in the cave where Saint John formerly lived. He wisely tended his flock and died on August 18, 946 at 70 years of age. years before his end he wrote in his own hand “A Testament to Disciples,” one of the finest creations of Old Bulgarian literature. The holy life of the ascetic and the remarkable mercies of God through his prayers were a fine preaching of the Christian Faith in the newly-baptized Bulgarian land. In the uneasy time of struggle of Bulgaria with Byzantium, under the west Bulgarian king Samuel (976-1014), Saint John appeared to his disciples, commanding them to transfer his relics to Sredets (Sofia), where the Bulgarian Patriarch Damian (927-972) was hiding. It is presumed that the transfer of relics took place in the year 980. later, the right hand of Saint John of Rila was transferred to Russia (presumably to the city of Rila, where a church was constructed in the name of Saint John of Rila, with a chapel dedicated to the martyrs Florus and Laurus, on the day of their commemoration (August 18) on which he died). name of Saint John was known and loved by the Russian people from antiquity. Data about the death of the saint is preserved, especially in Russian sources (the Menaion for August in the twelfth century, in the Mazurinsk Chronicle). the year 1183, the Hungarian king Bela II (1174-1196), during a campaign against the Greeks, seized the chest with the relics of Saint John, together with other booty, and took it to the city of Esztergom. the year 1187, after he embellished the reliquary, he sent back the holy relics with great honor. On October 19, 1238 the relics of Saint John were solemnly transferred to the new capital, Trnovo, and put in a church dedicated to the saint. On July 1, 1469 the holy relics of Saint John of Rila were returned to the Rila monastery, where they rest to the present day, granting grace-filled help to all the believers. Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 30; Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1;

Bulgaria, 927-969, Tsar, Peter I, prosperity, well organized, 933 Serb revolt, 968 Rus Byz attack
Bulgarian Tsar, 927-969, Peter I of Bulgaria; I ( I) (died 30 January 970) was emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 27 May 927 to 969. Early reign[edit] Peter I was the son of Simeon I of Bulgaria by his second marriage to the sister of George Sursuvul. Peter had been born early in the 10th century, but it appears that his maternal uncle was very influential at the beginning of his reign. In 913 Peter may have visited the imperial palace at Constantinople together with his older brother Michael. For unspecified reasons, Simeon had forced Michael to become a monk and had named Peter as his successor. To prove himself a worthy successor to his father both at home and in the eyes of foreign governments, Peter began his reign with a military offensive into Byzantine Thrace in 927 which was the last campaign of the Byzantine-“Bulgarian war of 913-“927. Nevertheless, he followed up his quick successes by secretly negotiating a peace treaty before the Byzantine government had a chance to retaliate. Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lakapenos eagerly accepted the proposal for peace and arranged for a diplomatic marriage between his granddaughter Maria and the Bulgarian monarch. October 927 Peter arrived near Constantinople to meet Romanos and signed the peace treaty, marrying Maria on 8 November in the church of the Zodochos Pege. To signify the new era in Bulgaro-Byzantine relations, the princess was renamed Eirene ("peace"). The extensive Preslav Treasure is thought to represent part of the dowry of the princess. The treaty of 927 actually represents the fruit of Simeon's military successes and diplomatic initiatives, ably continued by his son's government. Peace was obtained with the frontiers restored to those defined in treaties of 897 and 904. The Byzantines recognised the Bulgarian monarch's title of emperor and the autocephalus status of the Bulgarian patriarchate, while the payment of an annual tribute to Bulgaria by the Byzantine Empire was renewed.[1] and incursions[edit] initial successes of Peter's reign were followed by several minor setbacks. Around 930, Peter faced a revolt led by his younger brother Ivan, who was defeated and sent into exile in Byzantium. afterwards Peter's older brother Michael escaped from his monastery and led a more formidable rebellion, which terminated with his early death. youngest brother, Benjamin (also called Bojan), was accused of being a werewolf and magician by the Italian Bishop Liutprand of Cremona, but he apparently posed no threat to Peter's authority. taking advantage of these challenges to Peter's rule, the Prince of Serbia Vaslav Klonimirovi escaped the Bulgarian capital Preslav in 933 and, with tacit Byzantine support, managed to raise a Serbian revolt against Bulgarian rule.[2] The revolt succeeded and Serbia recovered its independence. Peter may have had to also face the incursions of the Magyars, who had been defeated and forced into Pannonia by his father in 896. Perhaps after an initial defeat, Peter came to terms with the enemy and now used Magyar groups as his allies against Serbia. Various Magyar clans and chieftains appear to have begun to settle in what was still Bulgarian territory north of the Danube, where they may have become Bulgarian federates, enjoying independence from the Sa¡d dynasty. This arrangement paved the way for the eventual loss of the region to the Magyars, although that happened over the half-century following Peter's death. Peter apparently allowed these groups to cross Bulgaria and raid Byzantine territories in Thrace and Macedonia, perhaps as an underhanded reaction against Byzantine support for the Serbian rebellion. rule[edit] I presided over a long and relatively peaceful reign, albeit one poorly illuminated by foreign or native sources. In spite of the challenges he encountered soon after his accession and the critical situation at the very end of his life, Peter's Bulgaria appears to have been prosperous and increasingly well organized, with an administrative apparatus noted by foreign travelers and confirmed by the numerous finds of imperial seals. Peter was particularly generous towards the Church, which he endowed lavishly throughout his reign. The emperor's generosity reached such an extent that it was seen as a corrupting factor by even Orthodox clerics, like Cosmas Presbyter. Others chose a path away from the temptations of the secular world, most notably Saint Ivan of Rila, but their ascetic existence still drew the attention of the monarch. Luxury and social tensions may have contributed to the spread of the Bogomil heresy, which Peter duly undertook to combat, soliciting the advice of famous hermits and even his uncle-in-law, Patriarch Theophylact of Constantinople. with Byzantium and Rus[edit] article: Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria with the Byzantine Empire worsened after the death of Peter's wife in the mid-960s. Victorious over the Arabs, Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas refused to pay the annual tribute to Bulgaria in 966, complaining of the Bulgarian alliance with the Magyars, and he undertook a show of force at the Bulgarian border. Dissuaded from a direct attack against Bulgaria, Nikephoros II dispatched a messenger to the Rus prince Sviatoslav Igorevich to arrange a Rus attack against Bulgaria from the north. Death of Emperor Peter I. readily launched a campaign with a vast force of 60,000 troops, routed the Bulgarians on the Danube, and defeated them in a battle near Silistra, seizing some 80 Bulgarian fortresses in 968. Stunned by the success of his ally and suspicious of his actual intentions, Emperor Nikephoros II hastened to make peace with Bulgaria and arranged the marriage of his wards, the underage emperors Basil II and Constantine VIII, to two Bulgarian princesses. Two of Peter's sons were sent to Constantinople as both negotiators and honorary hostages. In the meantime Peter managed to secure the retreat of the Rus forces by inciting Bulgaria's traditional allies, the Pechenegs, to attack Kiev itself. spite of this temporary success and the reconciliation with Byzantium, Bulgaria faced a new invasion by Sviatoslav in 969. The Bulgarians were defeated again, and Peter suffered a stroke, which led him to abdicate and become a monk. He died on 30 January 970. with the military success of his father's reign, Peter has been traditionally considered a weak ruler, who lost lands and prestige, allowed his military forces to decline while his country was ravaged by foreign invaders, and turned Bulgaria into a Byzantine satellite governed by Byzantine agents in the persons of his empress and her retinue. This view has been questioned by more recent scholarship, which emphasizes the affluence and internal peace enjoyed by Bulgarian society during his long reign, re-evaluates the relationship between Bulgaria and its semi-nomadic neighbors (Magyars and Pechenegs), and questions the allegedly sinister role of Romanos' granddaughter and her retinue.[3] While Peter's reign witnessed the spread of the Bogomil heresy, its origins were more demographic (perhaps inspired by Paulicians settled earlier by Byzantine emperors in Thrace) than social, and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church canonized him as a saint. Peter was considered a good ruler in the Middle Ages, and when Bulgaria fell under Byzantine rule (1018–1185), leaders of attempts to restore Bulgarian independence adopted his name to emphasize legitimacy and continuity (both Peter Delyan and Constantine Bodin adopted the royal name of Peter in their attempts to regain the throne from the Byzantines). Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 30; Peter, King of Bulgaria, was the son of the militant Bulgarian prince Simeon. Saint Peter was distinguished for his Christian piety, and he often turned to Saint John of Rila (August 18, October 19), asking his prayers, spiritual guidance and advice. Peter concluded peace with Byzantium on terms advantageous for Bulgaria. He also gained recognition from the Patriarch of Constantinople for the autonomy of the Bulgarian Church, and the affirmation of a Patriarchal throne in Bulgaria, benefiting all the Bulgarian Church. Peter aided in the successful extirpation of the Bogomil heresy in his lands. He died in the year 967, at fifty-six years of age.

Bulgaria, 927-969, Bogomilism, heresy, neo gnostic or dualist sect
Bulgaria, 927-969, Bogomilism; Bogomilism was a Christian neo-Gnostic or dualist sect founded in the First Bulgarian Empire by the priest Bogomil during the reign of Tsar Peter I in the 10th century.[1][2][3] It most probably arose in what is today the region of Macedonia.[4][5] Bogomils called for a return to what they considered to be early spiritual teaching, rejecting the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and their primary political tendencies were resistance to the state and church authorities. This helped the movement spread quickly in the Balkans, gradually expanding throughout the Byzantine Empire and later reaching Kievan Rus', Bosnia (Bosnian Church), Dalmatia, Serbia, Italy, and France (Cathars). Bogomils were dualists or Gnostics in that they believed in a world within the body and a world outside the body. They did not use the Christian cross, nor build churches, as they revered their gifted form and considered their body to be the temple. This gave rise to many forms of practice to cleanse oneself through purging,[clarification needed] fasting, celebrating and dancing. Bulgarian Tsar, 927-969, Peter I of Bulgaria; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 30;

Bulgaria, 927-972, Bulgarian Patriarch, Damian, t my relics to Sofia, where Damian is hiding
Bulgarian Patriarch, 927-972, Damian Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; years before his end he wrote in his own hand “A Testament to Disciples,” one of the finest creations of Old Bulgarian literature. The holy life of the ascetic and the remarkable mercies of God through his prayers were a fine preaching of the Christian Faith in the newly-baptized Bulgarian land. the uneasy time of struggle of Bulgaria with Byzantium, under the west Bulgarian king Samuel (976-1014), Saint John appeared to his disciples, commanding them to transfer his relics to Sredets (Sofia), where the Bulgarian Patriarch Damian (927-972) was hiding. It is presumed that the transfer of relics took place in the year 980. John of Rila, the great spiritual ascetic of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and Heavenly Protector of the Bulgarian nation, was born in the year 876 in the village of Skrino in the Sredets district [now Sofia]. he had been orphaned, the boy became a cowherd in order to avoid people. Once the rich man beat him for losing a cow with its calf. The boy cried long and he prayed, that God would help him. When he found the cow with the calf, the water at that time flowed high and strong in the River Struma. The young cowherd prayed, he placed his own tattered shirt on the water, made the Sign of the Cross over it, took up the calf in his arms and went with it, as though on dry land, to the other bank of the river where the cow was. rich man, hidden in the forest, was frightened upon seeing this miracle. He rewarded the youth generously, then sent him away from his home. Having given away his things, the boy left his village. Where and when the saint took monastic tonsure is unknown. the very beginning he lived an ascetical life on top of a high and barren hill, eating only wild plants. His cell was made from brushwood. After a short time, robbers fell upon him by night, beat him, and drove him away. Later, he found a deep cave and settled in it. Soon, his nephew Saint Luke also came to live there. secretly left the home of his parents and went into the wilderness where the Saint was living. After much effort, he succeeded in finding him. At first the blessed one, seeing him from afar, thought this was a demonic temptation, and so he prayed. Like many solitaries, Saint John was bothered by demons, who assumed the shape of wild animals and tried to force him to leave. As Luke approached, he made prostration and asked for Saint John's blessing. That convinced the ascetic that it was truly his nephew, and not a delusion. He blessed Luke and asked why he had come. The young man told him of his desire to share his way of life, and was permitted to remain. Luke emulated Saint John the Forerunner, who had lived in the wilderness from childhood. could not endure Saint John's holy life of prayer and fasting. Moved by the devil, an acquaintance of Luke's father found him overwhelmed by grief and upset by his son's disappearance, so he said, "Your brother John came by night, took your son, and has him even now. Unless you rescue the boy, he will become food for the wild beasts. Come, and I will show you where he is, and then you can go and take your child." Luke's father heard this, he became furious and cursed his innocent brother. When they came near the place, the acquaintance showed him John's cave from afar and departed. The brother went on and found the Saint. He reproached him, calling him a deceiver and an evil man who had stolen his son. tried to kill the venerable one with a heavy stick and some stones, but Saint John just stood there saying nothing. The father seized the boy and took him from the wilderness, intending to bring him back to the world. The blessed man, knew that the child would fall into the snares of the devil, was overcome with sorrow and tears. Hefell to his knees and prayed: "Lord Jesus Christ, behold the affliction of my heart, and grant me a sign of Thy mercy. Thou hast said, 'Let the children come to me, and do not hinder them; for of such is the Kingdom of Heaven' (Matthew 19:24). they had walked a short distance, a snake bit Luke, and at once he died a painless death. The father did not know what to do. He returned to Saint John and repented of his actions. With profound sorrow, he revealed what had happened. Saint John told him to bury the boy and return to his home. The Saint was comforted in his sorrow and he glorified God, because by means of a physical death, He had saved the child from the future death of his soul. Saint John often visited the grave of his righteous nephew, which became his favorite place of solitude. John spent twelve years in the desolate cave, and then he went into the Rila wilderness and settled in the hollow of a tree. He fasted and prayed a great deal, wept incessantly, and ate only grass. Seeing such endurance, God caused beans to grow, which he ate for a long time. The beans and his exploits made him known to people. a flock of frightened sheep ran along the hilly steep paths, and did not stop until the place where the monk lived. The shepherds, following after the flock, with astonishment saw the hermit, who amicably greeted them: “You arrive here hungry. Pick some of my beans and eat.” All ate and were satisfied. One gathered many beans in reserve. Along the way home he offered them to his comrades, but there were no beans in the pilfered pods. The shepherds turned back penitent, and the Elder stood there, saying with a smile: “See, children, these fruits are appointed by God for subsistence in the wilderness.” that time they began to bring to the monk the sick and those troubled by unclean spirits, which he healed by prayer. Fleeing celebrity, the monk went from his beloved tree-hollow and settled on a high and rocky crag difficult of access, where he dwelt for seven years under the open sky. Reports about the great ascetic reached even the Bulgarian king Peter (927-969), who wanted to meet him. Saint John wrote a letter, refusing such a meeting out of humility. on Saint John accepted under him the guidance of monks, who built a monastery with a church in the cave where Saint John formerly lived. He wisely tended his flock and died on August 18, 946 at 70 years of age. years before his end he wrote in his own hand “A Testament to Disciples,” one of the finest creations of Old Bulgarian literature. The holy life of the ascetic and the remarkable mercies of God through his prayers were a fine preaching of the Christian Faith in the newly-baptized Bulgarian land. In the uneasy time of struggle of Bulgaria with Byzantium, under the west Bulgarian king Samuel (976-1014), Saint John appeared to his disciples, commanding them to transfer his relics to Sredets (Sofia), where the Bulgarian Patriarch Damian (927-972) was hiding. It is presumed that the transfer of relics took place in the year 980. later, the right hand of Saint John of Rila was transferred to Russia (presumably to the city of Rila, where a church was constructed in the name of Saint John of Rila, with a chapel dedicated to the martyrs Florus and Laurus, on the day of their commemoration (August 18) on which he died). name of Saint John was known and loved by the Russian people from antiquity. Data about the death of the saint is preserved, especially in Russian sources (the Menaion for August in the twelfth century, in the Mazurinsk Chronicle). the year 1183, the Hungarian king Bela II (1174-1196), during a campaign against the Greeks, seized the chest with the relics of Saint John, together with other booty, and took it to the city of Esztergom. the year 1187, after he embellished the reliquary, he sent back the holy relics with great honor. On October 19, 1238 the relics of Saint John were solemnly transferred to the new capital, Trnovo, and put in a church dedicated to the saint. On July 1, 1469 the holy relics of Saint John of Rila were returned to the Rila monastery, where they rest to the present day, granting grace-filled help to all the believers.

Bulgaria, 969-971, Tsar. Boris II, hostage, lost Thrace to B, fought Sviaslav of Kiev
Bulgarian Tsar, 969-971. Boris II of Bulgaria ; II was emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 969 to 977 (in Byzantine captivity from 971). Boris II was the eldest surviving son of Emperor Peter I of Bulgaria and Maria (renamed Eirene) Lekapena, a granddaughter of Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos of Byzantium. Boris had been born by 931, when he had visited Constantinople together with his mother. Nothing else is known of Boris II's life until 968, when he went to Constantinople again to negotiate a peace settlement with Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas, and apparently to serve as an honorary hostage. This arrangement was intended to put an end to the conflict between Bulgaria and Byzantium, who would now join forces against Prince Sviatoslav I of Kiev, whom the Byzantine emperor had pitted against the Bulgarians. In 969 a new Kievan invasion defeated the Bulgarians again and Peter I abdicated to become a monk. In circumstances that are not entirely clear, Boris II was allowed to return to Bulgaria and sit on his father's throne. (The later Byzantine chronicle of John Skylitzes confounds this with a later event, in which Boris and his brother escaped Constantinople after the so-called rebellion of the Kometopouloi in Macedonia.) The Byzantine emperor John Tzimisces returns in triumph in Constantinople with the captured Boris II and Preslav Icon Boris II was unable to stem the Kievan advance, and found himself forced to accept Sviatoslav of Kiev as his ally and puppet-master, turning against the Byzantines. A Kievan campaign into Byzantine Thrace was defeated at the Battle of Arkadioupolis in 970, and the new Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes advanced northwards. Failing to secure the defense of the Balkan passes, Sviatoslav allowed the Byzantines to penetrate into Moesia and lay siege to the Bulgarian capital Preslav. Although Bulgarians and Ruses joined in defending the city, the Byzantines managed to set afire the wooden structures and roofs by missiles, and took the fortress. Boris II now became a captive of John I Tzimiskes, who continued to pursue the Kievan Army, besieging Sviatoslav in DrÄƒstÄƒr (Silistra), while claiming to act as Boris' ally and protector, and treating the Bulgarian monarch with due respect. After Sviatoslav had come to terms and set out for Kiev, the Byzantine emperor returned to Constantinople in triumph. Far from liberating Bulgaria as he had claimed, John brought along Boris II and his family, together with the contents of the Bulgarian imperial treasury in 971. In a public ceremony in Constantinople, Boris II was ritually divested of his imperial insignia and was given the Byzantine court title of magistros as compensation. The Bulgarian lands in Thrace and lower Moesia now became part of the Byzantine Empire and were placed under Byzantine governors. Although the ceremony in 971 had been intended as a symbolic termination of the Bulgarian empire, the Byzantines were unable to assert their control over the western provinces of Bulgaria. These remained under the rule of their own governors, and especially of a noble family led by four brothers called the Kometopouloi (i.e., "the sons of the Count"), named David, Moses, Aron, and Samuel. The movement was regarded as a "revolt" by the Byzantine emperor, but it apparently saw itself as a sort of regency for the captive Boris II. As they began to raid neighboring territories under Byzantine rule, the Byzantine government resorted to a stratagem intended to compromise the leadership of this "revolt". This involved allowing Boris II and his brother Roman to escape from their honorary captivity at the Byzantine court, in the hope that their arrival in Bulgaria would cause a division between the Kometopouloi and other Bulgarian leaders. As Boris II and Roman entered the region under Bulgarian control in 977, Boris II dismounted and went ahead of his brother. Mistaken for a Byzantine notable due to his attire, Boris was shot in the chest by a deaf and mute border patrol. Roman managed to identify himself to the other guards and was duly accepted as emperor. Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Bulgaria, 971-997, Tsar, Roman of Bulgaria, B hostage, Sviatoslav and Tzimiskes pawn, castrated
toBulgarian Tsar, 971-997, Roman of Bulgaria; ( 930s-“997) was emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 977 to 991, being in Byzantine captivity thereafter still claiming the title. Reign[edit] Roman was the second surviving son of Emperor Peter I of Bulgaria by his marriage with Maria (renamed Eirene) Lekapene, the granddaughter of the Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos.[1] It is possible that he had the double name Roman-Simeon, but this may be due to confusion with another man in the sources. He was born around 930, and had probably visited Constantinople with his mother and older brothers soon after 931. We know nothing about Roman’s life until 968, when he joined his older brother Boris in Constantinople to negotiate a peace agreement between Bulgaria and Byzantium, during which they apparently served as honorary hostages at the Byzantine court. On their father’s abdication in 969, Boris and Roman returned to Bulgaria, where Boris II succeeded as emperor. Roman may have been proclaimed co-emperor in accordance with Byzantine usage, but the evidence for that is vague. In Bulgaria Roman probably shared his brother’s destiny, becoming first a pawn in the hands of Prince Sviatoslav I of Kiev and then in those of the Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes. After the latter’s victory in 971, Roman was taken to Constantinople together with his brother’s family. To ensure that the Bulgarian dynasty would die out (Boris II apparently had only daughters), the Byzantine emperor had Roman castrated.[2] Boris and Roman remained in honorary captivity at the imperial palace until after the death of the emperor in 976. At this point the raids of the Cometopuli into Byzantine possessions in Macedonia led to a Byzantine stratagem intended to divide the leadership of the still-unconquered Bulgarian lands in the west. Temporarily jailed, Boris and Roman were allowed to escape in 977. During their attempt to cross the Bulgarian border, Boris II was taken for an enemy and killed by a guard. Roman managed to identify himself to the Bulgarian patrols, and was duly recognized by the Bulgarians as emperor. Although Roman was acknowledged as the official Bulgarian ruler, most of the military matters were left in the hands of Samuil, who was the youngest brother of the Cometopuli dynasty, and Roman devoted to church deeds similar to his father Peter in his end of life. During one of his invasions of Bulgaria, the Byzantine Emperor Basil II succeeded in capturing Roman in 991. Roman remained in Byzantine captivity until his death in 997, and it was only then that Samuel took the Bulgarian imperial title. Such, at least, is the sequence of events reported by the trustworthy historian Yahya of Antioch. According to the later testimony of the Byzantine chronicler John Skylitzes, in 1004 Skopje was surrendered to Basil II by its governor Roman Simeon, who may have been mistaken for Emperor Roman in the text. Roman-Simeon received the title of patrikios and was named military governor or strategos of the theme of Abydos.' Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Bulgaria, 976-1025, Byzantium Emperor, Basil II, Bulgar Slayer, with Rus over First B Empire and Georgia
Byzantine Emperor, 976-1025, Basil II ; II Porphyrogenitus (c.958 -“ 15 December 1025), nicknamed the Bulgar Slayer [note 3] was the senior Byzantine Emperor for almost 50 years (10 January 976 -“ 15 December 1025), having been a junior colleague to other emperors since 960. He and his brother Constantine[note 4] were named as co-rulers before their father Romanos II died in 963. The throne went to two generals, Nikephoros Phokas (r. 963-“969) then John Tzimiskes (r. 969-“976), before Basil became senior emperor. His influential great-uncle Basil Lekapenos was the de facto ruler of the Byzantine Empire until 985.[note 5] Basil II then held power for forty years. early years of Basil's reign were dominated by civil wars against two powerful generals from the Anatolian aristocracy; first Bardas Skleros and later Bardas Phokas, which ended shortly after Phokas' death and Skleros' submission in 989. then oversaw the stabilization and expansion of the eastern frontier of the Byzantine Empire and the complete subjugation of the First Bulgarian Empire, its foremost European foe, after a prolonged struggle. Although the Byzantine Empire had made a truce with the Fatimid Caliphate in 987-“988, Basil led a campaign against the Caliphate that ended with another truce in 1000. He also conducted a campaign against the Khazar Khaganate that gained the Byzantine Empire part of Crimea and a series of successful campaigns against the Kingdom of Georgia. near-constant warfare, Basil distinguished himself as an administrator, reducing the power of the great land-owning families who dominated the Empire's administration and military, filling its treasury, and leaving it with its greatest expanse in four centuries. his successors were largely incapable rulers, the Empire flourished for decades after Basil's death. One of the most important decisions taken during his reign was to offer the hand of his sister Anna Porphyrogenita to Vladimir I of Kiev in exchange for military support, thus forming the Byzantine military unit known as the Varangian Guard. marriage of Anna and Vladimir led to the Christianization of the Kievan Rus' and the incorporation of later successor states of Kievan Rus' within the Byzantine cultural and religious tradition. Basil is seen as a Greek national hero but as a despised figure among Bulgarians. Venerable Lazarus the Wonderworker of Mt. Galesius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on November 7; Icon of the Mother of God œthe MercifulÂ, Commemorated on November 12; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19; Icon of the Mother of God œthe MercifulÂ, Commemorated on December 27; Venerable Philotheus the Founder of Philotheou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 24; Icon of the Mother of God œIveronÂ, Commemorated on February 12; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, the Builder, Commemorated on July 28;

Bulgaria, 997-1014, Tsar, Samuel, Orthodox, constant warfare against Byzantium, and ambitious Basil II
Bulgarian Tsar, 997-1014, Samuel of Bulgaria; was the Tsar (Emperor) of the First Bulgarian Empire from 997 to 6 October 1014.[5] 977 to 997, he was a general under Roman I of Bulgaria,[6] the second surviving son of Emperor Peter I of Bulgaria, and co-ruled with him, as Roman bestowed upon him the command of the army and the effective royal authority.[7] As Samuel struggled to preserve his country's independence from the Byzantine Empire, his rule was characterized by constant warfare against the Byzantines and their equally ambitious ruler Basil II. his early years Samuel managed to inflict several major defeats on the Byzantines and to launch offensive campaigns into their territory.[8] In the late 10th century, the Bulgarian armies conquered the Serb principality of Duklja[9] and led campaigns against the Kingdoms of Croatia and Hungary. But from 1001, he was forced mainly to defend the Empire against the superior Byzantine armies. Samuel died of a heart attack on 6 October 1014, two months after the catastrophic battle of Kleidion. His successors failed to organize a resistance, and in 1018, four years after Samuel's death, the country capitulated, ending the five decades-long Byzantine–Bulgarian conflict.[10] was considered "invincible in power and unsurpassable in strength".[11][12] Similar comments were made even in Constantinople, where John Kyriotes penned a poem offering a punning comparison between the Bulgarian Emperor and Halley's comet, which appeared in 989.[13][14] During Samuel's reign, Bulgaria gained control of most of the Balkans (with the notable exception of Thrace) as far as southern Greece. He moved the capital from Skopje to Ohrid,[8][15] which had been the cultural and military centre of southwestern Bulgaria since Boris I's rule,[16] and made the city the seat of the Bulgarian Patriarchate. Because of this, his realm is sometimes called the Western Bulgarian Empire.[17][18] Samuel's energetic reign restored Bulgarian might on the Balkans, and although the Empire was disestablished after his death, he is regarded as a heroic ruler in Bulgaria.[19][20] Samuel is considered also a heroic ruler in today North Macedonia[21] (see the section Nomenclature). Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Bulgaria, 1015-1018, Tsar, John-Vladislav, Murderer, lost empire to Byzantium
Bulgaria, 1015-1018, Tsar, John-Vladislav; Vladislav ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from August or September 1015 to February 1018. The year of his birth is unknown; he was born at least a decade before 987, but probably not much earlier than that. Saved from death by his cousin Gavril Radomir, the Bulgarian Emperor, in 976, Ivan Vladislav murdered him in October 1015 and seized the Bulgarian throne. Due to the desperate situation of the country following the decades-long war with the Byzantine Empire, and in an attempt to consolidate his position, he tried to negotiate truce with the Byzantine emperor Basil II. After the failure of the negotiations he continued the resistance, attempting unsuccessfully to push the Byzantines back. During his period of rule, Ivan Vladislav tried to strengthen the Bulgarian army, reconstructed many Bulgarian fortresses and even carried out a counter-offensive, but he died at the Battle of Dyrrhachium in 1018. After his death his widow, Empress Maria, the Patriarch and most of the nobility finally surrendered to Basil II, who soon suppressed the last remnants of resistance and brought about the end of the First Bulgarian Empire. Ivan Vladislav left a mixed heritage, varying from a reputation of being a ruthless murderer to a hero defending his country as well as he could. The descendants of Ivan Vladislav entered the Byzantine nobility and rose to the highest ranks of the hierarchy. Two women of his family became empresses of the Byzantine Empire and others became military commanders or high-ranking officials. He was an ancestor of the Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos. Bulgarian Tsar, 997-1014, Samuel of Bulgaria; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Bulgaria, 1018-1185, Folder, Controlled by Byzantium

Bulgaria, 1000-1016, Prince, John-Vladimir, Serbian Prince murdered by John-Vladislav
Bulgaria, 1000-1016, Prince, John-Vladimir, Serbian Prince murdered by John-Vladislav; Vladimir or John Vladimir ([a] c. 990 - 22 May 1016) was the ruler of Duklja, the most powerful Serbian principality of the time,[1] from around 1000 to 1016. ruled during the protracted war between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire. Vladimir was acknowledged as a pious, just, and peaceful ruler. He is recognized as a martyr and saint, with his feast day being celebrated on 22 May.[b] Vladimir had a close relationship with Byzantium but this did not save Duklja from the expansionist Tsar Samuel of Bulgaria, who conquered the principality around 1010 and took Vladimir prisoner. medieval chronicle asserts that Samuel's daughter, Theodora Kosara, fell in love with Vladimir and begged her father for his hand. The tsar allowed the marriage and returned Duklja to Vladimir, who ruled as his vassal. Vladimir took no part in his father-in-law's war efforts. The warfare culminated with Tsar Samuel's defeat by the Byzantines in 1014 and death soon after. 1016, Vladimir fell victim to a plot by Ivan Vladislav, the last ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire. He was beheaded in front of a church in Prespa, the empire's capital, and was buried there. was soon recognized as a martyr and saint. His widow, Kosara, reburied him in the Precista Krajinska Church, near his court in southeastern Duklja. 1381, his remains were preserved in the Church of St Jovan Vladimir near Elbasan, and since 1995 they have been kept in the Orthodox cathedral of Tirana, Albania. saint's remains are considered Christian relics, and attract many believers, especially on his feast day, when the relics are taken to the church near Elbasan for a celebration. cross Vladimir held when he was beheaded is also regarded as a relic. Traditionally under the care of the AndroviÄ‡ family from the village of Velji MikuliÄ‡i in southeastern Montenegro, the cross is only shown to believers on the Feast of Pentecost, when it is carried in a procession to the summit of Mount Rumija. Vladimir is regarded as the first Serbian saint and the patron saint of the town of Bar in Montenegro. earliest, lost hagiography was probably written sometime between 1075 and 1089; a shortened version, written in Latin, is preserved in the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja. His hagiographies in Greek and Church Slavonic were first published, respectively, in 1690 and 1802. The saint is classically depicted in icons as a monarch wearing a crown and regal clothes, with a cross in his right hand and his own head in his left hand. He is fabled to have carried his severed head to his place of burial. Bulgaria, 1015-1018, Tsar, John-Vladislav; Vladislav ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from August or September 1015 to February 1018. The year of his birth is unknown; he was born at least a decade before 987, but probably not much earlier than that. from death by his cousin Gavril Radomir, the Bulgarian Emperor, in 976, Ivan Vladislav murdered him in October 1015 and seized the Bulgarian throne. to the desperate situation of the country following the decades-long war with the Byzantine Empire, and in an attempt to consolidate his position, he tried to negotiate truce with the Byzantine emperor Basil II. the failure of the negotiations he continued the resistance, attempting unsuccessfully to push the Byzantines back. During his period of rule, Ivan Vladislav tried to strengthen the Bulgarian army, reconstructed many Bulgarian fortresses and even carried out a counter-offensive, but he died at the Battle of Dyrrhachium in 1018. his death his widow, Empress Maria, the Patriarch and most of the nobility finally surrendered to Basil II, who soon suppressed the last remnants of resistance and brought about the end of the First Bulgarian Empire. Vladislav left a mixed heritage, varying from a reputation of being a ruthless murderer to a hero defending his country as well as he could. The descendants of Ivan Vladislav entered the Byzantine nobility and rose to the highest ranks of the hierarchy. women of his family became empresses of the Byzantine Empire and others became military commanders or high-ranking officials. He was an ancestor of the Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos. Bulgarian Tsar, 997-1014, Samuel of Bulgaria; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; Holy Martyr John-Vladimir, a Serbian prince, was born in the tenth century. From his childhood he was raised in piety, and at maturity he wisely governed his holdings Illyria and Dalmatia, preserving the holy Faith in purity. noble prince was married to Kosara, a daughter of the Bulgarian Tsar Samuel. Summoned for talks with the Bulgarian Tsar John-Vladislav, he was treacherously murdered by the Tsar on May 22, 1015, at the entrance to a church. Kosara, the pious spouse of the holy prince, entered a women’s monastery that she built, and where also she died, not leaving the church until the very end of her life. The relics of the holy prince are located near Elbosan.

Bulgaria, 1015-1018, Tsar, John-Vladislav, Murderer, mixed heritage, defended his country
Bulgaria, 1015-1018, Tsar, John-Vladislav; Vladislav ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from August or September 1015 to February 1018. The year of his birth is unknown; he was born at least a decade before 987, but probably not much earlier than that. from death by his cousin Gavril Radomir, the Bulgarian Emperor, in 976, Ivan Vladislav murdered him in October 1015 and seized the Bulgarian throne. to the desperate situation of the country following the decades-long war with the Byzantine Empire, and in an attempt to consolidate his position, he tried to negotiate truce with the Byzantine emperor Basil II. the failure of the negotiations he continued the resistance, attempting unsuccessfully to push the Byzantines back. During his period of rule, Ivan Vladislav tried to strengthen the Bulgarian army, reconstructed many Bulgarian fortresses and even carried out a counter-offensive, but he died at the Battle of Dyrrhachium in 1018. his death his widow, Empress Maria, the Patriarch and most of the nobility finally surrendered to Basil II, who soon suppressed the last remnants of resistance and brought about the end of the First Bulgarian Empire. Vladislav left a mixed heritage, varying from a reputation of being a ruthless murderer to a hero defending his country as well as he could. The descendants of Ivan Vladislav entered the Byzantine nobility and rose to the highest ranks of the hierarchy. women of his family became empresses of the Byzantine Empire and others became military commanders or high-ranking officials. He was an ancestor of the Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos. Bulgarian Tsar, 997-1014, Samuel of Bulgaria; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; Holy Martyr John-Vladimir, a Serbian prince, was born in the tenth century. From his childhood he was raised in piety, and at maturity he wisely governed his holdings Illyria and Dalmatia, preserving the holy Faith in purity. noble prince was married to Kosara, a daughter of the Bulgarian Tsar Samuel. Summoned for talks with the Bulgarian Tsar John-Vladislav, he was treacherously murdered by the Tsar on May 22, 1015, at the entrance to a church. Kosara, the pious spouse of the holy prince, entered a women’s monastery that she built, and where also she died, not leaving the church until the very end of her life. The relics of the holy prince are located near Elbosan.

Bulgaria, 1185-1422, Folder, Second Bulgarian Empire

Bulgaria, 1185-1199, 12th Century Folder, 2nd Bulgarian Empire Begins

Bulgaria, 1197-1207, Emperor, Kaloyan, w R Pope, expansionist, took advantage of Fall of C against Latins
Bulgarian Emperor, 1197-1207, Kaloyan of Bulgaria; also known as Kalojan, Johannitsa or Ioannitsa (c. 1170 – October 1207) was Tsar of Bulgaria from 1196 to 1207. was a younger brother of Theodor and Asen who led the anti-Byzantine uprising of the Bulgarians and Vlachs in 1185. uprising ended with the restoration of the independence of Bulgaria. spent years as a hostage in Constantinople in the late 1180s. (who had been crowned emperor under the name Peter) made him his co-ruler after Asen was murdered in 1196. A year later, was also assassinated, and Kaloyan became the sole ruler of Bulgaria. obtain an imperial crown from the Holy See, Kaloyan entered into correspondence with Pope Innocent III, offering to acknowledge papal His expansionist policy brought him into conflict with the Byzantine Empire, Serbia and Hungary. King of Hungary allowed the papal legate who delivered a royal crown to Kaloyan to enter Bulgaria only at the Pope's demand. The legate crowned Kaloyan "King of the Bulgarians and Vlachs" on 8 November 1204, but Kaloyan continued to regard his realm as an empire. took advantage of the disintegration of the Byzantine Empire after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders (or "Latins") in 1204. captured fortresses in Macedonia and Thrace and supported the local population's riots against the crusaders. He defeated Baldwin I, Latin emperor of Constantinople, in the Battle of Adrianople on 14 April 1205. Baldwin was captured; he died in Kaloyan's prison. launched new campaigns against the crusaders and captured or destroyed dozens of their fortresses. He was thereafter known as Kaloyan the Romanslayer, because his troops murdered or captured thousands of Byzantines. He died under mysterious circumstances during the siege of Thessalonica in 1207. Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7;

Bulgaria, 1200, 13th Century Folder, 2nd Bulgarian Empire Thrives

Bulgaria, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, led to several Empires
Constantinople, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade Byzantine Emperor, 1205-1215, Michael I Komnenos Doukas; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated on July 17; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21;

Bulgaria, 1204-1261, Latin Empire Constantinople, Crusader State
Constantinople, 1204-1261, Latin Empire, Crusader State; The Latin Empire, also referred to as the Latin Empire of Constantinople, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire was intended to replace the Byzantine Empire as the Western-recognized Roman Empire in the east, with a Catholic emperor enthroned in place of the Eastern Orthodox Roman emperors. The Fourth Crusade had originally been called to retake the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem but a sequence of economic and political events culminated in the Crusader army sacking the city of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Originally, the plan had been to restore the deposed Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos, who had been usurped by Alexios III Angelos, to the throne. The crusaders had been promised financial and military aid by Isaac's son Alexios, with which they had planned to continue to Jerusalem. When the crusaders reached Constantinople the situation quickly turned volatile and while Isaac and Alexios briefly ruled, the crusaders did not receive the payment they had hoped for. In April 1204, they captured and plundered the city's enormous wealth. The crusaders selected their own emperor from among their own ranks, Baldwin of Flanders, and divided the territory of the Byzantine Empire into various new vassal crusader states. The Latin Empire's authority was immediately challenged by Byzantine rump states led by the Laskaris family (connected to the Angelos dynasty of 1185â€“1204) in Nicaea and the Komnenos family (which had ruled as Byzantine Emperors 1081â€“1185) in Trebizond. From 1224 to 1242 the Komnenos Doukas family, also connected to the Angeloi, challenged Latin authority from Thessalonica. The Latin Empire failed to attain political or economic dominance over the other Latin powers that had been established in former Byzantine territories in the wake of the Fourth Crusade, especially Venice, and after a short initial period of military successes it went into a steady decline due to constant war with Bulgaria to the north and the various Byzantine claimants. Eventually, the Nicaean Empire recovered Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire under Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261. The last Latin emperor, Baldwin II, went into exile, but the imperial title survived, with several pretenders to it, until the 14th century. Like the term "Byzantine Empire", "Latin Empire" was not a contemporary term used by the empire itself or the rest of the world. The Byzantines referred to the Latin Empire as the Frankokratia (Î¦ÃÂÂÂÂÂÎ±Î³ÎºÎ¿ÎºÃÂÂÂÂÂÎ±ÃÂÂÂ„Î¯Î±, lit. "rule of the Franks") or the Latinokratia (Î›Î±ÃÂÂÂ„Î¹Î½Î¿ÎºÃÂÂÂÂÂÎ±ÃÂÂÂ„Î¯Î±, lit. "rule of the Latins") and the Latin Emperors themselves referred to the empire by various names, commonly imperium Constantinopolitanum (lit. Empire of Constantinople), but also imperium Romaniae (lit. Empire of Romania) and imperium Romanorum (lit. Empire of the Romans). The term Romania ("Land of the Romans") had been used unofficially by the population of the Byzantine Empire for their country for centuries.

Bulgaria, 1207-1218, Emperor, Boril, w Latins&Hungrns, against Ivan Asen II w Thesslnc&Serbia, Asen won
Bulgarian Emperor, 1207-1218, Boril of Bulgaria; (Bulgarian: ) was the emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 1207 to 1218. He was the son of an unnamed sister of his predecessor, Kaloyan and Kaloyan's brothers, Peter II and Ivan Asen I, who had restored the independent Bulgarian state. Kaloyan died unexpectedly in October 1207, Boril married his widow, a Cuman princess and seized the throne. cousin, Ivan Asen, fled from Bulgaria, enabling Boril to strengthen his position. His other kinsmen, Strez and Alexius Slav, refused to acknowledge him as the lawful monarch. took possession of the land between the Struma and Vardar rivers with the support of Stefan Nemanja of Serbia. Alexius Slav secured his rule in the Rhodope Mountains with the assistance of Henry, the Latin Emperor of Constantinople. launched unsuccessful military campaigns against the Latin Empire and the Kingdom of Thessalonica during the first years of his reign. convoked the synod of the Bulgarian Church in early 1211. At the assembly, the bishops condemned the Bogomils for heresy. an uprising broke out against him in Vidin between 1211 and 1214, he sought the assistance of Andrew II of Hungary, who sent reinforcements to suppress the rebellion. made peace with the Latin Empire in late 1213 or early 1214. After Henry died in 1216 and Andrew II left Hungary for a crusade, Ivan Asen returned to Bulgaria. He captured and blinded Boril in Tarnovo in St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7;

Bulgaria, 1218-1241, Emperor, Ivan Asen II, blinded Bl, defeated Doucas of Thessa, Via trade, return to Orthodoxy
Bulgaria, 1218-1241, Emperor, Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria ; Asen II, also known as John Asen II or John Asan II (Bulgarian: ; 1190s -May/June 1241), was Emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria from 1218 to 1241. He was still a child when his father Ivan Asen I “ one of the founders of the Second Bulgarian Empire “ was killed in 1196. His supporters tried to secure the throne for him after his uncle, Kaloyan, was murdered in 1207, but Kaloyan's other nephew, Boril, overcame them. Ivan Asen fled from Bulgaria and settled in the Rus' principalities. Boril could never strengthen his rule which enabled Ivan Asen to muster an army and return to Bulgaria. He captured Tarnovo and blinded Boril in 1218. Initially, he supported the full communion of the Bulgarian Church with the Papacy and concluded alliances with the neighboring Catholic powers, Hungary and the Latin Empire of Constantinople. He tried to achieve the regency for the 11-year-old Latin Emperor, Baldwin II, after 1228, but the Latin aristocrats did not support Ivan Asen. He inflicted a crushing defeat on Theodore Komnenos Doukas of the Empire of Thessalonica, in the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230. Theodore's empire soon collapsed and Ivan Asen conquered large territories in Macedonia, Thessaly and Thrace. control of the trade on the Via Egnatia enabled Ivan Asen to implement an ambitious building program in Tarnovo and struck gold coins in his new mint in Ohrid. He started negotiations about the return of the Bulgarian Church to Orthodoxy after the barons of the Latin Em,,pire had elected John of Brienne regent for Baldwin II in 1229. Ivan Asen and the Emperor of Nicaea, John III Vatatzes, concluded an alliance against the Latin Empire at their meeting in 1235. During the same conference, the rank of patriarch was granted to the head of the Bulgarian Church in token of its autocephaly (independence). Ivan Asen and Vatatzes joined their forces in attacking Constantinople, but the former realized that Vatatzes could primarily take advantage of the fall of the Latin Empire and broke off his alliance with Nicaea in 1237. After the Mongols invaded the Pontic steppes, several Cuman groups fled to Bulgaria. Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14, Transfer of her relics Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19 ;

Bulgaria, 1241-1246, Emperor, Kaliman I, Mongols invaded, poisoned?
Bulgarian Emperor, 1241-1246, Kaliman I of Bulgaria; Asen I, also known as Coloman Asen I or Koloman (Bulgarian: ÐšÐ°Ð»Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð½ ÐÑÐµÐ½ I; 1234-August/September 1246) was Emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria from 1241 to 1246. He was the son of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria and Anna Maria of Hungary. He was only seven when he succeeded his father in 1241. In the following years, the Mongols invaded Bulgaria and imposed a yearly tax on the country. He may have been poisoned, according to contemporaneous rumors about his death.

Bulgaria, 1246-1256, Emperor, Michael Asen I, Epirus' Doucas invaded Bulgaria, m by his noblemen
Bulgarian Emperor, 1246-1256, Michael Asen I of Bulgaria; II Asen (Bulgarian: ÐœÐ¸Ñ…Ð°Ð¸Ð» II ÐÑÐµÐ½; c. 1239 – December 1256/January 1257),[a] more accurately[citation needed] Michael Asen I,[citation needed] was Emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria from 1246 to 1256 or 1257. He was the son of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria and Irene Komnene Doukaina. He succeeded his half-brother, Kaliman I Asen. His mother or other relative must have ruled Bulgaria during his minority. John III Doukas Vatatzes, Emperor of Nicaea, and Michael II of Epirus invaded Bulgaria shortly after Michael's ascension. Vatatzes captured the Bulgarian fortresses along the river Vardar; Michael of Epirus took possession of western Macedonia. In alliance with the Republic of Ragusa, Michael II Asen broke into Serbia in 1254, but he could not occupy Serbian territories. After Vatatzes died, he reconquered most territories lost to Nicea, but Vatatzes's son and successor, Theodore II Laskaris, launched a successful counter-offensive, forcing Michael to sign a peace treaty. Shortly after the treaty, discontented boyars (noblemen) murdered Michael. St. Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 14;

Bulgaria, 1256-1256, Emperor, Kaliman Asen II, m cousin hunting, Rostislav to Rus with daughter and emperor title
Bulgarian Emperor, 1256-1256, Kaliman Asen II of Bulgaria; Asen II (Bulgarian: ÐšÐ°Ð»Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð½ ÐÑÐµÐ½ II), or commonly, but less accurately Koloman Asen II, ruled as tsar of Bulgaria for a short time in 1256. The year of his birth is unknown. Kaliman Asen II was the son of sebastokrator Alexander, who was the younger brother of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria. Kaliman Asen II's mother is unknown, and attempts to identify her as a Serbian princess are based on the erroneous identification of Kaliman Asen II with the sebastokrator Kaloyan, who was still alive in 1258/59. In 1256 Kaliman Asen murdered his first cousin Michael Asen I during a hunting party in the environs of the capital TÄƒrnovo and usurped the throne. In the process he married Michael Asen I's widow, the unnamed daughter of Rostislav Mihailovich, but he was unable to maintain himself on the throne. Rostislav advanced on TÄƒrnovo from Belgrade, and Kaliman Asen II fled the capital. Rostislav returned home with his daughter and claiming the title of emperor of Bulgaria, while a brother-in-law of Michael Asen I, Mitso Asen took the throne. In the meantime, Kaliman Asen II had been murdered after being abandoned by most of his supporters.

Bulgaria, 1256-1257, Emperor, Mitso Asen, related to Epirus' Doucas, not Michael Rostislav of Chernigov
Bulgarian Emperor, 1256-1257, Mitso Asen of Bulgaria; Asen (Bulgarian: ÐœÐ¸Ñ†Ð¾ ÐÑÐµÐ½) or Micho Asen (ÐœÐ¸Ñ‡Ð¾ ÐÑÐµÐ½) was the tsar of Bulgaria from 1256 until 1257. Asen ascended the throne by virtue of his marriage to Maria, a daughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria by Irene Komnene of Epirus. The dates of his birth and death are unknown, and his antecedents are unclear, but neither his name (which is found in official contexts and is not the diminutive of "Michael"), nor his career described in the Byzantine sources allow an identification with Michael, the son of the Rus' prince and Hungarian Ban Rostislav Mikhailovich, nor any other member of the house of Chernigov. It is likely that, like his successor Constantine Tikh, Mitso Asen adopted the name Asen after his accession to the throne. He became emperor of Bulgaria after the murder of his wife's cousin, Kaliman Asen II, in 1256. Although he acquired some support in the capital TÄƒrnovo and in Preslav, he was faced by the hostility of much of the provincial nobility. Following an obscure unsuccessful campaign against Theodore II Lascaris of the Empire of Nicaea, Mitso lost control even over the commoners. the nobility proclaimed Constantine Tikh emperor instead, Mitso and his family fled the capital in 1257 and attempted to resist from Preslav and then Mesembria (now NesebÄƒr). In exchange for asylum and lands, he turned over Mesembria and its environs to Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos and sought refuge in Nicaea. He was given lands in the Troad, where he remained with his family. The date of his death is unknown, but it is likely that he was no longer alive in 1277/1278, when his son Ivan Asen III was put forward as a claimant to the Bulgarian throne by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII.

Bulgaria, 1257-77, Emperor, Konstan Tikh, Sofia noble, Nemanja gson, Tarnovo nobles, Nicea, w Mongols, regent wife o union
Bulgarian Emperor, 1257-1277, Constantine Tikh of Bulgaria; Tih (Bulgarian: ÐšÐ¾Ð½ÑÑ‚Ð°Ð½Ñ‚Ð¸Ð½ Ð¢Ð¸Ñ… ÐÑÐµÐ½; fl. 1257–77) or Constantine I Tikh (ÐšÐ¾Ð½ÑÑ‚Ð°Ð½Ñ‚Ð¸Ð½ I), was the tsar of Bulgaria from 1257 to 1277. life[edit] Tih was a wealthy Bulgarian boyar (or nobleman) whose estates were located in the region of Sofia or Skopje.[1][2] Konstantin stated in his charter to the Saint George Monastery near Skopje that Stefan Nemanja of Serbia was his grandfather.[3] The Byzantine historian, George Pachymeres, described him as a "half-Serbian".[4] He could have been related to the Serbian royal house through either his mother or father.[4] If he was a patrilinear relative of Nemanja, his father, Tih, may have been the son of Nemanja's brother, Tihomir, according to historian Srdjan PirivatriÄ‡.[5] PirivatriÄ‡[6] and other scholars[7][8] also say, Konstantin may have been a son or a nephew of the Bulgarian boyar John Tihomir, who controlled Skopje in the late 12th century. If Konstantin was related to the Serbian royal house through his mother, a daughter or a niece of Nemanja must have been his mother.[9] Tih mounted the Bulgarian throne after the death of Michael II Asen,[10] but the circumstances of his ascension are obscure.[1] Michael Asen was murdered by his cousin, Kaliman in late 1256 or early 1257.[2][1] Before long, Kaliman was also killed, and the male line of the Asen dynasty died out.[2] Mikhailovich, Duke of Macsó (who was Michael and Kaliman's father-in-law), and the boyar Mitso (who was Michael's brother-in-law), laid claim to Bulgaria.[1] Rostislav captured Vidin, Mitso held sway over southeastern Bulgaria, but none of them could secure the support of the boyars who controlled Tarnovo.[11] The latter offered the throne Konstantin who accepted the election.[1] divorced his first wife (whose name is unknown), and married Irene Doukaina Laskarina in 1258.[1] Irene was the daughter of Theodore II Laskaris, Emperor of Nicaea, and Elena of Bulgaria, a daughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria.[1][12] The marriage with a descendant of the Bulgarian royal family strengthened his position.[1][12] He was thereafter called Konstantin Asen.[12] The marriage also forged an alliance between Bulgaria and Nicaea,[10][12] which was confirmed one or two years later, when the Byzantine historian and official George Akropolites came to Tarnovo.[13] with Hungary[edit] Mikhailovich invaded Bulgaria with Hungarian assistance in 1259.[14] In the following year, Rostislav left his duchy to join the campaign of his father-in-law, Béla IV of Hungary, against Bohemia.[14][15] Taking advantage of Rostislav's absence, Konstantin broke into his realm and reoccupied Vidin.[15] He also sent an army to attack the Banate of Severin, but the Hungarian commander, Lawrence, fought the invaders off.[15][14] Bulgarian invasion of Severin outraged Béla IV.[15] Soon after he concluded a peace treaty with Ottokar II of Bohemia in March 1261, Hungarian troops stormed into Bulgaria under the command of Béla IV's son and heir, Stephen.[15] They captured Vidin and besieged Lom on the Lower Danube,[14] but they were unable to bring Konstantin to a pitched battle, because he withdrew to Tarnovo.[15] The Hungarian army left Bulgaria before the end of the year, but the campaign restored northwestern Bulgaria to Rostislav.[15] with the Byzantine Empire[edit] c.1260 minor brother-in-law, John IV Laskaris, was dethroned and blinded by his former guardian and co-ruler, Michael VIII Palaiologos, before the end of 1261.[10] Michael VIII's army had occupied Constantinople already in July, thus the coup made him the sole ruler of the restored Byzantine Empire.[10] The rebirth of the empire changed the traditional relations between the powers of the Balkan Peninsula.[16] Furthermore, Konstantine's wife decided to take vengeance of her brother's mutilation and persuaded Konstantine to turn against Michael.[15][17] who still held southeastern Bulgaria, made an alliance with the Byzantines, but another powerful nobleman, Jacob Svetoslav, who had taken control of the southwestern region, was loyal to Konstantine.[18] Benefiting from a war between the Byzantine Empire, the Republic of Venice, Achaea and Epirus, Konstantine invaded Thrace and captured Stanimaka and Philippopolis (now Asenovgrad and Plovdiv in Bulgaria) in the autumn of 1262.[18][19] Mitso was also forced to flee to Mesembria (now Nesebar in Bulgaria).[20] After Konstantine laid siege to the town, Mitso sought assistance from the Byzantines, offering to surrender Mesembria to them in exchange for landed property in the Byzantine Empire.[21] Michael VIII accepted the offer and sent Michael Glabas Tarchaneiotes to help Mitso in 1263.[20] second Byzantine army stormed into Thrace and recaptured Stanimaka and Philippopolis.[21] After seizing Mesembria from Mitso, Glabas Tarchaneiotes continued his campaign along the Black Sea and occupied Agathopolis, Sozopolis and Anchialos (now Ahtopol, Sozopol and Pomorie in Bulgaria).[20] Meanwhile, the Byzantine fleet took control of Vicina and other ports at the Danube Delta.[21] Glabas Tarchaneiotes attacked Jacob Svetoslav who could only resist with Hungarian assistance, thus he accepted Béla IV's suzerainty.[22][23] a consequence of the war with the Byzantines, by the end of 1263, Bulgaria lost significant territories to his two principal enemies, the Byzantine Empire and Hungary.[24] Konstantin could only seek assistance from the Tatars of the Golden Horde to put an end to his isolation.[24] The Tatar khans had been the overlords of the Bulgarian monarchs for almost two decades, although their rule was only formal.[16] A former Sultan of Rum, Kaykaus II, who had been imprisoned at Michael VIII's order, also wanted to regain his throne with the Tatars' help.[24] One of his uncles was a prominent leader of the Golden Horde and he sent messages to him to persuade the Tatars to invade the Byzantine Empire with Bulgarian assistance.[25] According to the Byzantine historian, Nicephorus Gregoras, Kaykaus also approached Konstantin, offering much money to him if he came to release him.[26] of Tatars crossed the frozen Lower Danube to invade the Byzantine Empire in late 1264.[26][24] Konstantin soon joined them,[27] although he had fallen from a horse and broken his leg.[28] The united Tatar and Bulgarian armies launched a sudden attack against Michael VIII who was returning from Thessaly to Constantinople, but they could not capture the emperor.[29] Konstantin laid siege the Byzantine fortress of Ainos (now Enez in Turkey), forcing the defenders to surrender.[29] The Byzantines also agreed to release Kaykaus (who soon left for the Golden Horde), but his family was kept imprisoned even thereafter.[27][30] Konstantine's alliance with the Tatars strengthened his position.[31] Jacob Svetoslav again accepted his suzerainty.[32][31] Taking advantage of a civil war in Hungary, Jacob Svetoslav also invaded the Banate of Severin.[32][31] The Hungarian civil war ended with the division of the country between Béla IV and Stephen in March 1266.[31] Stephen launched a military campaign against Bulgaria and captured Vidin in June.[31] Konstantin tried to resist, but the Hungarians defeated his army and plundered the region of Tarnovo.[31] The Hungarians captured Pleven and other fortresses on the Danube and forced Jacob Svetoslav to again do homage to Stephen.[33] Thereafter Jacob Svetoslav was styled as "emperor of Bulgaria" in the Hungarian royal charters.[33][32] seal of Konstantin Asen. Inscription in Bulgarian: "+Konstantin, in Christ the God, a faithful tsar and autocrat of the Bulgarians, Asen." I of Anjou and Baldwin II, the dispossessed Latin Emperor of Constantinople, made an alliance against the Byzantine Empire in 1267.[34] To prevent Bulgaria from joining the anti-Byzantine coalition, Michael VIII offered his niece, Maria Palaiologina Kantakouzene, to the widowed Konstantin in 1268.[28] The emperor also pledged that he would return Mesembria and Anchialos to Bulgaria as her dowry if she gave birth to a son.[28][35] married Maria, but Michael VIII broke his promise and did not renounce the two towns after the birth of Konstantin and Maria's son, Michael.[35] Outraged by the emperor's betrayal, Konstantin sent envoys to Charles to Naples in September 1271.[35] The negotiations continued during the following years, showing that Konstantin was willing to support Charles against the Byzantines.[35] Konstantin broke into Thrace in 1271 or 1272, but Michael VIII persuaded Nogai, the dominant figure in the westernmost territory of the Golden Horde, to invade Bulgaria.[28][36] The Tatars plundered the country, forcing Konstantin to return and abandon his claim to the two towns.[28][36] Nogai set up his capital in Isaccea near the Danube Delta, thus he could easily attack Bulgaria.[36] Konstantin had been seriously injured after a riding accident and could not move without assistance, because he was paralyzed from the waist down.[37][38] ambitious wife took control of the government.[39] After Michael VIII's envoys accepted Pope Gregory X's proposal to a church union at the Second Council of Lyon in summer 1274, she became one of the leading opponents of the union.[39][38] She even tried to persuade Baibars, the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, to attack the Byzantine Empire.[40] was also determined to secure the throne to her son.[41] Jacob Svetoslav, however, had a strong claim to succeed Konstantin, because his wife was a granddaughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria.[41] first adopted Jacob Svetoslav to persuade him to acknowledge her son's right to the throne, but later she had him poisoned.[38] He also had other noblemen captured or executed, which made Konstantin's rule unpopular.[41] The paralyzed Konstantin could not prevent Nogai's Tatars from making regular plundering raids against Bulgaria.[42] The local inhabitants of the regions which were most exposed to the Tatar raids had to organize the defense without the monarch's support.[42] to the expensive and unsuccessful wars, repeated Mongol raids, and economic instability (Constantine was the first Bulgarian ruler to mint his own coins on a vast scale), the government was faced with a revolt in The social and economic aspects of this movement have been stressed by Marxist historians,[44] but its true character is elusive. What is clear is that a swineherd or swine-owner named Ivaylo became a leader of the discontented and attracted many (presumably mostly lower-class)[45] followers, asserting his control over a significant area.[46] Constantine set out against Ivaylo with his guard, but was decisively defeated and slain in his chariot.[47][48]

Bulgaria, 1277-1279, Emperor, Ivaylo, pig farmer, peasant uprising
Bulgarian Emperor, 1277-1279, Ivaylo of Bulgaria; also spelled Ivailo, (Bulgarian: Ð˜Ð²Ð°Ð¹Ð»Ð¾), nicknamed Bardokva ("radish" or "lettuce" in Bulgarian) or Lakhanas (Î›Î±Ï‡Î±Î½á¾¶Ï‚, "cabbage") in Greek, was a rebel leader and tsar of Bulgaria.[1] 1277, he spearheaded a peasant uprising and forced the nobles to accept him as emperor. He reigned as emperor from 1278 to 1279, scoring victories against the Byzantines and the Mongols, but beset by foreign and domestic enemies, which included the Bulgarian nobility, he was forced into exile among the Mongols, where he presented himself as a dethroned vassal. --------------------------The Mongols then killed him in 1280 as an enemy of the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus.[2] career as a monarch has been used as an example of early, anti-feudal class warfare by Marxist historians and as translated through folk songs, traditions and legends served as inspiration to Bulgarian guerrilla (hajduk) freedom fighters during the Ottoman period of Bulgarian history.[3] Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1279-1280, Emperor, Ivan Asen III, set up by Michael VIII, Mongol allies, accepted by Tarnovo nobility, coward
Bulgarian Emperor, 1279-1280, Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria; Asen III (Bulgarian: Ð˜Ð²Ð°Ð½ ÐÑÐµÐ½ III, also Ð™Ð¾Ð°Ð½ ÐÑÐµÐ½ III, Ioan Asen III, and in English John Asen III), ruled as tsar of Bulgaria 1279–1280. Ivan Asen III was the son of Mitso Asen of Bulgaria and Maria of Bulgaria, a daughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria and Irene of Thessalonica. He was probably born in about 1259/60, and died in exile in 1303. the rapid success of Ivaylo of Bulgaria, the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos summoned Ivan Asen to his court, granted him the title of despotÄ“s, and married him to his eldest daughter Irene Palaiologina in 1277 or 1278. VIII then sent several Byzantine armies to attempt to assert Ivan Asen III on the throne of Bulgaria. Although Ivailo defeated several of these attempts, he was blockaded for three months in DrÄƒstÄƒr (Silistra) by the Mongol allies of Michael VIII. In the interval a Byzantine force besieged the Bulgarian capital TÄƒrnovo and, hearing a rumor of Ivailo's death in battle, the local nobility surrendered and accepted Ivan Asen III as emperor in 1279. strengthen his position in Tarnovo, Ivan Asen III married his sister Maria (Kira Maria) to the Bulgaro-Cuman nobleman George Terter, but failed to assert himself throughout the country. Ivailo reappeared before the walls of the capital and defeated two Byzantine attempts to relieve Ivan Asen III. Despairing of success, Ivan Asen III and Irene Palaiologina secretly fled Tarnovo with choice treasures from the palace treasury, including pieces captured from defeated Byzantine Emperors in former victories. Reaching Mesembria (NesebÄƒr), the imperial couple sailed for Constantinople, where the enraged Michael VIII refused to receive them for days for their cowardice. 1280 or 1281 Ivan Asen III traveled to the Golden Horde, competing with Ivailo in a bid to win support for restoration in Bulgaria. The Mongol chieftain Nogai Khan eventually had Ivailo murdered, but failed to restore Ivan Asen III in Bulgaria. The latter returned to his family possessions in the Troad, and died in 1303. Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1280-1292, Emperor, George I, continuation of decline
Bulgarian Emperor, 1280-1292, George I of Bulgaria; Terter I (Bulgarian: Ð“ÐµÐ¾Ñ€Ð³Ð¸ Ð¢ÐµÑ€Ñ‚ÐµÑ€ I), of the Terter dynasty ruled as tsar of Bulgaria 1280–1292. The date of his birth is unknown, and he died in 1308/1309. Second Empire. Georgi Terter I, 1280–1292. GroÅ¡ (Silver, 21 mm, 1.45 g, 6 h), Imitating a grosso of Giovanni Dandolo (1280-1289), uncertain mint. IC XC Christ Pantokrator enthroned facing. Rev. S M VENETI D DÎ›NDVL Dux and St. Mark standing facing, holding banner of Venice between them. Raduchev & Zhekov Type 1.17.1. Youroukova & Penchev 160. reign of George Terter I represents a continuation of Bulgaria's precipitous decline during the second half of the 13th century. George Terter I managed to maintain himself on the throne for more than a decade (unlike his two immediate predecessors), he appears to have failed to assert himself against the centrifugal forces even in his own capital. This severely limited any possibility of engaging in grand-scale international politics or even standing up to foreign aggression and Mongol raids. the chaotic years preceding George Terter I's accession Bulgaria had lost all of Thrace to the Byzantine Empire, and under his reign its remaining possessions in Macedonia were divided between the Serbians and the Byzantines in 1282–1284. Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1280-1346, Saint Gregory of Sinai, Hesychast, Writer
Bulgaria, 1280-1346, Saint Gregory of Sinai; Gregory of Sinai (1260s – November 27, 1346) was instrumental in the emergence of "technical" (Athonite) Hesychasm on Athos in the early 14th century. in Smyrna, he was captured by Seljuk Turks as a young man, he was eventually ransomed to Cyprus and became a monk at Saint Catherine's Monastery. Later, he moved to Crete, where he learned the practices of Hesychasm from a monk named Arsenios, in 1310 to Athos, where he remained until 1335. Increasing Muslim raids on Athos pushed Gregory and some disciples into the Bulgarian Empire, where he would find protection under Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Alexander and where he founded a monastery near Paroria, Strandzha mountains in south east Bulgaria. Philokalia includes five works in Greek by Gregory, Commandments and Doctrines, Warnings and Promises; on Thoughts, Passions and Virtues, and also on Stillness and Prayer: 137 Texts Texts the Signs of Grace and Delusion, Written for the Confessor Longinos: Ten Texts Stillness: Fifteen Texts Prayer: Seven Texts Strandzha Mountains; St. Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17;

Bulgaria, 1292-1298, Emperor, Smilets, wishes of Nogai Khan, Mongol overlordship, but raids continued
Bulgarian Emperor, 1292-1298, Smilets of Bulgaria; (Bulgarian: Ð¡Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÐµÑ†) reigned as tsar of Bulgaria from 1292 to 1298. The date of his birth is unknown. Smilec is credited with being descended "from the noblest family of the Bulgarians", his antecedents are completely unknown. Judging by the landholdings of his brothers Radoslav and Vojsil, the family held extensive lands between the Balkan mountains and Sredna Gora. ascending the throne replacing George Terter I in 1292, Smilec had married an unnamed Byzantine princess, the daughter of the sebastokratÅr Constantine Palaiologos, a half-brother of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. from the information that Smilec became emperor of Bulgaria according to the wishes of Nogai Khan, we know nothing of the circumstances of Smilec's accession. He was crowned by Patriarch Joachim III. Joachim III was executed for treason in 1300 by emperor Theodore Svetoslav, George Terter I's son, and historian John Van Antwerp Fine Jr. theorizes that the alleged treachery might be linked to the obscure period when Smilets overthrew George Terter I.[1] reign of Smilec has been considered the height of Mongol overlordship in Bulgaria. Nevertheless, Mongol raids may have continued, as in 1297 and 1298. these raids pillaged parts of Thrace (then entirely in Byzantine hands), perhaps Bulgaria was not one of their objectives. In fact, in spite of the usually pro-Byzantine policy of Nogai, Smilec was quickly involved in an unsuccessful war against the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of his reign. 1296/1297 Smilec married his daughter Theodora to the future Serbian King Stefan UroÅ¡ III DeÄanski, and this union produced the Serbian king and later emperor Stefan UroÅ¡ IV DuÅ¡an. 1298 Smilec disappears from the pages of history, apparently after the beginning of Chaka's invasion. He may have been killed by Chaka or died of natural causes while the enemy advanced against him. Smilec was briefly succeeded by his young son Ivan II. Point in Antarctica is named after Smilets of Bulgaria. Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1298-1299, Emperor, Ivan II, regent mother, Serbian alliance attempt, then exile
Bulgarian Emperor, 1298-1299, Ivan II of Bulgaria; II (Bulgarian: Ð˜Ð²Ð°Ð½ II, or Ð™Ð¾Ð°Ð½ II, Ioan II, also styled inconsistently Ivan IV or Ioan IV), reigned as tsar of Bulgaria from 1298 to 1299. The date of his birth is unknown, but probably not much earlier than c. 1290. He died as a monk in exile before 1330. II succeeded his father Smilets as emperor in TÄƒrnovo in 1298. The new ruler was a child, and the government was in the hands of his mother, the unnamed daughter of sebastocrator Constantine Palaiologos and niece of Michael VIII Palaiologos called simply "Smiltsena" ("wife of Smilets"). widowed empress apparently defeated Smilets' brothers Radoslav and Voysil (Vojsil), who sought refuge in the Byzantine Empire and entered into Byzantine service. meet this threat and the invasion of the Mongol prince Chaka, Ivan II's mother sought an alliance with Aldimir (Eltimir), the brother of the former ruler George Terter I. Aldimir was accordingly married to Smilets' daughter Marina (Marija) and, if this had not happened earlier, was given the title of despotÄ“s and invested with an extensive landholding around KrÄƒn. 1299 the Bulgarian government attempted unsuccessfully to make an alliance with Serbian King Stefan Milutin to the exclusion of the latter's projected alignment with the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos. regents of Ivan II were unable to strengthen their position, and abandoned TÄƒrnovo to Chaka, who installed himself as emperor in 1299. II and his retinue settled in the possessions of Aldimir, where they may have remained even after the accession of Aldimir's nephew Theodore Svetoslav to the throne in 1300. In 1305 Ivan II's mother was negotiating with the Byzantine government in Constantinople on behalf of either Aldimir or her son, but with Aldimir's subjugation by Theodore Svetoslav in the same year, the family disappears into obscurity. II spent the remainder of his life as an exile in Byzantium, under the name IÅannÄ“s KomnÄ“nos Doukas Angelos Branas Palaiologos, and shortly before his death he became a monk under the name Joasaph. He died before 1330. Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1299-1300, Emperor, Chaka, son of the Mongol leader Nogai Khan, overlord for b-in-law Theodore Svetoslav
Bulgarian Emperor, 1299-1300, Chaka of Bulgaria; (Bulgarian: Ð§Ð°ÐºÐ°) reigned as tsar of Bulgaria from 1299 to 1300. The date of his birth is unknown. was the son of the Mongol leader Nogai Khan by a wife named Alaka. Sometime after 1285 Chaka married a daughter of George Terter I of Bulgaria, named Elena. In the late 1290s, Chaka supported his father Nogai in a war against the legitimate khan of the Golden Horde Toqta, but Toqta was victorious and defeated and killed Nogai in 1299. about the same time Chaka had led his supporters into Bulgaria, intimidated the regency for Ivan II into fleeing the capital, and imposed himself as ruler in TÄƒrnovo in 1299. It is not completely certain whether he reigned as Emperor of Bulgaria or simply acted as the overlord of his brother-in-law Theodore Svetoslav. He is accepted as a ruler of Bulgaria by Bulgarian historiography. did not long enjoy his new position of power, as the armies of Toqta followed him into Bulgaria and besieged TÄƒrnovo. Theodore Svetoslav, who had been instrumental in assisting Chaka's seizure of power, organized a plot in which Chaka was deposed and strangled in prison in 1300. His head was sent to Toqta, which in turn secured Theodore Svetoslav's position as the new emperor of Bulgaria. It seems that Theodore Svetoslav's cooperation contributed to the withdrawal of Mongol interference in Bulgaria. Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1300-1362, 14th Century Folder, 2nd Bulgarian Empire Ends

Bulgaria, 1301-1322, Tsar, Theodor Svetoslav, wise ruler, stability, prosperity, killed traitors r for Mongols
Bulgarian Emperor, 1300-1322, Theodor Svetoslav; Svetoslav (Bulgarian: Ð¢Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ñ€ Ð¡Ð²ÐµÑ‚Ð¾ÑÐ»Ð°Ð², Todor Svetoslav and also Ð¢ÐµÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ñ€ Ð¡Ð²ÐµÑ‚Ð¾ÑÐ»Ð°Ð², Teodor Svetoslav) ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 1300 to 1322. The date of his birth is unknown. was a wise and capable ruler who brought stability and relative prosperity to the Bulgarian Empire after two decades of constant Mongol intervention in the internal issues of the Empire. Theodore Svetoslav's reign began with the return of Southern Bessarabia to Bulgaria and a few years later he managed to defeat the Byzantines and retake most of northern Thrace occupied by them during the crisis. After 1307 he led a peaceful policy towards all neighbours, which resulted in expanded trade and economy. from his external and economic successes, Theodore Svetoslav dealt with the separatists among the nobility including his uncle. He persecuted the traitors who he thought were responsible for the Mongol interference and even the Patriarch, Joachim III, was executed. life[edit] Svetoslav was the son of George Terter I by Maria. Soon after the accession of Ivan Asen III in 1279 his father divorced his mother in order to marry the sister of the new emperor. Maria and Theodore Svetoslav were sent to the Byzantine Empire as hostages, and settled in Nicaea. accession of George Terter I to the throne in 1280 did not alter matters, but in 1281 Theodore Svetoslav was betrothed (in absentia) to a daughter of the sebastokratÅr John I Doukas of Thessaly, as part of a diplomatic alliance. The young bride-to-be arrived in TÄƒrnovo, but never met her intended husband. 1284 George Terter I concluded a new treaty with Andronikos II Palaiologos, and retrieved his first wife, while Theodore Svetoslav at first remained a hostage. The same treaty required the breaking off of the alliance with Thessaly and Theodore Svetoslav's intended bride was also sent to Byzantium. It was only in 1285 that the Patriarch of Bulgaria Joakim III arrived in Constantinople and arranged for the release of Theodore Svetoslav, who was now supposed to marry a daughter of the high court official John Synadenos. We have no information whether this marriage materialized. activities[edit] Bulgaria Theodore Svetoslav was associated as co-emperor by his father, who issued coins representing them side by side. Nevertheless, after particularly devastating Mongol raids, George Terter I dispatched his son as hostage to Nogai Khan, the effective leader of the Mongol Golden Horde in about 1289. Perhaps in connection with the same events, Theodore Svetoslav's unnamed sister married Nogai's son Chaka. During part of his exile, Theodore Svetoslav became impoverished and sought to improve his fortunes by marrying the rich Euphrosyne, the god-daughter of Nogai's wife Euphrosyne Palaiologina, who was herself an illegitimate daughter of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. Svetoslav left obscurity in 1298 or 1299, when he accompanied his brother-in-law Chaka in an invasion of Bulgaria. The regency for Ivan II fled TÄƒrnovo in 1299, and Theodore Svetoslav helped convince the Bulgarian nobility to accept Chaka as ruler. However, the armies of the khan of the Golden Horde Toqta entered Bulgaria in pursuit of his enemy Chaka, and Theodore Svetoslav promptly organized a plot, deposing Chaka and having him strangled in prison in 1300. Theodore Svetoslav now became emperor of Bulgaria and sent Chaka's severed head as a present to Toqta, who withdrew his armies from the country. of Bulgaria[edit] Bulgarian Empire under Theodore Svetoslav campaign of Theodore Svetoslav (1303-1304) reign of Theodore Svetoslav is connected with the internal stabilization and pacification of the country, the end of Mongol overlordship, the reassertion of relatively effective central control over outlying provinces, and the recovery of portions of Thrace lost to the Byzantine Empire since the wars against Ivaylo of Bulgaria. Svetoslav pursued a ruthless course of action, punishing all who stood in his way, including his former benefactor, Patriarch Joachim III, who was accused of treason and executed. In the face of the new emperor's brutality, some noble factions sought to replace him with other claimants to the throne, backed by Andronikos II. A new claimant appeared in the person of the sebastokratÅr Radoslav Voïsil or Vojsil, from Sredna Gora, a brother of the former emperor Smilets, who was defeated, and captured by Theodore Svetoslav's uncle, the despotÄ“s Aldimir (Eltimir), at KrÄƒn in about 1301. Another pretender was the former emperor Michael Asen II, who unsuccessfully tried to advance into Bulgaria with a Byzantine army in about 1302. Theodore Svetoslav exchanged thirteen high-ranking Byzantine officers captured on Radoslav's defeat for his father George Terter I, whom he settled in a life of luxury in an unidentified city. a consequence of his victories, Theodore Svetoslav felt secure enough to move on to the offensive by 1303 and captured the fortresses of northeastern Thrace, including Mesembria (NesebÄƒr), Anchialos (Pomorie), Sozopolis (Sozopol), and Agathopolis (Ahtopol) in 1304. The Byzantine counterattack failed at the battle of Skafida near Poros (Burgas), where the Co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos was turned to flight. Nevertheless, the war continued, with Michael IX and Theodore Svetoslav taking turns pillaging each other's lands. In the following 1305 Theodore Svetoslav's uncle Aldimir appears to have entered into negotiations with the Byzantines, and Theodore Svetoslav annexed his uncle's lands. In 1306 Theodore Svetoslav gained the services of the rebellious Alan mercenaries to the Byzantines, whom he settled in Bulgaria, and made unsuccessful overtures to the mercenaries of the Catalan Company, who had also rebelled against their Byzantine employers. The war ended with a peace treaty in 1307, cemented with a marriage between the widowed Theodore Svetoslav and Theodora, a daughter of the Co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos. copper coin of Theodore Svetoslav. the end of his life Theodore Svetoslav remained at peace with his neighbors. His reassertion of central control over outlying provinces such as Vidin was probably peaceful, and the sparsely documented recovery of the banate of Severin from the Kingdom of Hungary must have been achieved during the dynastic struggles in that country. In 1318 the Serbian King Stefan UroÅ¡ II Milutin visited TÄƒrnovo, in spite of his earlier alliance with Andronikos II and his divorce from Theodore Svetoslav's sister Anna. only possible sign of new hostilities are two Mongol raids into Byzantine Thrace in 1320 and 1321, but these were probably executed with Bulgarian cooperation and are connected with the beginning of the civil war between Andronikos II Palaiologos and his grandson Andronikos III Palaiologos. In fact, Theodore Svetoslav sent military support to his brother-in-law Andronikos III, allegedly hoping to ensnare and capture his ally. a surprisingly successful reign (given the misadventures of his youth), Theodore Svetoslav died in early 1322, and was succeeded by his son George Terter II. Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1322-1323, Tsar, George II, invaded Byzantine Thrace, conquered Philippopolis and Adrianople, then d by Andronikos III
Bulgarian Emperor, 1322-1323, George II of Bulgaria; Terter II reigned as tsar of Bulgaria between 1322 and 1323. The exact date of his birth is unknown, but he was born not long before 1307. Terter II was the son of Theodore Svetoslav and Euphrosyne, and was named after his paternal grandfather George Terter I. is possible that he was associated as co-emperor by his father in 1321, but the sources are unclear. his father's death in 1322, he became actively involved in the civil war in the Byzantine Empire, in which the throne was being contested between Andronikos II Palaiologos and his grandson Andronikos III Palaiologos. advantage of the situation, George Terter II invaded Byzantine Thrace and, encountering little, if any, resistance, conquered the major city of Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and part of the surrounding area in 1322. Bulgarian garrison was installed under the command of a general named Ivan the Russian, and a court scribe praised George Terter II as a "possessor of the Bulgarian and the Greek sceptre". new campaign later the same year brought the subjugation of several fortresses around Adrianople, but the Bulgarians were now turned back and defeated by Andronikos III. Byzantine emperor was preparing for an invasion of Bulgaria, when he heard the news that George Terter II had died, apparently of natural causes. Terter II died as a young man and did not have any known offspring. He was succeeded by his distant cousin Michael Asen III, now commonly called Michael Shishman. Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1323-1330, Tsar, Michael Shishman, aggressive against Byzantines & Serbia, but lost&died at Velbazhd
Bulgarian Emperor, 1323-1330, Michael Shishman of Bulgaria; Asen III,[a] ruled as tsar of Bulgaria from 1323 to 1330. The exact year of his birth is unknown but it was between 1280 and 1292. was the founder of the last ruling dynasty of the Second Bulgarian Empire, the Shishman dynasty. he was crowned, however, Michael used the name Asen to emphasize his connection with the Asen dynasty, the first one to rule over the Second Empire. energetic and ambitious ruler, Michael Shishman led an aggressive but opportunistic and inconsistent foreign policy against the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Serbia, which ended in the disastrous battle of Velbazhd which claimed his own life. was the last medieval Bulgarian ruler who aimed at military and political hegemony of the Bulgarian Empire over the Balkans and the last one who attempted to seize Constantinople. was succeeded by his son Ivan Stephen and later by his nephew Ivan Alexander, who reversed his policy by forming an alliance with Serbia.[1] Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1330-1331, Tsar, Ivan Stephen, 8 mos, deposed in coup by Tarnovo nobles, died in Naples
Bulgarian Emperor, 1330-1331, Ivan Stephen of Bulgaria; Stefan (c. 1300/1301-1373 (?)) ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria for eight months from 1330 to 1331. was the eldest son of emperor Michael III Shishman and Anna Neda of Serbia, a daughter of King Stefan Uroš II Milutin of Serbia.[1][2] Stephen was a descendant of the Terter dynasty, the Asen dynasty and the Shishman dynasty. his father's ascension to the throne in 1323 Ivan Stefan was associated as co-emperor. Michael III Shishman divorced Anna Neda to marry Theodora Palaiologina, the daughter of Byzantine emperor Michael IX Palaiologos, in 1324, Ivan Stefan was exiled along with his mother and brother in a monastery.[3] the summer of 1330 he became emperor of Bulgaria with the help of his uncle Stephen Decanski. he was deposed in a coup d'état by the Tarnovo nobility, he fled along with Anna Neda in the domains of his father's brother Belaur in Nis and later to Dubrovnik. He was later expelled from there by Stephen Dusan under the pressure of Ivan Alexander. Ivan Stefan probably died in Naples.

Bulgaria, 1331-1371, Tsar, Ivan Alexander, internal external threats, religious renaissamce, divided country two sons
Bulgaria, 1331-1371, Bulgarian Emperor, Tsar Ivan Alexander; Alexander,[2] also sometimes Anglicized as John Alexander,[3] ruled as Emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria from 1331 to 1371,[4] the Second Bulgarian Empire. The date of his birth is unknown. He died on 17 February 1371. long reign of Ivan Alexander is considered a transitional period in Bulgarian medieval history. Alexander began his rule by dealing with internal problems and external threats from Bulgaria's neighbours, the Byzantine Empire and Serbia, as well as leading his empire into a period of economic recovery and cultural and religious renaissance.[5] the emperor was later unable to cope with the mounting incursions of Ottoman forces, Hungarian invasions from the northwest and the Black Death.[4] an ill-fated attempt to combat these problems, he divided the country between his two sons,[6][7] forcing it to face the imminent Ottoman conquest weakened and divided.[4][7] Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ;

Bulgaria, 1346-1353, Black Death in Europe
Bulgaria, 1346-1353, Black Death in Europe ;

Bulgaria, 1362-1919, Folder, Ottoman Bulgaria, The Turks

Bulgaria, 1362-1399, 14th Century Folder, Turks in Adrianople

Bulgaria, 1362-1919, Ottoman Caliphate, Turks, first based in Adrianople
Ottoman Caliphate, first based in Adrianople, 1362-1919 (The Turks);

Bulgaria, 1363-1389, Murad I, a Turk, c Adrianople, Balkans, made Serbia, Byzantium pay tribute, illiterate, d Lazar at Kosovo
, Ottoman Sultan, 1362-1389, Murad I; I (29 June 1326 - 15 June 1389) was the Ottoman Sultan from 1362 to 1389. He was a son of Orhan Gazi and Nilufer Hatun. Murad I came into the throne after his elder brother Suleyman Pasha's death. I conquered Adrianople, renamed it to Edirne,[2] and in 1363 made it the new capital of the Ottoman Sultanate.[3] Then he further expanded the Ottoman realm in Southern Europe by bringing most of the Balkans under Ottoman rule, and forced the princes of Serbia and Bulgaria as well as the East Roman emperor John V Palaiologos to pay him tribute.[2] Murad I administratively divided his sultanate into the two provinces of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Rumelia (the Balkans). to the Ottoman sources, Murad I's titles includes Bey, Emir - a zam (Great Emir), Ghazi, Hudavendigar, Khan, Padishah, Sultan-selatin (Sultan of sultans), Melikul-muluk (Malik of maliks), while in Bulgarian and Serbian sources he was referred to as Tsar. In a Genoese document, he was referred to as dominus armiratorum Turchie (Master lord of Turks).[4] I was illiterate and could not even sign his own name. In 1353, Murad I signed a treaty by dipping his hand in ink and impressing it with his finger marks.[5] of the conquests of Murad I century miniature depicting Murad I fought against the powerful beylik of Karaman in Anatolia and against the Serbs, Albanians, Bulgarians and Hungarians in Europe. In particular, a Serb expedition to expel the Turks from Adrianople led by the Serbian brothers King Vukasin and Despot Ugljesia, was defeated on September 26, 1371, by Murad's capable second lieutenant Lala Sahin Pasa, the first governor (beylerbey) of Rumeli. In 1385, Sofia fell to the Ottomans. In 1386 Prince Lazar Hrebeljanovic defeated an Ottoman force at the Battle of Plocnik. The Ottoman army suffered heavy casualties, and was unable to capture Nis on the way back. of Kosovo[edit] of Sultan Murad on Kosovo field of Sultan Murad 1389, Murad's army defeated the Serbian Army and its allies under the leadership of Lazar at the Battle of Kosovo. There are different accounts from different sources about when and how Murad I was assassinated. The contemporary sources mainly noted that the battle took place and that both Prince Lazar and the Sultan lost their lives in the battle. The existing evidence of the additional stories and speculations as to how Murad I died were disseminated and recorded in the 15th century and later, decades after the actual event. One Western source states that during first hours of the battle, Murad I was assassinated by Serbian nobleman and knight MiloÅ¡ ObiliÄ‡ by knife.[6][7] Most Ottoman chroniclers[citation needed] (including Dimitrie Cantemir)[8] state that he was assassinated after the finish of the battle while going around the battlefield. His older son Bayezid, who was in charge of the left wing of the Ottoman forces, took charge after that. His other son, Yakub Bey, who was in charge of the other wing, was called to the Sultan's command center tent by Bayezid, but when Yakub Bey arrived he was strangled, leaving Bayezid as the sole claimant to the throne. a letter from the Florentine senate (written by Coluccio Salutati) to the King Tvrtko I of Bosnia, dated 20 October 1389, Murad I's (and Jakub Bey's) killing was described. A party of twelve Serbian lords slashed their way through the Ottoman lines defending Murad I. One of them, allegedly Milos Obilic, had managed to get through to the Sultan's tent and kill him with sword stabs to the throat and belly.[9][page needed] Murad's internal organs were buried in Kosovo field and remains to this day on a corner of the battlefield in a location called Meshed-i Hudavendigar which has gained a religious significance by the local Muslims. It has been vandalized between 1999–2006 and renovated recently. His other remains were carried to Bursa, his Anatolian capital city, and were buried in a tomb at the complex built in his name.[10] of sultanate[edit] established the sultanate by building up a society and government in the newly conquered city of Adrianople (Edirne in Turkish) and by expanding the realm in Europe, bringing most of the Balkans under Ottoman rule and forcing the Byzantine emperor to pay him tribute. It was Murad who established the former Osmanli tribe into an sultanate. He established the title of sultan in 1363 and the corps of the janissaries and the devÅŸirme recruiting system. He also organised the government of the Divan, the system of timars and timar-holders (timariots) and the military judge, the kazasker. He also established the two provinces of Anadolu (Anatolia) and Rumeli (Europe). was the son of Orhan and the Valide Hatun Nilüfer Hatun, daughter of the Lord of Yarhisar, who was of ethnic Greek descent.[11] St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Bulgaria, 1363-1453, Ottoman Empire, Edirne (Adrianople), Bulgaria (the Turks)
Ottoman Empire, Edirne, Bulgaria, 1363-1453 (the Turks); St Stephen of Serbia, "œthe blind one"Â, Commemorated on October 9; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Bulgaria, 1371, Battle of Marica, victorious Turks greatly outnumbered by attacking Serbs (4K Turks to 50K Serbs)
Battle of Marica; Long list of Serbian-Turkish Conflicts 1371-1526 Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ;

Bulgaria, 1371-1395, Tsar, Ivan Shishman, tsar of Tarnovo, central Bulgaria, no Ottoman tribute, or military aid
Bulgarian Emperor, 1371-1395, Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria; Shishman ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria in Tarnovo from 1371 to 3 June 1395. The authority of Ivan Shishman was limited to the central parts of the Bulgarian Empire. the wake of the death of Ivan Alexander, the Bulgarian Empire was subdivided into three kingdoms among his sons, with Ivan Shishman taking the Tаrnovo Kingdom situated in central Bulgaria and his half brother Ivan Sratsimir holding the Vidin Tsardom. his struggle to repel the Ottomans differentiated him from the other rulers on the Balkans the Serbian despot Stephan Lazarevic who became a loyal vassal to the Ottomans and paid annual tribute and participated in all of the Ottoman campaigns subsequent to the battle of Kosovo, contributing a 5,000 strong contingent of christian knights. Although Ivan Shishman has been categorized as indecisive and inconsistent in his policy in the past, this was done with little regard for an understanding of the context of the conditions and limited resources that this ruler had at his disposal. is notable that Ivan Shishman is the only Balkan ruler for whom there is no evidence of tribute paid to the Ottoman empire or any military aid provided. on historical evidence and the numerous folk songs of the region glorifying his struggle against the Ottoman invaders, the image of Ivan Shishman is one of fierce and concerted resistance to the Ottoman incursions. in 1393 the Ottoman Turks seized the capital Tarnovo. Two years later, Sultan Bayezid I captured Nicopolis with a surprise approach from the north of the fortress after two failed campaigns in Hungary and Wallachia, summoning Ivan Shishman on the false pretense of a discussion and had him executed by beheading. the military and political weakness, during his rule Bulgaria remained a major cultural center and the ideas of Hesychasm dominated the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. Patriarch Evtimiy of Tarnovo became the most prominent cultural figure of the country. A number of texts were written or translated and an orthographic reform of the Bulgarian language was issued with synchronised rules. After the fall of Bulgaria, a number of scholars found refuge in the other Orthodox countries and brought the achievements of the Bulgarian culture to them. reign was inextricably connected to the fall of Bulgaria under Ottoman domination. In Bulgarian folklore Ivan Shishman is portrayed as a legendary and heroic ruler who desperately fought against the overwhelming Ottoman forces. There are numerous sites, geographical features and fortresses named after him throughout Bulgaria.

Bulgaria, 1371-1396, Tsar, Ivan Sratsimir, tsar of Vidin, last ruler of medieval Bulgaria
Bulgarian Emperor, 1371-1396, Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria; Sratsimir or Ivan Stratsimir was emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria in Vidin from 1356 to 1396. He was born in 1324 or 1325, and he died in or after 1397. being the eldest surviving son of Ivan Alexander, Ivan Sratsimir was disinherited in favour of his half-brother Ivan Shishman and proclaimed himself emperor in Vidin. When the Hungarians attacked and occupied his domains, he received assistance from his father and the invaders were driven away. the death of Ivan Alexander in 1371 Ivan Sratsimir broke off ties with Tarnovo and even placed the archbishop of Vidin under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople to demonstrate his independence. to its geographical position, Vidin was initially safe from attacks by the Ottoman Turks who were ravaging the Balkans to the south and Ivan Sratsimir made no attempts to assist Ivan Shishman in his struggle against the Ottomans. after the fall of Tarnovo in 1393 did his policy become more active and he eventually joined the crusade of the Hungarian king Sigismund. after the disastrous battle of Nicopolis in 1396, the Ottomans marched to Vidin and seized it. Sratsimir was captured and imprisoned in Bursa where he was probably strangled. Although his son Constantine II claimed the title Emperor of Bulgaria and at times controlled some parts of his father's realm, Ivan Sratsimir is generally regarded by historians as the last ruler of medieval Bulgaria. Hill on Trinity Peninsula in Antarctica is named after him.[1]

Bulgaria, 1400, 15th Century Folder, Ottoman Empire Begins

Bulgaria, 1405-1463, Isidore of Kiev, Bulgarian, Became Uniate
Russia, Kiev, 1405-1463, Isidore of Kiev, Metropolitan, Became Catholic; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31 ;

Bulgaria, 1413-1453, Ottoman Empire, Adrianopolis (the Turks)
Ottoman Empire, Adrianopolis, Bulgaria, 1413-1453 (the Turks); St Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind oneÂ, Commemorated on October 9; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5;

Bulgaria, 1421-1451, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Murat II, economic development, Trade increase, could have invaded Europe
Bulgaria, 1421-1451, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Murat II; II (16 June 1404[1][2] - 3 February 1451) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1444 and again from 1446 to 1451. II's reign was a period of important economic development. Trade increased and Ottoman cities expanded considerably. In 1432, the traveller Bertrandon de la Broquière noted that Ottoman annual revenue had risen to 2,500,000 ducats, and that if Murad II had used all available resources he could easily have invaded Europe.[4] St Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind oneÂ, Commemorated on October 9; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19;

Bulgaria, 1444-1481, Ottoman Empire, Sultan, Mehmed the Conqueror
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1444-1481, Mehmed the Conqueror; II (30 March 1432 - 3 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror ( lit. The Father of Conquest; Turkish: Fatih Sultan Mehmed), was an Ottoman sultan who ruled from August 1444 to September 1446, and then later from February 1451 to May 1481. In Mehmed II's first reign, he defeated the crusade led by John Hunyadi after the Hungarian incursions into his country broke the conditions of the truce Peace of Szeged. When Mehmed II ascended the throne again in 1451 he strengthened the Ottoman navy and made preparations to attack Constantinople. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire. the conquest Mehmed claimed the title "Caesar" of the Roman Empire, based on the fact that Constantinople had been the seat and capital of the surviving Eastern Roman Empire since its consecration in 330 AD by Emperor Constantine I.[4] The claim was only recognized by the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Nonetheless, Mehmed II viewed the Ottoman state as a continuation of the Roman Empire for the remainder of his life, seeing himself as continuing the Empire rather than replacing it. continued his conquests in Anatolia with its reunification and in Southeast Europe as far west as Bosnia. At home he made many political and social reforms, encouraged the arts and sciences, and by the end of his reign, his rebuilding program had changed Constantinople into a thriving imperial capital. He is considered a hero in modern-day Turkey and parts of the wider Muslim world. Among other things, Istanbul's Fatih district, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge and Fatih Mosque are named after him. Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; St Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind oneÂ, Commemorated on October 9; Venerable Matrona of Chios, Commemorated on October 20; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated on December 18; St Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18; Righteous Theodora, wife of the Emperor Theophilus, the Iconoclast, Commemorated on February 11; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Eleni (who was also called Susanna), New martyr of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1; Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1; St Stephen the Great, Commemorated on July 2;

Bulgaria, 1600-1699, 17th Century Folder, Ottoman Empire, Demetrius of Basarabov

Bulgaria, 1685, Demetrius of Basarabov and Ruschuk, wilderness ascetic, Rusenski Lom River Mouth, Danube River 13
Ruschuk, Bulgaria; St Demetrius of Basarbov in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 26; Demetrius of Basarabov in Bulgaria lived in the wilderness as an ascetic near the city of Ruschuk, Bulgaria. He died in 1685. On July 8, 1779 his relics were transferred to Bucharest.

Bulgaria, 1700, 18th Century Folder, History of Slav Bulgarians

Bulgaria, 1742-1773, Paisius of Hilandar and Bulgaria, Historian, National Awakening
Bulgaria, 1742-1773, Paisius of Hilandar and Bulgaria ; Paisius of Hilendar or Paìsiy Hilendàrski (Bulgarian: Ð¡Ð²ÐµÑ‚Ð¸ ÐŸÐ°Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¥Ð¸Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð´Ð°Ñ€ÑÐºÐ¸) (1722–1773) a Bulgarian clergyman and a key Bulgarian National Revival figure. He is most famous for being the author of Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya, the second modern Bulgarian history after the work of Petar Bogdan Bakshev from 1667, "History of Bulgaria".[1] Bulgarians are taught that he was the forefather of the Bulgarian National Revival.[2] was born in the Samokov eparchy of the time. There is a dispute about the exact place of birth, between the town of Bansko[3][4] and villages around Samokov like Relyovo.[5] He established himself in the Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos in 1745, where he was later a hieromonk and deputy-abbot. Collecting materials for two years through hard work and even visiting the Habsburg Monarchy, he finished his Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya in 1762 in the Zograf Monastery. The book was the first attempt to write a complete history of Bulgaria and attempted to awake and strengthen Bulgarian national consciousnesses.[6] most famous part of the whole book is the paragraph: "Oh, you unwise moron! Why are you ashamed to call yourself a Bulgarian and why don't you read and speak in your native language? Weren't Bulgarians powerful and glorious once? Didn't they take taxes from strong Romans and wise Greeks? Out of all the Slavic nations they were the bravest one. Our rulers were the first ones to call themselves kings, the first ones to have patriarchs, the first ones to baptise their people.(...) Why are you ashamed of your great history and your great language and why do you leave it to turn yourselves into Greeks? Why do you think they are any better than you? Well, here you're right because did you see a Greek leave his country and ancestry like you do?" more or less signifies the purpose of the author who speaks about the danger of Bulgarians falling victim to the Hellenization policies of the mainly Greek clergy. These anti-Greek sentiments presented in Paisius writing, characterized the Greeks as some kind of Bulgarian national enemies.[7][8][9] The book's first manual copy was done by Sophronius of Vratsa in 1765. Structurally, Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya consists of two introductions, several chapters that discuss various historic events, a chapter about the "Slavic teachers", the disciples of Cyril and Methodius, a chapter about the Bulgarian saints, and an epilogue. As Paisius toured Bulgaria as a mendicant friar, he brought his work, which was copied and spread among the Bulgarians. He is thought to have died on the way to Mount Athos near Ampelino (modern-day Asenovgrad). page of Istoriya slavyanobulgarska (Slav-Bulgarian History) Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Paisiy of Hilendar.[10] saint is portrayed on the obverse of the Bulgarian 2 lev banknote, issued in 1999 and 2005.[11] Bulgaria, 1762, History of the Slav-Bulgarians; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; St. Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated on January 30;

Bulgaria, 1762, Paisius' History of the Slav-Bulgarians, National Awakening
Bulgaria, 1762, History of the Slav-Bulgarians; Paisius of Hilendar or Paìsiy Hilendàrski (Bulgarian: Ð¡Ð²ÐµÑ‚Ð¸ ÐŸÐ°Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¥Ð¸Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð´Ð°Ñ€ÑÐºÐ¸) (1722–1773) a Bulgarian clergyman and a key Bulgarian National Revival figure. He is most famous for being the author of Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya, the second modern Bulgarian history after the work of Petar Bogdan Bakshev from 1667, "History of Bulgaria".[1] Bulgarians are taught that he was the forefather of the Bulgarian National Revival.[2] was born in the Samokov eparchy of the time. There is a dispute about the exact place of birth, between the town of Bansko[3][4] and villages around Samokov like Relyovo.[5] He established himself in the Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos in 1745, where he was later a hieromonk and deputy-abbot. Collecting materials for two years through hard work and even visiting the Habsburg Monarchy, he finished his Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya in 1762 in the Zograf Monastery. The book was the first attempt to write a complete history of Bulgaria and attempted to awake and strengthen Bulgarian national consciousnesses.[6] most famous part of the whole book is the paragraph: "Oh, you unwise moron! Why are you ashamed to call yourself a Bulgarian and why don't you read and speak in your native language? Weren't Bulgarians powerful and glorious once? Didn't they take taxes from strong Romans and wise Greeks? Out of all the Slavic nations they were the bravest one. Our rulers were the first ones to call themselves kings, the first ones to have patriarchs, the first ones to baptise their people.(...) Why are you ashamed of your great history and your great language and why do you leave it to turn yourselves into Greeks? Why do you think they are any better than you? Well, here you're right because did you see a Greek leave his country and ancestry like you do?" more or less signifies the purpose of the author who speaks about the danger of Bulgarians falling victim to the Hellenization policies of the mainly Greek clergy. These anti-Greek sentiments presented in Paisius writing, characterized the Greeks as some kind of Bulgarian national enemies.[7][8][9] The book's first manual copy was done by Sophronius of Vratsa in 1765. Structurally, Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya consists of two introductions, several chapters that discuss various historic events, a chapter about the "Slavic teachers", the disciples of Cyril and Methodius, a chapter about the Bulgarian saints, and an epilogue. As Paisius toured Bulgaria as a mendicant friar, he brought his work, which was copied and spread among the Bulgarians. He is thought to have died on the way to Mount Athos near Ampelino (modern-day Asenovgrad). page of Istoriya slavyanobulgarska (Slav-Bulgarian History) Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Paisiy of Hilendar.[10] saint is portrayed on the obverse of the Bulgarian 2 lev banknote, issued in 1999 and 2005.[11] Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; St. Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated on January 30;

Bulgaria, 1794, Anastasius, Strumica, Bulgaria (Strumitza River 1), typical marytrdom by Moslems
Strumica; St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; New Martyr Anastasius, a Bulgarian, was born in 1774 in the Strumnitsk diocese, in the village of Radovicha. His parents gave him over to military studies. When the youth was twenty years old, he happened to be with his teacher in Thessalonica. The master wanted to sell some Turkish clothes without paying the customary duty. He told his disciple to dress himself as a Turk and go into the city. The collectors of the duty stopped him and demanded the written receipt of duty payment. The youth answered that he was a Turk. Then the collectors demanded that he recite the salutation with the Moslem prayer. The youth became confused and quiet. They ordered him to appear before the commander, who in interrogating the martyr suggested that he become a Moslem. The youth refused, and they led him away to the chief tax-collector. official tried at first to flatter, then to threaten the martyr, who admitted his civil guilt, but would not agree to betray the holy Faith. The tax-collector made this known to the mufti, who in turn answered, “You have in one hand the sword, in the other the law, use what you wish.” knew that by law the tax-collector ought to collect the tax from the youth, but then by judgment of the mufti he would not be a follower of Mohammed, armed with a sword. When he had received such an answer, the commander of the haraje sent the youth to the local mullah together with five Turks, who were obliged to testify that the Christian had blasphemed the Moslem religion. the accusations of blasphemy against Mohammed by these witnesses, the youth honestly answered that he did not blaspheme him, but he would allow having shown disrespect to Moslem customs. They subjected him to torture and condemned him to hanging. Along the way, they continued to urge the martyr to renounce his faith, but bleeding and exhausted, he fell upon the wayside and died on August 29, 1794.

Bulgaria, 1795, Zlata (Chryse) of Meglena, Bulgaria, virgin martyr crowns, disowns parents and siblings for Christ and MOG
Meglena (Meglen), Macedonia or Bulgaria; New Martyr Chryse (Zlata) of Meglena, Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 13; Holy Virgin Martyr Zlata, that “golden vessel of virginity, and undefiled bride of Christ,” was born in the village of Slatena, in the Meglena diocese, on the border of Bulgaria and Serbia, when Bulgaria was under the Turkish Yoke. Her father was poor and he had four daughters. Saint Zlata was beautiful in appearance, and her soul was beautiful as well. From childhood she displayed an unusually strong character, and an unshakeable faith in Christ. certain Turk became obsessed with her, and kidnapped her one day as she was gathering wood with some other women. He brought her to his house, and repeatedly tried to seduce the maiden, and persuade her to convert to Islam, saying that he would make her his wife. Zlata, however, resisted and asserted: "I know only Christ as my Bridegroom, Whom I shall not deny, even if you tear me to to shreds." persuasion and flattery proved unsuccessful, the Turk began to threaten her with grievous torments. The glorious martyr was not frightened by these threats, however. For six months the impious Hagarenes1 tried to make Zlata accept their religion, but she remained steadfast. Then they ordered the saint’s parents and sisters to convince her to become a Moslem. Otherwise, they would kill Zlata and torture them. Saint's parents and sisters wept and urged her to deny Christ “just for the sake of appearances,” so that they might be spared torture and death. Saint Zlata was unmoved by their pleas, and replied, “You who now urge me to deny Christ are no longer my parents and sisters. Instead, I have the Lord Jesus Christ as my father, the Lady Theotokos as my mother, and the Saints of our Church as my brothers and sisters!” the Moslems saw that they could not weaken the Saint's resolve, they tortured her for three months, beating her with clubs. Later, they peeled strips of skin from her body so that the earth was reddened by her blood. Then they heated a skewer and passed it through her ears. nearby was her Spiritual Father, Hieromonk Timothy of Stavronikḗta Monastery on Mount Athos, She sent word to him to pray that she would persevere until the end. It was he who recorded her martyrdom. the Moslems fell into a rage at having been defeated by a woman, so they tied her to a tree and cut her virginal body to pieces with their knives. Her pure soul was received by Christ, Who bestowed on her the double crowns of virginity and martyrdom. Certain Christians gathered her relics secretly and buried them with great reverence. Saint Zlata suffered for Christ on October 13, 1795. The descendants of Hagar, the concubine of the Old Testament Patriarch Abraham. Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21;

Bulgaria, 1800, 19th Century Folder, National Awakening

Bulgaria, 1800, National awakening of Bulgaria, Early 19th Century
Bulgaria, 1800, National awakening of Bulgaria, early 19th Century; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; St. Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated on January 30;

Bulgaria, 1876, April Uprising, Sliven, Bulgaria (Tonsus River 1)
Bulgaria, 1876, April Uprising, Sliven, Bulgaria (Tonsus River 1) Sliven; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ;

Bulgaria, 1877-1878, Bulgarian Russian-Turkish War, with Bulgarians 3x number of Russians
Bulgaria, 1877-1878, Bulgarian Russian-Turkish War, with Bulgarians 3x number of Russians; Bulgaria, 1876, April Uprising, Sliven, Bulgaria (Tonsus River 1) Sliven; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ;

Bulgaria, Southeastern Bulgaria, Thracian Penninsula Folder, Via Engnatia

Thracian Penninsula
Thracian Penninsula, also known as Thracian Italy; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on August 3; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated on August 20; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated on August 25 ; St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27 ; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Moisia, Thrace (Moisi Tribe)
Moisia, Thrace (Moisi Tribe); Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna Commemorated on July 23;

Thracia, Bulgaria
Roman Province Thracia; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated September 13 ; Martyr Demetrius of Thrace, Commemorated November 15 ; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13;

Perinth, Thrace, Bulgaria (on Via Egratia and Agean Sea)
Perinth; Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on May 11; Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea, Commemorated on May 13 ;

Heraclea, Thrace, Bulgaria (Perinth, Via Egnatia)
Heraclea, Thrace, Bulgaria; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 8 ; Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea, Commemorated on May 13 ;

Selymbria, Thrace (Roman Road Via Engratia, Agean Sea)
Selymbria; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22;

Anastasiopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria
Anastasiopolis; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

Apollonia, Thrace, Bulgaria
Apollonia, Thrace; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; Martyr Zosimus the Soldier at Antioch, in Pisidia, Commemorated on June 19;

Malko Tarnovo (Southeastern Bulgaria, Thrace)
Malko Tarnovo; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated December 7 ;

Strandzha Mountains
Strandzha Mountains; St. Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17;

Gregory of Sinai Monastery, Strandzha Mountains, 1335
Gregory of Sinai Monastery; Strandzha Mountains; St. Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17;

Bulgaria, Central Bulgaria, Maritza River Folder, south to the Agean Sea, Thrace

Maritsa River

Maritza River Source (Rila Mountains)

Rila Mountains
Rila Mountains; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria;

Rila Monastery, Bulgaria (Maritza River Source) 927, St John of Rila
Rila Monastery ; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated August 18 ; John of Rila, the great spiritual ascetic of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and Heavenly Protector of the Bulgarian nation, was born in the year 876 in the village of Skrino in the Sredets district [now Sofia]. he had been orphaned, the boy became a cowherd in order to avoid people. Once the rich man beat him for losing a cow with its calf. The boy cried long and he prayed, that God would help him. When he found the cow with the calf, the water at that time flowed high and strong in the River Struma. The young cowherd prayed, he placed his own tattered shirt on the water, made the Sign of the Cross over it, took up the calf in his arms and went with it, as though on dry land, to the other bank of the river where the cow was. rich man, hidden in the forest, was frightened upon seeing this miracle. He rewarded the youth generously, then sent him away from his home. Having given away his things, the boy left his village. Where and when the saint took monastic tonsure is unknown. the very beginning he lived an ascetical life on top of a high and barren hill, eating only wild plants. His cell was made from brushwood. After a short time, robbers fell upon him by night, beat him, and drove him away. Later, he found a deep cave and settled in it. Soon, his nephew Saint Luke also came to live there. secretly left the home of his parents and went into the wilderness where the Saint was living. After much effort, he succeeded in finding him. At first the blessed one, seeing him from afar, thought this was a demonic temptation, and so he prayed. Like many solitaries, Saint John was bothered by demons, who assumed the shape of wild animals and tried to force him to leave. As Luke approached, he made prostration and asked for Saint John's blessing. That convinced the ascetic that it was truly his nephew, and not a delusion. He blessed Luke and asked why he had come. The young man told him of his desire to share his way of life, and was permitted to remain. Luke emulated Saint John the Forerunner, who had lived in the wilderness from childhood. could not endure Saint John's holy life of prayer and fasting. Moved by the devil, an acquaintance of Luke's father found him overwhelmed by grief and upset by his son's disappearance, so he said, "Your brother John came by night, took your son, and has him even now. Unless you rescue the boy, he will become food for the wild beasts. Come, and I will show you where he is, and then you can go and take your child." Luke's father heard this, he became furious and cursed his innocent brother. When they came near the place, the acquaintance showed him John's cave from afar and departed. The brother went on and found the Saint. He reproached him, calling him a deceiver and an evil man who had stolen his son. tried to kill the venerable one with a heavy stick and some stones, but Saint John just stood there saying nothing. The father seized the boy and took him from the wilderness, intending to bring him back to the world. The blessed man, knew that the child would fall into the snares of the devil, was overcome with sorrow and tears. Hefell to his knees and prayed: "Lord Jesus Christ, behold the affliction of my heart, and grant me a sign of Thy mercy. Thou hast said, 'Let the children come to me, and do not hinder them; for of such is the Kingdom of Heaven' (Matthew 19:24). they had walked a short distance, a snake bit Luke, and at once he died a painless death. The father did not know what to do. He returned to Saint John and repented of his actions. With profound sorrow, he revealed what had happened. Saint John told him to bury the boy and return to his home. The Saint was comforted in his sorrow and he glorified God, because by means of a physical death, He had saved the child from the future death of his soul. Saint John often visited the grave of his righteous nephew, which became his favorite place of solitude. John spent twelve years in the desolate cave, and then he went into the Rila wilderness and settled in the hollow of a tree. He fasted and prayed a great deal, wept incessantly, and ate only grass. Seeing such endurance, God caused beans to grow, which he ate for a long time. The beans and his exploits made him known to people. a flock of frightened sheep ran along the hilly steep paths, and did not stop until the place where the monk lived. The shepherds, following after the flock, with astonishment saw the hermit, who amicably greeted them: “You arrive here hungry. Pick some of my beans and eat.” All ate and were satisfied. One gathered many beans in reserve. Along the way home he offered them to his comrades, but there were no beans in the pilfered pods. The shepherds turned back penitent, and the Elder stood there, saying with a smile: “See, children, these fruits are appointed by God for subsistence in the wilderness.” that time they began to bring to the monk the sick and those troubled by unclean spirits, which he healed by prayer. Fleeing celebrity, the monk went from his beloved tree-hollow and settled on a high and rocky crag difficult of access, where he dwelt for seven years under the open sky. Reports about the great ascetic reached even the Bulgarian king Peter (927-969), who wanted to meet him. Saint John wrote a letter, refusing such a meeting out of humility. on Saint John accepted under him the guidance of monks, who built a monastery with a church in the cave where Saint John formerly lived. He wisely tended his flock and died on August 18, 946 at 70 years of age. years before his end he wrote in his own hand “A Testament to Disciples,” one of the finest creations of Old Bulgarian literature. The holy life of the ascetic and the remarkable mercies of God through his prayers were a fine preaching of the Christian Faith in the newly-baptized Bulgarian land. In the uneasy time of struggle of Bulgaria with Byzantium, under the west Bulgarian king Samuel (976-1014), Saint John appeared to his disciples, commanding them to transfer his relics to Sredets (Sofia), where the Bulgarian Patriarch Damian (927-972) was hiding. It is presumed that the transfer of relics took place in the year 980. later, the right hand of Saint John of Rila was transferred to Russia (presumably to the city of Rila, where a church was constructed in the name of Saint John of Rila, with a chapel dedicated to the martyrs Florus and Laurus, on the day of their commemoration (August 18) on which he died). name of Saint John was known and loved by the Russian people from antiquity. Data about the death of the saint is preserved, especially in Russian sources (the Menaion for August in the twelfth century, in the Mazurinsk Chronicle). the year 1183, the Hungarian king Bela II (1174-1196), during a campaign against the Greeks, seized the chest with the relics of Saint John, together with other booty, and took it to the city of Esztergom. the year 1187, after he embellished the reliquary, he sent back the holy relics with great honor. On October 19, 1238 the relics of Saint John were solemnly transferred to the new capital, Trnovo, and put in a church dedicated to the saint. On July 1, 1469 the holy relics of Saint John of Rila were returned to the Rila monastery, where they rest to the present day, granting grace-filled help to all the believers. Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated on October 13 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated January 30 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1;

Maritza River 1 (Balkan Peninsula)

Maritza River 2

Maritza River 3

Maritza River 4

Maritza River 5 (Philippopolis (Plovdiv), Thrace)

Philippopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria (Roman Road Via Militaris 5, Maritza River 5)
Philippoplis; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated on August 20; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated November 5 ; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 8; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19;

Plovdiv, Bulgaria (Roman Road, Via Militarius 5, Maritza River 5)
Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Saint Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19;

Kuklen Monastery of St.St. Kosma and Damyan, Plovdiv, Bulgaria (Maritza River 5)
Kuklen Monastery of St.St. Kosma and Damyan, Plovdiv, Bulgaria (Maritza River 5) ; Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Saint Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19;

Bitel (Butili) near Kuklen and Plovdiv, Bulgaria (Maritza River 5)
Kuklen Monastery of St.St. Kosma and Damyan, Plovdiv, Bulgaria (Maritza River 5) ; Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Saint Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19;

Bulgaria, Central Bulgaria, Maritza River 5, Chepelare River Folder

Chepelare River

Chepelare River Source (along the border)

Petritsoni (now Bachkovo) Georgian Monastery, Bulgaria, 1083
Petritsoni Georgian Monastery, Bulgaria (now Bachkovo); St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Bachkovo Monastery (Chepelare River 1)1083
Petritsoni Georgian Monastery, Bulgaria (now Bachkovo); St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Sardica, Lydia? Thrace, Bulgaria (Chapelare River, Maritza River 5)
Council of Sardica; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Apostle Clement of the Seventy ;

Chepalare River Mouth (Maritza River 5)

Maritza River 8 (Thrace)

Thrace, Bulgaria (Via Militarius, Via Egnatia, Maritza River 8)
Thrace; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated August 8 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated August 20; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27 ; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Martyr Melitina of Marcianopolis, Commemorated September 16 ; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22 ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9 ; Martyr Demetrius of Thrace, Commemorated November 15 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable Nicholas the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated December 24 ; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated December 7 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Manuel the Bishop in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 22; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; Martyr Pausilippus of Heraclea in Thrace, Commemorated on April 8; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Theodore Trichinas "œthe Hair-Shirt Wearer"Â and Hermit Near Constantinople, Commemorated on April 20; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; Martyr Sophia of Thrace, Commemorated on June 4; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12 ; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Maritza River 9 (Adrianopolis)

Bulgaria, Central Bulgaria, Maritza River 9, Ardiscus River Folder

Ardiscus (Arda, Studen) River

Rhodope Mountains

Ardiscus (Arda, Studen) River Source (Rhodope Mountains)

Ardiscus (Arda, Studen) River Mouth (Adrianopolis, Maritza River 9)

Maritza River 10 (Adrianopolis)

Bulgaria, Central Bulgaria, Maritza River 10, Tonus River Folder

Tonsus River

Tonsus River Source (Balkan Mountains)

Haemus or Balkan Mountains
Haemus or Balkan Mountains;

Upper Thracian Plain
Upper Thracian Plain;

Dirrachia, Bulgaria (Tonsus River Source)
Dirrachia, Bulgaria ; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated October 1 ;

Tonsus River 1 (Upper Thracian Plain, Stara Zagora)

Stara Zagora, Bulgaria (Upper Thracian Plain)
Stara Zagora; New Martyr Triandaphyllus of Stara Zagora, Commemorated August 8 ; New Martyr Triandaphyllus, a native of Zagora, Magnesia (in Thessaly), was beheaded by the Turks at Constantinople in the year 1680 for his refusal to reject Christ and accept Islam. He was only fifteen years old when he received the crown of victory from Christ. New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ;

Eski Zagora in the Trnovo region, Bulgaria
Eski Zagora; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1;

Sliven, Bulgaria (Tonsus River 1)
Sliven; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ;

Tonsus (Tundzha, Tunca) River Mouth (Adrianopolis, Maritza River 10)

Adrianopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria (Roman Roads, Tonsus, Ardiscus Rivers, at Maritza River 9)
Adrianople; Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on August 3; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St. Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind oneÂ, Commemorated on October 9; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22 ; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated October 28 ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Edirne, Bulgaria, aka Adrianople
Edirne, Bulgaria, aka Adrianople; historically known as Adrianople (founded by the Roman emperor Hadrian on the site of a previous Thracian settlement named Uskudama)[4] is a city in Turkey, in the northwestern province of Edirne and East Thrace, close to Turkey's borders with Greece and Bulgaria. was the capital city of the Ottoman Empire from 1369 to 1453,[5] before Constantinople became the empire's capital. The estimated population in 2019 was 185,408. and etymology See also: Names of Edirne in different languages city was founded as Hadrianopolis (á¼‰Î´ÏÎ¹Î±Î½Î¿ÏÏ€Î¿Î»Î¹Ï‚ in Greek), named after the Roman emperor Hadrian. This name is still used in the modern Greek language (Î‘Î´ÏÎ¹Î±Î½Î¿ÏÏ€Î¿Î»Î·, Adrianoúpoli). The Ottoman name Edrine (Ø£Ø¯Ø±Ù†Ø©) derives from the Greek name. The name Adrianople was used in English until the Turkish adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1928, upon which Edirne became the internationally recognized name. Bulgarian: ÐžÐ´Ñ€Ð¸Ð½, romanized: Odrin (pronounced [ËˆÉ”drin]), Romanian and Aromanian: Odrina, Albanian: Edrenë, Slovene: Odrin and Serbian: ÐˆÐµÐ´Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ðµ, romanized: Jedrene, are all adapted forms of the name Hadrianopolis. Blessed Stephen, King of Serbia, Commemorated on July 19;

Battle of Adrianople, Gothic Civil War, 378, Fritgen over Athanaric, both Theringian Goths
Battle of Adrianople, Gothic Civil War; Greatmartyr Niketas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15;

Jedrene (Edirne, Adrianopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria (Tonsus, Ardiscus Rivers, at Maritza River 9)
Adrianople; Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on August 3; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St. Stephen of Serbia, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe blind oneÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 9; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22 ; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated October 28 ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Maritsa (Hebrus) River Mouth (Aegean Sea)

Aenus (Ainos, Enos), Thrace, Bulgaria (Maritza (Hebrus) River Mouth, Roman Road Via Egnatia)
Aenus; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; Martyr Sophia of Thrace, Commemorated on June 4;

Enos, Thrace, Bulgaria (Maritza River Mouth)
Enos, Thrace; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19;

Trajanopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria (Via Egnatia, Maritza River Mouth)
Trajanopolis; Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea, Commemorated on May 13 ;

Bulgaria, Southwestern Bulgaria, Nestos River Folder (Aegean Sea)

Nestos River

Rila Mountains
Rila Mountains; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated August 18 ; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria;

Nestos River Source (Rila Mountains)
Nestos River Source (Rila Mountains);

Bansk, Southwestern Bulgaria (Bansko, in the Highlands, Nestos River)
Bansko; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated October 30 ; Venerable Dragutin (Theoctistus in Monasticism) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19;

Nestos River Mouth (Philippi, Thasos, Thrace)
Nestos River Mouth (Thasos, Thrace);

Rhodope Region
Rhodope Region;

Meglen (Meglena, Almopia), Bulgaria or Macedonia (Axios River Mouth)
Meglena (Meglen), Macedonia or Bulgaria; New Martyr Chryse (Zlata) of Meglena, Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 13; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21;

Bulgaria, Western Bulgaria, Strymon River Folder (Philippi, Roman Road, Agean Sea)

Strymon River

Strymon (Struma) River Source (Vitosha Mt., Bulgaria)

Mount Vitosha (overlooking Sophia, Bulgaria)
Mount Vitosha;

Strymon (Struma) River 1 (Pernik, Bulgaria)

Strymon River 2 (Zemen)

Strymon River 3

Dragovistica River Mouth (Strymon River 3)

Dragovistica River

Dolno River

Strymon River 4

Strymon River 5

Strymon River 6 (Rila, Bulgaria)

Bulgaria, Western Bulgaria, Strymon River 6, Rila River Folder

Rila River

Rila River Source

Rila Monastery, Macedonia (Rila River Source) 927
Rila Monastery ; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated August 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated on October 13 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated January 30 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1;

Rila River Mouith (Strymon River 6)

Strymon River 8 (Kresna Gorge)

Heraclea Sintica, Thrace, Bulgaria (Strumitza Mouth, Strymon River 9)
Heraclea Sintica; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated on August 20; St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 8 ; Martyr Pausilippus of Heraclea in Thrace, Commemorated on April 8 ;

Strymon River 9 (Heraclea, Thrace)

Bulgaria, Western Bulgaria, Strymon River 9, Strumitza River Folder

Strumitza River

Strumitza River Source

Strumitza River 1 (Strumica)

Strumica, Bulgaria (Strumitza River 1)
Strumica; St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; New Martyr Anastasius, a Bulgarian, was born in 1774 in the Strumnitsk diocese, in the village of Radovicha. His parents gave him over to military studies. When the youth was twenty years old, he happened to be with his teacher in Thessalonica. The master wanted to sell some Turkish clothes without paying the customary duty. He told his disciple to dress himself as a Turk and go into the city. The collectors of the duty stopped him and demanded the written receipt of duty payment. The youth answered that he was a Turk. Then the collectors demanded that he recite the salutation with the Moslem prayer. The youth became confused and quiet. They ordered him to appear before the commander, who in interrogating the martyr suggested that he become a Moslem. The youth refused, and they led him away to the chief tax-collector. official tried at first to flatter, then to threaten the martyr, who admitted his civil guilt, but would not agree to betray the holy Faith. The tax-collector made this known to the mufti, who in turn answered, “You have in one hand the sword, in the other the law, use what you wish.” knew that by law the tax-collector ought to collect the tax from the youth, but then by judgment of the mufti he would not be a follower of Mohammed, armed with a sword. When he had received such an answer, the commander of the haraje sent the youth to the local mullah together with five Turks, who were obliged to testify that the Christian had blasphemed the Moslem religion. the accusations of blasphemy against Mohammed by these witnesses, the youth honestly answered that he did not blaspheme him, but he would allow having shown disrespect to Moslem customs. They subjected him to torture and condemned him to hanging. Along the way, they continued to urge the martyr to renounce his faith, but bleeding and exhausted, he fell upon the wayside and died on August 29, 1794.

Strumitza River Mouth (Heraclea, Struma River 9)

Dremvitsa, Macedonia
Dremvitsa, Macedonia St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ;

Strymon River 10 (Lake Kerkini)

Serres, Macedonia (fertile plain, Strymon River 10)
Serres; New Martyr Nicetas of Pojani and Serres, Commemorated on April 4; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1;

Strymon River 11 (Serres)

Angitis River Mouth (Strymon River 11)

Strymon River 12 (Amphipolis)

Amphipolis, Macedonia (Strymon (Struma) River 12) Roman Road Via Egnatia
Amphipolis; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Apostle Silvanus of the Seventy, Commemorated on July 30; Martyr Auctus at Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on November 7 ; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on May 11;

Strymon (Struma) River Mouth (Strymonian Gulf, Agean Sea)

Chrysopolis, Macedonia (Eion, Roman Road, Strymon River Mouth)
Chrysopolis, Macedonia (Eion) ; Venerable Philotheus of Dionysiou of Mount Athos, Commemorated on October 21;

Philippi, Eastern Macedonia, Trajanopolis in Thrace (Roman Road, near Strymon River Mouth)
Philippi; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; SILAS, MISSIONARY COMPANION OF PAUL, Commemorated January 26 ; LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN. NT ; POLYCARP; Hieromartyr Polycarp the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated February 23 ; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated February 21 ; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; St. Lydia of Philippi, Commemorated on May 20;

Neapolis, Thessalonica (between Strymon and Nestos Rivers)
Neapolis, Thessalonica; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ;

Stagira (ancient city), Chalkidice, Macedonia (Aristotle's home)
Stagira (ancient city), Chalkidice, Macedonia; Greece, 364 BC - 322 BC, Greek Philosopher and Scientist Aristotle; THOMAS AQUINAS, PRIEST, FRIAR, AND THEOLOGIAN (28 JAN 1274);

Bulgaria, Northern Bulgaria, Danube Rivers in Bulgaria Folder

Danube River in Bulgaria

Bulgaria, Northern, Danube River 12, Iskar River Folder

Iskar River

Iskar River Source (Dmaga Peak, Rila, Bulgaria)

Iscar River 1 (Sophia)

Sofia, Bulgaria (at the foot of Mt Vitosha, Iskar River 1)
Sofia, occupies a strategic position at the centre of the Balkan Peninsula ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30 ; Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 13; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26;

Lesnov, Sophia Province , Bulgaria
Lesnov, Sophia Province , Bulgaria; Venerable Gabriel, Founder of Lesnov Monastery in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ;

Patriarchical Cathedral of Alexander Neversky at Sofia, 1882
Patriarchical Cathedral of Alexander Neversky at Sofia; Bulgarian Orthodox Church; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30;

Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, Bulgaria, 1882
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, Bulgaria; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30;

Sofia (at the foot of Mt Vitosha, Roman Road Via Militaris)
Sofia occupies a strategic position at the centre of the Balkan Peninsula. Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26;

Skrino in the Sredets district [now Sofia]
Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Sredets (Sofia, Iscar River 1)
Sredets, Sofia; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19 ; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26;

Iskar River Mouth (Northwest border of Builgaria) at Danube River 12

Vidin, Bulgaria (Iskar River Mouth, Danube River 12)
Vidin, Bulgaria ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ;

village of Slatena, Meglena diocese, on the border of Bulgaria and Serbia
village of Slatena, Meglena diocese, on the border of Bulgaria and Serbia; New Martyr Chryse (Zlata) of Meglena, Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 13;

Bulgaria, Northern, Danube River 13, Cherni Osam River Folder

Cherni Osam River

Cherni Osam River Source (along the border)

Cherni Osam River 1 (Cherni Osam)

Cherni Osam River 2 (Moesia)

Moesia, Bulgaria (Cherni Osam River 2)
Moesia; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23 ; Martyr Pasikrates in Moesia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 24;

Cherni Osam River 3 (Slavyanovo)

Cherni Osam River Mouth (Danube River 13, Oltenia)

Bulgaria, Northern, Danube River 13, Yantra River Folder, Trnovo

Yantra River

Yantra River Source (Central Balkan Mountains)
Central Balkan Mountains, Stara Planina;

Yantra River 1

Sokolsky Monastery, Bulgaria (Yantra River 1) 1833
Sokolsky Monastery, Bulgaria; Icon of the Mother of God "Sokolsky", Commemorated February 1 ;

Gabrovo, Bulgaria (Yantra River 1)
Gabrovo, Bulgaria ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ;

Yantra River 2 (Tarnvo)

Trnovo, Bulgaria (Yantra River 2.3)
Trnovo, Bulgaria (Yantra River 2); New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14 ; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19 ; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21 ; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated on November 22 ; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated December 7 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Gabriel, Founder of Lesnov Monastery in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ;

Potuka, Bulgaria (Yantra River 2.3, across river from Trnovo)
Potuka; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated on November 22 ;

Trovono Cathedral, 1000, 11th Century
Trovono Cathedral, 11th Century; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14;

Yantra River 3

Nicopolis ad Istrum, Moesia (Gothic Settelment, Northern Bulgaria Wallacia)
Nicopolis ad Istrum, Moesia (Gothic Settelment, Northern Bulgaria Wallacia); Moesia; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15;

Yantra River 4

Yantra River Mouth (Danube River 13)

Svishtov, Bulgaria (Yantra River Mouth, Danube River 13)
Svishtov, Bulgaria ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ;

Bulgaria, Northern, Danube River 13.5, Rusenski River Folder

Rusenski Lom River

Ruschuk, Bulgaria (Rusenski Lom River Mouth, Danube River 13)
Ruschuk, Bulgaria; St Demetrius of Basarbov in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 26; Demetrius of Basarabov in Bulgaria lived in the wilderness as an ascetic near the city of Ruschuk, Bulgaria. He died in 1685. On July 8, 1779 his relics were transferred to Bucharest.

Basarbov Monastery (Rusenski Lom River Mouth, Danube River 13) 1185
Basarbov Monestary; St Demetrius of Basarbov in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 26 ;

Rusenski Lom River Source (Razgrad, Bulgaria)

Veliki Preslav, high point, Bulgarian Capital, 893-972 (Rivers Source)
Veliki Preslav, high point, Bulgarian Capital, 893-972; Blessed Peter, King of Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 30;

Rusenski Lom River Mouth (Danube River 13)

Bulgaria, Northern, Danube River 14, Argus River from Bucharest

Dorostolum, Bulgaria (Silistra, Danube River 14.5, Southeast of Bucharest)
Dorostolum (Dorostorum); Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; Martyr Dasius of Dorostorum, Commemorated November 20 ; Martyr Pasikrates in Moesia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr Dada at Dorostolum, Commemorated on April 28;

Silistra, Bulgaria (Dorostolum, Danube River 14)
Silistra, Bulgaria (Dorostolum, Danube River 14); Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; Martyr Dasius of Dorostorum, Commemorated November 20 ; Martyr Pasikrates in Moesia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr Dada at Dorostolum, Commemorated on April 28;

Bulgaria, Northeastern Bulgaria, Povadiya River Folder, Black Sea

Povadiya River

Epivato Village, Black Sea, Bulgaria
village of Epivato, between Silistra on the Danube and Constantinople; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated October 14 ;

Mesembria, Thrace, Bulgaria
Mesembria, Thrace, Bulgaria; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5 ;

Danube River ( North Border of Bulgaria)

Dobrogea, Bulgaria (on the Romania Border above Povadiya River Mouth)
Dobrogea; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Marcianopolis, Northeast Bulgaria (Lake Beloslav), Gov Tiris , bolt of lightning struck him on judgement seat
Marcianopolis (Lake Beloslav); Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; Holy Martyr Theodotus suffered with Saints Maximus and Asklepiodote, at the beginning of the fourth century under the emperor Maximian Galerius (305-311). Eminent citizens of the city of Marcianopolis, Maximus, and Asklepiodote led a devout Christian life. By their example they brought many to faith in Christ and to holy Baptism. the persecution Tiris, the governor of Thrace, went around the city subject to him and persecuted those believing in Christ. He summoned Maximus and Asklepiodote before him and demanded they abandon the Christian Faith. When the martyrs refused, he ordered that they be beaten. a certain pious man named Theodotus, began to reproach the governor for his inhumanity and cruelty. They seized him also, and hanging him on a tree, they tortured him with iron hooks. After this, they threw the three martyrs into prison. Tiris traveled for two weeks more and took the holy martyrs along with him. the city of Adrianopolis he put them to still greater tortures, commanding that their bodies be scorched with white-hot plates. In the midst of their suffering they heard a Voice from Heaven encouraging them to persevere. After several days of torture they threw the martyrs to be eaten by wild beasts in the circus, but instead the she-bear released upon Saints Maximus and Theodotus began to cuddle up to them. Asklepiodote was tied to a bull, but she seemed to be rooted to the spot, and did not budge. Tiris resumed the journey and stopped in the village of Saltis before reaching the city of Philippopolis. Again he urged the martyrs to renounce Christ. When they refused, he ordered them to be beheaded. God’s wrath overtook him when a bolt of lightning struck him as he sat upon the judgment seat. St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated on September 16 ; Martyr Melitina of Marcianopolis, Commemorated September 16 ;

Myzean city of Udum, Bulgaria (Provadiya River Mouth, Black Sea)
Myzean city of Udum; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5;

Udum, Bulgaria (Provadiya River Mouth, Black Sea)
Myzean city of Udum; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5;

Varna, Bulgaria (Provadiya River Mouth, Black Sea)
Myzean city of Udum; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5;

Plisk (first capital of Danubian Bulgaria)
Plisk; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20 ;

Great Basilica, Pliska (Cathedral of First Bulgarian Empire)
Great Basilica, Pliska (Cathedral of First Bulgarian Empire); Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid, Bishop of Greater Macedonia, and his companions, Commemorated on July 27;

Provadiya River Source (Studenitsa Monastery)

Provadiya River Mouth (Lake Beloslav, Black Sea)

Devnya River Mouth (Lake Beloslav)

Bulgaria, Roman Roads Folder

Mongol, Turkmenistan, History Folder

Mongol, Turkmenistan, 750-1055, Oghuz Turks Folder, Founders of Ottoman Empire, Sunni and Shia

Mongol, Turkmenistan, 750-1055, Oghuz Turks, Founders of the Ottoman Empire
Turkmenistan, Oghuz Turks, 750-1055, Founders of the Ottoman Empire; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7;

Mongol, Turkmenistan, 1077-1231, Khwarazm Dynasty Folder, Turks, Attacked Georgia, Sunni

Mongol, Turkmenistan, 1227, Central Asia, Sultan Jalal al-Din attacked Georgia
Turkmenistan, Central Asia, 1227, Sultan Jalal al-Din attacked Georgia; Turks; Turkmenistan; In 1227 Sultan Jalal al-Din of Khwarazm and his army of Turkmen attacked Georgia ; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18;

Mongol, Turkmenistan, 1370-1507, Tammerlane's Timurid Empire

Mongol, Turkmenistan, 1370-1507, Timurid Empire, Tamurlane's Dynasty
Timurid Empire, 1370-1507, Tamurlane's Dynasty, founded by Tamur the Lame or Tamurlane; Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26 ; Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. Awakening in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat. Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God was painted by the Evangelist Luke on a board from the table at which the Savior ate together with His All-Pure Mother and Righteous Joseph. The Mother of God, upon seeing this image, exclaimed, “Henceforth, all generations shall call Me blessed. The grace of both My Son and Me shall be with this icon.” the year 1131, the icon was sent from Constantinople to Rus to holy Prince Mstislav (April 15) and was installed in the Devichi monastery in Vyshgorod, the ancient appanage city of the holy Equal of the Apostles Princess Olga. son of George Dolgoruky, Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky, brought the icon to the city of Vladimir in 1155 and installed it in the renowned Dormition cathedral which he built. At this time the icon received its name of “the Vladimir Icon.” The icon was first brought to Moscow in the year 1395. Thus, the blessing of the Mother of God established the spiritual bonds of Byzantium and Rus via Kiev, Vladimir and Moscow. festal celebration of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos occurs several times during the year (21 May, 23 June and 26 August). The most solemn celebration occurs on August 26, the Feast established in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon upon its Transfer from Vladimir to Moscow. the year 1395, the fearsome conqueror Khan Tamerlane (Temir-Aksak) reached the Ryazan frontier, took the city of Elets and advancing towards Moscow he came near the banks of the River Don. Great Prince Basil Dimitrievich went with an army to Kolomna and halted at the banks of the River Oka. He prayed to the holy Hierarchs of Moscow and Saint Sergius for the deliverance of the Fatherland, and he wrote to the Metropolitan of Moscow Saint Cyprian (September 16), that the pending Dormition Fast should be devoted to zealous prayers for mercy and repentance. were sent to Vladimir, where the famed wonderworking Vladimir Icon was. After Divine Liturgy and a Molieben on the feast of the Dormition, they clergy took the icon and brought it to Moscow. Along the way, on both sides of the road, countless people prayed kneeling: “O Mother of God, save the land of Russia!” At that same hour, when the people of Moscow were meeting the Vladimir Icon on Kuchkov Field, Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat. In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian Land from Tamerlane, they built the monastery of the Meeting on Kuchkov Field, where the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon took place. On August 26, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was established. important events in Russian Church history have occurred before the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God: the election and elevation of Saint Jonah, advocate of an Autocephalous Russian Church (1448), and of Saint Job, first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia (1589), and of His Holiness Patriarch Saint Tikhon (1917). The enthronement of His Holiness Pimen, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, occurred on a day of celebration in honor of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God on May 21 (O.S.), 1971. historical days of 21 May, 23 June and 26 August, connected with this holy icon, have become memorable days for the Russian Orthodox Church. St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17;

Mongol, Turkmenistan, 1395, Tammerlane retreats after Dream, Vladimir Icon Mother of God (Don River 1, Kulikovo Pole)
Kulikovo Pole (Kulikovo Field); Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26 ; Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. Awakening in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat. Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God was painted by the Evangelist Luke on a board from the table at which the Savior ate together with His All-Pure Mother and Righteous Joseph. The Mother of God, upon seeing this image, exclaimed, “Henceforth, all generations shall call Me blessed. The grace of both My Son and Me shall be with this icon.” the year 1131, the icon was sent from Constantinople to Rus to holy Prince Mstislav (April 15) and was installed in the Devichi monastery in Vyshgorod, the ancient appanage city of the holy Equal of the Apostles Princess Olga. son of George Dolgoruky, Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky, brought the icon to the city of Vladimir in 1155 and installed it in the renowned Dormition cathedral which he built. At this time the icon received its name of “the Vladimir Icon.” The icon was first brought to Moscow in the year 1395. Thus, the blessing of the Mother of God established the spiritual bonds of Byzantium and Rus via Kiev, Vladimir and Moscow. festal celebration of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos occurs several times during the year (21 May, 23 June and 26 August). The most solemn celebration occurs on August 26, the Feast established in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon upon its Transfer from Vladimir to Moscow. the year 1395, the fearsome conqueror Khan Tamerlane (Temir-Aksak) reached the Ryazan frontier, took the city of Elets and advancing towards Moscow he came near the banks of the River Don. Great Prince Basil Dimitrievich went with an army to Kolomna and halted at the banks of the River Oka. He prayed to the holy Hierarchs of Moscow and Saint Sergius for the deliverance of the Fatherland, and he wrote to the Metropolitan of Moscow Saint Cyprian (September 16), that the pending Dormition Fast should be devoted to zealous prayers for mercy and repentance. were sent to Vladimir, where the famed wonderworking Vladimir Icon was. After Divine Liturgy and a Molieben on the feast of the Dormition, they clergy took the icon and brought it to Moscow. Along the way, on both sides of the road, countless people prayed kneeling: “O Mother of God, save the land of Russia!” At that same hour, when the people of Moscow were meeting the Vladimir Icon on Kuchkov Field, Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat. In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian Land from Tamerlane, they built the monastery of the Meeting on Kuchkov Field, where the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon took place. On August 26, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was established. important events in Russian Church history have occurred before the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God: the election and elevation of Saint Jonah, advocate of an Autocephalous Russian Church (1448), and of Saint Job, first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia (1589), and of His Holiness Patriarch Saint Tikhon (1917). The enthronement of His Holiness Pimen, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, occurred on a day of celebration in honor of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God on May 21 (O.S.), 1971. historical days of 21 May, 23 June and 26 August, connected with this holy icon, have become memorable days for the Russian Orthodox Church.

Mongol, Turkmenistan, 1395, Luke's Vladimir Icon, Grace of Jesus and MOG shall be with this Icon
Kulikovo Pole (Kulikovo Field); Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26 ; Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. Awakening in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat. Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God was painted by the Evangelist Luke on a board from the table at which the Savior ate together with His All-Pure Mother and Righteous Joseph. The Mother of God, upon seeing this image, exclaimed, “Henceforth, all generations shall call Me blessed. The grace of both My Son and Me shall be with this icon.” the year 1131, the icon was sent from Constantinople to Rus to holy Prince Mstislav (April 15) and was installed in the Devichi monastery in Vyshgorod, the ancient appanage city of the holy Equal of the Apostles Princess Olga. son of George Dolgoruky, Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky, brought the icon to the city of Vladimir in 1155 and installed it in the renowned Dormition cathedral which he built. At this time the icon received its name of “the Vladimir Icon.” The icon was first brought to Moscow in the year 1395. Thus, the blessing of the Mother of God established the spiritual bonds of Byzantium and Rus via Kiev, Vladimir and Moscow. festal celebration of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos occurs several times during the year (21 May, 23 June and 26 August). The most solemn celebration occurs on August 26, the Feast established in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon upon its Transfer from Vladimir to Moscow. the year 1395, the fearsome conqueror Khan Tamerlane (Temir-Aksak) reached the Ryazan frontier, took the city of Elets and advancing towards Moscow he came near the banks of the River Don. Great Prince Basil Dimitrievich went with an army to Kolomna and halted at the banks of the River Oka. He prayed to the holy Hierarchs of Moscow and Saint Sergius for the deliverance of the Fatherland, and he wrote to the Metropolitan of Moscow Saint Cyprian (September 16), that the pending Dormition Fast should be devoted to zealous prayers for mercy and repentance. were sent to Vladimir, where the famed wonderworking Vladimir Icon was. After Divine Liturgy and a Molieben on the feast of the Dormition, they clergy took the icon and brought it to Moscow. Along the way, on both sides of the road, countless people prayed kneeling: “O Mother of God, save the land of Russia!” At that same hour, when the people of Moscow were meeting the Vladimir Icon on Kuchkov Field, Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat. In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian Land from Tamerlane, they built the monastery of the Meeting on Kuchkov Field, where the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon took place. On August 26, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was established. important events in Russian Church history have occurred before the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God: the election and elevation of Saint Jonah, advocate of an Autocephalous Russian Church (1448), and of Saint Job, first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia (1589), and of His Holiness Patriarch Saint Tikhon (1917). The enthronement of His Holiness Pimen, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, occurred on a day of celebration in honor of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God on May 21 (O.S.), 1971. historical days of 21 May, 23 June and 26 August, connected with this holy icon, have become memorable days for the Russian Orthodox Church.

Mongol, Turkmenistan, 1395, Dormition Feast, Vladimir Icon sent to Moscow, same hour, meeting at Kuchkov, T's dream
Kulikovo Pole (Kulikovo Field); Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26 ; Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. Awakening in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat. Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God was painted by the Evangelist Luke on a board from the table at which the Savior ate together with His All-Pure Mother and Righteous Joseph. The Mother of God, upon seeing this image, exclaimed, “Henceforth, all generations shall call Me blessed. The grace of both My Son and Me shall be with this icon.” the year 1131, the icon was sent from Constantinople to Rus to holy Prince Mstislav (April 15) and was installed in the Devichi monastery in Vyshgorod, the ancient appanage city of the holy Equal of the Apostles Princess Olga. son of George Dolgoruky, Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky, brought the icon to the city of Vladimir in 1155 and installed it in the renowned Dormition cathedral which he built. At this time the icon received its name of “the Vladimir Icon.” The icon was first brought to Moscow in the year 1395. Thus, the blessing of the Mother of God established the spiritual bonds of Byzantium and Rus via Kiev, Vladimir and Moscow. festal celebration of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos occurs several times during the year (21 May, 23 June and 26 August). The most solemn celebration occurs on August 26, the Feast established in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon upon its Transfer from Vladimir to Moscow. the year 1395, the fearsome conqueror Khan Tamerlane (Temir-Aksak) reached the Ryazan frontier, took the city of Elets and advancing towards Moscow he came near the banks of the River Don. Great Prince Basil Dimitrievich went with an army to Kolomna and halted at the banks of the River Oka. He prayed to the holy Hierarchs of Moscow and Saint Sergius for the deliverance of the Fatherland, and he wrote to the Metropolitan of Moscow Saint Cyprian (September 16), that the pending Dormition Fast should be devoted to zealous prayers for mercy and repentance. were sent to Vladimir, where the famed wonderworking Vladimir Icon was. After Divine Liturgy and a Molieben on the feast of the Dormition, they clergy took the icon and brought it to Moscow. Along the way, on both sides of the road, countless people prayed kneeling: “O Mother of God, save the land of Russia!” At that same hour, when the people of Moscow were meeting the Vladimir Icon on Kuchkov Field, Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat. In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian Land from Tamerlane, they built the monastery of the Meeting on Kuchkov Field, where the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon took place. On August 26, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was established. important events in Russian Church history have occurred before the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God: the election and elevation of Saint Jonah, advocate of an Autocephalous Russian Church (1448), and of Saint Job, first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia (1589), and of His Holiness Patriarch Saint Tikhon (1917). The enthronement of His Holiness Pimen, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, occurred on a day of celebration in honor of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God on May 21 (O.S.), 1971. historical days of 21 May, 23 June and 26 August, connected with this holy icon, have become memorable days for the Russian Orthodox Church.

Mongol, Turkmenistan, 1500-1785, Khanate of Bukhara Folder, Persian, Sunni, refined

Mongol, Turkmenistan, 1500-1785, Central Asia, Khanate of Bukhara
Turkmenistan, Central Asia, 1500-1785, Khanate of Bukhara ; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18;

Mongol, Turkmenistan, 1511-1920, Khanate of Khiva, Khwarazm Folder, Turks, Sunni

Mongol, Turkmenistan, Central Asia, 1511-1920, Khanate of Khiva
Turkmenistan, Central Asia, 1511-1920, Khanate of Khiva; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18;

Mongol, Turkmenistan, Central Asia, 1616, Eastern Georgia settled by Central Asian Turks
Turkmenistan, Central Asia, 1616, Eastern Georgia settled by Central Asian Turks; Turks; Turkmenistan; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18;

Ochus River 1

Ochus River 3

Ochus River 4 (Turkmenistan)

Ochus River 5

Ochus River Mouth (Caspian Sea)

Oxus River Second Source (Parmir Mountains)

Parmir River Source (Lake Zorkul)

Parmir River 1

Pamir River Mouth (Oxus (Panj) River 1)

Wakhan River Mouth (Oxus (Panj) River Source)

Wakhan River Source (along the border)

Oxus River 2

Oxus River 3

Oxus River 4

Oxus River 7 (Tukhari Fortress)

Oxus River Mouth (South Aral Sea)

Afghanistan 30-1256, Afghanistan History Folder

Afghanistan, 30-376, Kushan Empire, Buddaist and Zoroastrian, trade with R Empire, Persia, and China
India, 30-375, Kushan Empire, 30-376; Kushan Empire was a syncretic empire, formed by the Yuezhi, in the Bactrian territories in the early 1st century. It spread to encompass much of modern-day territory of Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India,[16] at least as far as Saketa and Sarnath near Varanasi (Benares), where inscriptions have been found dating to the era of the Kushan Emperor Kanishka the Great.[17] Emperor Kanishka and the Kushans in general were great patrons of Buddhism, as well as Zoroastrianism.[18] They played an important role in the establishment of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent and its spread to Central Asia and China. Kushans were most probably one of five branches of the Yuezhi confederation,[19][20] an Indo-European nomadic people of possible Tocharian[21][22][23][24][25] origin, who migrated from northwestern China (Xinjiang and Gansu) and settled in ancient Bactria.[20] Kushans possibly used the Greek language initially for administrative purposes, but soon began to use Bactrian language.[7] Kanishka sent his armies north of the Karakoram mountains. A direct road from Gandhara to China remained under Kushan control for more than a century, encouraging travel across the Karakoram and facilitating the spread of Mahayana Buddhism to China. Kushan dynasty had diplomatic contacts with the Roman Empire, Sasanian Persia, the Aksumite Empire and the Han dynasty of China. The Kushan Empire was at the center of trade relations between the Roman Empire and China: according to Alain Danilou, "for a time, the Kushana Empire was the centerpoint of the major civilizations".[26] While much philosophy, art, and science was created within its borders, the only textual record of the empire's history today comes from inscriptions and accounts in other languages, particularly Chinese.[27] Kushan empire fragmented into semi-independent kingdoms in the 3rd century AD, which fell to the Sasanians invading from the west, establishing the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom in the areas of Sogdiana, Bactria and Gandhara. In the 4th century, the Guptas, an Indian dynasty also pressed from the east. The last of the Kushan and Kushano-Sasanian kingdoms were eventually overwhelmed by invaders from the north, known as the Kidarites, and then the Hephthalites.[12]

Afghanistan, 1077-1256, Khwarazmian dynasty
Afghanistan, Khwarazmian dynasty, 1077-1256; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31;

Afghanistan, 1220-1231, Sultan, Jalal al-Din, Khwarazmian dynasty, Sunni Islam
Afghanistan Sultan, 1220-1231, Jalal al-Din, Khwarazmian dynasty, Sunni Islam; Afghanistan, Khwarazmian dynasty, 1077-1256; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31;

Afghanistan, 1370-1507, Timurid Empire, Tamurlane's Dynasty
Timurid Empire, 1370-1507, Tamurlane's Dynasty, founded by Tamur the Lame or Tamurlane; Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26 ; Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. Awakening in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat. Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God was painted by the Evangelist Luke on a board from the table at which the Savior ate together with His All-Pure Mother and Righteous Joseph. The Mother of God, upon seeing this image, exclaimed, “Henceforth, all generations shall call Me blessed. The grace of both My Son and Me shall be with this icon.” the year 1131, the icon was sent from Constantinople to Rus to holy Prince Mstislav (April 15) and was installed in the Devichi monastery in Vyshgorod, the ancient appanage city of the holy Equal of the Apostles Princess Olga. son of George Dolgoruky, Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky, brought the icon to the city of Vladimir in 1155 and installed it in the renowned Dormition cathedral which he built. At this time the icon received its name of “the Vladimir Icon.” The icon was first brought to Moscow in the year 1395. Thus, the blessing of the Mother of God established the spiritual bonds of Byzantium and Rus via Kiev, Vladimir and Moscow. festal celebration of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos occurs several times during the year (21 May, 23 June and 26 August). The most solemn celebration occurs on August 26, the Feast established in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon upon its Transfer from Vladimir to Moscow. the year 1395, the fearsome conqueror Khan Tamerlane (Temir-Aksak) reached the Ryazan frontier, took the city of Elets and advancing towards Moscow he came near the banks of the River Don. Great Prince Basil Dimitrievich went with an army to Kolomna and halted at the banks of the River Oka. He prayed to the holy Hierarchs of Moscow and Saint Sergius for the deliverance of the Fatherland, and he wrote to the Metropolitan of Moscow Saint Cyprian (September 16), that the pending Dormition Fast should be devoted to zealous prayers for mercy and repentance. were sent to Vladimir, where the famed wonderworking Vladimir Icon was. After Divine Liturgy and a Molieben on the feast of the Dormition, they clergy took the icon and brought it to Moscow. Along the way, on both sides of the road, countless people prayed kneeling: “O Mother of God, save the land of Russia!” At that same hour, when the people of Moscow were meeting the Vladimir Icon on Kuchkov Field, Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat. In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian Land from Tamerlane, they built the monastery of the Meeting on Kuchkov Field, where the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon took place. On August 26, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was established. important events in Russian Church history have occurred before the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God: the election and elevation of Saint Jonah, advocate of an Autocephalous Russian Church (1448), and of Saint Job, first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia (1589), and of His Holiness Patriarch Saint Tikhon (1917). The enthronement of His Holiness Pimen, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, occurred on a day of celebration in honor of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God on May 21 (O.S.), 1971. historical days of 21 May, 23 June and 26 August, connected with this holy icon, have become memorable days for the Russian Orthodox Church. St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17;

Afghanistan, 1395, Tammerlane retreats after Dream, Vladimir Icon Mother of God (Don River 1, Kulikovo Pole)

Afghanistan, 1395, Luke's Vladimir Icon, Grace of Jesus and MOG shall be with this Icon

Afghanistan, 1395, Feast of the Dormition, Vladimir Icon sent to Moscow, same hour of meeting at Kuchkov, T's dream

Helmand River Source (along the border near Kabul)

Helmand River (Arghandab River Mouth)

Helmand River Sink (near Zabol)

Arghastan River Source

Constantinople Folder, Byzantium and Istanbul

Constantinople (Bosphorus Strait, Golden Horn)
Constantinople; Venerable Dionysius the Orator of St Anne Skete of Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 9; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Transfer of the Relics of St Barbara, Commemorated on July 11 ; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on July 21; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on July 22 ; Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25; Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 25; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Venerable Paul the Founder of the Xeropotamou Monastery On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 28; Martyr John the Soldier at Constantinople, Commemorated on July 30; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three œFeasts of the SaviorÂ in August), Commemorated on August 1 ; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Isaac the Ascetic of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on August 3 ; New Martyr Triandaphyllus of Stara Zagora, Commemorated on August 8 ; Venerable Gregory the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Julian of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 9 ; Restoration of the Temple of the 40 Martyrs, Commemorated on August 9; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 11 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14 ; New Martyr Stamatius of Volos, Commemorated on August 16 ; Translation of the Image œNot-Made-By-HandsÂ of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in AugustÂ, Commemorated on August 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on August 18 ; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated August 25 ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26; St Phanourius, Commemorated on August 27 ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 9; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 13; Monkmartyr Joseph of Dionysiou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 14 ; Repose of St John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 14; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Martyr Polychronius the Presbyter, Commemorated on October 7 ; WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS, PRIEST, 8 October 1926; Monkmartyr Andrew of Crete, Commemorated on October 17 ; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; Venerable Matrona the Abbess of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16 ; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; St Anatolius the Patriarch of Constantinople ; First Council of Constantinople; Second Council of Constantinople ; Third Council of Constantinople ; (Quinisext Council Council in Trullo ); Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople ; Martyr John the Soldier at Constantinople ; Martyr Eleutherius of Constantinople ; Martyr Julian of Constantinople ; Restoration of the Temple of the 40 Martyrs ; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23 ; St George Limniotes the Confessor of Mt. Olympus, Commemorated on August 24 ; St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30 ; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31 ; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 2 St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople ; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople ; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; Repose of St John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 14; Monkmartyr Joseph of Dionysiou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 14 ; Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 1 ; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 8 ; Icon of the Mother of God œJerusalemÂ, Commemorated on October 12 ; Translation of the relics of St Lazarus œof the Four Days in the TombÂ the Bishop of Kiteia on Cyprus, Commemorated on October 17 ; Martyr Marcian the Notary of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 25 ; Commemoration of the Great Earthquake at Constantinople, Commemorated on October 26 ; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 28 ; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6 ; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of Khutyn, Novgorod, Commemorated on November 6 ; Venerable Matrona the Abbess of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; St Eustolia of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Repose of St Stephen of Dechani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11 ; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12; Byzantine-“Persian War of 602-“628; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 13; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated November 14 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated on November 23 ; Venerable Alypius the Stylite of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on November 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Martyr Anna, Commemorated November 28 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated December 4 ; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated on December 4 ; Martyr John of Damascus, Commemorated December 4 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; Venerable Arsenius of Latros, Commemorated on December 13 St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ; St Florus the Bishop of Amisus, Commemorated on December 18 ; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19 ; 10 Holy Martyrs of Crete, Commemorated on December 23; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople; Martyr Polychronius the Presbyter; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople; St Bassian of Constantinople, Commemorated October 10 ; WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS; Translation of the relics of St Lazarus "of the Four Days in the Tomb" the Bishop of Kiteia on Cyprus; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople; Martyr Marcian the Notary of Constantinople ; Commemoration of the Great Earthquake at Constantinople; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 29; a href="http://oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=103131">St Maura of Constantinople; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated November 12 ; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople ; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra; Venerable Lazarus the Iconographer, of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 17 ; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20; Martyr Anna; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated December 3 ; St Theodoulus the Eparch of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 3 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; St Stephen the œNew LightÂ of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 9 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Eleutherius at Constantinople, Commemorated December 15 ; Blessed Empress Theophano, Commemorated December 16 ; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; St Florus the Bishop of Amisus; St Michael the Confessor at Constantinople, Commemorated December 18 ; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19 ; New-martyr John of Thasos, Commemorated on December 20 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ; 10 Holy Martyrs of Crete, Commemorated on December 23 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Venerable Evarestus of the Studion Monastery, Commemorated on December 26 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated December 27 ; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "the branded," Confessor, Commemorated December 27 ; Venerable Marcellus the Abbot of the Monastery of the "Unsleeping Ones", Commemorated December 29 ; Venerable Thaddeus the Confessor of the Studion, Commemorated on December 29; Martyr Zoticus the Keeper of Orphans, Commemorated December 30 ; Venerable Theodora of Constantinople, Commemorated December 30 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; Martyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated January 1 ; Venerable Romanus the Martyr, Commemorated January 5 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John; Venerable Domnica of Constantinople, Commemorated January 8 ; St Marcian the Presbyter in Constantinople, Commemorated January 10 ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14 ; Venerable John Calabytes "the Hut-Dweller", Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; Emperor Theodosius the Great, Commemorated January 17 ; Venerable Anthony of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 17 ; St Ephraim the Lesser, Commemorated January 18 ; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Apostle Timothy of the Seventy, Commemorated January 22 ; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Sixth Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on January 23 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; New Martyr Auxentius of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25 ; Venerable Xenophon of Constantinople, Commemorated January 26 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 26 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated Janaury 28 ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated January 30 ; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30 ; Martyr Theophilus the New in Cyprus, Commemorated on January 30 ; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Nicholas the Confessor the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on February 4 ; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6 ; Virginmarty Fausta at Cyzicus, Commemorated February 6 ; Righteous Theodora, wife of the Emperor Theophilus, the Iconoclast, Commemorated February 11; Icon of the Mother of God "Iveron", Commemorated February 12 ; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated February 12 ; St Kristo the Gardener of Albania, Commemorated February 12 ; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated February 12; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (œthe RecruitÂ), Commemorated on February 17; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18; New Martyr Theodore; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated February 19 ; St Athanasius the Confessor of Constantinople, Commemorated February 22 ; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John; St Tarasius the Archbishop of Constantinople; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (œthe RecruitÂ), Commemorated on February 17; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated February 17; St Joseph of Dionysiou, Commemorated February 17 ; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18 ; Martyr Philothea the Monastic, Commemorated on February 19 ; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; Venerable Timothy of Symbola in Bithynia, Commemorated February 21 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Holy Martyrs at the Gate of Eugenius at Constantinople, Commemorated on February 22 ; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the œUnsleeping OnesÂ, Commemorated on February 23; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated on February 24; St Tarasius the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 25; New Martyr John Kalphes, the Apprentice, Commemorated on February 26; St Stephen of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 27 ; Martyr Theokteristus, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable Basil the Confessor, companion of the Venerable Procopius at Decapolis, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6 ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; 1st Saturday of Great Lent: The Miracle of the Boiled Wheat, Commemorated March 8; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Memorial Saturday of Meatfare, Commemorated on March 9; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9 ; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604); Icon œNot Made by HandsÂ from Lydda, Commemorated on March 12; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12 ; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13 ; St Euschemon the Confessor and Bishop of Lampsacus, Commemorated on March 14; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17 ; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); Martyr Trophimus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 18 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; St James the Confessor the Bishop of Catania, Commemorated on March 21; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21 ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; 1st Saturday of Great Lent: The Miracle of the Boiled Wheat, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Stephen the Wonderworker the Abbot of Tryglia, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of œthe LadderÂ, Commemorated on March 30; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; Venerable Nicetas the Confessor the Abbot of Medikion, Commemorated on April 3; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6; Venerable Gregory the Byzantine, Commemorated on April 6; Martyr Rufinus the Deacon at Sinope, Commemorated on April 7; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Anthusa the Virginmartyr of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Athanasia the Abbess of Aegina, Commemorated on April 12; St Isaac the Syrian, Abbot of Spoleto, Commemorated on April 12; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Martyr Anthony of Vilnius, Lithuania, Commemorated on April 14 ; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17 ; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ; New Martyr John the New of Epirus, Commemorated on April 18 ; St Cosmas the Bishop of Chalcedon, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable John the Disciple of the Venerable Gregory of Decapolis, Commemorated on April 18; St Tryphon the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Nicephorus the Abbot of Catabad, Commemorated on April 19; St George the Confessor and Bishop of Antioch, in Pisidia, Commemorated on April 19; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Theodore Trichinas œthe Hair-Shirt WearerÂ and Hermit Near Constantinople, Commemorated on April 20; GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE; Deportation of Armenian notables in 1915; St Maximian the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 21; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; St Elizabeth the Wonderworker of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 24; GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE 1915-1923, Commemorated April 24; MARTYRS OF ARMENIA, 24 April 1915 ; Venerable Thomas the Fool of Syria, Commemorated on April 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 25; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; St Michael of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ; St Peter the Wonderworker and Bishop of Argos, Commemorated on May 3; Martyr Acacius the Centurion at Byzantium, Commemorated on May 7; St Akaki Asistavi of Georgia, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Nilus the Myrrhgusher of Lavra of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8 ; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12; St Pausicacus the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 13; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13; St George the Confessor, with his wife and children of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 13; St Euthymius the New, Founder of the Iveron Monastery and His Fellow Georgian Saints of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13; St Pausicacus the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 13; St Leontius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 14; St Stephen the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 17; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; St John Psichaita the Confessor, of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 26; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on May 29; Virginmartyr Theodosia the Nun of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 29; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10; Martyr Alexander at Constantinople, Commemorated on June 10; Commemoration of the Appearance of the Archangel Gabriel to a Monk on Mt. Athos, and the Revelation of the Hymn, œIt Is Truly Meet...Â Or Axion Estin, Commemorated on June 11; Martyr Aquilina of Byblos in Syria, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St John of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Methodius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 14; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15; Martyr Tigrius the Presbyter of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 16; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; St Julius the Presbyter of Novara, Commemorated on June 21; Martyr Juliana of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 22; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or œthe RomanÂ, Commemorated on June 26; St Sampson the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 27; Synaxis of the Holy, Glorious and All-Praised Twelve Apostles, Commemorated on June 30; New Martyr Argyra, Commemorated on April 30; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on May 11; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Second Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on May 22; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unbreakable WallÂ, Commemorated on May 28; Virginmartyr Theodosia the Nun of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 29 ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; Blessed Constantine the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Theodore the Wonderworker and Hermit of the Jordan, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10; Martyr Alexander at Constantinople, Commemorated on June 10; Commemoration of the Appearance of the Archangel Gabriel to a Monk on Mt. Athos, and the Revelation of the Hymn, œIt Is Truly Meet...Â Or Axion Estin, Commemorated on June 11; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12 ; St Triphyllius the Bishop of Leucosia (Nicosia) in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 13; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15; Martyr Tigrius the Presbyter of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 16; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; St Julius the Presbyter of Novara, Commemorated on June 21; Martyr Juliana of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 22 ; Martyr Agrippina of Rome, Commemorated on June 23; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or œthe RomanÂ, Commemorated on June 26; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; St Sampson the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 27; Synaxis of the Holy, Glorious and All-Praised Twelve Apostles, Commemorated on June 30; Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ; St Andrew the Archbishop of Crete, Commemorated on July 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Galatea, Commemorated on July 4 ; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Deutera Rome (Second Rome, Constantinople) St Anne, mother of Theotokos
Deutera Rome (Second Rome, Constantinople); Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25 ; Anna was the daughter of the priest Matthan and his wife Mary. She was of the tribe of Levi and the lineage of Aaron. According to Tradition, she died peacefully in Jerusalem at age 79, before the Annunciation to the Most Holy Theotokos. the reign of Saint Justinian the Emperor (527-565), a church was built in her honor at Deutera. Emperor Justinian II (685-695; 705-711) restored her church, since Saint Anna had appeared to his pregnant wife. It was at this time that her body and maphorion (veil) were transferred to Constantinople. of Saint Anna’s holy relics may be found on Mount Athos: Stavronikita Monastery (part of her left hand), Saint Anna’s Skete (part of her incorrupt left foot), Koutloumousiou Monastery (part of her incorrupt right foot). Fragments of her relics may also be found in her Monastery at Lygaria, Lamia, and in the Monastery of Saint John the Theologian at Sourota. Part of the saint’s incorrupt flesh is in the collection of Saints’ relics of the International Catholic Crusaders. The church of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome has one of the saint’s wrists. Anna is also commemorated on September 9.

Byzantium, 376-382, Byzantine Period, Gothic Civil War, Eastern Roman Empire
Byzantine Period, Gothic Civil War, 376-382, Eastern Roman Empire; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7;

Byzantium, 667 BC-330 (Greek and Roman Empire)
Byzantium; Martyr Theodota at Nicea, Commemorated on September 17;

Byzantium, 330-1453 Bryzantine Empire, Constantinople
Byzantium; Byzantine Empire; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10 ; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; Martyr Adrian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on August 26 ; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27 ; Princess Anna Vsevolodna, Commemorated on November 3 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; ANDREW THE APOSTLE, (30 NOV NT) ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Martyr Adrian of Nicomedia; New Martyr Isaac of Georgia; Apostle Stachys of the Seventy, Commemorated October 31 ; St Justinian the Emperor; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; Hierarch Samuel, Second Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Martyr Eleutherius at Constantinople, Commemorated on December 15; St Florus the Bishop of Amisus, Commemorated on December 18 ; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19 ; Hieromartyr Euthymius the Bishop of Sardis, Commemorated on December 26 ; Venerable Marcellus the Abbot of the Monastery of the "Unsleeping Ones", Commemorated December 29 ; Apostle Stachys of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable John Calabytes "œthe Hut-Dweller"Â, Commemorated on January 15; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19 ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated January 30 ; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; Righteous Theodora, wife of the Emperor Theophilus, the Iconoclast, Commemorated February 11; Icon of the Mother of God "Iveron", Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the "œUnsleeping Ones"Â, Commemorated on February 23; Byzantium Emperor Marcian (450-457); Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5 ; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; Venerable Gregory the Byzantine, Commemorated on April 6; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Isaac the Syrian, Abbot of Spoleto, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Thomas the Fool of Syria, Commemorated on April 24; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Martyr Acacius the Centurion at Byzantium, Commemorated on May 7; St Akaki Asistavi of Georgia, Commemorated on May 7; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on May 11; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Second Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on May 22; Martyr Lucillian and those who suffered with him at Byzantium, Commemorated on June 3; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2;

Constantinople, 1453-1922, Ottoman Empire in Constantinople, Sunni (the Turks)
Ottoman Empire in Constantinople, 1453-1922, Sunni (the Turks) ; Fall of Constantinople (1453); Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10 ; Venerable Romanus the Martyr, Commemorated January 5 ; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated February 17; Martyr Philothea the Monastic, Commemorated on February 19 ; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; New Martyr Nicetas of Pojani and Serres, Commemorated on April 4; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Eleni (who was also called Susanna), New martyr of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE 1915-1923, Commemorated April 24; MARTYRS OF ARMENIA, 24 April 1915 ; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; New Martyr Argyra, Commemorated on April 30; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1;

Walls of Constantinople - Outer Wall around the shoreline, 8 miles
Walls of Constantinople - Mesoteichion Wall; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11;

Walls of Constantinople - Mesoteichion Wall, Blachernae and Studion
Walls of Constantinople - Mesoteichion Wall; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11;

Seventh Hill

Sixth Hill

Fifth Hill

Walls of Constantinople - Constantine's Wall
Walls of Constantinople - Constantine's Wall;

Fourth Hill

Third Hill

Walls of Constantinople - Severan Wall
Walls of Constantinople - Severan Wall;

Second Hill

Walls of Constantinople - Downtown Byzantium
Walls of Constantinople - Downtown Byzantium; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11;

First Hill

Lycus River

A Patch

Constantinople History Folder

Constantinople, 000, 1st Century Folder, St Andrew

Constantinople, 30-54, Apostle Stachys of the Seventy, Bishop of Byzantium
Constantinople, 30-54, Apostle Stachys of the Seventy, Bishop of Byzantium; the Apostle (died 54) was the second bishop of Byzantium, from AD 38 to AD 54. seemed to be closely connected to Saint Andrew and Saint Paul. quotes Origen as saying that Andrew had preached in Asia Minor and in Scythia, along the Black Sea as far as the Volga and Kiev, hence he became a patron saint of Romania and Russia. to tradition, Saint Andrew founded the See of Byzantium in 38, installing Stachys as bishop (the only bishopric in that neighbourhood before that time had been established at Heraclea). See would later develop into the Patriarchate of Constantinople, having Apostle Andrew as its Patron Saint. was not clear if Stachys was the same person whom Paul calls "dear" in the Epistle to the Romans (Rom. 16:9), but anyway, he is always associated in traditions with five other apostles (Ampliatus, Urban, Apelles, Aristobulus and Narcissus) that are the very same names mentioned together with him by Paul in Romans 16:8-11. His feast day is on October 31. Byzantium; Byzantine Empire; Apostle Stachys of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31;

Constantinople, 30-60, Saint Andrew the Apostle, Byzantium
Constantinople, 1st Century, Saint Andrew the Apostle, Byzantium ; the Apostle, also called Saint Andrew, was an apostle of Jesus according to the New Testament. He is the brother of Saint Peter.[4] He is referred to in the Orthodox tradition as the First-Called. According to Orthodox tradition, the apostolic successor to Saint Andrew is the Patriarch of Constantinople.[5] Contents Life[edit] The Calling of Saints Peter and Andrew by Caravaggio (1603–1606) Crucifixion of Saint Andrew, by Juan Correa de Vivar (1540–1545) The name "Andrew" (Greek: manly, brave, from ἀνδρεία, Andreia, "manhood, valour"), like other Greek names, appears to have been common among the Jews and other Hellenized people of Judea. No Hebrew or Aramaic name is recorded for him. Andrew the Apostle was born between 5 and 10 AD[6] in Bethsaida, in Galilee.[7] The New Testament states that Andrew was the brother of Simon Peter,[8] and likewise a son of Jonah. "The first striking characteristic of Andrew is his name: it is not Hebrew, as might have been expected, but Greek, indicative of a certain cultural openness in his family that cannot be ignored. We are in Galilee, where the Greek language and culture are quite present."[9] Both he and his brother Peter were fishermen by trade, hence the tradition that Jesus called them to be his disciples by saying that he will make them "fishers of men" (Greek: ἁλιεῖς ἀνθρώπων, halieis anthrōpōn).[10] At the beginning of Jesus' public life, they were said to have occupied the same house at Capernaum. In the Gospel of Matthew[11] and in the Gospel of Mark[12] Simon Peter and Andrew were both called together to become disciples of Jesus and "fishers of men". These narratives record that Jesus was walking along the shore of the Sea of Galilee, observed Simon and Andrew fishing, and called them to discipleship. In the parallel incident in the Gospel of Luke[13] Andrew is not named, nor is reference made to Simon having a brother. In this narrative, Jesus initially used a boat, solely described as being Simon's, as a platform for preaching to the multitudes on the shore and then as a means to achieving a huge trawl of fish on a night which had hitherto proved fruitless. The narrative indicates that Simon was not the only fisherman in the boat (they signalled to their partners in the other boat …[14] but it is not until the next chapter[15] that Andrew is named as Simon's brother. However, it is generally understood that Andrew was fishing with Simon on the night in question. Matthew Poole, in his Annotations on the Holy Bible, stressed that 'Luke denies not that Andrew was there'.[16] In contrast, the Gospel of John[17] states that Andrew was a disciple of John the Baptist, whose testimony first led him, and another unnamed disciple of John the Baptist, to follow Jesus. Andrew at once recognized Jesus as the Messiah, and hastened to introduce him to his brother.[18] The Byzantine Church honours him with the name Protokletos, which means "the first called".[9] Thenceforth, the two brothers were disciples of Christ. On a subsequent occasion, prior to the final call to the apostolate, they were called to a closer companionship, and then they left all things to follow Jesus. Subsequently, in the gospels, Andrew is referred to as being present on some important occasions as one of the disciples more closely attached to Jesus.[a] Andrew told Jesus about the boy with the loaves and fishes,[19] and when Philip wanted to tell Jesus about certain Greeks seeking Him, he told Andrew first.[20] Andrew was present at the Last Supper.[21] Andrew was one of the four disciples who came to Jesus on the Mount of Olives to ask about the signs of Jesus' return at the "end of the age".[22] Eusebius in his Church History 3.1 quoted Origen as saying that Andrew preached in Scythia. The Chronicle of Nestor adds that he preached along the Black Sea and the Dnieper river as far as Kiev, and from there he travelled to Novgorod. Hence, he became a patron saint of Ukraine, Romania and Russia. According to Hippolytus of Rome, Andrew preached in Thrace, and his presence in Byzantium is mentioned in the apocryphal Acts of Andrew. According to tradition, he founded the See of Byzantium (later Constantinople and Istanbul) in AD 38, installing Stachys as bishop. This diocese would later develop into the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Andrew, along with Saint Stachys, is recognized as the patron saint of the Patriarchate.[23] Basil of Seleucia also knew of Apostle Andrew's missions in Thrace, Scythia and Achaea.[24] Andrew is said to have been martyred by crucifixion at the city of Patras (Patræ) in Achaea, in AD 60.[21] Early texts, such as the Acts of Andrew known to Gregory of Tours,[25] describe Andrew as bound, not nailed, to a Latin cross of the kind on which Jesus is said to have been crucified; yet a tradition developed that Andrew had been crucified on a cross of the form called crux decussata (X-shaped cross, or "saltire"), now commonly known as a "Saint Andrew's Cross" — supposedly at his own request, as he deemed himself unworthy to be crucified on the same type of cross as Jesus had been.[b] The iconography of the martyrdom of Andrew — showing him bound to an X-shaped cross — does not appear to have been standardized until the later Middle Ages.[26][c] The Acts of Andrew[edit] Martyrdom of Saint Andrew in the Nuremberg Chronicle Main article: Acts of Andrew The apocryphal Acts of Andrew, mentioned by Eusebius, Epiphanius and others, is among a disparate group of Acts of the Apostles that were traditionally attributed to Leucius Charinus. "These Acts (...) belong to the third century: ca. A.D. 260," in the opinion of M. R. James, who edited them in 1924. The Acts, as well as a Gospel of St Andrew, appear among rejected books in the Decretum Gelasianum connected with the name of Pope Gelasius I. The Acts of Andrew was edited and published by Constantin von Tischendorf in the Acta Apostolorum apocrypha (Leipzig, 1821), putting it for the first time into the hands of a critical professional readership. Another version of the Andrew legend is found in the Passio Andreae, published by Max Bonnet (Supplementum II Codicis apocryphi, Paris, 1895). Relics[edit] Saint Andrew of Patras cathedral, where Saint Andrew's relics are kept Statue of Andrew in the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran by Camillo Rusconi (1713–1715) Relics alleged to be those of the Apostle Andrew are kept at the Basilica of Saint Andrew in Patras, Greece; in Amalfi Cathedral (the Duomo di Sant'Andrea), Amalfi and in Sarzana Cathedral[1] in Sarzana, Italy; St Mary's Roman Catholic Cathedral, Edinburgh, Scotland;[18] and the Church of St Andrew and St Albert, Warsaw, Poland. There are also numerous smaller reliquaries throughout the world. Andrew's remains were preserved at Patras. According to one legend, Saint Regulus (Rule), a monk at Patras, was advised in a dream to hide some of the bones. Shortly thereafter, most of the relics were transferred from Patras to Constantinople by order of the Roman emperor Constantius II around 357 and deposited in the Church of the Holy Apostles.[21] Regulus was said to have had a second dream in which an angel advised him to take the hidden relics "to the ends of the earth" for protection. Wherever he was shipwrecked, he was to build a shrine for them. St. Rule set sail, taking with him a kneecap, an upper arm bone, three fingers and a tooth. He sailed west, towards the edge of the known world, and was shipwrecked on the coast of Fife, Scotland. However, the relics were probably brought to Britain in 597 as part of the Augustine Mission, and then in 732 to Fife, by Bishop Acca of Hexham, a well-known collector of religious relics.[18] The skull of Saint Andrew, which had been taken to Constantinople, was returned to Patras by Emperor Basil I, who ruled from 867 to 886.[27] In 1208, following the sack of Constantinople, those relics of Saint Andrew and Saint Peter which remained in the imperial city were taken to Amalfi, Italy,[28] by Cardinal Peter of Capua, a native of Amalfi. A cathedral (Duomo), was built, dedicated to Saint Andrew (as is the town itself), to house a tomb in its crypt where it is maintained that most of the relics of the apostle, including an occipital bone, remain. Thomas Palaeologus was the youngest surviving son of Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos. Thomas ruled the province of Morea, the medieval name for the Peloponnese. In 1461, when the Ottomans crossed the Strait of Corinth, Palaeologus fled Patras for exile in Italy, bringing with him what was purported to be the skull of Saint Andrew. He gave the head to Pope Pius II, who had it enshrined in one of the four central piers of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican and then in Pienza,[2] Italy. In September 1964, Pope Paul VI, as a gesture of goodwill toward the Greek Orthodox Church, ordered that all of the relics of Saint Andrew that were in Vatican City be sent back to Patras. Cardinal Augustin Bea along with many other cardinals presented the skull to Bishop Constantine of Patras on 24 September 1964.[29] The cross of Saint Andrew was taken from Greece during the Crusades by the Duke of Burgundy.[30][31] It was kept in the church of St. Victor in Marseilles[32] until it returned to Patras on 19 January 1980. The cross of the apostle was presented to the Bishop of Patras Nicodemus by a Catholic delegation led by Cardinal Roger Etchegaray. All the relics, which consist of the small finger, the skull (part of the top of the cranium of Saint Andrew), and the cross on which he was martyred, have been kept in the Church of St. Andrew at Patras in a special shrine and are revered in a special ceremony every 30 November, his feast day. In 2006, the Catholic Church, again through Cardinal Etchegaray, gave the Greek Orthodox Church another relic of Saint Andrew.[33] Traditions and legends[edit] This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Andrew the Apostle" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Georgia[edit] A 13th-century fresco depicting Saint Andrew, from Kintsvisi Monastery, Georgia The church tradition of Georgia regards Saint Andrew as the first preacher of Christianity in the territory of Georgia and as the founder of the Georgian church. This tradition was apparently[citation needed] derived from the Byzantine sources, particularly Nicetas of Paphlagonia (died c. 890) who asserts that "Andrew preached to the Iberians, Sauromatians, Taurians, and Scythians and to every region and city, on the Black Sea, both north and south."[34] The version was adopted by the 10th–11th-century Georgian ecclesiastics and, refurbished with more details, was inserted in the Georgian Chronicles. The story of Saint Andrew's mission in the Georgian lands endowed the Georgian church with apostolic origin and served as a defence argument to George the Hagiorite against the encroachments from the Antiochian church authorities on autocephaly of the Georgian church. Another Georgian monk, Ephraim the Minor, produced a thesis, reconciling Saint Andrew's story with an earlier evidence of the 4th-century conversion of Georgians by Saint Nino and explaining the necessity of the "second Christening" by Nino. The thesis was made canonical by the Georgian church council in 1103.[35][36] The Georgian Orthodox Church marks two feast days in honour of Saint Andrew, on 12 May and 13 December. The former date, dedicated to Saint Andrew's arrival in Georgia, is a public holiday in Georgia. Cyprus[edit] Cypriot tradition holds that a ship which was transporting Saint Andrew went off course and ran aground. Upon coming ashore, Andrew struck the rocks with his staff at which point a spring of healing waters gushed forth. Using it, the sight of the ship's captain, who had been blind in one eye, was restored. Thereafter, the site became a place of pilgrimage and a fortified monastery stood there in the 12th century, from which Isaac Comnenus negotiated his surrender to Richard the Lionheart. In the 15th century, a small chapel was built close to the shore. The main monastery of the current church dates to the 18th century. Other pilgrimages are more recent. The story is told that in 1895, the son of a Maria Georgiou was kidnapped. Seventeen years later, Saint Andrew appeared to her in a dream, telling her to pray for her son's return at the monastery. Living in Anatolia, she embarked on the crossing to Cyprus on a very crowded boat. As she was telling her story during the journey, one of the passengers, a young Dervish priest, became more and more interested. Asking if her son had any distinguishing marks, he stripped off his clothes to reveal the same marks and mother and son were thus reunited.[37] Apostolos Andreas Monastery (Greek: Απόστολος Ανδρέας) is a monastery dedicated to Saint Andrew situated just south of Cape Apostolos Andreas, which is the north-easternmost point of the island of Cyprus, in Rizokarpaso in the Karpass Peninsula. The monastery is an important site to the Cypriot Orthodox Church. It was once known as 'the Lourdes of Cyprus', served not by an organized community of monks but by a changing group of volunteer priests and laymen. Both Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities consider the monastery a holy place. As such, it is visited by many people for votive prayers. Malta[edit] mosaic of St. Andrew Fifth-century mosaic of Saint Andrew at St. Paul Outside the Walls, Rome The first reference regards the small chapel at Luqa dedicated to Andrew dates to 1497. This chapel contained three altars, one of them dedicated to Andrew. The painting showing Mary with Saints Andrew and Paul was painted by the Maltese artist Filippo Dingli. At one time, many fishermen lived in the village of Luqa, and this may be the main reason for choosing Andrew as patron saint. The statue of Andrew was sculpted in wood by Giuseppe Scolaro in 1779. This statue underwent several restoration works including that of 1913 performed by the Maltese artist Abraham Gatt. The Martyrdom of Saint Andrew on the main altar of the church was painted by Mattia Preti in 1687. Romania[edit] Entrance to Saint Andrew's caves near Ion Corvin, Constanța County Main article: Saint Andrew in Romania The official stance of the Romanian Orthodox Church is that Andrew preached the Gospel in the province of Dobruja (Scythia Minor) to the Daco-Romans, whom he is said to have converted to Christianity. Such a tradition was however not widely acknowledged until the 20th century. According to Hippolyte of Antioch, (died c. 250 C.E.) in his On Apostles, Origen in the third book of his Commentaries on the Genesis (254 C.E.), Eusebius of Caesarea in his Church History (340 C.E.), and other sources, such as Usaard's Martyrdom written between 845 and 865, and Jacobus de Voragine's Golden Legend (c. 1260), Saint Andrew preached in Scythia, a possible reference to Scythia Minor, whose territory was integrated into Romania in the late 19th century. According to some modern Romanian scholars, the idea of early Christianisation is unsustainable. They take the idea to be a part of an ideology of protochronism which purports that the Orthodox Church has been a companion and defender of the Romanian people for its entire history, which was then used for propaganda purposes during the communist era,[38] although this is disputed. East Slavs[edit] Saint Andrew's prophecy of Kiev, depicted in the Radzivill Chronicle Tradition regarding the early Christian history of Ukraine holds that the apostle Andrew preached on the southern borders of modern-day Ukraine, along the Black Sea. Legend has it that he travelled up the Dnieper River and reached the future location of Kyiv, where he erected a cross on the site where the Saint Andrew's Church of Kyiv currently stands, and where he prophesied the foundation of a great Christian city.[39] Because of this connection to Kyiv, Saint Andrew is considered to be the patron saint of the two East Slavic nations descended from the Kievan Rus: Ukraine and Russia, the latter country using the Saint Andrew's Cross on its naval ensign. The third East Slavic nation, Belarus, however, reveres Euphrosyne of Polotsk, a local saint, as its patron instead. Scotland[edit] The Saltire (or "Saint Andrew's Cross") is the national flag of Scotland. Several legends state that the relics of Andrew were brought by divine guidance from Constantinople to the place where the modern Scottish town of St Andrews stands today (Gaelic, Cill Rìmhinn). The oldest surviving manuscripts are two: one is among the manuscripts collected by Jean-Baptiste Colbert and willed to Louis XIV of France, now in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris; the other is the Harleian Mss in the British Library, London. They state that the relics of Andrew were brought by one Regulus to the Pictish king Óengus mac Fergusa (729–761). The only historical Regulus (Riagail or Rule) whose name is preserved in the tower of St Rule was an Irish monk expelled from Ireland with Saint Columba; his dates, however, are c. 573 – 600. There are good reasons for supposing that the relics were originally in the collection of Acca, bishop of Hexham, who took them into Pictish country when he was driven from Hexham (c. 732), and founded a see, not, according to tradition, in Galloway, but on the site of St Andrews. Saint Andrew (carving c.1500) in the National Museum of Scotland According to legendary accounts given in 16th-century historiography, Óengus II in AD 832 led an army of Picts and Scots into battle against the Angles, led by Æthelstan, near modern-day Athelstaneford, East Lothian. The legend states that he was heavily outnumbered and hence whilst engaged in prayer on the eve of battle, Óengus vowed that if granted victory he would appoint Saint Andrew as the Patron Saint of Scotland. On the morning of battle white clouds forming an X shape in the sky were said to have appeared. Óengus and his combined force, emboldened by this apparent divine intervention, took to the field and despite being inferior in numbers were victorious. Having interpreted the cloud phenomenon as representing the crux decussata upon which Saint Andrew was crucified, Óengus honoured his pre-battle pledge and duly appointed Saint Andrew as the Patron Saint of Scotland. The white saltire set against a celestial blue background is said to have been adopted as the design of the flag of Scotland on the basis of this legend.[40] However, there is evidence that Andrew was venerated in Scotland before this. Traditional stone fireplace in northern England. The carved Saint Andrew's cross in the left-hand wooden post was to prevent witches from flying down the chimney. In Ryedale Folk Museum, Hutton-le-Hole. Andrew's connection with Scotland may have been reinforced following the Synod of Whitby, when the Celtic Church felt that Columba had been "outranked" by Peter and that Peter's brother would make a higher-ranking patron. The 1320 Declaration of Arbroath cites Scotland's conversion to Christianity by Andrew, "the first to be an Apostle". Numerous parish churches in the Church of Scotland and congregations of other Christian churches in Scotland are named after Andrew. The national church of the Scottish people in Rome, Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi is dedicated to Saint Andrew. A local superstition uses the cross of Saint Andrew as a hex sign on the fireplaces in northern England and Scotland to prevent witches from flying down the chimney and entering the house to do mischief. By placing the Saint Andrew's cross on one of the fireplace posts or lintels, witches are prevented from entering through this opening. In this case, it is similar to the use of a witch ball, although the cross will actively prevent witches from entering, whereas the witch ball will passively delay or entice the witch, and perhaps entrap it. Spain[edit] A form of St. Andrew's cross called the Cross of Bourgogne was used as the flag of the Duchy of Burgundy, and after the Duchy was acquired by Spain, by the Spanish Crown, and later as a Spanish naval flag and finally as an army battle flag up until 1843. Today, it is still a part of various Spanish military insignia and forms part of the Coat of Arms of the king of Spain as it did with General Franco. Monument to Andrey Pervozvanniy in Kyiv, Ukraine. The sculptors were Boris Krylov and Oles Sydoruk. In Spain, Saint Andrew is the patron of several locations: San Andrés (Santa Cruz de Tenerife), San Andrés y Sauces (La Palma), Navalmoral de la Mata (Cáceres), Éibar (Guipúzcoa), Baeza (Jaén), Pobladura de Pelayo García and Pobladura de Yuso (León), Berlangas de Roa (Burgos), Ligüerzana (Palencia), Castillo de Bayuela (Toledo), Almoradí (Alicante), Estella (Navarra), Sant Andreu de Palomar, (Barcelona), Pujalt (Catalonia), Adamuz (Córdoba) and San Andrés [es] in Cameros (La Rioja). Legacy[edit] Saint Andrew the Apostle by Yoan from Gabrovo, 19th century Andrew is the patron saint of several countries and cities including: Barbados, Romania, Russia, Scotland, Ukraine, Sarzana,[1] Pienza[2] and Amalfi in Italy, Esgueira in Portugal, Luqa in Malta, Parañaque in the Philippines and Patras in Greece. He was also the patron saint of Prussia and of the Order of the Golden Fleece. He is considered the founder and the first bishop of the Church of Byzantium and is consequently the patron saint of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The Apostle Andrew is also the patron of the Russian Navy. The flag of Scotland (and consequently the Union Flag and those of some of the former colonies of the British Empire) feature Saint Andrew's saltire cross. The saltire is also the flag of Tenerife, the former flag of Galicia and the Russian Navy Ensign. The Confederate flag also features a saltire commonly referred to as a St Andrew's cross, although its designer, William Porcher Miles, said he changed it from an upright cross to a saltire so that it would not be a religious symbol but merely a heraldic device. The Alabama flag also shows that device. The feast of Andrew is observed on 30 November in both the Eastern and Western churches, and is the national day of Scotland. In the traditional liturgical books of the Catholic Church, the feast of Saint Andrew is the first feast day in the Proper of Saints. Andrew the Apostle is remembered in the Church of England with a Festival on 30 November.[41] In Islam[edit] The Qur’anic account of the disciples of Jesus does not include their names, numbers, or any detailed accounts of their lives. Muslim exegesis, however, more or less agrees with the New Testament list and says that the disciples included Andrew.[42] Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30;

Constantinople, 30-72, Saint Thomas the Apostle, Byzantium
Constantinople, 30-72, Saint Thomas the Apostle, Byzantium; the Apostle was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament. Thomas is commonly known as "Doubting Thomas" because he initially doubted the resurrection of Jesus Christ when he was told of it (as is related in the Gospel of John alone); he later confessed his faith ("My Lord and my God") on seeing the wounds leftover from the crucifixion. to traditional accounts of the Saint Thomas Christians of modern-day Kerala in India, is believed to have travelled outside the Roman Empire to preach the Gospel, travelling as far as the Tamilakam which is in South India,[1][5][6][7] and reached Muziris of Tamilakam (modern-day North Paravur and Kodungalloor in Kerala State, India) in AD 52.[8][9][1] 1258, some of the relics were brought to Ortona, in Abruzzo, Italy, where they have been held in the Church of Saint Thomas the Apostle.[10] is often regarded as the patron saint of India among its Christian adherents,[11][12] and the Feast of Saint Thomas on July 3 is celebrated as Indian Christian Day by believers belonging to many Christian denominations.[13][14] The name Thomas remains quite popular among the Saint Thomas Christians of the Indian subcontinent. The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31;

Constantinople, 100, 2nd Century Folder, Martyr Meletius Stratelates who suffered in Galatia

Constantinople, 200, 3rd-6th Century, Folder, Byzantine Period before Islam, heresies

Constantinople, 200-299, 3rd Century, Folder, Arian Historian Eusebius

Constantinople, 272-303, Byzantine Patriarch, Dometius of Byzantium, emperor Probus' b, converted
Byzantine Patriarch, 272-303, Dometius of Byzantium ; (? – 284) was bishop of Byzantium about the period 272–284. was a brother of the Roman Emperor Probus. He converted to Christianity, and entered the clergy when he was baptised by the bishop of Byzantium Titus, whom he succeeded. had two sons, Probus and Metrophanes, who also became bishops of the same city. St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4;

Constantinople, 276-336, Arias, Byzantine Arian, intensified the controversy, the essence of Christ
Byzantine Arian, 276-336, Arias ; (250 or 256-336) was a Cyrenaic presbyter, ascetic, and priest best known for the doctrine of Arianism.[1][2] His teachings about the nature of the Godhead in Christianity, which emphasized God the Father's uniqueness and Christ's subordination under the Father,[3] and his opposition to what would become the dominant Christology, Homoousian Christology, made him a primary topic of the First Council of Nicaea convened by Emperor Constantine the Great in 325. Emperors Licinius and Constantine legalized and formalized the Christianity of the time in the Roman Empire, Constantine sought to unify the newly recognized Church and remove theological divisions.[4] The Christian Church was divided over disagreements on Christology, or the nature of the relationship between the first and second persons of the Trinity. Christians, including Athanasius of Alexandria, used Arius and Arianism as epithets to describe those who disagreed with their doctrine of coequal Trinitarianism, a Homoousian Christology representing God the Father and Jesus Christ the Son as "of one essence" ("consubstantial") and coeternal. writings describe Arius' theology as one in which there was a time before the Son of God, when only God the Father existed. concerted opposition, Arian Christian churches persisted throughout Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, especially in various Germanic kingdoms, until suppressed by military conquest or voluntary royal conversion between the fifth and seventh centuries. Son's precise relationship with the Father had been discussed for decades before Arius' advent; Arius intensified the controversy and carried it to a Church-wide audience, where others like Eusebius of Nicomedia proved much more influential in the long run. fact, some later Arians disavowed the name, claiming not to have been familiar with the man or his specific teachings.[5][6] However, because the conflict between Arius and his foes brought the issue to the theological forefront, the doctrine he proclaimed—though had not originated—is generally labeled as "his". St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; Martyr Polychronius the Presbyter, Commemorated on October 7; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of Casarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1;

Constantinople, 280-340, Eusebius, Church Historian, an Arian before Arius
Palestine, 280-340, Eusebius, Church Historian, Arian; of Caesarea (AD 260/265 - 339/340), also known as Eusebius Pamphili, was a historian of Christianity, exegete, and Christian polemicist. became the bishop of Caesarea Maritima about AD 314. Together with Pamphilus, he was a scholar of the biblical canon and is regarded as one of the most learned Christians of his time.[6] wrote Demonstrations of the Gospel, Preparations for the Gospel and On Discrepancies between the Gospels, studies of the biblical text. Father of Church History [note 1] (not to be confused with the title of Church Father), he produced the Ecclesiastical History, On the Life of Pamphilus, the Chronicle and On the Martyrs. He also produced a biographical work on Constantine the Great, the first Christian Emperor, who was augustus between AD 306 and AD 337. A portrait of St. Eusebius of Caesarea (left) and Ammonius of Alexandria (right), prefacing the letter Eusebius wrote to him in the Rabbula Gospels (6th cent. AD) Eusebius' works are regarded as giving insight into the history of the early church, he was not without prejudice, especially in regard to the Jews, for while "Eusebius indeed blames the Jews for the crucifixion of Jesus, he nevertheless also states that forgiveness can be granted even for this sin and that the Jews can receive salvation."[8] scholars question the accuracy of Eusebius' works. For example, at least one scholar, Lynn Cohick, dissents from the majority view that Eusebius is correct in identifying the Melito of Peri Pascha with the Quartodeciman bishop of Sardis. Cohick claims as support for her position that "Eusebius is a notoriously unreliable historian, and so anything he reports should be critically scrutinized."[9] Life of Constantine, which he wrote as a eulogy shortly after the emperor's death in AD 337, is "often maligned for perceived factual errors, deemed by some so hopelessly flawed that it cannot be the work of Eusebius at all."[10] attribute this perceived flaw in this particular work as an effort at creating an overly idealistic hagiography, calling him a "Constantinian flunky"[11] since, as a trusted adviser to Constantine, it would be politically expedient for him to present Constantine in the best light possible. Byzantine Arian, 276-336, Arias ; Son's precise relationship with the Father had been discussed for decades before Arius' advent; Arius intensified the controversy and carried it to a Church-wide audience, where others like Eusebius of Nicomedia proved much more influential in the long run. fact, some later Arians disavowed the name, claiming not to have been familiar with the man or his specific teachings.[5][6] However, because the conflict between Arius and his foes brought the issue to the theological forefront, the doctrine he proclaimed—though had not originated—is generally labeled as "his". (250 or 256-336) was a Cyrenaic presbyter, ascetic, and priest best known for the doctrine of Arianism.[1][2] His teachings about the nature of the Godhead in Christianity, which emphasized God the Father's uniqueness and Christ's subordination under the Father,[3] and his opposition to what would become the dominant Christology, Homoousian Christology, made him a primary topic of the First Council of Nicaea convened by Emperor Constantine the Great in 325. Emperors Licinius and Constantine legalized and formalized the Christianity of the time in the Roman Empire, Constantine sought to unify the newly recognized Church and remove theological divisions.[4] The Christian Church was divided over disagreements on Christology, or the nature of the relationship between the first and second persons of the Trinity. Christians, including Athanasius of Alexandria, used Arius and Arianism as epithets to describe those who disagreed with their doctrine of coequal Trinitarianism, a Homoousian Christology representing God the Father and Jesus Christ the Son as "of one essence" ("consubstantial") and coeternal. writings describe Arius' theology as one in which there was a time before the Son of God, when only God the Father existed. concerted opposition, Arian Christian churches persisted throughout Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, especially in various Germanic kingdoms, until suppressed by military conquest or voluntary royal conversion between the fifth and seventh centuries. Son's precise relationship with the Father had been discussed for decades before Arius' advent; Arius intensified the controversy and carried it to a Church-wide audience, where others like Eusebius of Nicomedia proved much more influential in the long run. fact, some later Arians disavowed the name, claiming not to have been familiar with the man or his specific teachings.[5][6] However, because the conflict between Arius and his foes brought the issue to the theological forefront, the doctrine he proclaimed—though had not originated—is generally labeled as "his". FABIAN, BISHOP AND MARTYR (20 JANUARY 250);

Constantinople, 290-340, Macrina the Elder (somewhere on Iris River in Pontus)
Byzantium, 290-340, Macrina the Elder (somewhere on Iris River) ; Byzantium, 350-379, Macrina the Younger (somewhere on Iris River); MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ;

Constantinople, 290-306, Demetrius of Thessaloniki, myrrh-gusher, secret christian appointed to kill c, converted many
Macedonian Saint, 290-306, Demetrius of Thessaloniki; (or Demetrios) of Thessaloniki (Greek: Ἅγιος Δημήτριος τῆς Θεσσαλονίκης, Hágios Dēmḗtrios tēs Thessaloníkēs[a]), also known as the Holy Great-Martyr Demetrius the Myroblyte (meaning 'the Myrrh-Gusher' or 'Myrrh-Streamer';[b] 3rd century – 306), was a Christian martyr of the early 4th century AD. the Middle Ages, he came to be revered as one of the most important Orthodox military saints, often paired with George of Lydda. His feast day is 26 October for Eastern Orthodox Christians, which falls on 8 November [NS] for those following the old calendar. In the Roman Catholic church he is most commonly called "Demetrius of Sermium" and his memorial falls on 8 October. Martyr Lupus, slave of Saint Demetrius of Thessalonica, Commemorated on August 23; Martyr Lupus lived at the end of the third century and beginning of the fourth century, and was a faithful servant of the holy Great Martyr Demetrius of Thessalonica (October 26). Being present at the death of his master, he soaked his own clothing with his blood and took a ring from his hand. With this clothing, and with the ring and the name of the Great Martyr Demetrius, Saint Lupus worked many miracles at Thessalonica. He destroyed pagan idols, for which he was subjected to persecution by the pagans, but he was preserved unharmed by the power of God. Lupus voluntarily delivered himself into the hands of the torturers, and by order of the emperor Maximian Galerius, he was beheaded by the sword. Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; Great Martyr Demetrios the Myrrh-gusher of Thessaloniki was the son of a Roman proconsul in Thessaloniki. Three centuries had elapsed and Roman paganism, spiritually shattered and defeated by the multitude of martyrs and confessors of the Savior, intensified its persecutions. parents of Saint Demetrios were secret Christians, and he was baptized and raised in the Christian Faith in a secret church in his father’s home. the time Demetrios had reached maturity and his father had died, Emperor Galerius Maximian had ascended the throne (305). Maximian, confident in Demetrios's education as well as his administrative and military abilities, appointed him to his father’s position as proconsul of the Thessaloniki district. The young commander's principal duties were to defend the city from barbarians and to eradicate Christianity. The Emperor's policy regarding Christians was expressed simply: “Put to death anyone who calls on the name of Christ.” The Emperor did not suspect that by appointing Demetrios he had provided him with the opportunity to bring many people to Christ. the appointment, Demetrios returned to Thessaloniki and confessed and glorified our Lord Jesus Christ. Instead of persecuting and executing Christians, he began to teach the Christian Faith openly to the inhabitants of the city and to overthrow pagan customs and the worship of idols. The compiler of his Life, Saint Simeon Metaphrastes (November 9), says that because of his teaching zeal he became “a second Apostle Paul” for Thessaloniki, particularly since “the Apostle to the Gentiles” founded the first community of believers in the city (1 Thess. and 2 Thess.). Lord also destined Saint Demetrios to follow Saint Paul on the path to martyrdom. When Maximian learned that the newly-appointed proconsul was a Christian, and that he had converted many Roman subjects to Christianity, the Emperor's rage knew no bounds. Returning from a campaign in the area of the Black Sea, the Emperor decided to lead his army through Thessaloniki, determined to massacre the Christians. of this, Saint Demetrios ordered his faithful servant Lupus to give his wealth to the poor saying, “Distribute my earthly riches among them, for we shall seek heavenly riches for ourselves.” He began to pray and fast, preparing himself for martyrdom. the Emperor came into the city, he summoned Demetrios, who boldly confessed himself a Christian and denounced the falsehood and futility of Roman polytheism. Maximian ordered Demetrios to be thrown into prison. An Angel appeared to him, comforting and encouraging him. the Emperor amused himself by staging games in the circus. His champion was a German by the name of Lyaeos. He challenged Christians to wrestle with him on a platform built over the upturned spears of the victorious soldiers. A brave Christian named Nestor went to the prison to Saint Dēmḗtrios, his instructor in the Faith, asking for his blessing to fight the barbarian. With the blessing and prayers of Saint Demetrios, Nestor defeated the fierce German and hurled him from the platform onto the spears of the soldiers, just as the murderous pagan would have done with the Christian. The enraged commander ordered the execution of the holy Martyr Nestor (October 27) and sent a guard to the prison to kill Saint Demetrios. At dawn on October 26, 306 soldiers appeared in the Saint's underground prison and ran him through with lances. His faithful servant, Saint Lupus, gathered up the blood-soaked garment of Saint Dēmḗtrios he took the imperial ring from his finger, a symbol of his high status, and dipped it in the blood. With the ring and other holy things sanctified the blood of Saint Demetrios, Saint Lupus began to heal the infirm. The Emperor ordered his soldiers to arrest and kill him. body of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios was cast out for wild animals to devour, but the Christians took it and secretly buried it in the earth. the reign of Saint Constantine (306-337), a church was built over the grave of Saint Demetrios. A hundred years later, during the construction of a majestic new church on the old spot, the incorrupt relics of the holy martyr were uncovered. Since the seventh century a miraculous flow of fragrant myrrh has been found beneath the crypt of the Great Martyr Demetrios, so he is called “the Myrrh-gusher.” times, those venerating the holy wonderworker tried to bring his holy relics, or a part of them, to Constantinople. Invariably, Saint Demetrios made it clear that he would not permit anyone to remove even a portion of his relics. is interesting that among the barbarians threatening the Romans, Slavs occupied an important place, in particular those settling upon the Thessalonian peninsula. Some even believe that the parents of Saint Dēmḗtrios were of Slavic descent. While advancing towards the city, pagan Slavs were repeatedly turned away by the apparition of a threatening radiant youth, going around on the walls and inspiring terror in the enemy soldiers. Perhaps this is why the name of Saint Demetrios was particularly venerated among the Slavic nations after they were enlightened by the Gospel. On the other hand, Greeks dismiss the idea that Saint Demetrios was a Slavic saint. very first pages of the Russian Primary Chronicle, as foreordained by God, is bound up with the name of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios of Thessaloniki. The Chronicle relates that when Oleg the Wise threatened the Greeks at Constantinople (907), the Greeks became terrified and said, “This is not Oleg, but rather Saint Demetrios sent upon us from God.” Russian soldiers always believed that they were under the special protection of the holy Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios. Moreover, in the old Russian barracks the Great Martyr Demetrios was always depicted as Russian. Thus this image entered the soul of the Russian nation. veneration of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios in Russia began shortly after the Baptism of Rus. Toward the beginning of the 1070s the Dimitriev monastery at Kiev, known afterwards as the Mikhailov-Zlatoverkh monastery, was founded, The monastery was built by the son of Yaroslav the Wise, Great Prince Izyaslav, Demetrios in Baptism (+ 1078). The mosaic icon of Saint Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki from the cathedral of the Dimitriev monastery has been preserved up to the present day, and is in the Tretiakov Gallery. the years 1194-1197 the Great Prince of Vladimir, Vsevolod III the Great-Nest (Demetrios in Baptism) “built at his court a beautiful church of the holy martyr Dēmḗtrios, and adorned it wondrously with icons and frescoes.” The Dimitriev cathedral also reveals the embellishment of ancient Vladimir. The wonderworking icon of Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki from the cathedral iconostasis is located even now in Moscow, at the Tretiakov gallery. It was painted on a piece of wood from the grave of the holy Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios, brought from Thessaloniki to Vladimir in 1197. of the most precious depictions of the saint, a fresco on a column of the Vladimir Dormition cathedral, was painted by the holy Iconographer Andrew Rublev (July 4). family of Saint Alexander Nevsky (November 23 also venerated Saint Demetrios. Saint Alexander named his eldest son in honor of the holy Great Martyr. His younger son, Prince Daniel of Moscow (March 4), built a church dedicated to the holy Great Martyr Demetrios in the 1280s. This was the first stone church in the Moscow Kremlin. Later in 1326, under Ivan Kalita, it was taken down and the Dormition cathedral was built in its place. memory of Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki is historically associated in Rus with the military, patriotism and the defense of the country. This is apparent by the saint’s depiction on icons as a soldier in plumed armor, with a spear and sword in hand. There is a scroll (in later depictions) on which is written the prayer of Saint Dēmḗtrios for the salvation of the people of Thessaloniki, “Lord, do not permit the city or the people to perish. If You save the city and the people, I shall be saved with them. If they perish, I will perish with them.” the particular spiritual experience of the Russian Church, veneration of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios of Thessaloniki is closely linked with the memory of the defense of the nation and Church by the Great Prince of Moscow, Demetrios of the Don (May 19). “An Account of the Life and Repose of the Great Prince Dēmḗtrios of the Don, Tsar of Russia,” written in the year 1393, already regards the Great Prince as a Saint, as other old Russian histories do. Great Prince Demetrios was a spiritual son and disciple of Saint Alexis, Metropolitan of Moscow (February 12), and a disciple and associate of other great figures of prayer in the Russian Land: Saint Sergius of Radonezh (September 25), Demetrios of Priluki (February 11), Saint Theodore of Rostov (November 28). The Account states: [Great Prince Demetrios] worried a great deal about the churches of God, and he held the territory of the Russian land by his bravery: he conquered many enemies who had risen against us, and he protected his glorious city Moscow with wondrous walls. ...The land of Russia prospered during the years of his reign. the time of the building of the white-walled Kremlin (1366) by Great Prince Demetrios, Moscow was called “White-Stoned.” the prayers of his Heavenly patron, the holy warrior Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki, Great Prince Demetrios, in addition to his brilliant military victories, also gained the further prominence of Russia. He repelled the onslaught of the Lithuanian armies of Olgerd, he routed the Tatar army of Begich at the River Vozha (1378), and he smashed the military might of all the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo Field on September 8, 1380 (the Feast of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos), set between the Rivers Don and Nepryadva. The Battle of Kulikovo, for which the nation calls him Dēmḗtrios of the Don, became the first Russian national exploit, rallying the spiritual power of the Russian nation around Moscow. The “Zadonschina,” an inspiring historic poem written by the priest Sophronios of Ryazem (1381) is devoted to this event. Demetrios of the Don had a great reverence for the holy Great Martyr Demetrios. In 1380, on the eve of the Battle of Kulikovo, he solemnly transferred from Vladimir to Moscow the most holy object in the Vladimir Dimitriev cathedral: the icon of the Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki, painted on a board from the grave of the saint. A chapel dedicated to the Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios was built at Moscow’s Dormition Cathedral. Saint Demetrios Memorial Saturday was established for church-wide remembrance of the soldiers who fell in the Battle of Kulikovo. This memorial service was held for the first time at the Trinity-Saint Sergius monastery on October 20, 1380 by Saint Sergius of Radonezh, in the presence of Great Prince Demetrios of the Don. It is an annual remembrance of the heroes of the Battle of Kulikovo, among whom are the Schema-monks Alexander (Peresvet) and Andrew (Oslyab). Dēmḗtrios is regarded as a protector of the young, and is also invoked by those struggling with lustful temptations. Martyr Nestor of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 27;

Constantinople, 290-307, Lupus, slave of Demetrius of T, soaked with D's blood, took ring, worked miracles, destroyed idols
Martyr Lupus, slave of Saint Demetrius of Thessalonica, Commemorated on August 23; Martyr Lupus lived at the end of the third century and beginning of the fourth century, and was a faithful servant of the holy Great Martyr Demetrius of Thessalonica (October 26). Being present at the death of his master, he soaked his own clothing with his blood and took a ring from his hand. With this clothing, and with the ring and the name of the Great Martyr Demetrius, Saint Lupus worked many miracles at Thessalonica. He destroyed pagan idols, for which he was subjected to persecution by the pagans, but he was preserved unharmed by the power of God. Lupus voluntarily delivered himself into the hands of the torturers, and by order of the emperor Maximian Galerius, he was beheaded by the sword. Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; Great Martyr Demetrios the Myrrh-gusher of Thessaloniki was the son of a Roman proconsul in Thessaloniki. Three centuries had elapsed and Roman paganism, spiritually shattered and defeated by the multitude of martyrs and confessors of the Savior, intensified its persecutions. parents of Saint Demetrios were secret Christians, and he was baptized and raised in the Christian Faith in a secret church in his father’s home. the time Demetrios had reached maturity and his father had died, Emperor Galerius Maximian had ascended the throne (305). Maximian, confident in Demetrios's education as well as his administrative and military abilities, appointed him to his father’s position as proconsul of the Thessaloniki district. The young commander's principal duties were to defend the city from barbarians and to eradicate Christianity. The Emperor's policy regarding Christians was expressed simply: “Put to death anyone who calls on the name of Christ.” The Emperor did not suspect that by appointing Demetrios he had provided him with the opportunity to bring many people to Christ. the appointment, Demetrios returned to Thessaloniki and confessed and glorified our Lord Jesus Christ. Instead of persecuting and executing Christians, he began to teach the Christian Faith openly to the inhabitants of the city and to overthrow pagan customs and the worship of idols. The compiler of his Life, Saint Simeon Metaphrastes (November 9), says that because of his teaching zeal he became “a second Apostle Paul” for Thessaloniki, particularly since “the Apostle to the Gentiles” founded the first community of believers in the city (1 Thess. and 2 Thess.). Lord also destined Saint Demetrios to follow Saint Paul on the path to martyrdom. When Maximian learned that the newly-appointed proconsul was a Christian, and that he had converted many Roman subjects to Christianity, the Emperor's rage knew no bounds. Returning from a campaign in the area of the Black Sea, the Emperor decided to lead his army through Thessaloniki, determined to massacre the Christians. of this, Saint Demetrios ordered his faithful servant Lupus to give his wealth to the poor saying, “Distribute my earthly riches among them, for we shall seek heavenly riches for ourselves.” He began to pray and fast, preparing himself for martyrdom. the Emperor came into the city, he summoned Demetrios, who boldly confessed himself a Christian and denounced the falsehood and futility of Roman polytheism. Maximian ordered Demetrios to be thrown into prison. An Angel appeared to him, comforting and encouraging him. the Emperor amused himself by staging games in the circus. His champion was a German by the name of Lyaeos. He challenged Christians to wrestle with him on a platform built over the upturned spears of the victorious soldiers. A brave Christian named Nestor went to the prison to Saint Dēmḗtrios, his instructor in the Faith, asking for his blessing to fight the barbarian. With the blessing and prayers of Saint Demetrios, Nestor defeated the fierce German and hurled him from the platform onto the spears of the soldiers, just as the murderous pagan would have done with the Christian. The enraged commander ordered the execution of the holy Martyr Nestor (October 27) and sent a guard to the prison to kill Saint Demetrios. At dawn on October 26, 306 soldiers appeared in the Saint's underground prison and ran him through with lances. His faithful servant, Saint Lupus, gathered up the blood-soaked garment of Saint Dēmḗtrios he took the imperial ring from his finger, a symbol of his high status, and dipped it in the blood. With the ring and other holy things sanctified the blood of Saint Demetrios, Saint Lupus began to heal the infirm. The Emperor ordered his soldiers to arrest and kill him. body of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios was cast out for wild animals to devour, but the Christians took it and secretly buried it in the earth. the reign of Saint Constantine (306-337), a church was built over the grave of Saint Demetrios. A hundred years later, during the construction of a majestic new church on the old spot, the incorrupt relics of the holy martyr were uncovered. Since the seventh century a miraculous flow of fragrant myrrh has been found beneath the crypt of the Great Martyr Demetrios, so he is called “the Myrrh-gusher.” times, those venerating the holy wonderworker tried to bring his holy relics, or a part of them, to Constantinople. Invariably, Saint Demetrios made it clear that he would not permit anyone to remove even a portion of his relics. is interesting that among the barbarians threatening the Romans, Slavs occupied an important place, in particular those settling upon the Thessalonian peninsula. Some even believe that the parents of Saint Dēmḗtrios were of Slavic descent. While advancing towards the city, pagan Slavs were repeatedly turned away by the apparition of a threatening radiant youth, going around on the walls and inspiring terror in the enemy soldiers. Perhaps this is why the name of Saint Demetrios was particularly venerated among the Slavic nations after they were enlightened by the Gospel. On the other hand, Greeks dismiss the idea that Saint Demetrios was a Slavic saint. very first pages of the Russian Primary Chronicle, as foreordained by God, is bound up with the name of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios of Thessaloniki. The Chronicle relates that when Oleg the Wise threatened the Greeks at Constantinople (907), the Greeks became terrified and said, “This is not Oleg, but rather Saint Demetrios sent upon us from God.” Russian soldiers always believed that they were under the special protection of the holy Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios. Moreover, in the old Russian barracks the Great Martyr Demetrios was always depicted as Russian. Thus this image entered the soul of the Russian nation. veneration of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios in Russia began shortly after the Baptism of Rus. Toward the beginning of the 1070s the Dimitriev monastery at Kiev, known afterwards as the Mikhailov-Zlatoverkh monastery, was founded, The monastery was built by the son of Yaroslav the Wise, Great Prince Izyaslav, Demetrios in Baptism (+ 1078). The mosaic icon of Saint Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki from the cathedral of the Dimitriev monastery has been preserved up to the present day, and is in the Tretiakov Gallery. the years 1194-1197 the Great Prince of Vladimir, Vsevolod III the Great-Nest (Demetrios in Baptism) “built at his court a beautiful church of the holy martyr Dēmḗtrios, and adorned it wondrously with icons and frescoes.” The Dimitriev cathedral also reveals the embellishment of ancient Vladimir. The wonderworking icon of Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki from the cathedral iconostasis is located even now in Moscow, at the Tretiakov gallery. It was painted on a piece of wood from the grave of the holy Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios, brought from Thessaloniki to Vladimir in 1197. of the most precious depictions of the saint, a fresco on a column of the Vladimir Dormition cathedral, was painted by the holy Iconographer Andrew Rublev (July 4). family of Saint Alexander Nevsky (November 23 also venerated Saint Demetrios. Saint Alexander named his eldest son in honor of the holy Great Martyr. His younger son, Prince Daniel of Moscow (March 4), built a church dedicated to the holy Great Martyr Demetrios in the 1280s. This was the first stone church in the Moscow Kremlin. Later in 1326, under Ivan Kalita, it was taken down and the Dormition cathedral was built in its place. memory of Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki is historically associated in Rus with the military, patriotism and the defense of the country. This is apparent by the saint’s depiction on icons as a soldier in plumed armor, with a spear and sword in hand. There is a scroll (in later depictions) on which is written the prayer of Saint Dēmḗtrios for the salvation of the people of Thessaloniki, “Lord, do not permit the city or the people to perish. If You save the city and the people, I shall be saved with them. If they perish, I will perish with them.” the particular spiritual experience of the Russian Church, veneration of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios of Thessaloniki is closely linked with the memory of the defense of the nation and Church by the Great Prince of Moscow, Demetrios of the Don (May 19). “An Account of the Life and Repose of the Great Prince Dēmḗtrios of the Don, Tsar of Russia,” written in the year 1393, already regards the Great Prince as a Saint, as other old Russian histories do. Great Prince Demetrios was a spiritual son and disciple of Saint Alexis, Metropolitan of Moscow (February 12), and a disciple and associate of other great figures of prayer in the Russian Land: Saint Sergius of Radonezh (September 25), Demetrios of Priluki (February 11), Saint Theodore of Rostov (November 28). The Account states: [Great Prince Demetrios] worried a great deal about the churches of God, and he held the territory of the Russian land by his bravery: he conquered many enemies who had risen against us, and he protected his glorious city Moscow with wondrous walls. ...The land of Russia prospered during the years of his reign. the time of the building of the white-walled Kremlin (1366) by Great Prince Demetrios, Moscow was called “White-Stoned.” the prayers of his Heavenly patron, the holy warrior Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki, Great Prince Demetrios, in addition to his brilliant military victories, also gained the further prominence of Russia. He repelled the onslaught of the Lithuanian armies of Olgerd, he routed the Tatar army of Begich at the River Vozha (1378), and he smashed the military might of all the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo Field on September 8, 1380 (the Feast of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos), set between the Rivers Don and Nepryadva. The Battle of Kulikovo, for which the nation calls him Dēmḗtrios of the Don, became the first Russian national exploit, rallying the spiritual power of the Russian nation around Moscow. The “Zadonschina,” an inspiring historic poem written by the priest Sophronios of Ryazem (1381) is devoted to this event. Demetrios of the Don had a great reverence for the holy Great Martyr Demetrios. In 1380, on the eve of the Battle of Kulikovo, he solemnly transferred from Vladimir to Moscow the most holy object in the Vladimir Dimitriev cathedral: the icon of the Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki, painted on a board from the grave of the saint. A chapel dedicated to the Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios was built at Moscow’s Dormition Cathedral. Saint Demetrios Memorial Saturday was established for church-wide remembrance of the soldiers who fell in the Battle of Kulikovo. This memorial service was held for the first time at the Trinity-Saint Sergius monastery on October 20, 1380 by Saint Sergius of Radonezh, in the presence of Great Prince Demetrios of the Don. It is an annual remembrance of the heroes of the Battle of Kulikovo, among whom are the Schema-monks Alexander (Peresvet) and Andrew (Oslyab). Dēmḗtrios is regarded as a protector of the young, and is also invoked by those struggling with lustful temptations. Martyr Nestor of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 27;

Constantinople, 292-303, Great Martyr George of Cappadocia, Armenia, Nino's Kin
Cappadocia, 290-303, Great Martyr George of Cappadocia; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23;

Constantinople, 293-330, Helena, Saint Helen, Mother of Constantine the Great
Byzantine Saint, 293-330, Helena, Mother of Constantine the Great, Queen of Constantine Chlorus; Roman Emperor, 293-306, Constantine Chlorus; Byzantine Emperor 306-337, Constantine the Great ; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335); The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; Venerable Abramius the Recluse of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on October 29; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6;

Constantinople, 293-306, Byzantine Patriarch, Probus, no info
Byzantine Patriarch, 293-306, Probus ; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4; Metrophanes, Patriarch of Constantinople, was a contemporary of Saint Constantine the Great (306-337). His father, Dometius, was a brother of the Roman emperor Probus (276-282). Seeing the falseness of the pagan religion, Dometius came to believe in Christ. During a time of terrible persecution of Christians at Rome, Saint Dometius set off to Byzantium with two of his sons, Probus and Metrophanes. They were instructed in the law of the Lord by Bishop Titus, a man of holy life. Seeing the ardent desire of Dometius to labor for the Lord, Saint Titus ordained him presbyter. After the death of Titus first Dometius (272-303) was elevated to the bishop’s throne, and thereafter his sons, Probus (303-315) and in 316 Saint Metrophanes. emperor Constantine once came to Byzantium, and was delighted by the beauty and comfortable setting of the city. And having seen the holiness of life and sagacity of Saint Metrophanes, the emperor took him back to Rome. Soon Constantine the Great transferred the capital from Rome to Byzantium and he brought Saint Metrophanes there. The First Ecumenical Council was convened in 325 to resolve the Arian heresy. Constantine the Great had the holy Fathers of the Council bestow upon Saint Metrophanes the title of Patriarch. Thus, the saint became the first Patriarch of Constantinople. Metrophanes was very old, and was not able to be present at the Council, and he sent in his place the chorepiscopos (vicar bishop) Alexander. At the close of the Council the emperor and the holy Fathers visited with the ailing Patriarch. At the request of the emperor, the saint named a worthy successor to himself, Bishop Alexander. He foretold that Paul (at that time a Reader) would succeed to the patriarchal throne after Alexander. He also revealed to Patriarch Alexander of Alexandria that his successor would be the archdeacon Saint Athanasius. Metrophanes reposed in the year 326, at age 117. His relics rest at Constantinople in a church dedicated to him. should be noted that the Canons to the Holy Trinity in the Midnight Office in the Octoechos were not composed by this Metrophanes, but by Bishop Metrophanes of Smyrna, who lived in the middle of the ninth century.

Constantinople, 300-399, 4th Century, Folder, B. Empire, Legal Christianity, Arians, Goths

Byzantium, 305-313, Emperor, Maximinus II Daia, in the East
Roman Emperor, 305-312, Maximinus II Daia; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356); Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Martyr Julian of Emesa, Commemorated on February 6; Virginmartyr Ennatha of Palestine, Commemorated on February 10; Hieromartyr Blaise the Bishop of Sebaste, Commemorated on February 11; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 17; Martyr Archippus of the Seventy Apostles, Commemorated on February 19; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3 ; Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9; Martyr Alexander of Macedonia, Commemorated on March 13 ; Martyr Julian of Anazarbus, Commemorated on March 16; Martyr Papas of Lyconia, Commemorated on March 16; Virginmartyr Alexandra of Amisus, Commemorated on March 20; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Matrona of Thessalonica, Commemorated on March 27; Martyr Amphianus (Apphianus) of Lycia, Commemorated on April 2 ; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on April 3 ;

Byzantium, 305-313, Emperor Maximian Galerius, sack Persian capital, Across the Danube, Edict of Toleration
Byzantium, 305-313, Emperor Maximian Galerius ; (c. 258 -“ May 311) was Roman emperor from 305 to 311. his reign he campaigned, aided by Diocletian, against the Sassanid Empire, sacking their capital Ctesiphon in 299. He also campaigned across the Danube against the Carpi, defeating them in 297 and 300. Although he was a staunch opponent of Christianity, Galerius ended the Diocletianic Persecution when he issued an Edict of Toleration in Serdica in 311. Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Martyr Paul at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated July 16 ; Martyr and Archdeacon Euplus of Catania, Commemorated on August 11; Martyr Lucius, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; Martyr Lupus the Slave of St Demetrius of Thessalonica, Commemorated on August 23 ; Martyr Adrian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on August 26 ; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Hieromartyr Anthimus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Eudoxius, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; 156 Martyrs in Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; Hieromartyr Hierotheus the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 4 ; Martyr Callisthene and her father Audactus of Ephesus, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Theotecnus of Antioch, Commemorated on October 10 ; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Martyr Cyrenia in Cilicia, Commemorated on November 1; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23 ; NICHOLAS OF MYRA, FRIEND OF CHILDREN, GIVER OF GIFTS, CLIMBER OF CHIMNEYS, ETC. (6 DEC 326) ; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4; Martyr Juliana at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated on December 6; St Sophronius the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 9; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10; Martyr Elias in Cilicia, Commemorated on December 19; Martyr Philetairus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on December 30; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5; Martyr Peter of Anium, at Hieropolis, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Martyr Julian of Emesa, Commemorated on February 6; Virginmartyr Ennatha of Palestine, Commemorated on February 10; Hieromartyr Blaise the Bishop of Sebaste, Commemorated on February 11; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (œthe Recruit), Commemorated on February 17; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 17; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18 ; Martyr Archippus of the Seventy Apostles, Commemorated on February 19; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; Martyr Maurice at Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 22; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3 ; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9; Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9 ; Martyr Alexander of Macedonia, Commemorated on March 13 ; Martyr Julian of Anazarbus, Commemorated on March 16; Martyr Papas of Lyconia, Commemorated on March 16; Virginmartyr Alexandra of Amisus, Commemorated on March 20; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Martyr Matrona of Thessalonica, Commemorated on March 27; Martyr Amphianus (Apphianus) of Lycia, Commemorated on April 2 ; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on April 3 ; Martyr Rufinus the Deacon at Sinope, Commemorated on April 7; St Akaki Asistavi of Georgia, Commemorated on May 7; Martyr Hesychius of Antioch, Commemorated on May 10; Martyr Basiliscus the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on May 22; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on May 29; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Hieromartyr Marcellinus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Martyr Priscilla of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Martyr Doulas of Cilicia, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Hieromartyr Methodius the Bishop of Patara, Commemorated on June 20; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ;

Constantinople, 306-326, Metrophanes, first Byzantine Patriarch in 316, lived to 117, son of e's b
Byzantine Patriarch, 306-326, Metrophanes of Byzantium; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4; Metrophanes, Patriarch of Constantinople, was a contemporary of Saint Constantine the Great (306-337). His father, Dometius, was a brother of the Roman emperor Probus (276-282). Seeing the falseness of the pagan religion, Dometius came to believe in Christ. During a time of terrible persecution of Christians at Rome, Saint Dometius set off to Byzantium with two of his sons, Probus and Metrophanes. They were instructed in the law of the Lord by Bishop Titus, a man of holy life. Seeing the ardent desire of Dometius to labor for the Lord, Saint Titus ordained him presbyter. After the death of Titus first Dometius (272-303) was elevated to the bishop’s throne, and thereafter his sons, Probus (303-315) and in 316 Saint Metrophanes. emperor Constantine once came to Byzantium, and was delighted by the beauty and comfortable setting of the city. And having seen the holiness of life and sagacity of Saint Metrophanes, the emperor took him back to Rome. Soon Constantine the Great transferred the capital from Rome to Byzantium and he brought Saint Metrophanes there. The First Ecumenical Council was convened in 325 to resolve the Arian heresy. Constantine the Great had the holy Fathers of the Council bestow upon Saint Metrophanes the title of Patriarch. Thus, the saint became the first Patriarch of Constantinople. Metrophanes was very old, and was not able to be present at the Council, and he sent in his place the chorepiscopos (vicar bishop) Alexander. At the close of the Council the emperor and the holy Fathers visited with the ailing Patriarch. At the request of the emperor, the saint named a worthy successor to himself, Bishop Alexander. He foretold that Paul (at that time a Reader) would succeed to the patriarchal throne after Alexander. He also revealed to Patriarch Alexander of Alexandria that his successor would be the archdeacon Saint Athanasius. Metrophanes reposed in the year 326, at age 117. His relics rest at Constantinople in a church dedicated to him. should be noted that the Canons to the Holy Trinity in the Midnight Office in the Octoechos were not composed by this Metrophanes, but by Bishop Metrophanes of Smyrna, who lived in the middle of the ninth century. EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373);

Byzantium, 306-337, Emperor, Constantine, became emperor in roman britain at York, Legal Christianity in 316
Byzantine Emperor, 306-337, Constantine the Great ; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Venerable Onesimus of Magnesia, Commemorated on July 14 ; Martyr Julita (Ulita) of Tarsus, Commemorated on July 15 ; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated August 27 ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated on September 1; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335); The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Martyr Callisthene and her father Audactus of Ephesus, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Polychronius the Presbyter, Commemorated on October 7; Martyr Theotecnus of Antioch, Commemorated on October 10 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; Martyr Nestor of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 27; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; Venerable Abramius the Recluse of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on October 29; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George in Lydia, Commemorated on November 3; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Anna, Commemorated on November 28; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated on December 12 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on December 23; Martyr Zoticus the Keeper of Orphans, Commemorated on December 30; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1; Martyr Gordius at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 3 ; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356); Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Martyr Silvanus Bishop of Emesa, Commemorated on January 29; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4; St Parthenius the Bishop of Lampsacus on the Hellespont, Commemorated on February 7; Venerable Eusebius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 15; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Agapitus the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated on February 24; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6; Venerable Arcadius of Cyprus, Commemorated on March 6; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Hieromartyr Mark the Bishop of Arethusa, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Akaki Asistavi of Georgia, Commemorated on May 7; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Martyr Philadelphus and 18 others in Sicily, Commemorated on May 10; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Hieromartyr Helladius the Bishop in the East, Commemorated on May 28; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); Martyr Alexander at Constantinople, Commemorated on June 10; St Triphyllius the Bishop of Leucosia (Nicosia) in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 13; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379);

Byzantium, 308-324, Emperor, Licinius, Fake Christian then Last Pagan
Byzantine Emperor, 308-324, Licinius ; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30;

Byzantium, 308-324, Emperess, Flavia Julia Constantia, Constantine's half sister, Arian
Byzantine Emperess, 308-324, Flavia Julia Constantia; Byzantine Emperor, 308-324, Licinius ; 45 Holy Martyrs at Nicopolis in Armenia, Commemorated July 10 ; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated on September 1; Martyr Severian of Sebaste, Commemorated on September 9 ; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10; Hieromartyr Julian of Galatia, Commemorated September 13 ; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania, Commemorated on September 13; Martyr Callisthene and her father Audactus of Ephesus, Commemorated on October 4; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; St Philogonius the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on December 20; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on December 23; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1; Hieromartyr Theogenes the Bishop of Parium on the Hellespont, Commemorated on January 2; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated on January 13; Martyr Stratonicus of Belgrade, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19; Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates 'œthe General'Â, Commemorated on February 8; Venerable Eusebius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 15; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Agapitus the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Hieromartyr Mark the Bishop of Arethusa, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30; Martyr Philadelphus and 18 others in Sicily, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); Martyr Alexander at Constantinople, Commemorated on June 10;

Constantinople, 312, Indiction, Constantine's vision of the Cross, somewhere, Church New Year
Byzantium, 312, Indiction, Constantine's vision of the Cross, somewhere, Church New Year; Byzantine Emperor, 306-337, Constantine the Great ;

Constantinople, 313 and 323, Edict of Milan, freedom of religion
Edict of Milan, 313 Western Roman Empire and 323 extended to the Eastern Roman Empire; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

Constantinople, 313-323, Patriarch, Macarius I, searched for the cross w Helen, Arian
Jerusalem Patriarch, 313-323, Macarius I ; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6;

Constantinople, 318-373, Saint, Athanasius of Alexandria, Orthodox
Byzantine Saint, 318-373, Athanasius of Alexandria; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18;

Constantinople, 320-337, Saint, Eustathius of Antioch, Orthodox
Byzantium, 320-337, Byzantine Saint, Eustathius of Antioch; St. Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21;; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated on February 24;

Constantinople, 320-356, Arias, Byzantine Arian
Byzantine Arian, 320-356, Arias ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; Martyr Polychronius the Presbyter, Commemorated on October 7; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397);

Constantinople, 320-388, St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Syria, Divine Light for reading
Syria, 320-388, St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Syria, Divine Light for reading Cyrrhus; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2 ; Marcian of Cyrrhus lived during the fourth century. He went into the desert, where he lived for many years in solitude, unceasing prayer, and strict fasting. He built a small cell, and settled in it. saint never lit candles for reading at night when he fulfilled his Rule of prayer, for the cell was filled with a divine light. several years the monk accepted two disciples, settling them beside him, but he continued to live as a hermit. Patriarch Flavian of Antioch (February 18) and other bishops entreated the monk to abandon his strict solitude for the benefit of Christians, but he would not agree. while not quitting his cell, he taught those coming to him for instruction and he turned many away from heresy and led them to the Orthodox Faith. Before his end, Saint Marcian instructed his disciple Eusebius to bury him secretly far from his cell, in order to shun posthumous glory and avoid contention among those wanting his relics for nearby churches. Saint Marcian died in the year 388.

Byzantium, 323-337, Emperor, Constantine the Great sole ruler in Constantinople
Byzantine Emperor, 306-337, Constantine the Great ; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Venerable Onesimus of Magnesia, Commemorated on July 14 ; Martyr Julita (Ulita) of Tarsus, Commemorated on July 15 ; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated August 27 ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated on September 1; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335); The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Martyr Callisthene and her father Audactus of Ephesus, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Polychronius the Presbyter, Commemorated on October 7; Martyr Theotecnus of Antioch, Commemorated on October 10 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; Martyr Nestor of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 27; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; Venerable Abramius the Recluse of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on October 29; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George in Lydia, Commemorated on November 3; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Anna, Commemorated on November 28; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated on December 12 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on December 23; Martyr Zoticus the Keeper of Orphans, Commemorated on December 30; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1; Martyr Gordius at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 3 ; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356); Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Martyr Silvanus Bishop of Emesa, Commemorated on January 29; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4; St Parthenius the Bishop of Lampsacus on the Hellespont, Commemorated on February 7; Venerable Eusebius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 15; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Agapitus the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated on February 24; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6; Venerable Arcadius of Cyprus, Commemorated on March 6; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Hieromartyr Mark the Bishop of Arethusa, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Akaki Asistavi of Georgia, Commemorated on May 7; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Martyr Philadelphus and 18 others in Sicily, Commemorated on May 10; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Hieromartyr Helladius the Bishop in the East, Commemorated on May 28; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); Martyr Alexander at Constantinople, Commemorated on June 10; St Triphyllius the Bishop of Leucosia (Nicosia) in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 13; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379);

Constantinople, 325-340, Alexander, Patriarch, 1st E Council, punished Arius w prayer
Byzantine Patriarch, 325-340, Alexander of Constantinople; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; Alexander, John and Paul, Patriarchs of Constantinople, lived at different times, but each of them happened to clash with the activities of heretics who sought to distort the teachings of the Church. Saint Alexander (325-340) was a vicar bishop during the time of Saint Metrophanes (June 4), the first Patriarch of Constantinople. of the patriarch’s extreme age, Alexander substituted for him at the First Ecumenical Synod at Nicea (325). Upon his death, Saint Metrophanes left instructions in his will to elect his vicar to the throne of Constantinople. these times His Holiness Patriarch Alexander had to contend with the Arians and with pagans. Once, in a dispute with a pagan philosopher the saint said to him, “In the Name of our Lord Jesus Christ I command you to be quiet!” and the pagan suddenly became mute. When he gestured with signs to acknowledge his errors and affirm the correctness of the Christian teaching, then his speech returned to him and he believed in Christ together with many other pagan philosophers. The faithful rejoiced at this, glorifying God Who had given such power to His saint. heretic Arius was punished through the prayer of Saint Alexander. Arius had apparently agreed to enter into communion with the Orthodox. When the Emperor asked him if he believed as the Fathers of Nicea taught, he placed his hand upon his breast (where he had cunningly concealed beneath his clothes a document with his own false creed written upon it) and said, “This is what I believe!” Saint Constantine (May 21), unaware of the deceitful wickedness of Arius, set a day for receiving him into the Church. All night long Saint Alexander prayed, imploring the Lord not to permit this heretic to be received into communion with the Church. the morning, Arius set out triumphantly for the church, surrounded by imperial counselors and soldiers, but divine judgment overtook him. Stopping to take care of a physical necessity, his bowels burst forth and he perished in his own blood and filth, as did Judas (Acts 1:18). Holiness Patriarch Alexander, having toiled much, died in the year 340 at the age of 98. Saint Gregory the Theologian (January 25) mentioned him afterwards in an encomium to the people of Constantinople. Service to Saint Alexander was printed in Venice in 1771. According to some ancient manuscripts, Saint Alexander ought to be commemorated on June 2. Today he is remembered together with the holy Patriarchs John the Faster (September 2) and Paul the New (eighth century). St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6; Paul the Confessor, Archbishop of Constantinople, was chosen to the patriarchal throne after the death of Patriarch Alexander (+ 340), when the Arian heresy had again flared up. Many of the Arians were present at the Council which selected the new Archbishop of Constantinople. They revolted in opposition to the choice of Saint Paul, but the Orthodox at the Council were in the majority. emperor Constantius, ruling over the Eastern half of the Roman Empire, was an Arian. He was not in Constantinople for the election of the Archbishop, and so it took place without his consent. Upon his return, he convened a council which illegally deposed Saint Paul, and the emperor banished him from the capital. In place of the saint they elevated Eusebius of Nicomedia, an impious heretic. Archbishop Paul withdrew to Rome, where other Orthodox bishops were also banished by Eusebius. did not rule the Church of Constantinople for long. When he died, Saint Paul returned to Constantinople, and was greeted by his flock with love. But Constantius exiled the saint a second time, and so he returned to Rome. The Western emperor Constans wrote a harsh letter to his Eastern co-ruler, which he sent to Constantinople along with the holy exiled archpastor. The threats worked, and Saint Paul was reinstated upon the archepiscopal throne. soon the pious emperor Constans, a defender of the Orthodox, was treacherously murdered during a palace coup. They again banished Saint Paul from Constantinople and this time sent him off in exile to Armenia, to the city of Cucusus, where he endured a martyr’s death. the Archbishop was celebrating the Divine Liturgy, Arians rushed upon him by force and strangled him with his own omophorion. This occurred in the year 350. In 381, the holy Emperor Theodosius the Great solemnly transferred the relics of Saint Paul the Confessor from Cucusus to Constantinople. In 1326, the relics of Saint Paul were transferred to Venice. Athanasius the Great, a contemporary of Saint Paul, writes briefly about his exiles, “Saint Paul the first time was sent by Constantine to Pontus, the second time he was fettered with chains by Constantius, and then he was locked up in Mesopotamian Syngara and from there moved to Emesus, and the fourth time to Cappadocian Cucusus in the Taurian wilderness.”

Constantinople, 325-382, Theophilus, First Gothic Bishop
Byzantine Period, Gothic Bishop, 376-382, Theophilus, First Gothic Bishop; Byzantine Period, Gothic Civil War, 376-382, Eastern Roman Empire; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4;

Constantinople, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic, Egyptian Saint, preserved in torture, saved many 546, floated w stone
Egyptian Saint, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on October 8; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15; Holy Martyr Paphnutius hailed from Egypt and struggled in the desert. During the persecution against Christians under Diocletian (284-305), the governor Hadrian commanded that Saint Paphnutius be brought to him. The ascetic, not waiting for those sent to bring him, appeared before the governor, confessed his faith in Christ, and was subjected to torture. soldiers involved in his torture, Dionysius and Callimachus, seeing how the power of God preserved the martyr, believed in Christ the Savior themselves, for which they were then beheaded. Cast into prison after the tortures, Saint Paphnutius converted forty prisoners to the Faith. They were all burned alive. a while Saint Paphnutius was set free, and a Christian named Nestorius gladly took him in. He and all his family, after spiritual guidance, became steadfast in the Faith, and ultimately endured martyrdom. The saint strengthened many other Christians to confess our Lord Jesus Christ, and they all died as martyrs. Some were cut with swords, others were burned. There were 546 men in all. Paphnutius himself was thrown by the torturers into a river with a stone about his neck, but he miraculously floated to shore with the stone. Finally, they sent the holy martyr to the emperor Diocletian himself, who commanded him to be crucified on a date tree. Paphnutius is also commemorated on September 25.

Constantinople, 325-375, Emmelia of Caesarea, mother of 5 Saints
Armenia, 325-375, Emmelia of Caesarea, mother of 5 Saints; Saint Emilia, Mother of Saint Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1;

Constantinople, 326, Uncovering the Cross, Saint Helen andHieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, 326, Uncovering the Precious Cross and Nails, Saint Helen; Hieromartyr Cyriacus, Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28; Byzantine Saint, 293-330, Helena, Mother of Constantine the Great, Queen of Constantine Chlorus; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6;

Constantinople, 326-363, Hieromartyr Cyriacus t Patriarch, Uncovered t Cross with Saint Helen, a Jew till discovery miracle
Jerusalem, 326-363, Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch, Uncovered the Cross with Saint Helen; Jerusalem, 326, Uncovering the Precious Cross and Nails, Saint Helen; Hieromartyr Cyriacus, Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28; Hieromartyr Cyriacus, Patriarch of Jerusalem, was a Jew who pointed out to the holy Empress Helen the place where the Life-Creating Cross of Christ lay buried (September 14). present at the discovery of the Cross, Cyriacus (before Baptism he was named Jude) sincerely came to believe in Christ the true God, and he became a Christian. because of his pure and virtuous life, was later chosen to be Patriarch of Jerusalem. He suffered martyrdom under the emperor Julian. the cruel persecution under Julian the Apostate, in the year 363, Saint Cyriacus accepted suffering for the Faith. He was killed after prolonged tortures. Byzantine Saint, 293-330, Helena, Mother of Constantine the Great, Queen of Constantine Chlorus; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6; Holy Empress Helen uncovered the Precious Cross and Nails of the Lord at Jerusalem in 326. the beginning of the reign of Saint Constantine the Great (306-337), the first Roman emperor to recognize Christianity, he and his pious mother Saint Helen decided to rebuild the city of Jerusalem. They also planned to build a church on the site of the Lord’s suffering and Resurrection, in order to reconsecrate and purify the places connected with the Savior’s death and Resurrection from the foul taint of paganism. empress Helen journeyed to Jerusalem with a large quantity of gold. Saint Constantine wrote a letter to Patriarch Macarius I (313-323), requesting him to assist her in every possible way with her task of the restoring the Christian holy places. her arrival in Jerusalem, the holy empress Helen began to destroy all the pagan temples and reconsecrate the places which had been defiled by the pagans. her quest for the Life-Creating Cross, she questioned several Christians and Jews, but for a long time her search remained unsuccessful. Finally, an elderly Hebrew named Jude told her that the Cross was buried beneath the temple of Venus. Saint Helen ordered that the pagan temple be demolished, and for the site to be excavated. Soon they found Golgotha and the Lord’s Sepulchre. Not far from the spot were three crosses, a board with the inscription written by Pilate (John 19:19), and four nails which had pierced the Lord’s Body. the task was to determine on which of the three crosses the Savior had been crucified. Patriarch Macarius saw a dead person being carried to his grave, then he ordered that the dead man be placed upon each cross in turn. When the corpse was placed on the Cross of Christ, he was immediately restored to life. After seeing the raising of the dead man, everyone was convinced that the Life-Creating Cross had been found. With great joy the empress Helen and Patriarch Macarius lifted the Life-Creating Cross and displayed it to all the people standing about.

Constantinople, 326-373, Saint, Ephrem the Syrian, teacher of repentence, fighter, preacher, anti-arian, hymns
Syria, 326-373, Saint, Ephrem the Syrian; The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 25; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Ephraim the Syrian, a teacher of repentance, was born at the beginning of the fourth century in the city of Nisibis (Mesopotamia) into the family of impoverished toilers of the soil. His parents raised their son in piety, but from his childhood he was known for his quick temper and impetuous character. He often had fights, acted thoughtlessly, and even doubted God’s Providence. He finally recovered his senses by the grace of God, and embarked on the path of repentance and salvation. he was unjustly accused of stealing a sheep and was thrown into prison. He heard a voice in a dream calling him to repent and correct his life. After this, he was acquitted of the charges and set free. young man ran off to the mountains to join the hermits. This form of Christian asceticism had been introduced by a disciple of Saint Anthony the Great, the Egyptian desert dweller Eugenius. James of Nisibis (January 13) was a noted ascetic, a preacher of Christianity and denouncer of the Arians. Saint Ephraim became one of his disciples. Under the direction of the holy hierarch, Saint Ephraim attained Christian meekness, humility, submission to God’s will, and the strength to undergo various temptations without complaint. James transformed the wayward youth into a humble and conrite monk. Realizing the great worth of his disciple, he made use of his talents. He trusted him to preach sermons, to instruct children in school, and he took Ephraim with him to the First Ecumenical Council at Nicea (in the year 325). Saint Ephraim was in obedience to Saint James for fourteen years, until the bishop’s death in 338. the capture of Nisibis by the Persians in 363, Saint Ephraim went to a monastery near the city of Edessa. Here he saw many great ascetics, passing their lives in prayer and psalmody. Their caves were solitary shelters, and they fed themselves with a certain plant. became especially close to the ascetic Julian (October 18), who was of one mind with him. Saint Ephraim combined asceticism with a ceaseless study of the Word of God, taking from it both solace and wisdom for his soul. The Lord gave him a gift of teaching, and people began to come to him, wanting to hear his counsel, which produced compunction in the soul, since he began with self-accusation. Both verbally and in writing, Saint Ephraim instructed everyone in repentance, faith and piety, and he denounced the Arian heresy, which at that time was causing great turmoil. Pagans who heard the preaching of the saint were converted to Christianity. also wrote the first Syriac commentary on the Pentateuch (i.e. “Five Books”) of Moses. He wrote many prayers and hymns, thereby enriching the Church’s liturgical services. Famous prayers of Saint Ephraim are to the Most Holy Trinity, to the Son of God, and to the Most Holy Theotokos. He composed hymns for the Twelve Great Feasts of the Lord (the Nativity of Christ, the Baptism, the Resurrection), and funeral hymns. Saint Ephraim’s Prayer of Repentance, “O Lord and Master of my life...”, is recited during Great Lent, and it summons Christians to spiritual renewal. ancient times the Church has valued the works of Saint Ephraim. His works were read publicly in certain churches after the Holy Scripture, as Saint Jerome tells us. At present, the Church Typikon prescribes certain of his instructions to be read on the days of Lent. Among the prophets, Saint David is the preeminent psalmodist; among the Fathers of the Church, Saint Ephraim the Syrian is the preeminent man of prayer. His spiritual experience made him a guide for monastics and a help to the pastors of Edessa. Saint Ephraim wrote in Syriac, but his works were very early translated into Greek and Armenian. Translations into Latin and Slavonic were made from the Greek text. many of Saint Ephraim’s works we catch glimpses of the life of the Syrian ascetics, which was centered on prayer and working in various obediences for the common good of the brethren. The outlook of all the Syrian ascetics was the same. The monks believed that the goal of their efforts was communion with God and the acquisition of divine grace. For them, the present life was a time of tears, fasting and toil. “If the Son of God is within you, then His Kingdom is also within you. Thus, the Kingdom of God is within you, a sinner. Enter into yourself, search diligently and without toil you shall find it. Outside of you is death, and the door to it is sin. Enter into yourself, dwell within your heart, for God is there.” spiritual sobriety, the developing of good within man’s soul gives him the possibility to take upon himself a task like blessedness, and a self-constraint like sanctity. The requital is presupposed in the earthly life of man, it is an undertaking of spiritual perfection by degrees. Whoever grows himself wings upon the earth, says Saint Ephraim, is one who soars up into the heights; whoever purifies his mind here below, there glimpses the Glory of God. In whatever measure each one loves God, he is, by God’s love, satiated to fullness according to that measure. Man, cleansing himself and attaining the grace of the Holy Spirit while still here on earth, has a foretaste of the Kingdom of Heaven. To attain to life eternal, in the teachings of Saint Ephraim, does not mean to pass over from one realm of being into another, but rather to discover “the heavenly,” spiritual condition of being. Eternal life is not bestown on man through God’s one-sided efforts, but rather, it constantly grows like a seed within him by his efforts, toils and struggles. pledge within us of “theosis” (or “deification”) is the Baptism of Christ, and the main force that drives the Christian life is repentance. Saint Ephraim was a great teacher of repentance. The forgiveness of sins in the Mystery of Repentance, according to his teaching, is not an external exoneration, not a forgetting of the sins, but rather their complete undoing, their annihilation. The tears of repentance wash away and burn away the sin. Moreover, they (i.e. the tears) enliven, they transfigure sinful nature, they give the strength “to walk in the way of the the Lord’s commandments,” encouraging hope in God. In the fiery font of repentance, the saint wrote, “you sail yourself across, O sinner, you resurrect yourself from the dead.” Ephraim, accounting himself as the least and worst of all, went to Egypt at the end of his life to see the efforts of the great ascetics. He was accepted there as a welcome guest and received great solace from conversing with them. On his return journey he visited at Caesarea in Cappadocia with Saint Basil the Great (January 1), who wanted to ordain him a priest, but he considered himself unworthy of the priesthood. At the insistence of Saint Basil, he consented only to be ordained as a deacon, in which rank he remained until his death. Later on, Saint Basil invited Saint Ephraim to accept a bishop’s throne, but the saint feigned madness in order to avoid this honor, humbly regarding himself as unworthy of it. his return to his own Edessa wilderness, Saint Ephraim hoped to spend the rest of his life in solitude, but divine Providence again summoned him to serve his neighbor. The inhabitants of Edessa were suffering from a devastating famine. By the influence of his word, the saint persuaded the wealthy to render aid to those in need. From the offerings of believers he built a poor-house for the poor and sick. Saint Ephraim then withdrew to a cave near Edessa, where he remained to the end of his days.

Byzantium, 330-1453, Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire, the Roman Empire of Late Anitquity and Middle Ages; Princess Anna Vsevolodna, Commemorated on November 3 ; Hieromartyr Euthymius the Bishop of Sardis, Commemorated on December 26 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19 ; Martyr Theophilus the New in Cyprus, Commemorated on January 30 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Gregory the Byzantine, Commemorated on April 6; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Eleni (who was also called Susanna), New martyr of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Constantinople, 335, Commem Resurrection Church F, after rebuilding Jerusalem, a Aelia Capitolinna, C of Tyre attends
Jerusalem, 335, Commemoration Resurrection Church Founding; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; Dedication of the Temple of the Resurrection of Christ at Jerusalem celebrates the dedication of the Church of the Resurrection, built by Saint Constantine the Great and his mother, the empress Helen. the voluntary Passion and Death on the Cross of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, the holy place of His suffering was long trampled on by pagans. When the Roman emperor Titus conquered Jerusalem in the year 70, he razed the city and destroyed the Temple of Solomon on Mount Moriah, leaving there not a stone upon a stone, as even the Savior foretold (Mt.13:1-2). on the zealous pagan emperor Hadrian (117-138) built on the site of the Jerusalem destroyed by Titus a new city named Aelia Capitolina for him (Hadrian Aelius). It was forbidden to call the city by its former name. gave orders to cover the Holy Tomb of the Lord with earth and stones, and on that spot to set up an idol. On Golgotha, where the Savior was crucified, he constructed a pagan temple dedicated to the goddess Venus in 119. Before the statues they offered sacrifice to demons and performed pagan rites, accompanied by wanton acts. Bethlehem, at the place the Savior was born of the All-Pure Virgin, the impious emperor set up an idol of Adonis. He did all this intentionally, so that people would forget completely about Christ the Savior and that they would no loner remember the places where He lived, taught, suffered and arose in glory. the beinning of the reign of Saint Constantine the Great (306-337), the first of the Roman emperors to recognize the Christian religion, he and his pious mother the empress Helen decided to rebuild the city of Jerusalem. They also planned to build a church on the site of the Lord’s suffering and Resurrection, in order to reconsecrate and purify the places connected with memory of the Savior from the taint of foul pagan cults. empress Helen journeyed to Jerusalem with a large quantity of gold, and Saint Constantine the Great wrote a letter to Patriarch Macarius I (313-323), requesting him to assist her in every possible way with her task of the renewing the Christian holy places. her arrival in Jerusalem, the holy empress Helen destroyed all the pagan temples and reconsecrated the places desecrated by the pagans. She was zealous to find the Cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, and she ordered the excavation of the place where the temple of Venus stood. There they discovered the Sepulchre of the Lord and Golgotha, and they also found three crosses and some nails. order to determine upon which of the three crosses the Savior was crucified, Patriarch Macarius gave orders to place a dead person, who was being carried to a place of burial, upon each cross in turn. When the dead person was placed on the Cross of Christ, he immediately came alive. With the greatest of joy the empress Helen and Patriarch Macarius raised up the Life-Creating Cross and displayed it to all the people standing about. holy empress quickly began the construction of a large church which enclosed within its walls Golgotha, the place of the Crucifixion of the Savior, and the Sepulchre of the Lord, located near each other. The holy Apostle and Evangelist John wrote about this: "Now in the place where He was crucified, there was a garden, and in the garden a new tomb, in which no one had yet been laid. Therefore they laid Jesus there because of the Jewish preparation day, for the tomb was nearby" (John 19:41-42). The Church of the Resurrection was ten years in building, and the holy empress Helen did not survive to see its completion. She returned to Constantinople, and reposed in the year 327. After her arrival in Jerusalem, the holy empress built churches in Bethlehem, on the Mount of Olives, at Gethsemane and in many other places connected with the life of the Savior and events in the New Testament. construction of the church of the Resurrection, called "Martyrion" in memory of the sufferings of the Savior, was completed in the same year as the Council of Tyre, and in the thirtieth year of the reign of Saint Constantine the Great. Therefore, at the assembly of September 13, 335, the consecration of the temple was particularly solemn. Hierarchs of Christian Churches in many lands: Bythnia, Thrace, Cilicia, Cappadocia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Arabia, Palestine, and Egypt, participated in the consecration of the church. The bishops who participated in the Council of Tyre, and many others, went to the consecration in Jerusalem. On this day all the city of Jerusalem was consecrated. The Fathers of the Church established September 13 as the commemoration of this remarkable event.

Constantinople, 335-385, Theosebia the Deaconess, one of the 5
Byzantium, 335-385, Theosebia the Deaconess; Armenia, 325-375, Emmelia of Caesarea, mother of 5 Saints; Saint Emilia, Mother of Saint Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1;

Constantinople, 337-350, Paul I, Patriarch, Confessor, Constantius, replaced by heretic Eusebius, Rome, Constans
Byzantine Patriarch, 337-350, Paul I of Constantinople; Martyr Marcian the Notary of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 25 ; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6; Paul the Confessor, Archbishop of Constantinople, was chosen to the patriarchal throne after the death of Patriarch Alexander (+ 340), when the Arian heresy had again flared up. Many of the Arians were present at the Council which selected the new Archbishop of Constantinople. They revolted in opposition to the choice of Saint Paul, but the Orthodox at the Council were in the majority. emperor Constantius, ruling over the Eastern half of the Roman Empire, was an Arian. He was not in Constantinople for the election of the Archbishop, and so it took place without his consent. Upon his return, he convened a council which illegally deposed Saint Paul, and the emperor banished him from the capital. In place of the saint they elevated Eusebius of Nicomedia, an impious heretic. Archbishop Paul withdrew to Rome, where other Orthodox bishops were also banished by Eusebius. did not rule the Church of Constantinople for long. When he died, Saint Paul returned to Constantinople, and was greeted by his flock with love. But Constantius exiled the saint a second time, and so he returned to Rome. The Western emperor Constans wrote a harsh letter to his Eastern co-ruler, which he sent to Constantinople along with the holy exiled archpastor. The threats worked, and Saint Paul was reinstated upon the archepiscopal throne. soon the pious emperor Constans, a defender of the Orthodox, was treacherously murdered during a palace coup. They again banished Saint Paul from Constantinople and this time sent him off in exile to Armenia, to the city of Cucusus, where he endured a martyr’s death. the Archbishop was celebrating the Divine Liturgy, Arians rushed upon him by force and strangled him with his own omophorion. This occurred in the year 350. In 381, the holy Emperor Theodosius the Great solemnly transferred the relics of Saint Paul the Confessor from Cucusus to Constantinople. In 1326, the relics of Saint Paul were transferred to Venice. Athanasius the Great, a contemporary of Saint Paul, writes briefly about his exiles, “Saint Paul the first time was sent by Constantine to Pontus, the second time he was fettered with chains by Constantius, and then he was locked up in Mesopotamian Syngara and from there moved to Emesus, and the fourth time to Cappadocian Cucusus in the Taurian wilderness.”

Constantinople, 337-350, Marcian and Martyrius the Notaries of Patriarch Paul, Arians failed to entice them
Constantinople, 337-350, Marcian and Martyrius the Notaries of Patriarch Paul; Martyrs Marcian and Martyrius, Notaries of Constantinople served in a Constantinople cathedral. Marcian was a reader and Martyrius a subdeacon. They both performed in the capacity of notaries, i.e. secretaries, for Patriarch Paul the Confessor (November 6). heretics expelled and secretly executed the righteous Patriarch Paul. His throne was given to the heretic Macedonius. The heretics attempted to entice Saints Marcian and Martyrius over to their side by flattery. They offered them gold and promised to consecrate them as archbishops, but all the efforts of the Arians were in vain. the impious threatened to slander them before the emperor, and sought to intimidate them with torture and death. But the saints steadfastly confessed Orthodoxy, as handed down by the Fathers of the Church. Marcian and Martyrius were sentenced to death. Before death, the martyrs prayed, “Lord God, Who has invisibly created our hearts, and directed all our deeds, accept with peace the souls of Your servants, since we perish for You and are considered as sheep for the slaughter (Ps 32/33:15; 43/44:22). We rejoice that by such a death we shall depart this life for Your Name. Grant us to be partakers of life eternal with You, the Source of life.” After their prayer the martyrs, with quiet rejoicing, bent their necks beneath the sword of the impious (+ ca. 335). holy bodies were reverently buried by Orthodox Christians. Later, by decree of Saint John Chrysostom, the relics of the holy martyrs were transferred to a church built in their honor. Believers here were healed of many infirmities through the prayers of the saints, to the glory of the One Life-Creating Trinity. Byzantine Patriarch, 337-350, Paul I of Constantinople; Martyr Marcian the Notary of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 25 ; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6; Paul the Confessor, Archbishop of Constantinople, was chosen to the patriarchal throne after the death of Patriarch Alexander (+ 340), when the Arian heresy had again flared up. Many of the Arians were present at the Council which selected the new Archbishop of Constantinople. They revolted in opposition to the choice of Saint Paul, but the Orthodox at the Council were in the majority. emperor Constantius, ruling over the Eastern half of the Roman Empire, was an Arian. He was not in Constantinople for the election of the Archbishop, and so it took place without his consent. Upon his return, he convened a council which illegally deposed Saint Paul, and the emperor banished him from the capital. In place of the saint they elevated Eusebius of Nicomedia, an impious heretic. Archbishop Paul withdrew to Rome, where other Orthodox bishops were also banished by Eusebius. did not rule the Church of Constantinople for long. When he died, Saint Paul returned to Constantinople, and was greeted by his flock with love. But Constantius exiled the saint a second time, and so he returned to Rome. The Western emperor Constans wrote a harsh letter to his Eastern co-ruler, which he sent to Constantinople along with the holy exiled archpastor. The threats worked, and Saint Paul was reinstated upon the archepiscopal throne. soon the pious emperor Constans, a defender of the Orthodox, was treacherously murdered during a palace coup. They again banished Saint Paul from Constantinople and this time sent him off in exile to Armenia, to the city of Cucusus, where he endured a martyr’s death. the Archbishop was celebrating the Divine Liturgy, Arians rushed upon him by force and strangled him with his own omophorion. This occurred in the year 350. In 381, the holy Emperor Theodosius the Great solemnly transferred the relics of Saint Paul the Confessor from Cucusus to Constantinople. In 1326, the relics of Saint Paul were transferred to Venice. Athanasius the Great, a contemporary of Saint Paul, writes briefly about his exiles, “Saint Paul the first time was sent by Constantine to Pontus, the second time he was fettered with chains by Constantius, and then he was locked up in Mesopotamian Syngara and from there moved to Emesus, and the fourth time to Cappadocian Cucusus in the Taurian wilderness.”

Gaul, 337-340, Emperor, Constantine II, Orthodox, Gaul, died invading Italy
Roman Emperor, 337-340, Constantine II (emperor); II (Latin: Flavius Claudius Constantinus; February 316 – 340) was Roman emperor from 337 to 340. Son of Constantine the Great and co-emperor alongside his brothers, his attempt to exert his perceived rights of primogeniture led to his death in a failed invasion of Italy in 340. St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; St Caesarius, brother of St Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on March 9 ; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangraz, Commemorated on March 31; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Rome, 337-350, Emperor, Constans, Orthodox, Italy, Illyricum, Africa, then Gaul, k by M, Coup
Roman Emperor,;337-350, Constans; Julius Constans (c. 320 – 350) was Roman emperor from 337 to 350. He held the imperial rank of caesar from 333, and was the youngest son of Constantine the Great. After his father's death, he was made augustus alongside his brothers in September 337. Constans was given the administration of the praetorian prefectures of Italy, Illyricum, and Africa.[3] He defeated the Sarmatians in a campaign shortly afterwards.[3] In the civil war that followed, in 340 he defeated his eldest brother and co-emperor Constantine II's invasion of Italy, who was killed in battle with Constans's forces near Aquileia.[3] Constans gained from him the praetorian prefecture of Gaul.[3] Thereafter there were tensions with his remaining younger brother and co-augustus Constantius II (r. 337–361), including over the exiled bishop Athanasius of Alexandria.[3] In the following years he campaigned against the Franks and in 343 visited Roman Britain.[3] In January 350, Magnentius (r. 350–353) the commander of the Jovians and Herculians, a corps in the Roman army, was acclaimed augustus at Augustodunum (Autun) with the support of Marcellinus, the comes rei privatae.[4] Magnentius overthrew and killed Constans.[3][4] Surviving sources, possibly influenced by the propaganda of Magnentius's faction, accuse Constans of misrule and of homosexuality.[3] St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; St Caesarius, brother of St Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on March 9 ; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangraz, Commemorated on March 31; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Byzantium, 337-361, Emperor, Constantius II, Greece, Thrace, Asia, Egypt, Orthodox then Arian
Roman Emperor, 324-361, Constantius II, Son of Constantine the Great ; Julius Constantius (Greek: ÎšÏ‰Î½ÏƒÏ„Î¬Î½Ï„Î¹Î¿Ï‚; 7 August 317 – 3 November 361), known as Constantius II, was Roman emperor from 337 to 361. His reign saw constant warfare on the borders against the Sasanian Empire and Germanic peoples, while internally the Roman Empire went through repeated civil wars, court intrigues and usurpations. His religious policies inflamed domestic conflicts that would continue after his death. Constantius was a son of Constantine the Great, who elevated him to the imperial rank of caesar on 8 November 324 and after whose death Constantius became augustus together with his brothers, Constantine II and Constans on 9 September 337. He promptly oversaw the massacre of his father-in-law, an uncle and several cousins, consolidating his hold on power. The brothers divided the empire among themselves, with Constantius receiving Greece, Thrace, the Asian provinces and Egypt in the east. For the following decade a costly and inconclusive war against Persia took most of Constantius's time and attention. In the meantime, his brothers Constantine and Constans warred over the western provinces of the empire, leaving the former dead in 340 and the latter as sole ruler of the west. The two remaining brothers maintained an uneasy peace with each other until, in 350, Constans was overthrown and assassinated by the usurper Magnentius. Unwilling to accept Magnentius as co-ruler, Constantius waged a civil war against the usurper, defeating him at the battles of Mursa Major in 351 and Mons Seleucus in 353. Magnentius committed suicide after the latter battle, leaving Constantius as sole ruler of the empire. In 351, Constantius elevated his cousin Constantius Gallus to the subordinate rank of caesar to rule in the east, but had him executed three years later after receiving scathing reports of his violent and corrupt nature. Shortly thereafter, in 355, Constantius promoted his last surviving cousin, Gallus' younger half-brother Julian, to the rank of caesar. As emperor, Constantius promoted Arian Christianity, persecuted pagans by banning sacrifices and closing pagan temples and issued laws discriminating against Jews. His military campaigns against Germanic tribes were successful: he defeated the Alamanni in 354 and campaigned across the Danube against the Quadi and Sarmatians in 357. The war against the Sasanians, which had been in a lull since 350, erupted with renewed intensity in 359 and Constantius traveled to the east in 360 to restore stability after the loss of several border fortresses. However, Julian claimed the rank of augustus in 360, leading to war between the two after Constantius' attempts to persuade Julian to back down failed. No battle was fought, as Constantius became ill and died of fever on 3 November 361 in Mopsuestia, naming Julian as his rightful successor before his death. St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; St Caesarius, brother of St Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on March 9 ; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangraz, Commemorated on March 31; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Constantinople, 336-397, St Martin of Tours, Martin the Merciful
France, 336-397, St Martin of Tours, Martin the Merciful; Tours; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11 ;

Constantinople, 339-341, Impious heretic Eusebius, Nicomedia, Emperor council illeglly deposed Paul, Forerunner head story
Byzantium, 339-341, Byzantine Saint, Eusebius of Nicomedia; of Nicomedia (died 341) was an Arian priest who baptized Constantine the Great on his deathbed in 337.[1][2] fifth-century legend evolved that Pope Saint Sylvester I was the one to baptize Constantine, but this is dismissed by scholars as a forgery 'to amend the historical memory of the Arian baptism that the emperor received at the end of his life, and instead to attribute an unequivocally orthodox baptism to him.'[3][4] He was a bishop of Berytus (modern-day Beirut) in Phoenicia. He was later made the bishop of Nicomedia, where the Imperial court resided. He lived finally in Constantinople from 338 up to his death. Saint Paul the Confessor, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6; Paul the Confessor, Archbishop of Constantinople, was chosen to the patriarchal throne after the death of Patriarch Alexander (+ 340), when the Arian heresy had again flared up. Many of the Arians were present at the Council which selected the new Archbishop of Constantinople. They revolted in opposition to the choice of Saint Paul, but the Orthodox at the Council were in the majority. emperor Constantius, ruling over the Eastern half of the Roman Empire, was an Arian. He was not in Constantinople for the election of the Archbishop, and so it took place without his consent. Upon his return, he convened a council which illegally deposed Saint Paul, and the emperor banished him from the capital. In place of the saint they elevated Eusebius of Nicomedia, an impious heretic. Archbishop Paul withdrew to Rome, where other Orthodox bishops were also banished by Eusebius. did not rule the Church of Constantinople for long. When he died, Saint Paul returned to Constantinople, and was greeted by his flock with love. But Constantius exiled the saint a second time, and so he returned to Rome. The Western emperor Constans wrote a harsh letter to his Eastern co-ruler, which he sent to Constantinople along with the holy exiled archpastor. The threats worked, and Saint Paul was reinstated upon the archepiscopal throne. soon the pious emperor Constans, a defender of the Orthodox, was treacherously murdered during a palace coup. They again banished Saint Paul from Constantinople and this time sent him off in exile to Armenia, to the city of Cucusus, where he endured a martyr’s death. the Archbishop was celebrating the Divine Liturgy, Arians rushed upon him by force and strangled him with his own omophorion. This occurred in the year 350. In 381, the holy Emperor Theodosius the Great solemnly transferred the relics of Saint Paul the Confessor from Cucusus to Constantinople. In 1326, the relics of Saint Paul were transferred to Venice. Athanasius the Great, a contemporary of Saint Paul, writes briefly about his exiles, “Saint Paul the first time was sent by Constantine to Pontus, the second time he was fettered with chains by Constantius, and then he was locked up in Mesopotamian Syngara and from there moved to Emesus, and the fourth time to Cappadocian Cucusus in the Taurian wilderness.” First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated on February 24; that time the venerable head was successively preserved by devout Christians, until the priest Eustathius (infected with the Arian heresy) came into possession of it. He beguiled a multitude of the infirm who had been healed by the holy head, ascribing their cures to the fact that it was in the possession of an Arian. the Beheading of the Holy Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John (August 29), his body was buried by disciples in the Samarian city of Sebaste, and his venerable head was hidden by Herodias in an unclean place. Joanna (June 27), the wife of King Herod’s steward Chuza (Luke 8:3), secretly took the holy head and placed it into a vessel and buried it on the Mount of Olives in one of Herod’s properties. many years, this property passed into the possession of a government official who became a monk with the name of Innocent. He built a church and a cell there. When they started to dig the foundation, the vessel with the venerable head of John the Baptist was uncovered. Innocent recognized its great holiness from the signs of grace emanating from it. occurred the First Finding of the Head. Innocent preserved it with great piety, but fearful that the holy relic might be abused by unbelievers, before his own death he again hid it in that same place, where it was found. Upon his death the church fell into ruin and was destroyed. the days of Saint Constantine the Great (May 21), when Christianity began to flourish, the holy Forerunner appeared twice to two monks journeying to Jerusalem on pilgrimage to the holy places, and he revealed the location of his venerable head. monks uncovered the holy relic and, placing it into a sack of camel-hair, they proceeded homewards. Along the way they encountered an unnamed potter and gave him the precious burden to carry. Not knowing what he was carrying, the potter continued on his way. But the holy Forerunner appeared to him and ordered him to flee from the careless and lazy monks, with what he held in his hands. The potter concealed himself from the monks and at home he preserved the venerable head with reverence. Before his death he placed it in a water jug and gave it to his sister. that time the venerable head was successively preserved by devout Christians, until the priest Eustathius (infected with the Arian heresy) came into possession of it. He beguiled a multitude of the infirm who had been healed by the holy head, ascribing their cures to the fact that it was in the possession of an Arian. his blasphemy was uncovered, he was compelled to flee. After he buried the holy relic in a cave, near Emesa, the heretic intended to return later and use it for disseminating falsehood. God, however, did not permit this. Pious monks settled in the cave, and then a monastery arose at this place. the year 452 Saint John the Baptist appeared to Archimandrite Marcellus of this monastery, and indicated where his head was hidden. This became celebrated as the Second Finding. The holy relic was transferred to Emesa, and later to Constantinople.

Constantinople, 349-390, Saint, Gregory of Nazianzus, the Theologian, converted C from Arianism
Byzantine Saint, 349-390, Gregory of Nazianzus; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr John the Soldier at Constantinople, Commemorated on July 30; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; JEROME, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, AND THEOLOGIAN (30 SEP 420); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on December 10; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated on August 28; Martyr Porphyrius the Actor, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Juventinus at Antioch, Commemorated on October 9 ; St Publia the Confessor and Deaconess of Antioch, Commemorated on October 9; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Melasippus with his wife and son at Ancyra, Commemorated on November 7; Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers, Commemorated on November 8; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); Martyr Elpidius who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on November 15; Martyr Theodore of Antioch, Commemorated on November 23; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Timothy at Tiberiopolis, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); Martyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 1; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29 ; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Theophanes of Antioch, Commemorated on June 10; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or 'œthe Roman'Â, Commemorated on June 26;

Constantinople, 350, Martyr Zosimas the Hermit, calmly amiably conversing w beasts, prayer told huge lion to come
Galilee, 350, Martyr Zosimas the Hermit; Martyr Zosimas the Desert Dweller lived during the fourth century. Once, while hunting, Dometian, the governor of Sicily, saw the Elder calmly and amiably conversing with the beasts around him. the hunters, the beasts fled. They then interrogated the Elder, asking who he was and why he lived in the wilderness. The Elder answered that he was a Christian called Zosimas, and that he could not live in the city with the enemies of the Lord Jesus Christ. Therefore, he lived alone among the wild animals. Dometian said threateningly: “If you worship the Nazarene, I shall subject you to fierce tortures at Nazareth, and you will renounce Christ.” asked what kind of magic he used to tame wild beasts, Saint Zosimas replied, “I am a Christian.” At Nazareth the tortures began. They tied the Elder head downwards, with a large stone around his neck, and they began to lacerate his body with iron hooks. torturers taunted the sufferer: “If the beasts do listen to you, tell one of them to come here, and then we will believe in your God.” The holy martyr turned to God in prayer, and suddenly a huge lion came forth. fled in terror, and the lion went up to the Elder, and began to lift the stone around the martyr’s neck with its paw in order to ease the suffering of the saint. The governor implored the martyr to keep the lion calm, and he gave orders to untie the saint, and to bring him to the emperor, but Saint Zosimas was already dead, having given up his pure soul to God. Nazareth; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20 ; FEAST OF THE TRANSFIGURATION, (6 AUGUST NT); THE VIRGIN MARY, MOTHER OF OUR LORD (15 AUGUST NT); The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Church New Year, Commemorated on September 1; to Holy Tradition, Christ entered the synagogue on September 1 to announce His mission to mankind (Luke 4:16-22). Quoting Isaiah 61:1-2, the Savior proclaimed, “The spirit of the Lord is upon Me; because He has anointed Me to preach the gospel to the poor; He has sent Me to proclaim release to captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty those who are oppressed, to proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord...” This scene is depicted in a Vatican manuscript (Vatican, Biblioteca. Cod. Gr. 1613, p.1). The Nativity of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on September 8 ; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Anna, Commemorated on September 9; Martyr Zosimas the Hermit of Cilicia, Commemorated on September 19 ; JAMES OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND MARTYR (23 OCT NT) ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23 ; Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on December 26 Martyr Conon the Gardener of Pamphylia, Commemorated on March 5; Martyr Papas of Lyconia, Commemorated on March 16; JOSEPH, GUARDIAN OF OUR LORD (19 MAR NT); The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; THE ANNUNCIATION, OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST TO THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY (25 MAR NT) ; James of PHILIP AND JAMES, APOSTLES (1 MAY NT) ; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Constantinople, 350-379, Macrina the Younger (on Iris River in near Pontus and Neocaserea) of the 5
Byzantium, 350-379, Macrina the Younger (somewhere on Iris River); MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ;

Constantinople, 350-379, Saint, Basil of Caesarea, Basil the Great, of the 5
Byzantine Saint, 350-379, Basil of Caesarea, Basil the Great; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr John the Soldier at Constantinople, Commemorated on July 30; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on December 10; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated on August 28; Martyr Porphyrius the Actor, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Juventinus at Antioch, Commemorated on October 9 ; St Publia the Confessor and Deaconess of Antioch, Commemorated on October 9; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Melasippus with his wife and son at Ancyra, Commemorated on November 7; Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers, Commemorated on November 8; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); Martyr Elpidius who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on November 15; Martyr Theodore of Antioch, Commemorated on November 23; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Timothy at Tiberiopolis, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); Martyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 1; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29 ; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Theophanes of Antioch, Commemorated on June 10; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or œthe RomanÂ, Commemorated on June 26;

Constantinople, 351, Vision of the Cross, Miraculous Portent
Jerusalem Patriarch, 350-386, St Cyrl of Jerusalem; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7 ; Precious Cross appeared in the sky over Jerusalem on the morning of May 7, 351 during the reign of the emperor Constantius, the son of Saint Constantine (May 21). that time the heresy of Arianism, which taught that Christ was merely a creature and not God, was causing great turmoil and division throughout the Empire. Even after the First Ecumenical Council at Nicea in 325, many people were drawn to this false teaching, and the Orthodox found themselves in the minority in many places. the ruler of the eastern part of the Empire, was a fervent supporter of Arianism. His brothers Constantine II and Constans, who were pious Orthodox Christians, ruled in the west. They were both killed in separate battles around 350, leaving Constantius as sole ruler. Also in 350, Saint Cyril (March 18) became Patriarch of Jerusalem and began his zealous struggle against Arianism. May of 351 a luminous Cross appeared over Jerusalem, stretching from Golgotha to the Mount of Olives, a distance of about five and a half miles. The Cross was wide as it was long, and shone more brightly than the sun. Many people left their homes and workplaces to gather in the church and glorify Christ. The historian Sozomen says that this wondrous sign led to the conversion of multitudes of pagans and Jews to Christianity. letter from Saint Cyril to the emperor describing this phenomenon, and admonishing him to become Orthodox, has been preserved. The apparition of the Cross remained over the city for a whole week. vision of the Cross over Jerusalem strengthened the Orthodox faithful and contributed to the return of many Arians to the Church. It is also a reminder of the awesome Second Coming of Christ, when “the sign of the Son of man shall appear in heavenâ€ (Matthew 24:30).

Constantinople, 355-395, Byzantine Saint, Gregory of Nyssa, one of the 5
Byzantine Saint, 355-395, Gregory of Nyssa; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr John the Soldier at Constantinople, Commemorated on July 30; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on December 10; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated on August 28; Martyr Porphyrius the Actor, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Juventinus at Antioch, Commemorated on October 9 ; St Publia the Confessor and Deaconess of Antioch, Commemorated on October 9; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Melasippus with his wife and son at Ancyra, Commemorated on November 7; Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers, Commemorated on November 8; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); Martyr Elpidius who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on November 15; Martyr Theodore of Antioch, Commemorated on November 23; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Timothy at Tiberiopolis, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); Martyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 1; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29 ; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Theophanes of Antioch, Commemorated on June 10; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or œthe Roman, Commemorated on June 26;

Constantinople, 360-391, St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, of the 5
Cappadocia, 360 - 391, St Peter, Bishop of Sebaste, Cappadocia/ Armenia; St. Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10;

Constantinople, 360-381, Meletius, anti-arrian, deposed 3x, virtue, Basil t G and Chrysostom, writer, holy fire
Byzantine Saint, 360-381, Meletius of Antioch; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12; Meletius, Archbishop of Antioch, was Bishop of Sebaste in Armenia (ca. 357), and afterwards he was summoned to Antioch by the emperor Constantius to help combat the Arian heresy, and was appointed to that See. Meletius struggled zealously against the Arian error, but through the intrigues of the heretics he was thrice deposed from his cathedra by the Emperor Constantius who had become surrounded by the Arians and had accepted their position. In all this Saint Meletius was distinguished by an extraordinary gentleness, and he constantly led his flock by the example of his own virtue and kindly disposition, supposing that the seeds of the true teaching sprout more readily on such soil. Meletius was the one who ordained the future hierarch Saint Basil the Great as deacon. Saint Meletius also baptized and encouraged another of the greatest luminaries of Orthodoxy, Saint John Chrysostom, who later eulogized his former archpastor. Constantius, the throne was occupied by Julian the Apostate, and the saint again was expelled, having to hide himself in secret places for his safety. Returning under the emperor Jovian in the year 363, Saint Meletius wrote his theological treatise, “Exposition of the Faith,” which facilitated the conversion of many of the Arians to Orthodoxy. the year 381, under the emperor Theodosius the Great (379-395), the Second Ecumenical Council was convened. In the year 380 the saint had set off on his way to the Second Ecumenical Council at Constantinople, and came to preside over it. the start of the Council, Saint Meletius raised his hand displaying three fingers, and then withdrawing two fingers and leaving one extended he blessed the people, proclaiming: “We understand three hypostases, and we speak about a single nature.” With this declaration, a fire surrounded the saint like lightning. During the Council Saint Meletius fell asleep in the Lord. Saint Gregory of Nyssa honored the memory of the deceased with a eulogy. Meletius has left treatises on the consubstantiality of the Son of God with the Father, and a letter to the emperor Jovian concerning the Holy Trinity. The relics of Saint Meletius were transferred from Constantinople to Antioch.

Constantinople, 360-397, Saint Ambrose, against Arianism
Byzantium, 360-397, Saint Ambrose; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397)

Constantinople, 360-370, Eudoxius of Antioch, Byzantine Archbishop, influencial arian, liar, to get position
Byzantine Archbishop, 360-370, Eudoxius of Antioch; (died 370) was the eighth bishop of Constantinople from January 27, 360 to 370, previously bishop of Germanicia and of Antioch. Eudoxius was one of the most influential Arians. was from Arabissos of Asia Minor.[1] Eudoxius came to Eustathius, bishop of Antioch between 324 and 331, seeking holy orders. However, Eustathius found his doctrine unsound and refused him. Nevertheless, when Eustathius was deposed, the Arians or Eusebians had everything their own way and admitted Eudoxius to orders and made him bishop of Germanicia, on the confines of Syria, Cilicia, and Cappadocia. This bishopric he held at least 17 years, the period of the principal intrigues against Athanasius, and of the reigns of Constantine the Great's sons.[2] 341 the council of the Dedication or Encaenia was held under Placillus at Antioch. Eudoxius of Germanicia attended. He was an Arian pure and simple, a disciple of Aetius, a friend of Eunomius. The council produced four creeds, in which the Eusebian party succeeded in making their doctrine as plausible as might be, and the second of these became known as the "Creed of the Dedication". Athanasius says that Eudoxius was sent with Martyrius and Macedonius to take the new creed of Antioch to Italy. This new creed may, however, have been the Macrostich, or Long Formula, drawn up at a later council of Antioch.[2] 343 or 347 the rival councils of Sardica and Philippopolis were held. At the latter was drawn up a creed more Arian than those of Antioch, and it was signed by Eudoxius. Between 355 and 359 Eudoxius was in attendance on the emperor in the West, when news came of the death of Leontius of Antioch.[3] Against the canons, he took over the see of Antioch.[1] Allegedly excusing himself on the plea that the affairs of Germanicia required his presence, Eudoxius hastened to Antioch, and, representing himself as nominated by the emperor, got himself made bishop, and sent Asphalus, a presbyter of Antioch, to make the best of the case at court. Emperor Constantius II wrote to the church of Antioch: "Eudoxius went to seek you without my sending him. . . . To what restraint will men be amenable, who impudently pass from city to city, seeking with a most unlawful appetite every occasion to enrich themselves?".[2] Nonetheless, the emperor confirmed the election.[1] the first year of his episcopate at Antioch Eudoxius held a council, which received the creed of Sirmium. An idea may be formed of the Homoousian reception of his sermons from three different sources. Hilary of Poitiers, then in the East, heard Eudoxius in his cathedral, and wished his ears had been deaf. Theodoret and Epiphanius of Cyprus reported him as boasting that he had the same knowledge about God as God had about Himself.[2] September 359, a Council of Seleucia was held at Seleucia Isauria, the orthodox forming a very small minority. The majority signed the "Creed of the Dedication"; Eudoxius who was present, was deposed by Basil of Ancyra's party, and appears to have sought the shelter of the court at Constantinople. Here, by the aid of the Acacians, he secured his appointment as bishop on the deposition of Macedonius, and on January 27, 360, took possession of his throne in the presence of 72 bishops. On February 15 the great church of Constantinople, Saint Sophia, begun in 342 by the emperor Constantius II, was dedicated.[2] it is claimed, mounting his episcopal throne before the expectant multitude of courtiers, ecclesiastics, and citizens, began with the words: "The Father is asebes, the Son is eusebes." A great tumult of indignation arose on all sides in St. Sophia. The orator, unabashed, explained: "The Father is asebes because He honours nobody; the Son is eusebes because He honours the Father." The new cathedral echoed with peals of uncontrollable laughter. Thus, says Socrates Scholasticus,[4] these tore the church to pieces by their captious subtilties.[2] consecrated his friend Eunomius to the see of Cyzicus; but such complaints were brought to the emperor Constantius II that he ordered Eudoxius to depose him. Eudoxius acquiesced to the emperor's command and quietly persuaded Eunomius to retire.[2] 365 an attack was made on Eudoxius by the semi-Arians, now called Macedonians. Holding a meeting at Lampsacus, they signed the "Creed of the Dedication," cited Eudoxius and his party before them, and, as they did not come, sentenced them to deprivation; but emperor Valens refused to confirm the proceedings.[2] 367 Valens, as he was setting out for the Gothic War, was induced by his wife Albia Dominica to receive baptism from Eudoxius. In the same year he issued, likely under the advice of Eudoxius, an order that such bishops as had been banished by Constantius and had returned under Julian should again be exiled.[2] years during which Eudoxius and Valens acted together were allegedly troubled by portents, which Homoousians attributed to the anger of Heaven at Valens' banishment of bishops who would not admit Eudoxius to their communion. Eudoxius died in 370.[2] Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (œthe Recruit), Commemorated on February 17;

Byzantium, 361-363, Emperor, Julian the Apostate, Constantine's Step Brother
Byzantine Emperor, 361-363, Julian the Apostate ; (331 - 26 June 363) was Roman emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher and author in Greek.[4] His rejection of Christianity, and his promotion of Neoplatonic Hellenism in its place, caused him to be remembered as Julian the Apostate by the Christian Church.[5][6] member of the Constantinian dynasty, Julian was orphaned as a child. He was raised by the Gothic slave Mardonius, who had a profound influence on him, providing Julian with literary education.[7] Julian became caesar over the western provinces by order of Constantius II in 355, and in this role he campaigned successfully against the Alamanni and Franks. Most notable was his crushing victory over the Alamanni at the Battle of Argentoratum (Strasbourg) in 357, leading his 13,000 men against a Germanic army three times larger. In 360, Julian was proclaimed Augustus by his soldiers at Lutetia (Paris), sparking a civil war with Constantius. However, Constantius died before the two could face each other in battle, and named Julian as his successor. 363, Julian embarked on an ambitious campaign against the Sasanian Empire. The campaign was initially successful, securing a victory outside Ctesiphon in Mesopotamia.[8] However, he did not attempt to besiege the capital and moved into Persia's heartland, but soon faced supply problems and was forced to retreat northwards while ceaselessly being harassed by Persian skirmishes. During the Battle of Samarra, Julian was mortally wounded under mysterious circumstances.[9][7] He was succeeded by Jovian, a senior officer in the imperial guard, who was obliged to cede territory, including Nisibis, in order to save the trapped Roman forces.[10] was a man of unusually complex character: he was "the military commander, the theosophist, the social reformer, and the man of letters".[11] He was the last non-Christian ruler of the Roman Empire, and he believed that it was necessary to restore the Empire's ancient Roman values and traditions in order to save it from dissolution.[12] He purged the top-heavy state bureaucracy, and attempted to revive traditional Roman religious practices at the expense of Christianity. His attempt to build a Third Temple in Jerusalem was probably intended to harm Christianity rather than please Jews.[7] Julian also forbade the Christians from teaching and learning classical texts.[13] Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr John the Soldier at Constantinople, Commemorated on July 30; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on December 10; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Salamanes the Silent of the Euphrates, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated on August 28; Martyr Porphyrius the Actor, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Juventinus at Antioch, Commemorated on October 9 ; St Publia the Confessor and Deaconess of Antioch, Commemorated on October 9; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Melasippus with his wife and son at Ancyra, Commemorated on November 7; Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers, Commemorated on November 8; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); Martyr Elpidius who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on November 15; Martyr Theodore of Antioch, Commemorated on November 23; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Timothy at Tiberiopolis, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); Martyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 1; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Marcian of Cyrrhus in Syria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25; St Simeon œthe AncientÂ of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Palladius the Hermit, of Antioch, Commemorated on January 28; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Peter the Hermit of Galatia Near Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Maron the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Eusebius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 15; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (œthe RecruitÂ), Commemorated on February 17; St Eugene the Presbyter and Confessor at Antioch, Commemorated on February 19; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; Venerable Arcadius of Cyprus, Commemorated on March 6; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); Icon œNot Made by HandsÂ from Lydda, Commemorated on March 12; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Hieromartyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated on March 22 ; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Hieromartyr Mark the Bishop of Arethusa, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29; Martyr Cyril the Deacon of Heliopolis, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29 ; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5 ; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29 ; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Theophanes of Antioch, Commemorated on June 10; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or œthe RomanÂ, Commemorated on June 26;

Constantinople, 361-363, Martyr Elpidius, Senator, Imperial Palace, Burned, Jesus appeared, resurrected him, burned again
Constantinople, 361-363, Martyr Elpidius, Senator, Imperial Palace, Burned, Jesus appeared, resurrected him, tortured again, idols crumbled, 6,000 converted, burned again ; Imperial Palace, Constantinople, 330; Martyrs Elpidius, Marcellus, and Eustochius, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on November 15; Holy Martyrs Elpidius, Marcellus and Eustochius suffered under the emperor Julian the Apostate (361-363). Elpidius was a senator. They tried him before the imperial judge on charges of being a Christian. martyrs endured many terrible torments, and they died after being thrown into a fire. At the place where Christians buried the relics of the saints, Christ appeared with an host of angels and resurrected Elpidius. Then the emperor gave orders to arrest the holy martyr again. the torture, idols standing nearby crumbled into dust through the prayer of the saint. More than six thousand pagans witnessed this miracle and were converted to Christ. Saint Elpidius was burned again.

Constantinople, 361, Martyr Porphyrius the Actor, saved while mocking baptism, then martyred
Ephesus, 361, Martyr Porphyrius the Actor, saved while mocking baptism, then martyred; Holy Martyr Porphyrius suffered during the reign of Julian the Apostate (361-363). Porphyrius was an actor and on the emperor’s birthday he was performing a role at the theater, where he was supposed to mock the mystery of holy Baptism. the play Porphyrius was immersed in water and said: “The servant of God, Porphyrius, is baptized in the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.” Through divine grace, he emerged from the water and confessed himself a Christian. Julian ordered him to be tortured, and after the torments, to be beheaded. This took place in the city of Ephesus in the year 361. Ephesus; Revelation 2: 1-7, The Message to Ephesus; Martyr Porphyrius the Actor, Commemorated on September 15 ;

Constantinople, 363, Battle of Samarra v Persia, Julian the Apostate's death
Battle of Samarra, 363, Julian the Apostate's death; Julian left Antioch for a war with the Persians. Near the Persian city of Ctesiphon, Julian came upon an elderly Persian, who agreed to betray his countrymen and guide Julian's army. The old man deceived Julian and led his army into the Karmanite wilderness, where there was neither food nor water. Tired from hunger and thirst, Julian'™s army battled against fresh Persian forces. ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Constantinople, 363-365, Council of Laodicea 363-364, Biblical Cannon, Astrology, and other rules
Council of Laodicea 363-364; Council of Laodicea was a regional synod of approximately thirty clerics from Asia Minor which assembled about 363–364 AD in Laodicea, Phrygia Pacatiana. 1 Historical context 2 Major concerns 3 Biblical canon 4 Astrology 5 References 6 External links context[edit] council took place soon after the conclusion of the war between the Roman Empire and the Persian Empire, waged by Emperor Julian. Julian, the last Constantinian emperor, attempted a revival of paganism and resumed discrimination against Christians. After his death in battle on 26 June 363, officers of the army elected the Christian Jovian as his successor. Jovian, in a precarious position, far from supplies, ended the war with Persia unfavorably for Rome. He was soon succeeded by Valentinian I, who named his brother Valens Emperor of the East. concerns[edit] major concerns of the Council involved regulating the conduct of church members. The Council expressed its decrees in the form of written rules or canons. Among the sixty canons decreed, several aimed at: Maintaining order among bishops, clerics and laypeople (canons 3–5, 11–13, 21–27, 40–44, 56–57) Enforcing modest behaviour of clerics and laypeople (4, 27, 30, 36, 53–55) Regulating approach to heretics (canons 6–10, 31–34, 37), Jews (canons 16, 37–38) and pagans (canon 39) Outlawing the keeping of the Sabbath (Saturday), and encouraging rest on Sunday (canon 29) Outlining liturgical practices (canons 14–20, 21–23, 25, 28, 58–59) Restrictions during Lent (canons 45, 49–52) Admission and instruction of catechumens and neophytes (canons 45–48) Specifying a Biblical canon (canons 59–60) canon[edit] 59th canon forbade the readings in church of uncanonical books. The 60th canon listed Canonical books, with the New Testament containing 26 books, omitting the Book of Revelation, and the Old Testament including the 22 books of the Hebrew Bible plus the Book of Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremiah; but excluding all the deuterocanonical books proper. It is also believed that they may have demonized the "Second Book of Enoch", which led to its degeneration.[1] authenticity of the 60th canon is doubtful,[2] as it is missing from various Greek manuscripts and may have been added later[1] to specify the extent of the preceding 59th canon. The Latin version of the canons of Laodicea consistently omit the canon list. Around 350 AD, Cyril of Jerusalem produced a list matching that from the Council of Laodicea.[3] council marks the first occasion in Christianity of the explicit condemnation of astrology, a matter on which theologians and legislators had not yet reached consensus.[4][5] Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers, Commemorated on November 8 ;

Byzantium, 363-364, Emperor, Jovian, Orthodox, after Julian, declared by his soldiers, only 8 mos
Byzantine Emperor, 363-364, Jovian, Christian; (331 – 17 February 364) was Roman emperor from June 363 to February 364. As part of the imperial bodyguard, accompanied Emperor Julian on his campaign against the Sasanian Empire and following the latter's death, Jovian was hastily declared Emperor by his soldiers. With the army exhausted, provisions running low, and unable to cross the Tigris, he sought peace with the Sasanids on humiliating terms. his arrival at Edessa, Jovian was petitioned by bishops over doctrinal issues concerning Christianity. His return to Constantinople would be cut short by his death at Dadastana. Jovian reigned eight months. MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated on August 28; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers, Commemorated on November 8; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Marcian of Cyrrhus in Syria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Salamanes the Silent of the Euphrates, Commemorated on January 23; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25; St Simeon œthe AncientÂ of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Palladius the Hermit, of Antioch, Commemorated on January 28; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Peter the Hermit of Galatia Near Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Maron the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Eusebius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 15; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Hieromartyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated on March 22 ; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Byzantium, 364-378, Emperor, Valens, Arian, faced Persia in Armenia, burned alive at A by Goths, bad g, good a
Byzantine Emperor, 364-378, Valens, Arian ; Valens (328 - 9 August 378) was Roman emperor from 364 to 378. He was the younger brother of the emperor Valentinian I, who gave Valens the eastern half of the Roman Empire to rule. Before 364, Valens had a largely unremarkable military career. In 378, Valens was defeated and killed at the Battle of Adrianople against the invading Goths, which astonished contemporaries and marked the beginning of barbarian encroachment into Roman territory. emperor Valens continually faced threats both internal and external.[4] He defeated, after some dithering, the usurper Procopius in 366, and campaigned against the Goths across the Danube in 367 and 369. In the following years, Valens focused on the eastern frontier, where he faced the perennial threat of Persia, particularly in Armenia, as well as additional conflicts with the Saracens and Isaurians. Domestically, he inaugurated the Aqueduct of Valens in Constantinople, which was longer than all the aqueducts of Rome. In 376–77, the Gothic War broke out, following a mismanaged attempt to settle the Goths in the Balkans. Valens returned from the east to fight the Goths in person, but lack of coordination with his nephew, the western emperor Gratian (Valentinian I's son), as well as poor battle tactics, led to Valens and much of the eastern Roman army dying at a battle near Adrianople in 378. Valens is described as indecisive, impressionable, a mediocre general and overall "utterly undistinguished", he was also a conscientious and capable administrator,[5] and a notable achievement of his was to significantly relieve the burden of taxation on the population.[6] At the same time, his suspicious and fearful disposition, and excessive concern for personal safety, resulted in numerous treason trials and executions, which heavily stained his reputation. Valens was a fanatic Arian Christian – the last Roman emperor to profess this denomination – and discriminated against trinitarian Christians while interfering little in the affairs of the pagans.[7][6][8] MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated on August 25 ; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430) ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated on August 28; Martyr Urban and 79 Companions at Nicomedia, Commemorated September 5 ; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; Repose of St John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 14; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 13; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Iconium, Commemorated on November 23; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Venerable James the Solitary of Syria, Commemorated on November 26; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Marcian of Cyrrhus in Syria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Mausimas the Syrian, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Salamanes the Silent of the Euphrates, Commemorated on January 23; St Macedonius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on January 24; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25; St Publius the Ascetic of Syria, Commemorated on January 25 ; St Simeon œthe AncientÂ of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 27; Venerable Palladius the Hermit, of Antioch, Commemorated on January 28; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Peter the Hermit of Galatia Near Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Maron the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Eusebius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 15; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26 ; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; Venerable Theophanes of Antioch, Commemorated on June 10; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Constantinople, 364-407, Saint, Isaac of Dalmatius Monastery, Constantinople
Byzantium, 364-383, Saint, Isaac of Dalmatius Monastery, Constantinople; Byzantium, 364-440, Byzantine Saint, Dalmatius of Constantinople; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22;

Constantinople, 364-440, Saint, Dalmatius of Constantinople
Byzantium, 364-440, Byzantine Saint, Dalmatius of Constantinople; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22;

Constantinople, 367-397, John Chrysostom, in Syria, ascetic, silence, monastic, writer, Preacher 12yrs and Public Speaker
Syrian Saint, 367-407, St John Chrysostom ; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 13; John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, one of the Three Hierarchs [January 30], was born at Antioch in about the year 347 into the family of a military commander. father, Secundus, died soon after the birth of his son. mother, Anthusa, widowed at twenty years of age, did not seek to remarry but rather devoted all her efforts to the raising of her son in Christian piety. youth studied under the finest philosophers and rhetoricians. scorning the vain disciplines of pagan knowledge, the future hierarch turned himself to the profound study of Holy Scripture and prayerful contemplation. Meletius, Bishop of Antioch (February 12), loved John like a son, guided him in the Faith, and in the year 367 baptized him. three years John was tonsured as a Reader. When Saint Meletius had been sent into exile by the emperor Valens in the year 372, John and Theodore (afterwards Bishop of Mopsuestia) studied under the experienced instructors of ascetic life, the presbyters Flavian and Diodorus of Tarsus. highly refined Diodorus had particular influence upon the youth. John’s mother died, he embraced monasticism, which he called the “true philosophy.” John and his friend Basil were being considered as candidates for the episcopal office, and they decided to withdraw into the wilderness to avoid this. While Saint John avoided the episcopal rank out of humility, he secretly assisted in Basil’s consecration. this period Saint John wrote his “Six Discourses on the Priesthood,” a great work of Orthodox pastoral theology. saint spent four years struggling in the wilderness, living the ascetic life under the guidance of an experienced spiritual guide. here he wrote three books entitled, “Against the Opponents of Those Attracted to the Monastic Life”, and a collection entitled, “A Comparison of the Monk with the Emperor” (also known as “Comparison of Imperial Power, Wealth and Eminence, with the True and Christian Wisdom-Loving Monastic Life”), both works which are marked by a profound reflection of the worthiness of the monastic vocation. two years, the saint lived in a cave in complete silence, but was obliged to return to Antioch to recover his health. Meletius, the Bishop of Antioch, ordained him deacon in the year 381. following years were devoted to work on new theological writings: “Concerning Providence” (“To the Ascetic Stagirios”), “Book Concerning Virginity,” “To a Young Widow” (2 discourses), and the “Book of Saint Babylos, and Against Julian and the Pagans.” the year 386 Saint John was ordained presbyter by Bishop Flavian of Antioch. John was a splendid preacher, and his inspired words earned him the name “Golden-Mouthed” (“Chrysostom”). twelve years the saint preached in church, usually twice a week, but sometimes daily, deeply stirring the hearts of his listeners. his pastoral zeal to provide Christians with a better understanding of Holy Scripture, Saint John employed hermeneutics, an interpretation and analysis of the Word of God (i.e. exegesis). Among his exegetical works are commentaries on entire books of the Holy Scripture (Genesis, the Psalter, the Gospels of Matthew and John, the Epistles of the Apostle Paul), and also many homilies on individual texts of the Holy Bible, but also instructions on the Feastdays, laudations on the Saints, and also apologetic (i.e. defensive) homilies (against Anomoeans, Judaizers and pagans). a priest, Saint John zealously fulfilled the Lord’s command to care for the needy. Under Saint John, the Antiochian Church provided sustenance each day to as many as 3,000 virgins and widows, not including in this number the shut-ins, wanderers and the sick. John began his commentary on Genesis at the beginning of Great Lent in 388, preaching thirty-two homilies during the forty day period. During Holy Week he spoke of how Christ was betrayed, and about the Cross. During Bright Week, his pastoral discourse was devoted to the Resurrection. His exegesis of the Book of Genesis was concluded only at the end of October (388). Pascha in the following year (389) the saint began his homilies on the Gospel of John, and toward the end of the year 389 he took up the Gospel of Matthew. the year 391 the Christians of Antioch listened to his commentary on the Epistles of the holy Apostle Paul to the Romans and to the Corinthians. 393 he explained the Epistles to the Galatians, the Ephesians, Timothy, Titus, and the Psalms. In his homily on the Epistle to the Ephesians, Saint John denounced a schism in Antioch, “I tell you and I witness before you, that to tear asunder the Church means nothing less than to fall into heresy. The Church is the house of the heavenly Father, one Body and one Spirit.” fame of the holy preacher grew, and in the year 397 with the death of Archbishop Nectarius of Constantinople, successor to Saint Gregory the Theologian, Saint John Chrysostom was summoned from Antioch, and elected to the See of Constantinople. the capital, the holy archpastor was not able to preach as often as he had at Antioch. Many matters awaited the saint’s attention, and he began with the most important -- the spiritual perfection of the priesthood. He himself was the best example of this. The financial means apportioned for the archbishop were channeled by the saint into the upkeep of several hospices for the sick and two hostels for pilgrims. He fasted strictly and ate very little food, and usually refused invitations to dine because of his delicate stomach. saint’s zeal in spreading the Christian Faith extended not only to the inhabitants of Constantinople, but also to Thrace to include Slavs and Goths, and to Asia Minor and the Pontine region. established a bishop for the Bosphorus Church in the Crimea. John sent off zealous missionaries to Phoenicia, to Persia, and to the Scythians, to convert pagans to Christ. also wrote letters to Syria to bring back the Marcionites into the Church, and he accomplished this. Preserving the unity of the Church, the saint would not permit a powerful Gothic military commander, who wanted the emperor to reward his bravery in battle, to open an Arian church at Constantinople. saint exerted much effort in enhancing the splendor of the church services: he compiled a Liturgy, he introduced antiphonal singing for the all-night Vigil, and he wrote several prayers for the rite of anointing the sick with oil. saintly hierarch denounced the dissolute morals of people in the capital, especially at the imperial court, irrespective of person. When the empress Eudoxia connived to confiscate the last properties of the widow and children of a disgraced dignitary, the saint rose to their defense. The arrogant empress would not relent, and nursed a grudge against the archpastor. ’s hatred of the saint blazed forth anew when malefactors told her that the saint apparently had her in mind during his sermon on vain women. A court was convened composed of hierarchs who had been justly condemned by Chrysostom: Theophilus of Alexandria, Bishop Severian of Gabala, who had been banished from the capital because of improprieties, and others. court of judgment declared Saint John deposed, and that he be executed for his insult to the empress. The emperor decided on exile instead of execution. An angry crowd gathered at the church, resolved to defend their pastor. In order to avoid a riot, Saint John submitted to the authorities. very night there was an earthquake at Constantinople. The terrified Eudoxia urgently requested the emperor to bring the saint back, and promptly sent a letter to the banished pastor, beseeching him to return. Once more, in the capital church, the saint praised the Lord in a short talk, “For All His Ways.” slanderers fled to Alexandria. But after only two months a new denunciation provoked the wrath of Eudoxia. In March 404, an unjust council was convened, decreeing the exile of Saint John. Upon his removal from the capital, a fire reduced the church of Hagia Sophia and also the Senate building to ashes. Devastating barbarian incursions soon followed, and Eudoxia died in October 404. Even pagans regarded these events as God’s punishment for the unjust judgment against the saint. Armenia, the saint strove all the more to encourage his spiritual children. In numerous letters (245 are preserved) to bishops in Asia, Africa, Europe and particularly to his friends in Constantinople, Saint John consoled the suffering, guiding and giving support to his followers. In the winter of 406 Saint John was confined to his bed with sickness, but his enemies were not to be appeased. From the capital came orders to transfer Saint John to desolate Pityus in Abkhazia on the Black Sea. Worn out by sickness, the saint began his final journey under military escort, traveling for three months in the rain and frost. He never arrived at his place of exile, for his strength failed him at Comana. the crypt of Saint Basiliscus (May 22), Saint John was comforted by a vision of the martyr, who said, “Despair not, brother John! Tomorrow we shall be together.” After receiving the Holy Mysteries, the hierarch fell asleep in the Lord on September 14, 407. His last words were, “Glory to God for all things!” holy relics of Saint John Chrysostom were solemnly transferred to Constantinople in the year 438. The disciple of Saint John, the venerable Isidore of Pelusium (February 4), wrote: “The house of David is grown strong, and the house of Saul enfeebled. He is victor over the storms of life, and has entered into heavenly repose.” he died on September 14, Saint John’s celebration was transferred to this day because of the Feast of the Elevation of the Holy Cross. Saint John Chrysostom is also celebrated on January 27 and January 30. St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; Venerable James the Solitary of Syria, Commemorated on November 26;

Constantinople, 367-420, Porphyrios, Porphyry of Gaza, Archbishop
Byzantium, 367-420, Byzantine Saint, Porphyrios, Porphyry of Gaza; St. Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26;

Constantinople, 367-420, Roman Saint, Jerome, scholar, translator, theologian
Roman Saint, 367-420, Jerome ; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); JEROME, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, AND THEOLOGIAN (30 SEP 420); was the foremost biblical scholar of the ancient Church. His translation of the Bible, along with his commentaries and homilies on the biblical books, have made him a major intellectual force in the Western Church. was born in about 347, and was converted and baptized during his student days in Rome. a visit to Trier, he found himself attracted to the monastic life, which he tested in a brief but unhappy experience as a hermit in the deserts of Syria. Antioch, he continued his studies in Hebrew and Greek. In 379, he went to Constantinople where he studied under Gregory of Nazianzus. 382 to 384 he was secretary to Pope Damasus I, and spiritual director of many noble Roman ladies who were becoming interested in the monastic life. It was Damasus who set him the task of making a new translation of the Bible into Latin -- into the popular form of the language, hence the name of the translation: the Vulgate. the death of Damasus, Jerome returned to the East, and established a monastery at Bethlehem, where he lived and worked until his death on 30 September 420. is best known as the translator of the Bible into Latin. A previous version (now called the Old Latin) existed, but Jerome's version far surpassed it in scholarship and in literary quality. was well versed in classical Latin (as well as Greek and Hebrew), but deliberately translated the Bible into the style of Latin that was actually spoken and written by the majority of persons in his own time. This kind of Latin is known as Vulgate Latin (meaning the Latin of the common people), and accordingly Jerome's translation is called the Vulgate. Vulgate Latin is classical Latin in the first stages of evolving into such modern languages as Spanish, French, and Italian. It has begun the process of changing from an inflected language (in which words have various endings, or inflections, which are used to show the relation of the word to other words in the sentence) to a separate-word language like English (in which additional words, such as prepositions, are used, along with word order, to show the function of the word). Thus, in classical Latin, "He spoke to me," is dix it mihi or mihi dixit, but in Vulgate Latin it is dixit ad me. In the second century BC, Jewish scholars in Alexandria, Egypt, had translated the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek. Tradition had it that this translation was the work of 70 (or 72) scholars, and accordingly the result was known as the Septuagint (often written as LXX). The LXX contains six or more books (there is some leeway here) not found in the standard Hebrew text, known as the Masoretic Text (or MT), and sometimes reads differently from the MT in particular verses. New Testament writers, except for Matthew, when they are quoting the Old Testament, usually quote from the LXX. The differences in readings between the MT and the LXX were formerly explained by assuming that the LXX translators were sometimes not very good translators. very ancient Hebrew manuscripts of the Bible, recently found at Qumran and elsewhere, often agree with the LXX against the MT. Accordingly, it is now generally supposed that the LXX is a fairly accurate translation of Hebrew manuscripts available at the time, and that sometimes the manuscripts that the LXX translators worked from differed from the manuscripts that became the basis for the standardized Hebrew text that we know today. The early Christians, most of whom knew Greek but not Hebrew, were accustomed to use the LXX as their version of the Old Testament Scriptures. (So, for that matter, did most Jews living in the Roman Empire outside of the land of Israel itself.) Old Latin translation had been made from the Greek. But Jerome was determined to make his translation from the Hebrew, partly because he considered it to be more accurate, and partly because he wanted a text that he could use as a basis for argument with Jewish opponents, without having them object, "But that is not what the Hebrew text says." a translation from the Hebrew, he ran into a difficulty with the Psalms. They were used regularly in public and private worship, and many Christians knew them well enough to notice and resent any radical changes from the wording they had always used. So Jerome translated the Psalms from the Greek, and salved his scholarly feelings by publishing a translation of the Psalms from the Hebrew in an Appendix. The history of the Psalms in English is in some ways similar. 1611, the King James Version of the Bible was published, and generally accepted by English-speakers. However, the Psalms in English were already an established part of public worship in the Coverdale translation of 1536 or thereabouts. For roughly 75 years worshippers in England had been reading, saying, singing, or chanting the Psalms in the Coverdale translation (also called the Prayer Book Version). Their response to the Psalms in the King James Version was: "What is this nonsense! Take away this new-fangled modern translation, and leave me to recite the Psalms in the good old-fashioned version that I learned at the knee of my dear old silver-haired mother, the most magnificent version that the pen of man has ever written, the version that has comforted and sustained me all the days of my life." So, when you attend an Anglican funeral, and you hear the choir chanting, The LORD is my shepherd, therefore can I lack nothing. He shall feed me in a green pasture, and lead me forth beside the waters of comfort. are hearing the Coverdale Psalter. And for some of us, at least, it is a great tree, deeply rooted in the soil of English Christianity, and full of complex associations that make reading it a deeply moving experience. (I have heard rumors that there are versions of the Psalter used in some circles, that are even more modern and trendy than the King James. Hmmph!) was intemperate in controversy, and any correspondence with him tended to degenerate into a flame war. (His friendship with Augustine, conducted by letter, nearly ended before it began. Fortunately Augustine sized him up correctly, soothed his feelings, and was extremely tactful thereafter.) His hot temper, pride of learning, and extravagant promotion of asceticism involved him in many bitter controversies over questions of theology and of Bible interpretation. However, he was candid at times in admitting his failings, and was never ambitious for either worldly or churchly honors. He was a militant champion of orthodoxy, a tireless worker, and a scholar of rare gifts. by James Kiefer Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; Jerome of Stridon was born into a Christian family in the city of Stridon located on the border between Dalmatia and Pannonia. full name is Eusebius Hieronymos Sophronius. His parents sent him to Rome, where he studied the secular sciences. At the beginning of his life in the capital, the youth was captivated by worldly vanities and fell into temptation. At the end of his time in Rome, Jerome resolved to change his life and to live in goodness and purity. the youth was about 20 years old, he accepted holy Baptism. After this he visited in Gaul (France). Then Saint Jerome decided to dedicate himself totally to God, and to become a monk. about the year 372 Saint Jerome returned to his native city, but his parents had already departed this life. On him fell the responsibility of raising his younger sisters and his brother Paulinian. These cares forced him to put aside his plans to enter a monastery, at least for a time. made arrangements for the care of his siblings, he journeyed to the East with several of his friends. 374, he decided to dwell in the desert of Chalcis southeast of Antioch. There he remained for about 5 years, combining work on the Holy Scriptures with austere ascetic deeds. Besides this, Saint Jerome mastered the Hebrew and Chaldean languages. this period he began his correspondence with numerous persons upon a variety of questions. About 120 letters, considered as authentically written by Saint Jerome, have been preserved. the beginning of the 360s there arose a controversy between the proponents of bishops Meletius, Paulinos and Vitalis. The controversy also reached the monastery where Saint Jerome toiled. In consequence, the disputes caused him to leave the monastery and go to Antioch. Here Bishop Paulinos ordained him to the priesthood. Saint Jerome visited Constantinople and conversed with the holy hierarchs Gregory the Theologian and Gregory of Nyssa the year 381 he set off for Rome. At Rome he continued his studies. The holy Pope Damasus I (366-384), who also devoted much of his time to the study of Holy Scripture, made Jerome his secretary. because the saint denounced the morals of the contemporary Christian society, a whole party of those bearing malice towards the saint came forward to spread slanders about him. a three year stay at Rome, Saint Jerome felt compelled to abandon this city for good. Together with his brother Paulinian and friends, Saint Jerome visited the Holy Land, and also the monks of the Nitria wilderness monastery. the year 386 he settled into a cave at Bethlehem near the cave where Christ was born, and there he began a life of austere asceticism. was the period of blossoming of his creative activity. Attending to the studies of his time, Saint Jerome left to the Church a rich written legacy: collections of dogmatic-polemic works, moral-ascetic works, commentaries on Scripture, and historical works. the most important of his works was a new translation the books of the Old and New Testaments into the Latin language. This Latin translation is called the “Vulgate,” and it passed into general use throughout the Western Church. Jerome lived through the fall of his beloved city Rome, which was sacked by the Goths in the year 410. In the year 411 a new ordeal beset the saint, Bethlehem was invaded by wild Bedouin Arabs. Only through the mercy of God was the community of the aged ascetic saved from complete destruction. He finished his life at the cave in Bethlehem. Saint Jerome is believed to have reposed in 420. relics were transferred from Bethlehem to Rome in 642, but their present location is unknown. His hand is enshrined in a church near Rome’s Piazza Farnese.

Constantinople, 369-382, Gothic General, Athanaric, Pagan, Loser
Byzantine Period, Gothic General, 369-382, Athanaric, Pagan, Loser; Byzantine Period, Gothic Civil War, 376-382, Eastern Roman Empire; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397);

Constantinople, 370-380, Patriarch, Lupus aka Demophilus of Constantinople
Constantinople Patriarch, 370-380, Lupus aka Demophilus of Constantinople; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated on August 25;

Constantinople, 372, Gothic Saint, Nicetas the Goth, danube region, ven by Rus, soldier, archangel Michael, Cilicia
Byzantine Period, Gothic Saint, 372, Nicetas the Goth; is a Christian martyr of the 4th century, venerated particularly in the Russian Orthodox Church. His feastday is 15 September.[1] a Gothic soldier, lived in the Danube region at the margins of the Byzantine Empire.[2] Presumably, he received his Greek name on the occasion of his baptism by the Gothic bishop Theophilus, a participant in the First Ecumenical Council. Pagan Goths began to oppose the spread of Christianity, which resulted in internecine strife. Nicetas fought in the Gothic civil war between the pagan Athanaric and the Christian Fritigern. the defeat of Athanaric and after the invention of Gothic alphabets by Ulfilas, Nicetas worked intensely among the Goths.[2 He was condemned to the stake in 372. According to his Passio, the devil, shaped as an angel, induced Nicetas to sacrifice to the pagan gods for saving his life; Nicetas, however, put him to flight by means of prayer and assisted by archangel Michael. His body was buried it in Cilicia, and later transferred to Constantinople. Greece, Russia, Ukraine, Serbia, and Cyprus there are several churches and monasteries named after St Nicetas. See Church of Saint Nicetas. Nicetas is prayed to for the preservation of children from birth defects.[2] Byzantine Period, Gothic Civil War, 376-382, Eastern Roman Empire; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; Holy Great Martyr Nicetas was a Goth (a Germanic tribe). He was born and lived on the banks of the Danube River, suffering for Christ in the year 372. The Christian Faith was already spreading throughout the territory of the Goths at that time. Saint Nikḗtas believed in Christ and was baptized by the Gothic bishop Theophilos, who participated in the First Ecumenical Council. Pagan Goths started to oppose the spread of Christianity, which resulted in a civil war. Fritigern, at the head of a Christian army, defeated the pagan Athanaric, the Christian Faith continued to spread among the Goths. The Arian bishop Ulfilas, the successor to Bishop Theophilos, created a Gothic alphabet and translated many priestly books into the Gothic language. Saint Nicetas worked tirelessly among his fellow Goths to teach them about Christ. Through his personal example and inspired words, he brought many of them to the Christian Faith. his defeat, however, Athanaric managed to regroup his forces. He returned to his own country and regained his former power. Since he remained a pagan, he continued to hate the Christians and persecuted them, seeking revenge for the humiliation he had endured at their hands. Nikḗtas had to contend against both visible and invisible enemies. In opposing these invisible enemies, he converted many pagans to Christ, and strengthened the faithful for the contest of martyrdom. Filled with zeal for God, the Saint denounced the persecutor Athanaric for his cruelty and impiety, because he subjected the Christians to severe torments. Nicetas prevailed against both of these enemies. He trampled the devil underfoot, and defeated Athanaric in battle. The cruel tormentor was troubled because he was unable to convert Saint Nikḗtas to his own impiety, and so he resolved to capture the Saint and put him to death. Nicetas endured many tortures, and then he was thrown into a fire. Although his body was not burnt by the fire, he surrendered his soul to God, and his relics were illumined by a radiant light. By night, a Christian named Marianus, took the body of Saint Nicetas, and buried it in Cilicia. Afterward, it was transferred to Constantinople. Part of the relics of the Great Martyr Nicetas were later given to the monastery of Vysokie Dechani in Serbia. Thus Saint Nicetas received an unfading crown of glory from Christ on September 15, 372. pray to Saint Nicetas for the preservation of children from birth defects. AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397);

Constantinople, 372, Novoniketa Icon, Dacia, appeared on boy' chest in the night, Niketas baptised right away
Temple of St. Nicetas the Martyr on Shvivaya Hill beyond Yauza; Icon of the Mother of God of Novoniketa, Commemorated on September 15; is one of the most ancient icons of the Mother of God. It appeared to the holy martyr Nikḗtas (+ September 15, 372). Saint Nikḗtas, a former soldier, was a disciple of Bishop Theophilos of the Goths. Even before he was baptized, he saw a Child in a dream, holding a Cross in His hand. When he awakened, he thought about this for a long time, but was unable to understand what this vision signified. A Christian girl named Juliana, who had a special revelation from God, told him to look down at his chest. his unspeakable surprise, Nikḗtas found an Icon of the Mother of God on his chest. She held her divine Child on her lap, and He was holding a Cross in His hand. "This is the same Icon I saw in my dream," the startled Nikḗtas cried. The appearance of the Icon made such an impression on him that he was baptized right away. afterward, the persecution of Christians began, and Saint Nikḗtas received the crown of martyrdom along with many other confessors. When he was being led to the place of execution, he had on his chest, under his clothes, the Icon of the Mother of God which had appeared to him. was established that the Novonikḗta Icon of the Mother of God should be commemorated on the day of Saint Nikḗtas's martyrdom. list of miracles from this Icon is in Moscow, in the court cathedral, which is dedicated to the All-Merciful Savior, at the Gate of Saint Nikḗtas.

Constantinople, 373, Beret Icon, Beret Phoenecia, Biblos, Lebanon, Jesus icon, Jews, spear, blood and water, healing for all
Beret, Phoenecia Biblos; Commemoration of the Miracle of the Icon of Our Lord Jesus Christin Beret , Commemorated October 11 ; of the Miracle of the Icon of Our Lord Jesus Christ in Beret: At the fourth session of the Seventh Ecumenical Council (in 787), Saint Peter, Bishop of Nicomedia, in defending the necessity of icon veneration, presented an account of Saint Athanasius about a miracle which occurred in the city of Beret, Phoenecia. this city, near the Jewish synagogue, lived a certain Christian. When he moved to another place, he left behind an icon of the Lord Jesus Christ. A Jew, who moved into the house, paid no attention to the icon. Once, his friend noticed of the image of Jesus Christ on the wall and said to the homeowner, “Why do you, a Jew, have an icon in your house?” He then went to the synagogue and reported this transgression of Jewish law. Jews expelled the owner of the house from the synagogue. took the icon from the wall and began to scoff at it, “As once our fathers mocked Him, so we also mock Him.” They spit at the face of the Lord. Hurling abuses, they lashed at the icon, they placed thorns around the head, nailed it to a tree, and put a sponge with vinegar to the mouth. Finally, they took a spear, and one of the Jews thrust it into the side of the Savior. from the hole in the icon made by the spear, blood and water flowed. The Jewish rabbis, seeing the miracle, said, “The followers of Jesus Christ say that He could heal the sick. Let us take this blood and water into the synagogue and anoint those afflicted with infirmities. Then we shall see whether what is spoken of Him is true.” vessel with the blood was put in the synagogue. The inhabitants of Beret, once they learned of the miracle, began to bring those suffering from various illnesses into the synagogue. all were healed, after being anointed with the blood from the icon of the Savior. the Jewish people believed in Christ and exclaimed, “Glory to You, O Christ, Whom our fathers crucified, Whom we also crucified in the form of Your icon. Glory to You, O Son of God, for having worked such a miracle! We believe in You, therefore be merciful to us and receive us!” Jews went to the Bishop of Beret. After showing him the wonderworking icon and the blood and water that flowed from it, they told him of their misdeed. The bishop, seeing their sincere repentance, accepted them, catechized them for many days and then baptized them. he consecrated the synagogue into a church of our Savior Jesus Christ. At the request of the Jews, he also consecrated other synagogues into churches dedicated to the holy martyrs. There was great joy in that city, not only because many people were healed, but because many were baptized due to the miracles worked by the icon of the Savior. St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated February 19 ; Martyr Aquilina of Byblos in Syria, Commemorated on June 13 ;

Constantinople, 374-397, Saint, Bishop, Ambrose of Milan
Northern Italy, Milan Bishop, 374-397, Ambrose ; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); St Monica, Commemorated on May 4;

Constantinople, 374-430, Saint Augustine of Hippo
Rome, 374-430, Saint Augustine of Hippo; Roman Saint, 367-420, Jerome ; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); JEROME, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, AND THEOLOGIAN (30 SEP 420); Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Constantinople, 374-450, Egyptian, Roman, Byzantine St, Arsenius t Great, Theodosius' sons, Sketis, Silence, Flame, baskets, tears
Egypt, 370-445, Egyptian, Roman, Byzantine Saint, Arsenius the Great; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8 ; Arsenius the Great was born in the year 354 at Rome into a pious Christian family, which provided him a fine education and upbringing. He studied rhetoric and philosophy, and mastered the Latin and Greek languages. Saint Arsenius gave up philosophy and the vanity of worldly life, seeking instead the true wisdom praised by Saint James “pure, peaceable, gentle, and easy to be entreated, full of mercy and good fruits” (Jas. 3:17). He entered the ranks of the clergy as a deacon in one of the Roman churches, dedicating himself to the service of God. emperor Theodosius (379-395), who ruled the eastern half of the Roman Empire, heard about his erudition and piety, and he wished to entrust Arsenius with the education of his sons Arcadius and Honorius. Arsenius, however, protested that he had given up secular studies in order to serve God. Against his will, but in obedience to the will of Pope Damasus (December 11), Saint Arsenius agreed to teach the imperial children, hoping to teach them Christian piety as well. he arrived at Constantinople, Arsenius was received with great honor by the emperor Theodosius, who charged him to educate his sons not only in wisdom, but also in piety, guarding them from the temptations of youth. “Forget that they are the emperor’s sons,” said Theodosius, “for I want them to submit to you in all things, as to their father and teacher.” fervor the saint devoted himself to the education of the youths, but the high esteem in which he was held troubled his spirit, which yearned for the quietude of monastic life. Saint Arsenius entreated the Lord to show him the way to salvation. The Lord heard his prayer and one time he heard a voice telling him, “Arsenius, flee from men, and you shall be saved.” And then, removing his rich clothing and replacing it with old and tattered garments, he secretly left the palace, boarded a ship for Alexandria, and he made his way to Sketis, a monastery in the midst of the desert. at the church, he asked the priests to accept him into the monastic brotherhood, calling himself a wretched wanderer, though his very manner betrayed him as a cultivated man. The brethren led him to Abba John the Dwarf (November 9), famed for his holiness of life. He, wishing to test the newcomer’s humility, did not seat Arsenius with the monks for the trapeza meal. He threw him a piece of dry bread saying, “Eat if you wish.” Saint Arsenius got down on his hands and knees, and picked up the bread with his mouth. Then he crawled off into a corner and ate it. Seeing this, Elder John said, “He will be a great ascetic!” Then accepting Arsenius with love, he tonsured him into monasticism. Arsenius zealously passed through his obediences and soon he surpassed many of the desert Fathers in asceticism. The saint again heard the Voice while he was praying, “Arsenius, hide from people and dwell in silence, this is the root of virtue.” From that moment Saint Arsenius settled in a solitary cell deep in the desert. taken on the struggle of silence he seldom left his seclusion. He came to church only on Sundays and Feast days, observing complete silence and conversing with no one. When Abba Moses asked him why he hid himself from people, Saint Arsenius replied, “God knows that I love you, but I cannot remain with God and with men at the same time. The Heavenly Powers all have one will and praise God together. On earth, however, there are many human wills, and each man has his own thoughts. I cannot leave God in order to live with people.” absorbed in constant prayer, the saint did not refuse visiting monks with his counsel and guidance, giving short, but perceptive answers to their questions. Once, a monk from Sketis saw the great Elder through a window standing at prayer, surrounded by a flame. handicraft of Saint Arsenius was to weave baskets, for which he used the fronds of date palms soaked in water. For a whole year Saint Arsenius did not change the water in the container, but merely added a little water to it from time to time. This caused his cell to be permeated with a foul stench. When asked why he did this, the saint replied that it was fitting for him to humble himself in this way, because in the world he had used incense and fragrant oils. He prayed that after death he would not experience the stench of hell. fame of the great ascetic spread far, and many wanted to see him, and they disturbed his tranquility. As a result, the saint was forced to move around from place to place. But those thirsting to receive his guidance and blessing still found him. Arsenius taught that many take upon themselves great deeds of repentance, fasting, and vigil, but it is rare for someone to guard his soul from pride, greed, jealousy, hatred of one’s brother, remembrance of wrongs, and judgment. In this they resemble graves which are decorated outwardly, but filled with stinking bones. certain monk once asked Saint Arsenius what he should do when he read the Holy Scriptures and did not comprehend their meaning. The Elder answered, “My child, you must study and learn the Holy Scriptures constantly, even if you do not understand their power... For when we have the words of the Holy Scriptures on our lips, the demons hear them and are terrified. Then they flee from us, unable to bear the words of the Holy Spirit Who speaks through His apostles and prophets.” monks heard how the saint often urged himself on in his efforts with the words, “Rouse yourself, Arsenius, work! Do not remain idle! You have not come here to rest, but to labor.” He also said, “I have often regretted the words I have spoken, but I have never regretted my silence.” great ascetic and keeper of silence was given the gift of tears with which his eyes were constantly filled. He spent fifty-five years at monastic labors and struggles. He spent forty years at Sketis, and ten years on the mountain of Troe near Memphis. Then he spent three years at Canopus, and two more years at Troe, where he fell asleep in the Lord. Our holy, God-bearing Father Arsenius reposed when he was nearly one hundred years old, in the year 449 or 450. only disciples seem to have been Alexander, Zoilos, and Daniel (June 7).

Byzantium, 375-383, Emperor, Gratian, Christian, in the West
Byzantine Emperor, 375-383, Gratian ; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430) ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Iconium, Commemorated on November 23; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Venerable James the Solitary of Syria, Commemorated on November 26; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated on January 11 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable Marcian of Cyrrhus in Syria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Mausimas the Syrian, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Salamanes the Silent of the Euphrates, Commemorated on January 23; St Macedonius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on January 24; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25; St Publius the Ascetic of Syria, Commemorated on January 25 ; St Simeon "œthe Ancient" of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 27; Venerable Palladius the Hermit, of Antioch, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Peter the Hermit of Galatia Near Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Maron the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Eusebius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 15; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Theodore Trichinas "œthe Hair-Shirt Wearer"Â and Hermit Near Constantinople, Commemorated on April 20; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Constantinople, 376-382, Gothic Civil War, Eastern Roman Empire
Byzantine Period, Gothic Civil War, 376-382, Eastern Roman Empire; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7;

Constantinople, 376-382, Gothic General, Fritigern, Christian, Victor, Arian
Byzantine Period, Gothic General, 376-382, Fritigern, Christian, Victor Byzantine Period, Gothic Civil War, 376-382, Eastern Roman Empire; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397);

Byzantium, 379-395, Emperor, Theodosis 1, the Great, with Christian Goths, anti Pagan
Byzantine Emperor, 379-395, Theodosis 1, the Great ; I (11 January 347-“ 17 January 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was Roman emperor from 379 to 395, during Late Antiquity. reign accelerated the Christianization of the Roman Empire, achieved military successes when the frontiers of the empire were threatened by the wars of the Migration Period, and defeated two rival emperors in successive civil wars. He was the first emperor of the Theodosian dynasty (r. 379--“457), and married into the ruling Valentinianic dynasty (r. 364-“455). His decrees made Nicene Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire and punished Roman paganism, Hellenistic religion, and Arianism. his capital Constantinople he commissioned the honorific Column of Theodosius, the Theodosian Walls, and the Golden Gate, among the greatest works of ancient Roman architecture. a military career and a governorship under his father Theodosius the Elder he became magister equitum and was then elevated to the imperial rank of augustus by the emperor Gratian (r. 367-“383). He replaced the latter's uncle and senior augustus Valens (r. 364-“378), who had been killed in the Battle of Adrianople. Theodosius married Gratian's half-sister Galla, daughter of Valentinian the Great (r. 364-“375), and defeated the rebellion of Magnus Maximus (r. 383-“388) on behalf of his new brother-in-law, Valentinian II (r. 375-“392). When Valentinian II died, Theodosius became the senior emperor, having already made his eldest son Arcadius his co-augustus. Theodosius then defeated the usurper Eugenius (r. 392-“394). accepting his elevation, he campaigned against Goths and other barbarians who had invaded the Empire. His resources were not sufficient to destroy them or drive them out, which had been Roman policy for centuries in dealing with invaders. By treaty, which followed his indecisive victory at the end of the Gothic War, they were established as foederati, autonomous allies of the Empire, south of the Danube, in Illyricum, within the Empire's borders. They were given lands and allowed to remain under their own leaders, not assimilated as had been normal Roman practice. issued decrees that effectively made Nicene Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire, including the Edict of Thessalonica.[4][5] neither prevented nor punished the destruction of prominent Hellenistic temples of classical antiquity, including the Temple of Apollo in Delphi and the Serapeum in Alexandria. He dissolved the order of the Vestal Virgins in Rome's Temple of Vesta. In 393, he banned the pagan rituals of the Olympic Games. his death, Theodosius's young and incapable sons were the two augusti. Arcadius (r. 383-“408) inherited the eastern empire and ruled from Constantinople and Honorius (r. 393-“423) the western empire, an administrative division that endured until the fall of the western Roman empire in the late 5th century. fought two destructive civil wars, successively defeating the usurpers Magnus Maximus in 387-“388 and Eugenius in 394, at great cost to the power of the Empire. His management of the empire was marked by heavy tax exactions, by the compulsory establishment of Christianity, and by a court in which according to Peter Brown "everything was for sale".[6] is considered a saint by the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches, and his feast day is on January 17.[7] life[edit] to Polemius Silvius, Theodosius the Great was born on 11 January 347 or 346.[8] The epitome de Caesaribus places his birthplace at Cauca (Coca, Segovia) in Hispania.[8] According to the traditional texts of the chronicle of Hydatius and Zosimus, he was born at "Cauca in Gallaecia".[9][10][11] These texts are probably corrupted with interpolations, as Cauca was in fact not part of the province of Gallaecia, while according to Themistius, Claudius Claudianus, and Marcellinus Comes, he was born at Italica in Hispania Baetica.[11] These claims were probably fictitious and intended to connect Theodosius with the lineage of his distant predecessor Trajan (r. 98-“117), who had came from Italica.[8] Thedosius's father was Theodosius the Elder and his mother was Thermantia.[8] Theodosius had a brother named Honorius, a sister referred to in Aurelius Victor's De caesaribus but whose name is unknown, and a niece, Serena.[8] career[edit] accompanied his father, the comes rei militaris, on his 368-“369 campaign against the Franks, Scots, and Saxons to restore order and the rule of the emperors Valentinian I (r. 364-“375) and Valens (r. 364-“378) in Roman Britain, which had been threatened in 367 by the Great Conspiracy.[12][13][8] They also defeated the usurpation in Britain by Valentinus.[13] Previous to this in 366, Theodosius the Elder attacked and defeated the Alamanni in Roman Gaul; the defeated prisoners had been resettled in the Po Valley.[14][15] the Elder was made magister equitum in 369, and retained the post until 375.[8] Theodosius and his father son campaigned against the Alamanni 370.[8] The two Theodosi campaigned against Sarmatians in 372/373.[8] The emperors' rule in Roman Africa was disrupted by the revolt of Firmus in 373.[16] Theodosius the Elder moved to defeat the usurpation.[16] In about 373, Theodosius was made dux of the province of Moesia Prima.[17] In 374, the Quadi and their allies the Sarmatians overran the province of Valeria in the praetorian prefecture of Illyricum.[18] Theodosius drove the Sarmatians out of the Roman territory and then defeated the Quadi.[19][20] He is reported to have defended his province with marked ability and success.[19] the Elder fell from power in 375, and Theodosius the dux of Moesia Prima retired to his estates in the Iberian Peninsula, where he married Aelia Flaccilla in 376.[8] Their first child, Arcadius, was born around 377.[8] Pulcheria, their daughter, was born in 377 or 378.[8] Theodosius had returned to the Danube frontier by 378, when he was appointed magister equitum.[8] the death of his uncle Valens (r. 364-“378), Gratian, now the senior augustus, sought a candidate to nominate as Valens's successor. On 19 January 379, Theodosius I was made augustus over the eastern provinces at Sirmium.[8][21] His wife, Aelia Flaccilla, was accordingly raised to augusta.[8] The new augustus's territory spanned the Roman praetorian prefecture of the East, including the Roman diocese of Thrace, and the additional dioceses of Dacia and of Macedonia. Theodosius the Elder, who had died in 375, was then deified as: Divus Theodosius Pater, lit. 'the Divine Father Theodosius'.[8] administrative divisions of the Roman Empire in 395, under Theodosius I. of Valentinian II showing Valentinian and Theodosius I on the reverse, each holding a mappa reign: 379-“383[edit] October 379 the Council of Antioch was convened.[8] On 27 February 380 Theodosius issued the Edict of Thessalonica, making Nicene Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire.[8] In 380, Theodosius was made Roman consul for the first time and Gratian for the fifth; in September the augusti Gratian and Theodosius met, returning the Roman diocese of Dacia to Gratian's control and that of Macedonia to Valentinian II.[21][8] In autumn Theodosius fell ill, and was baptized.[8] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Theodosius arrived at Constantinople and staged an adventus, a ritual entry to the capital, on 24 November 380.[8] issued a decree against Christians deemed heretics on 10 January 381.[8] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, on the 11 January, Athanaric, king of the Gothic Thervingi arrived in Constantinople; he died and was buried in Constantinople on 25 January.[8] 8 May 381, Theodosius issued an edict against Manichaeism.[8] In mid-May, Theodosius convened the First Council of Constantinople, the second ecumenical council after Constantine's First Council of Nicaea in 325; the Constantinopolitan council ended on 9 July.[8] According to Zosimus, Theodosius won a victory over the Carpi and the Scirii in summer 381.[8] On 21 December, Theodosius decreed the prohibition of sacrifices with the intent of divining the future.[8] 21 February 382, the body of Theodosius's father in law Valentinian the Great was finally laid to rest in the Church of the Holy Apostles.[8] Another Council of Constantinople was held in summer 382.[8] to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, a treaty of foedus was reached with the Goths, and they were settled between the Danube and the Balkan Mountains.[8] settlement of the Gothic Wars[edit] Goths and their allies (Vandals, Taifals, Bastarnae and the native Carpians) entrenched in the provinces of Dacia and eastern Pannonia Inferior consumed Theodosius's attention. Gothic crisis was so dire that his co-Emperor Gratian relinquished control of the Illyrian provinces and retired to Trier in Gaul to let Theodosius operate without hindrance. major weakness in the Roman position after the defeat at Adrianople was the recruiting of barbarians to fight against other barbarians. In order to reconstruct the Roman Army of the East, Theodosius needed to find able bodied soldiers and so he turned to the most capable men readily at hand: the barbarians recently settled in the Empire. This caused many difficulties in the battle against barbarians since the newly recruited fighters had little or no loyalty to Theodosius. It did not help that Theodosius himself was dangerously ill during many months after his elevation, being confined to his bed in Thessalonica during much of 379.[22] suppressed the incursions into dioceses of Illyria (Pannonia and Dalmatia) by Alathaeus and Saphrax in 380.[23] He succeeded in convincing both to agree to a treaty and be settled in Pannonia.[24] was able finally to enter Constantinople in November 380, after two seasons in the field, having ultimately prevailed by offering highly favorable terms to the Gothic chiefs.[23] His task was rendered much easier when Athanaric, an aged and cautious leader, accepted Theodosius's invitation to a conference in the capital, Constantinople, and the splendor of the imperial city reportedly awed him and his fellow-chiefs into accepting Theodosius' offers.[25] himself died soon after, but his followers were impressed by the honorable funeral arranged for him by Theodosius, and agreed to defending the border of the empire.[25] The final treaties with the remaining Gothic forces, signed 3 October 382, permitted large contingents of barbarians, primarily Thervingian Goths, to settle in Thrace south of the Danube frontier.[26] The Goths now settled within the Empire would largely fight for the Romans as a national contingent, as opposed to being fully integrated into the Roman forces.[26] provinces along the Ister (Danube), showing the Roman dioceses of Thrace, Dacia, Pannonia and Italia Annonaria on the empire's northern frontier civil war: 383-“384[edit] of Theodosius, showing both he and his co-augustus Valentinian II (r. 375-“392) enthroned on the reverse, each crowned by Victory and together holding an orb victoria augg ("the Victory of the Augusti") to the Chronicon Paschale, Theodosius celebrated his quinquennalia on 19 January 383 at Constantinople; on this occasion he raised his eldest son Arcadius to co-augustus.[8] Early 383 saw the acclamation of Magnus Maximus as augustus in Britain and the appointment of Themistius as praefectus urbi in Constantinople.[8] On 25 July, Theodosius issued a new edict against gatherings of Christians deemed heretics.[8] unable to do much about Maximus due to his still inadequate military capability, opened negotiations with the Persian emperor Shapur III (r. 383-“388) of the Sasanian Empire.[27] In an attempt to curb Maximus's ambitions, Theodosius appointed Flavius Neoterius as praetorian prefect of Italy.[28] in 383, Gratian's wife Constantia died.[21] Gratian remarried, wedding Laeta, whose father was a consularis of Roman Syria.[29] On the 25 August 383, according to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Gratian was killed at Lugdunum (Lyon) by Andragathius, the magister equitum of the rebel augustus during the rebellion of Magnus Maximus .[21] Constantia's body arrived in Constantinople on 12 September that year and was buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles on 1 December.[21] Gratian was deified as Latin: Divus Gratianus, lit. 'the Divine Gratian'.[21] 21 January 384 all those deemed heretics were expelled from Constantinople.[8] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Theodosius received in Constantinople an embassy from the Sasanian Empire in 384.[8] In summer 384, Theodosius met his co-augustus Valentinian II in northern Italy.[30][8] Theodosius brokered a peace agreement between Valentinian and Magnus Maximus which endured for several years.[31] of Theodosius, found in 1847 in Almendralejo, Spain reign: 384-“387[edit] second son Honorius was born on 9 December 384 and titled nobilissimus puer (or nobilissimus iuvenis).[8] The death of Aelia Flaccilla, Theodosius's first wife and the mother of Arcadius, Honorius, and Pulcheria, occurred by 386.[8] She died at Scotumis in Thrace and was buried at Constantinople, her funeral oration delivered by Gregory of Nyssa.[8][32] A statue of her was dedicated in the Byzantine Senate.[32] In 384 or 385, Theodosius's niece Serena was married to the magister militum, Stilicho.[8] On 25 May 385, Theodosius repeated the ban on sacrifices that were done in order to predict the future.[8] the beginning of 386, Theodosius's daughter Pulcheria also died.[8] That summer more Goths were defeated, and many were settled in Phrygia.[8] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, a Roman triumph over the Gothic Greuthungi was then celebrated at Constantinople.[8] The same year, work began on the great triumphal column in the Forum of Theodosius in Constantinople, the Column of Theodosius.[8] On 19 January 387, according to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Arcadius celebrated his quinquennalia in Constantinople.[8] By the end of the month, there was an uprising or riot in Antioch (Antakya).[8] With a peace agreement with Persia in the Roman-“Persian Wars came a division of Armenia.[8] civil war: 387-“388[edit] peace with Magnus Maximus was broken in 387, and Valentinian escaped the west with Justina, reaching Thessalonica (Thessaloniki) in summer or autumn 387 and appealing to Theodosius for aid; Valentinian II's sister Galla was then married to the eastern augustus at Thessalonica in late autumn.[30][8] Theodosius may still have been in Thessalonica when he celebrated his decennalia on 19 January 388.[8] Theodosius was consul for the second time in 388.[8] Galla and Theodosius's first child, a son named Gratian, was born in 388 or 389.[8] 10 March 388, Christians deemed heretics were forbidden from residing in cities.[8] On 14 March, Theodosius banned the intermarriage of Jews and Christians.[8] In summer 388, Theodosius recovered Italy from Magnus Maximus for Valentinian, and in June, the meeting of Christians deemed heretics was banned by Valentinian.[30][8] armies of Theodosius and Maximus fought at the Battle of Poetovio in 388, which saw Maximus defeated. On 28 August 388 Maximus was executed.[33] Now the de facto ruler of the Western empire as well, Theodosius celebrated his victory in Rome on June 13, 389 and stayed in Milan until 391, installing his own loyalists in senior positions including the new magister militum of the West, the Frankish general Arbogast.[33] July, Magnus Maximus was defeated by Theodosius at the Battle of Save; on 28 August, Magnus Maximus was executed by Theodosius.[8] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Arbogast killed Flavius Victor (r. 384-“388), Magnus Maximus's young son and co-augustus, in Gaul in August/September that year. Damnatio memoriae was pronounced against them, and inscriptions naming them were erased.[8] affairs: 388-“391[edit] Ambrose barring Theodosius from Milan Cathedral, Anthony van Dyck, c. 1620 came into conflict with Ambrose, bishop of Mediolanum (Milan), in October 388 over the persecution of Jews at Callincium-on-the-Euphrates (Raqqa).[8] As mentioned in the Panegyrici Latini and in a panegyric of Claudian's on the sixth consulship of Honorius, Theodosius then received another embassy from the Persians in 389.[8] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Theodosius staged an adventus on entering Rome on 13 June 389.[8] On 17 June, he issued a decree against Manichaeism.[8] Theodosiushad left Valentinian under the protection of the magister militum Arbogast, who then defeated the Franks in 389.[31][30] 390 the population of Thessalonica rioted in complaint against the presence of the local Gothic garrison. The garrison commander was killed in the violence, so Theodosius ordered the Goths to kill all the spectators in the circus as retaliation, an event known as the Massacre of Thessalonica; Theodoret, a contemporary witness to these events, reports: the anger of the Emperor rose to the highest pitch, and he gratified his vindictive desire for vengeance by unsheathing the sword most unjustly and tyrannically against all, slaying the innocent and guilty alike. It is said seven thousand perished without any forms of law, and without even having judicial sentence passed upon them; but that, like ears of wheat in the time of harvest, they were alike cut down.[34] was excommunicated by the bishop of Milan, Ambrose, for the massacre.[35] Ambrose told Theodosius to imitate David in his repentance as he had imitated him in guilt; Ambrose readmitted the emperor to the Eucharist only after several months of penance.[citation needed] spring 390, possibly in April, the Massacre of Thessalonica was perpetrated by Theodosius's army, leading to a confrontation with Ambrose.[8] Ambrose demanded that the emperor do penance for the massacre.[8] According to the 5th-century church historian Theodoret, on 25 December 390 (Christmas), Ambrose received Theodosius back into the Christian Church in his bishopric of Mediolanum.[8] According to the Chronicon Paschale, on 18 February 391, the head of John the Baptist was translated to Constantinople.[8] On the 24 February, attendance at pagan sacrifices and temples was forbidden by law.[8] In early summer 391, an uprising in Alexandria was suppressed, and the Serapeum of Alexandria was destroyed.[8] On 16 June, pagan worship was prohibited by law.[8] In 391, a delegation from the Roman Senate was snubbed in Gaul because of the reappearance of the Altar of Victory in the Curia Julia.[30] to Zosimus, Theodosius then campaigned against marauding barbarian bandits in Macedonia in autumn 391.[8] Eventually, he came to Constantinople, where according to Socrates Scholasticus's Historia Ecclesiastica he held an adventus, entering the city on 10 November 391.[8] of Eugenius (r. 392-“394), showing both he and Theodosius enthroned on the reverse, each crowned by Victory and together holding an orb. Marked: victoria augg ("the Victory of the Augusti") of the Theodosian emperors from the Hoxne Hoard: portraits of Theodosius I (top), Arcadius (left), and Honorius (right) civil war: 392-“394[edit] 15 May 392, Valentinian II died at Vienna in Gaul (Vienne), either by suicide or as part of a plot by the magister militum Arbogast.[30] Valentinian had quarrelled publicly with Arbogast, and was found hanged in his room.[36] Arbogast announced that this had been a suicide.[36] He was deified with the consecratio: Divae Memoriae Valentinianus, lit. 'the Divine Memory of Valentinian'.[30] was then sole adult emperor, reigning with his son Arcadius. Arbogast was unable to assume the role of emperor because of his non-Roman background.[36] Instead, on 22 August at the behest of Arbogast, a magister scrinii and vir clarissimus, Eugenius, was acclaimed augustus at Lugdunum.[8] Eugenius made some limited concessions to the Roman religion; like Maximus he sought Theodosius's recognition in vain.[36] On 8 November 392, all cult worship of the gods was forbidden by Theodosius.[8] to Polemius Silvius, Theodosius raised his second son Honorius to augustus on 23 January 393.[8] He cited Eugenius's illegitimacy.[36] 393 was the year of Theodosius's third consulship.[8] On 29 September 393, Theodosius issued a decree for the protection of Jews.[8] According to Zosimus, at the end of April 394, Theodosius's wife Galla died.[8] On 1 August, a colossal statue of Theodosius was dedicated in Constantinople's Forum of Theodosius, an event recorded in the Chronicon Paschale.[8] the last years of Theodosius's reign, one of the emerging leaders of the Goths, named Alaric, participated in Theodosius's campaign against Eugenius in 394, only to resume his rebellious behavior against Theodosius's son and eastern successor, Arcadius, shortly after Theodosius' death. had gathered a large army, including the Goths whom he had settled in the eastern empire as foederati, as well as Caucasian and Saracen auxiliaries, and marched against Eugenius.[37] According to Socrates Scholasticus, Theodosius defeated Eugenius at the Battle of the Frigidus (the Vipava) on 6 September 394.[8] battle began on 5 September 394, with Theodosius' full frontal assault on Eugenius's forces.[citation needed] Theodosius was repulsed on the first day, and Eugenius thought the battle to be all but over.[citation needed] In Theodosius's camp, the loss of the day decreased morale.[citation needed] It is said[by whom?] that Theodosius was visited by two "heavenly riders all in white" who gave him courage.[citation needed] The next day, the battle began again and Theodosius's forces were aided by a natural phenomenon known as the Bora, which produces cyclonic winds.[38] The Bora blew directly against the forces of Eugenius and disrupted the line.[citation needed] Eugenius's camp was stormed; Eugenius was captured and soon after executed.[38] On 8 September, Arbogast killed himself.[8] to Socrates, on 1 January 395, Honorius arrived in Mediolanum and a victory celebration was held there.[8] suffered from a disease involving severe edema, in Milan.[39] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Theodosius died in Mediolanum on 17 January 395.[8] His funeral was held there on 25 February.[8] Ambrose delivered a panegyric titled De obitu Theodosii in the presence Stilicho and Honorius in which Ambrose praised the suppression of paganism by Theodosius.[39] body transferred to Constantinople, where according to the Chronicon Paschale he was buried on 8 November 395 in the Church of the Holy Apostles.[8] He was deified as: Divus Theodosius, lit. 'the Divine Theodosius'.[8] He was interred in a porphyry sarcophagus that was described in the 10th century by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in his work De Ceremoniis.[40] offers a laurel wreath to the victor, on the marble base of the Obelisk of Thutmosis III at the Hippodrome of Constantinople. patronage[edit] section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) oversaw the removal in 390 of an Egyptian obelisk from Alexandria to Constantinople.[41] It is now known as the obelisk of Theodosius and still stands in the Hippodrome of Constantinople,[41] the long Roman circus that was the centre of Constantinople's public life and scene of political turmoil. Re-erecting the monolith was a challenge for the technology that had been honed in the construction of siege engines. The obelisk, still recognizably a solar symbol, had been moved from Karnak to Alexandria with what is now the Lateran obelisk by Constantius II. Lateran obelisk was shipped to Rome soon afterwards, but the other one then spent a generation lying at the docks due to the difficulty involved in attempting to ship it to Constantinople. Eventually, the obelisk was cracked in transit. The white marble base is entirely covered with bas-reliefs documenting the imperial household and the engineering feat of removing it to Constantinople. Theodosius and the imperial family are separated from the nobles among the spectators in the imperial box, with a cover over them as a mark of their status. The naturalism of traditional Roman art in such scenes gave way in these reliefs to conceptual art: the idea of order, decorum and respective ranking, expressed in serried ranks of faces. This is seen as evidence of formal themes beginning to oust the transitory details of mundane life, celebrated in Roman portraiture. Forum Tauri in Constantinople was renamed and redecorated as the Forum of Theodosius, including a column and a triumphal arch in his honour.[42] of Nazianzus takes his leave of the emperor Theodosius in a miniature from the Paris Gregory, a 9th-century illuminated manuscript of the Homilies of Gregory policy[edit] 325, Constantine I convened the Council of Nicaea, which affirmed the doctrine that Jesus, the Son, was equal to God the Father and "of one substance" with the Father (homoousios in Greek). The Council condemned the teachings of Arius, who believed Jesus to be inferior to the Father. the council's ruling, controversy continued for decades, with several christological alternatives to the Nicene Creed being brought forth. Theologians attempted to bypass the Christological debate by saying that Jesus was merely like (homoios in Greek) God the father, without speaking of substance (ousia). These non-Nicenes were frequently labelled as Arians (i.e., followers of Arius) by their opponents, though not all would necessarily have identified themselves as such.[43] Emperor Valens had favored the group who used the homoios formula; this theology was prominent in much of the East and had under Constantius II gained a foothold in the West, being ratified by the Council of Ariminum, though it was later abjured by a majority of the western bishops (after Constantius II's death in 361). The death of Valens damaged the standing of the Homoian faction, especially since his successor Theodosius steadfastly held to the Nicene Creed which was the interpretation that predominated in the West and was held by the important Alexandrian church. of orthodoxy[edit] Barocci, Saint Ambrose forces Emperor Theodosius I to make penance for the Thessaloniki massacre (1603), left-side nave, Saint Ambrose Altar, Milan Cathedral. 27 February 380, together with Gratian and Valentinian II, Theodosius issued the decree "Cunctos populos", the so-called Edict of Thessalonica, recorded in the Codex Theodosianus xvi.1.2. This declared the Nicene Trinitarian Christianity to be the only legitimate imperial religion and the only one entitled to call itself Catholic; non-Christian religions or those who did not support the Trinity, he described as "foolish madmen".[44] He also ended official state support for the traditional polytheist religions and customs.[45] 26 November 380, two days after he had arrived in Constantinople, Theodosius expelled the Homoian bishop, Demophilus of Constantinople, and appointed Meletius patriarch of Antioch, and Gregory of Nazianzus, one of the Cappadocian Fathers from Cappadocia (today in Turkey), patriarch of Constantinople. Theodosius had just been baptized, by bishop Ascholius of Thessalonica, during a severe illness.[citation needed] May 381, Theodosius summoned a new ecumenical council at Constantinople to repair the schism between East and West on the basis of Nicene orthodoxy.[46] The council went on to define orthodoxy, including the Third Person of the Trinity, the Holy Spirit, as equal to the Father and 'proceeding' from Him, whereas the Son was 'begotten' of Him.[47] The council also "condemned the Apollonarian and Macedonian heresies, clarified jurisdictions of the bishops according to the civil boundaries of dioceses and ruled that Constantinople was second in precedence to Rome."[47] of pagan religion[edit] article: Persecution of pagans under Theodosius I persecution of pagans under Theodosius I began in 381, after the first couple of years of his reign in the Eastern Roman Empire. In the 380s, Theodosius I reiterated Constantine's ban on some practices of Roman religion, prohibited haruspicy on pain of death, decreed magistrates who did not enforce laws against polytheism were subject to criminal prosecution, broke up some pagan associations and tolerated attacks on Roman temples. 391 and 392 Theodosius promulgated three laws restricting pagan religious practices. The first, issued in June 391 and addressed to the urban prefect of Rome, banned ritual sacrifice and access to temples, with heavy fines for infractors. A similar measure was addressed to Alexandria in June 392. These two laws were apparently aimed at public officials specifically and not binding on the population at large.[48] The third and more extreme law, issued in November 392, prohibited pagan worship in every form, including animal sacrifice and offerings of incense and wine, again threatening offenders with confiscation of property.[49] This measure was addressed specifically to the praetorian prefect of the East, the staunchly Christian Rufinus, and there is seemingly no evidence of its application in the West, where Theodosius himself appointed several pagans to high office to mollify them.[50] He turned pagan holidays into workdays, closed temples, confiscated Temple endowments and disbanded the Vestal Virgins.[51] The practices of taking auspices and witchcraft were punished. Theodosius refused to restore the Altar of Victory in the Senate House, as asked by non-Christian senators.[52]:115 392 until his death in 395, while non-Christians continued to request toleration,[53][54] he ordered, authorized, or at least failed to punish, the closure or destruction of many temples, holy sites, images and objects of piety throughout the empire.[55][56][57][58][59] 393 he issued a comprehensive law that prohibited any public non-Christian religious customs,[60] and was particularly oppressive to Manicheans.[61] He is likely to have discontinued the ancient Olympic Games, whose last record of celebration was in 393, though archeological evidence indicates that some games were still held after this date.[62] Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated July 9 ; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on July 22 ; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated on July 25; Venerable Isaac the Ascetic of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on August 3; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Hieromartyr Marcellus the Bishop of Apamea, Commemorated on August 14; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430) ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; Repose of St John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 14; NINIAN OF GALLOWAY, BISHOP, MISSIONARY TO SCOTLAND (16 SEP 430) ; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Iconium, Commemorated on November 23; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Venerable James the Solitary of Syria, Commemorated on November 26; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Domnica of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 8; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated on January 11 ; Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated on January 12; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; Emperor Theodosius the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Marcian of Cyrrhus in Syria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœComfortÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ or ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœConsolationÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on January 21; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Mausimas the Syrian, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Salamanes the Silent of the Euphrates, Commemorated on January 23; St Macedonius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on January 24; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25; St Publius the Ascetic of Syria, Commemorated on January 25 ; St Simeon ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe AncientÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 27; Venerable Palladius the Hermit, of Antioch, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Peter the Hermit of Galatia Near Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Maron the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Eusebius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 15; St Flavian, Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 16; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on February 19; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Theodore Trichinas ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe Hair-Shirt WearerÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ and Hermit Near Constantinople, Commemorated on April 20; St Donatus the Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30; MONNICA, MOTHER OF AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (4 MAY 387); St Monica, Commemorated on May 4 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8 ; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Second Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on May 22; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœUnsleeping OnesÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Constantinople, 379-390, Patriarch, Gregory the Theologian, of Nazianzus
Constantinople Patriarch, 379-390, Gregory the Theologian; Righteous Nonna the mother of St Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on August 5 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25;

Constantinople, 381, Second Ecumenical Council 381
Constantinople, 381, Second Ecumenical Council 381, First Council of Constantinople; of the Holy Fathers of the Second Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on May 22; Second Ecumenical Council was convened in the year 381 and consolidated the victory of Orthodoxy attained in the year 325 at the First Ecumenical Council. the difficult years which passed after the acceptance of the Nicene Symbol of Faith (Creed), the Arian heresy developed new offshoots. Under the guise of struggle against the Sabellian heresy, which taught about a blending of the Hypostatic Persons of the Father and the Son [as mere aspects or modalities within the Trinity], Macedonius began to employ the word “homoiousiosâ€ “of similar essenceâ€ [in contrast to the Orthodox teaching of “homoousiosâ€, “of the same essenceâ€] regarding the essence of the Son and that of the Father. formula still presented a danger because Macedonius presented himself as a struggler against the Arians, who used the term “like the Father.â€ Besides this, the Macedonians, being semi-Arians, depending on conditions and advantages of the moment, sometimes inclined towards Orthodoxy, sometimes towards Arianism. They blasphemed the Holy Spirit by suggesting that He was not “of the same essenceâ€ with the Father and the Son. second heretic, Aetius, introduced the concept “anomoionâ€ (“different in essence.â€) He said that the Father has a completely different essence from that of the Son. His disciple Eunomios taught a hierarchical subordination of the Son to the Father, and of the Holy Spirit to the Son. Everyone who came to him was rebaptized into the “death of Christ,â€ denying Baptism in the Name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, which is commanded us by the Savior Himself (Mt. 28:19). third heresy arose from the teachings of Valentius and Ursacius at the Arimonian Council. They attempted to deceive the Orthodox bishops, proclaiming that the Son of God is from God, and is in the likeness of God the Father, and is not a created being as the Arians taught. The heretics did not wish to use the term “one in essenceâ€ in describing the relation of the Son to the Father, saying that the word “essenceâ€ is not found within the Holy Scripture. Besides these three main heresies, there were also many other false teachings. The heretic Apollinarios said, “The flesh of the Savior did not have a human soul or reason. The Word of God took the place of the absent soul; and Divinity remained dead for three days.â€ order to refute these heretical opinions, the holy Emperor Theodosius the Great (379-395) convened an Ecumenical Council at Constantinople, at which 150 bishops were present. Upon investigation by the Holy Fathers it was proposed that a Creed which holy Pope Damasus had sent to Bishop Paulinus of Antioch should be read. This appears to be the so-called Sirmean Creed, drawn up by Potamius of Lisbon, who participated in a pro-Arian Council at Sirmium in 357, but changed his opinions two years later. The document was a vain attempt to please everyone by not mentioning the terms ousia (essence, or substance), homoousios (identical in essence, or substance), and homoiousion (similar in essence, or substance), "by which the minds of many are perturbed." It said that there "ought to be no mention of any of them at all, nor any exposition of them in the Church." By not defining the Church's teaching clearly, the document is ambiguous, neither endorsing the various heresies it contained, nor the teaching of the Church. Ecumenical Synod is convened primarily to deal with false teachings and refute them by proclaiming the faith handed down to us by the Apostles and the Holy Fathers. To use the definition of St. Vincent of Lérins: "that which has been believed everywhere, always, by everyone." There can be no compromise between truth and falsehood. the document was aloud, the Holy Fathers rejected the false teaching of Macedonius, and unanimously affirmed the Apostolic teaching that the Holy Spirit is not a creature, but is rather the Life-Creating Lord, Who proceeds from the Father, and is worshipped and glorified with the Father and the Son. In order to combat other heresies, of the Eunomians, Arians and Semi-Arians, the Holy Fathers reaffirmed the Nicene Symbol of Faith. the Symbol (Creed), accepted by the First Ecumenical Council, the divine nature of the Holy Spirit was not addressed, since at that earlier time [in 325] heresies against the Holy Spirit had not become widespread. Therefore, the holy Fathers of the Second Ecumenical Council added to the Nicean Symbol its eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth sections. They definitively formulated and affirmed the Nicene-Constantinople Symbol of Faith, which is used even now by all the Orthodox Churches. Second Ecumenical Council also established the norms for ecclesiastical courts [Canon VI], and it decided to receive those repentant heretics who were properly baptized in the name of the Holy Trinity through Chrismation, but those baptized with a single immersion were to be received as pagans. Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 25 ; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Iconium, Commemorated November 23 ; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated January 9 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated January 10; Emperor Theodosius the Great, Commemorated January 17 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated February 12; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386) ; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); MONNICA, MOTHER OF AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (4 MAY 387); Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Second Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on May 22; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379);

Constantinople, 381-397, Nectarius, Patriarch, catechumen apptmt , good prelate, Church Fathers' testimonies
Constantinople Patriarch, 381-397, Holy Patriarch Nectarius; (died 17 September 397) was the archbishop of Constantinople from AD 381 until his death, the successor to Saint Gregory Nazianzus [1] and predecessor to St. John Chrysostom. at Tarsus in Cilicia of a noble family, he was widely known for his admirable character. When Gregory resigned as Archbishop of Constantinople, Nectarius was praetor of Constantinople.[1] Preparing for a journey to Tarsus, he called on the Bishop of Tarsus, Diodore, who was attending the First Council of Constantinople (one of the ecumenical councils), to ask if he could take letters for him; his appearance and manners struck Diodorus so forcibly that he at once determined that he should be advanced as a candidate for Bishop; making an excuse of attending to some other business, he took Nectarius to see Meletius.[2] unexpected appointment[edit] the Emperor Theodosius I wanted the Bishops at the Council to suggest new candidates and reserving to himself the right of making the choice, the Bishop of Antioch put at the bottom of his list, Nectarius' name. The Emperor having read the lists, declared Nectarius to be his choice. This caused some amazement amongst the Fathers who wanted to know who and what this Nectarius was. He was still only a catechumen. There was much astonishment at the emperor's unexpected choice, but the people of Constantinople were delighted at the news as was the whole council.[1] was duly baptized and his clothes were changed for the robes of a Bishop of the Imperial city and became at once president of the Second Ecumenical Council.[1] ruled the church for upwards of 16 years, and is thought of as having been a good prelate. His name heads the 150 signatures to the canons of the Second Ecumenical Council. The 3rd canon declares that, "...the Bishop of Constantinople shall hold the first rank after the bishop of Rome, because Constantinople is the new Rome." threatens[edit] the Bishops of the West opposed the election result and asked for a common synod of East and West to settle the succession and so the Emperor Theodosius, soon after the close of the second council, summoned the Imperial Bishops to a fresh synod at Constantinople; nearly all of the same bishops who had attended the earlier second council were assembled again in early summer of 382. On arrival they received a letter from the synod of Milan, inviting them to a great general council at Rome; however they indicated that they must remain where they were, because they had not made any preparations for such long a journey. However, they sent three --Syriacus, Eusebius and Priscian—with a synodal letter to Pope Damasus I, archbishop Saint Ambrose and the other bishops assembled in the council at Rome.[1] Roman synod to which this letter was addressed was the fifth under Damasus. No formal account remains of its proceedings, nor of how its members treated the question of Nectarius. Theodosius, did however, send commissaries to Rome in support of his synod.[1] his 15th letter (to the bishops of Illyria) he indicated that the church in Rome had finally agreed to recognize both Nectarius and Flavian.[1] letters from Nectarius remain extant in the files of his predecessor Gregory Nazianzus. In the first he expresses his hearty good wishes for his episcopate. The last is of great importance, urging him not to be too liberal in tolerating the Apollinarians.[1] 383 a third synod at Constantinople was held. In spite of the decrees of bishops and emperor, the Arians and Pneumatomachians continued to spread their doctrines. Theodosius summoned all parties to the Imperial city for a great discussion in June, hoping to reconcile all differences. Before this he had sent for the Archbishop and told him that all questions should be fully debated.[1] this, Nectarius returned home, full of anxiety and consulted the Novatianist Bishop Agelius, who felt himself unsuited to arbitrate on such a controversy. However he did have a reader, Sisinnius, a philosopher and theologian, to whom he referred the argument with the Arians. Sisinnius suggested that they should produce the testimonies of the old Fathers of the Church on the doctrine of the Son, and first ask the heads of the several parties whether they accepted these authorities or desired to anathematize them.[1] the Archbishop and the Emperor agreed to this suggestion and when the Bishops met, the Emperor asked whether they respected "...the teachers who lived before the Arian division?" They confirmed that they did and he then asked if they acknowledged, "...them sound and trustworthy witnesses of the true Christian doctrine?".[1] question however produced divisions and so the emperor ordered each party to draw up a written confession of its doctrine. When this was done, the Bishops were summoned to the Imperial palace, where the emperor received them with kindness and retired to his study with their written confessions. Theodosius however rejected and destroyed all except that of the orthodox, because he felt that the others introduced a division into the Holy Trinity.[1] this, Theodosius forbade all sectaries, except the Novatianists, to hold divine services or to publish their doctrines or to ordain clergy, under threat of severe civil penalties.[1] 385 the emperor's wife Aelia Flaccilla (or Placilla) and their daughter Pulcheria died. The archbishop asked Gregory of Nyssa to preach the funeral sermons for both of them.[1] the close of his episcopate, Nectarius abolished the office of presbyter penitentiary, whose duty appears to have been to receive confessions before communion. His example was followed by nearly all other Bishops. The presbyter penitentiary was added to the ecclesiastical roll about the time of the Novatianist schism, when that party declined to communicate with those who had lapsed in the Decian persecution. Gradually there were fewer lapsed to reconcile, and his duties became more closely connected with preparation for communion. Nectarius abolished the office due to a scandal that had occurred in connection with it.[3] died in office on 17 September 397[4] (Butler says 27 September) and was succeeded by Saint John Chrysostom.[3] Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 25 ;

Constantinople, 383, Saturninus (consul 383), christian roman officer and politician, Goths, Thrace, Haemus pass, plains, exiled
Byzantium, 383, Saturninus (consul 383); Saturninus (fl. 377–400) was a Roman army officer and politician. was probably a Christian: it is known that he hosted a bishop, that he donated to a monastery and that he was in touch for a short time with Gregory of Nazianzus. followed the military career, and in 377/378 he fought against the Goths. After the inconclusive Battle of the Willows, the Eastern Emperor Valens, who was in the Eastern frontier, appointed Saturninus temporary commander of cavalry and sent him to Thrace with a cavalry unit, to support the magister peditum Traianus.[1] Saturninus and Traianus blocked the Goths near the passes of the Haemus, building a line of fortifications that repulsed the Gothic attacks. The two generals hoped to force the Goths to suffer through the cold winter and the scarcity of food in order to force them into submission; alternatively, the two generals planned to call back the sentinels, luring the Goths of Fritigern into an open-field battle in the plains between the Haemus and the Danube, where they were confident of winning.[2] Fritigern did not accept battle, but enlisted Hunnic and Alan reinforcements. Saturninus realised that he could no longer fight the enemy with his troops, lifted the block on the mountain passes, and retired.[3] magister militum per Thracias, Emperor Theodosius I, who had succeeded Valens after his death in the Battle of Adrianople, entrusted Saturninus to negotiate peace with the Goths: in October 382 he signed a treaty according to which the Goths were to live in the Low Danube as foederati. successful negotiation guaranteed Saturninus the imperial favour, and he was appointed consul for the year 383. Themistius dedicated to him a panegyric. 400 Saturninus was serving under the Eastern Emperor Arcadius, when the magister militum Gainas deposed and exiled him. Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ;

Constantinople, 386-446, Saint, Hypatius of Bithynia
Byzantium, 386-446, Saint, Hypatius of Bithynia; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31;

Byzantium, 395-408, Emperor, Arcadius in the East, weak, Eudoxia, Alaric, Chrysostom
Byzantine Emperor, 395-408, Arcadius in the East; Arcadius ( 1 January 377 – 1 May 408) was Roman emperor from 383 to 408. He was the eldest son of the augustus Theodosius I (r. 379–395) and his first wife Aelia Flaccilla, and the brother of Honorius (r. 393–423). Arcadius ruled the eastern half of the empire from 395, when their father died, while Honorius ruled the west. A weak ruler, his reign was dominated by a series of powerful ministers and by his wife, Aelia Eudoxia.[2] Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on July 22 ; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; Repose of St John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 14; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Venerable James the Solitary of Syria, Commemorated on November 26; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; St Theodoulus the Eparch of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 3 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated on January 11 ; Venerable John Calabytes "œthe Hut-Dweller"Â, Commemorated on January 15; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; Icon of the Mother of God "œComfort or œConsolation"Â, Commemorated on January 21; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Mausimas the Syrian, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Salamanes the Silent of the Euphrates, Commemorated on January 23; St Macedonius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on January 24; St Mares the Singer in Syria, Commemorated on January 25 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 27; Venerable Palladius the Hermit, of Antioch, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Peter the Hermit of Galatia Near Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Maron the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 14; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Marana of Syria, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable George of Mt. Maleon in the Peloponnesus, Commemorated on April 4; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; Martyr Tigrius the Presbyter of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 16; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the "œUnsleeping Ones"Â, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Byzantium, 395-404, Empress, Aelia Eudoxia in the East, conflict with John Chrysostom
Byzantium, 395-404, Emperess Aelia Eudoxia in the East ; Eudoxia (died 6 October 404) was a Roman Empress consort by marriage to the Roman Emperor Arcadius. marriage was the source of some controversy, as it was arranged by Eutropius, one of the eunuch court officials, who was attempting to expand his influence. Empress, she came into conflict with John Chrysostom, the Patriarch of Constantinople, who was popular among the common folk for his denunciations of imperial and clerical excess. She had five children, four of whom survived to adulthood, including her only son and future emperor Theodosius II, but she had two additional pregnancies that ended in either miscarriages or stillbirths and she died as a result of the latter one. Byzantine Emperess, 395-408, Eudoxia in the East; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on July 22 ; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; Repose of St John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 14; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Venerable James the Solitary of Syria, Commemorated on November 26; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; St Theodoulus the Eparch of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 3 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated on January 11 ; Venerable John Calabytes œthe Hut-DwellerÂ, Commemorated on January 15; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Mausimas the Syrian, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Salamanes the Silent of the Euphrates, Commemorated on January 23; St Macedonius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on January 24; St Mares the Singer in Syria, Commemorated on January 25 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 27; Venerable Palladius the Hermit, of Antioch, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Maron the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 14; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Marana of Syria, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable George of Mt. Maleon in the Peloponnesus, Commemorated on April 4; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; Martyr Tigrius the Presbyter of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 16; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the œUnsleeping OnesÂ, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Byzantium, 395-423, Emperor, Honorius in the West, weak, Rome sacked
Byzantine Emperor, 395-423, Honorius in the West; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Venerable James the Solitary of Syria, Commemorated on November 26; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated on January 11 ; Venerable John Calabytes œthe Hut-DwellerÂ, Commemorated on January 15; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Salamanes the Silent of the Euphrates, Commemorated on January 23; St Macedonius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on January 24; St Mares the Singer in Syria, Commemorated on January 25 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 27; Venerable Palladius the Hermit, of Antioch, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Maron the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 14; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Marana of Syria, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable George of Mt. Maleon in the Peloponnesus, Commemorated on April 4; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Blessed Child Musa of Rome, Commemorated on May 16 ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ;

Constantinople, 396-444, Cyril, dogmatic writings, Orthodox truth, interpret Scripture, censure heretics
Byzantine Saint, 396-444, Cyril of Alexandria; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; Athanasius and Cyril were Archbishops of Alexandria. These wise teachers of truth and defenders of Christ’s Church share a joint Feast in recognition of their dogmatic writings which affirm the truth of the Orthodox Faith, correctly interpret the Holy Scripture, and censure the delusions of the heretics. Cyril was the nephew of Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, who educated him from his youth. He succeeded to his uncle’s position in 412, but was deposed through the intrigues of the Nestorian heretics. He later resumed his See, however. Cyril presided at the Third Ecumenical Council in 431, which censured the Nestorian blasphemy against the Most Holy Theotokos. His wise words demonstrated the error of their false doctrine. Cyril departed to the Lord in the year 444, and is also commemorated on June 9 (the day of his repose).

Constantinople, 397-407, John Chrysostom in C, Priest's p, s Liturgy, Exodia's hatred, 3 exiles, earthquake, fire, barbarians
Byzantine Saint, 369-407, John Chrysostom; Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 25; JEROME, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, AND THEOLOGIAN (30 SEP 420); Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 13; John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, one of the Three Hierarchs [January 30], was born at Antioch in about the year 347 into the family of a military commander. father, Secundus, died soon after the birth of his son. mother, Anthusa, widowed at twenty years of age, did not seek to remarry but rather devoted all her efforts to the raising of her son in Christian piety. youth studied under the finest philosophers and rhetoricians. scorning the vain disciplines of pagan knowledge, the future hierarch turned himself to the profound study of Holy Scripture and prayerful contemplation. Meletius, Bishop of Antioch (February 12), loved John like a son, guided him in the Faith, and in the year 367 baptized him. three years John was tonsured as a Reader. When Saint Meletius had been sent into exile by the emperor Valens in the year 372, John and Theodore (afterwards Bishop of Mopsuestia) studied under the experienced instructors of ascetic life, the presbyters Flavian and Diodorus of Tarsus. highly refined Diodorus had particular influence upon the youth. John’s mother died, he embraced monasticism, which he called the “true philosophy.” John and his friend Basil were being considered as candidates for the episcopal office, and they decided to withdraw into the wilderness to avoid this. While Saint John avoided the episcopal rank out of humility, he secretly assisted in Basil’s consecration. this period Saint John wrote his “Six Discourses on the Priesthood,” a great work of Orthodox pastoral theology. saint spent four years struggling in the wilderness, living the ascetic life under the guidance of an experienced spiritual guide. here he wrote three books entitled, “Against the Opponents of Those Attracted to the Monastic Life”, and a collection entitled, “A Comparison of the Monk with the Emperor” (also known as “Comparison of Imperial Power, Wealth and Eminence, with the True and Christian Wisdom-Loving Monastic Life”), both works which are marked by a profound reflection of the worthiness of the monastic vocation. two years, the saint lived in a cave in complete silence, but was obliged to return to Antioch to recover his health. Meletius, the Bishop of Antioch, ordained him deacon in the year 381. following years were devoted to work on new theological writings: “Concerning Providence” (“To the Ascetic Stagirios”), “Book Concerning Virginity,” “To a Young Widow” (2 discourses), and the “Book of Saint Babylos, and Against Julian and the Pagans.” the year 386 Saint John was ordained presbyter by Bishop Flavian of Antioch. John was a splendid preacher, and his inspired words earned him the name “Golden-Mouthed” (“Chrysostom”). twelve years the saint preached in church, usually twice a week, but sometimes daily, deeply stirring the hearts of his listeners. his pastoral zeal to provide Christians with a better understanding of Holy Scripture, Saint John employed hermeneutics, an interpretation and analysis of the Word of God (i.e. exegesis). Among his exegetical works are commentaries on entire books of the Holy Scripture (Genesis, the Psalter, the Gospels of Matthew and John, the Epistles of the Apostle Paul), and also many homilies on individual texts of the Holy Bible, but also instructions on the Feastdays, laudations on the Saints, and also apologetic (i.e. defensive) homilies (against Anomoeans, Judaizers and pagans). a priest, Saint John zealously fulfilled the Lord’s command to care for the needy. Under Saint John, the Antiochian Church provided sustenance each day to as many as 3,000 virgins and widows, not including in this number the shut-ins, wanderers and the sick. John began his commentary on Genesis at the beginning of Great Lent in 388, preaching thirty-two homilies during the forty day period. During Holy Week he spoke of how Christ was betrayed, and about the Cross. During Bright Week, his pastoral discourse was devoted to the Resurrection. His exegesis of the Book of Genesis was concluded only at the end of October (388). Pascha in the following year (389) the saint began his homilies on the Gospel of John, and toward the end of the year 389 he took up the Gospel of Matthew. the year 391 the Christians of Antioch listened to his commentary on the Epistles of the holy Apostle Paul to the Romans and to the Corinthians. 393 he explained the Epistles to the Galatians, the Ephesians, Timothy, Titus, and the Psalms. In his homily on the Epistle to the Ephesians, Saint John denounced a schism in Antioch, “I tell you and I witness before you, that to tear asunder the Church means nothing less than to fall into heresy. The Church is the house of the heavenly Father, one Body and one Spirit.” fame of the holy preacher grew, and in the year 397 with the death of Archbishop Nectarius of Constantinople, successor to Saint Gregory the Theologian, Saint John Chrysostom was summoned from Antioch, and elected to the See of Constantinople. the capital, the holy archpastor was not able to preach as often as he had at Antioch. Many matters awaited the saint’s attention, and he began with the most important -- the spiritual perfection of the priesthood. He himself was the best example of this. The financial means apportioned for the archbishop were channeled by the saint into the upkeep of several hospices for the sick and two hostels for pilgrims. He fasted strictly and ate very little food, and usually refused invitations to dine because of his delicate stomach. saint’s zeal in spreading the Christian Faith extended not only to the inhabitants of Constantinople, but also to Thrace to include Slavs and Goths, and to Asia Minor and the Pontine region. established a bishop for the Bosphorus Church in the Crimea. John sent off zealous missionaries to Phoenicia, to Persia, and to the Scythians, to convert pagans to Christ. also wrote letters to Syria to bring back the Marcionites into the Church, and he accomplished this. Preserving the unity of the Church, the saint would not permit a powerful Gothic military commander, who wanted the emperor to reward his bravery in battle, to open an Arian church at Constantinople. saint exerted much effort in enhancing the splendor of the church services: he compiled a Liturgy, he introduced antiphonal singing for the all-night Vigil, and he wrote several prayers for the rite of anointing the sick with oil. saintly hierarch denounced the dissolute morals of people in the capital, especially at the imperial court, irrespective of person. When the empress Eudoxia connived to confiscate the last properties of the widow and children of a disgraced dignitary, the saint rose to their defense. The arrogant empress would not relent, and nursed a grudge against the archpastor. ’s hatred of the saint blazed forth anew when malefactors told her that the saint apparently had her in mind during his sermon on vain women. A court was convened composed of hierarchs who had been justly condemned by Chrysostom: Theophilus of Alexandria, Bishop Severian of Gabala, who had been banished from the capital because of improprieties, and others. court of judgment declared Saint John deposed, and that he be executed for his insult to the empress. The emperor decided on exile instead of execution. An angry crowd gathered at the church, resolved to defend their pastor. In order to avoid a riot, Saint John submitted to the authorities. very night there was an earthquake at Constantinople. The terrified Eudoxia urgently requested the emperor to bring the saint back, and promptly sent a letter to the banished pastor, beseeching him to return. Once more, in the capital church, the saint praised the Lord in a short talk, “For All His Ways.” slanderers fled to Alexandria. But after only two months a new denunciation provoked the wrath of Eudoxia. In March 404, an unjust council was convened, decreeing the exile of Saint John. Upon his removal from the capital, a fire reduced the church of Hagia Sophia and also the Senate building to ashes. Devastating barbarian incursions soon followed, and Eudoxia died in October 404. Even pagans regarded these events as God’s punishment for the unjust judgment against the saint. Armenia, the saint strove all the more to encourage his spiritual children. In numerous letters (245 are preserved) to bishops in Asia, Africa, Europe and particularly to his friends in Constantinople, Saint John consoled the suffering, guiding and giving support to his followers. In the winter of 406 Saint John was confined to his bed with sickness, but his enemies were not to be appeased. From the capital came orders to transfer Saint John to desolate Pityus in Abkhazia on the Black Sea. Worn out by sickness, the saint began his final journey under military escort, traveling for three months in the rain and frost. He never arrived at his place of exile, for his strength failed him at Comana. the crypt of Saint Basiliscus (May 22), Saint John was comforted by a vision of the martyr, who said, “Despair not, brother John! Tomorrow we shall be together.” After receiving the Holy Mysteries, the hierarch fell asleep in the Lord on September 14, 407. His last words were, “Glory to God for all things!” holy relics of Saint John Chrysostom were solemnly transferred to Constantinople in the year 438. The disciple of Saint John, the venerable Isidore of Pelusium (February 4), wrote: “The house of David is grown strong, and the house of Saul enfeebled. He is victor over the storms of life, and has entered into heavenly repose.” he died on September 14, Saint John’s celebration was transferred to this day because of the Feast of the Elevation of the Holy Cross. Saint John Chrysostom is also celebrated on January 27 and January 30. St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; Venerable James the Solitary of Syria, Commemorated on November 26; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 27; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Maron the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 14; St Flavian, Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 16; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Theodore Trichinas "œthe Hair-Shirt Wearer"Â and Hermit Near Constantinople, Commemorated on April 20;

Constantinople, 399-420, Saint, Maruthas of Martyropolis, pius writer, envoy, marytr
Byzantine Saint, 399-420, Maruthas of Martyropolis; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Maruthas was Bishop of Tagrith (Martyropolis), a city which he founded between the Byzantine Empire and Persia. He was famed for his knowledge and his piety, he wrote about the martyrs, and he suffered for his faith in Christ under the Persian emperor Sapor. He also left behind other works in the Syrian language, among which the most famous are: “Commentary on the Gospel,” “Verses of Maruthas,” “Liturgy of Maruthas” and “The 73 Canons of the Ecumenical Council at Nicea” (325) with an account of the acts of the Council. the year 381 Saint Maruthas participated in the Second Ecumenical Council at Constantinople, convened against the heresy of Macedonius. In 383, he attended the Council of Antioch against the Messalians. the years 403-404 Saint Maruthas set off to Constantinople to plead with the emperor Arcadius to protect Persian Christians. He was twice sent by the emperor Theodosius the Younger to the Shah Izdegerd to secure the peace between the Empire and Persia. the year 414 Saint Maruthas, having done his duty as envoy to the court of Izdegerd, persuaded the Shah to a favorable disposition towards Christians, and he assisted greatly in the freedom of Christians in Persia. He rebuilt Christian churches razed during the persecution by the Persian ruler Sapor. He also located relics of saints who had suffered martyrdom and transferred them to Martyropolis. He died there in 422. The relics of Saint Maruthas were later transferred to Egypt and placed in a skete monastery of the Mother of God.

Constantinople, 400-499, 5th Century, Folder, Nestorius, Nestorianism

Constantinople, 403, Synod of the Oak, Constantinople, against Chrysostom
Synod of the Oak (403) illegally condemned Saint John Chrysostrom ; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12;

Constantinople, 406-425, Patriarch, Archbishop Atticus of Constantinople, Opposed J Chry, then
Constantinople Patriarch, 406-425, Archbishop Atticus of Constantinople; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17 ; St Maximian the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 21; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Polybius the Bishop in Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; St Julius the Presbyter of Novara, Commemorated on June 21; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the "œUnsleeping Ones"Â, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Byzantium, 408-450, Emperor, Theodosius II, Younger, Eastern half, T Law Code, 2 heresies, University, Walls
Byzantine Emperor, 408-450, Theodosius II the Younger ; II (10 April 401 – 28 July 450), commonly called Theodosius the Younger[2] or the Calligrapher, was Roman emperor for most of his life, proclaimed augustus as an infant in 402 and ruling as the eastern Empire's sole emperor after the death of his father Arcadius in 408. His reign was marked by the promulgation of the Theodosian law code and the construction of the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople. He also presided over the outbreak of two great Christological controversies, Nestorianism and Eutychianism Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Gamaliel, Commemorated August 2 ; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Nicodemus, Commemorated on August 2; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; 7 Holy Youths "Seven Sleepers" of Ephesus, Commemorated August 4; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife, Commemorated on October 9 ; Martyr Nazarius of Milan, Commemorated on October 14; 7 Holy Youths œSeven SleepersÂ of Ephesus, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Anthony of Apamea, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Matrona the Abbess of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Venerable James the Solitary of Syria, Commemorated on November 26; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; St Theodoulus the Eparch of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 3 ; Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen, Commemorated on December 27; Venerable Marcellus the Abbot of the Monastery of the œUnsleeping OnesÂ, Commemorated on December 29; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5; St Marcian the Presbyter in Constantinople, Commemorated on January 10; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated on January 11 ; St Elian, Missionary to Cornwall, England, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable John Calabytes œthe Hut-DwellerÂ, Commemorated on January 15; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter, Commemorated on January 16; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; St Macedonius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on January 24; St Philon, Bishop of Kolpasteia, Crete, Commemorated on January 24; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 27; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the œUnsleeping OnesÂ, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated on February 24; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8 ; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17 ; St Maximian the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 21; St Mares the Singer in Syria, Commemorated on January 25 ; Venerable Xenophon of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Peter the Hermit of Galatia Near Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Venerable Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 1; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 14; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Baradates, Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 22; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Marana of Syria, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 29; Virginmartyr Domnina of Syria, Commemorated on March 1; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5 ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable George of Mt. Maleon in the Peloponnesus, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7 ; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8 ; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; St Maximian the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 21; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Polybius the Bishop in Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; St Julius the Presbyter of Novara, Commemorated on June 21; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the œUnsleeping OnesÂ, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6 ;

Byzantium, 414-453, Empress, Pulcheria, Theodosius' sister, Virgin, significant influence, ecumenical councils
Byzantine Emperess, 414-453, Pulcheria ; Pulcheria (19 January 398 or 399 – July 453)[1] was an empress who advised her brother Theodosius II during his minority and then became wife to Marcian from November 450 to her death in 453. was the second (and oldest surviving) child of Eastern Roman Emperor Arcadius and Empress Aelia Eudoxia. In 414, the fifteen-year old Pulcheria became the chief guardian of her younger brother Theodosius II[2] and was also proclaimed "augusta". had significant, though changing, influence and political power during her brother's reign. When Theodosius II died on 26 July 450, Pulcheria married Marcian on 25 November 450, while simultaneously not violating her vow of virginity. She died three years later, in July 453. greatly influenced the Christian Church and its theological development by guiding two of the most important ecumenical councils in ecclesiastical history, namely those of Ephesus and Chalcedon, in which the Church ruled on christological issues. The Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church subsequently recognized her as a saint.[3] 7 Holy Youths "Seven Sleepers" of Ephesus, Commemorated August 4; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Venerable Matrona the Abbess of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen, Commemorated on December 27; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5; St Marcian the Presbyter in Constantinople, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable John Calabytes œthe Hut-DwellerÂ, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Macedonius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on January 24; St Philon, Bishop of Kolpasteia, Crete, Commemorated on January 24; Venerable Xenophon of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 1; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 14; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Baradates, Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 22; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the œUnsleeping OnesÂ, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated on February 24; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Marana of Syria, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 29; Virginmartyr Domnina of Syria, Commemorated on March 1; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5 ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable George of Mt. Maleon in the Peloponnesus, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7 ; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8 ; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6;

Constantinople, 412-444, Egyptian Patriarch, Cyril of Alexandria, C of Ephesus 431, anti Nestor, Novat and Jew
Egyptian Patriarch, 412-444, Cyril of Alexandria; of Alexandria (c. 376 – 444) was the Patriarch of Alexandria from 412 to 444. was enthroned when the city was at the height of its influence and power within the Roman Empire. wrote extensively and was a leading protagonist in the Christological controversies of the late-4th and 5th centuries. was a central figure in the Council of Ephesus in 431, which led to the deposition of Nestorius as Patriarch of Constantinople. is counted among the Church Fathers and also as a Doctor of the Church, and his reputation within the Christian world has resulted in his titles Pillar of Faith and Seal of all the Fathers. Roman Emperor Theodosius II, however, condemned him for behaving like a "proud pharaoh", and the Nestorian bishops at their synod at the Council of Ephesus declared him a heretic, labelling him as a "monster, born and educated for the destruction of the church."[1] is well known for his dispute with Nestorius and his supporter Patriarch John of Antioch whom Cyril excluded from the Council of Ephesus for arriving late. is also known for his expulsion of Novatians and Jews from Alexandria and for inflaming tensions that led to the murder of the Hellenistic philosopher Hypatia by a Christian mob. Historians disagree over the extent of his responsibility in this. tried to oblige the pious Christian emperor Theodosius II (AD 408-450) to himself by dedicating his Paschal table to him.[2] It is also important to note that Cyril's Paschal table was provided with a Metonic basic structure in the form of a Metonic 19-year lunar cycle adopted by him around AD 425, which was very different from the first Metonic 19-year lunar cycle invented around AD 260 by Anatolius, but exactly equal to the similar lunar cycle which had been introduced around AD 412 by Annianus; the julian equivalent of this Alexandrian lunar cycle adopted by Cyril and nowadays referred to as the 'classical (Alexandrian) 19-year lunar cycle' would only much later emerge again: a century later in Rome as the basic structure of Dionysius Exiguus’ Paschal table (AD 525) and two more centuries later in England as the one of Beda's Easter table (AD 725).[3] Catholic Church did not commemorate Saint Cyril in the Tridentine Calendar: it added his feast only in 1882, assigning to it the date of 9 February. This date is used by the Western Rite Orthodox Church. Yet the 1969 Catholic Calendar revision moved it to 27 June, considered to be the day of the saint's death, as celebrated by the Coptic Orthodox Church.[4] The same date has been chosen for the Lutheran calendar. The Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic Churches celebrate his feast day on 9 June and also, together with Pope Athanasius I of Alexandria, on 18 January. St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; Athanasius and Cyril were Archbishops of Alexandria. These wise teachers of truth and defenders of Christ’s Church share a joint Feast in recognition of their dogmatic writings which affirm the truth of the Orthodox Faith, correctly interpret the Holy Scripture, and censure the delusions of the heretics. Cyril was the nephew of Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, who educated him from his youth. He succeeded to his uncle’s position in 412, but was deposed through the intrigues of the Nestorian heretics. He later resumed his See, however. Cyril presided at the Third Ecumenical Council in 431, which censured the Nestorian blasphemy against the Most Holy Theotokos. His wise words demonstrated the error of their false doctrine. Cyril departed to the Lord in the year 444, and is also commemorated on June 9 (the day of his repose). 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14;

Constantinople, 415, Gamaliel appeared to priest Lucian, Steven, Gamaliel and Nicodemos' relics
Byzantium, 415, Gamaliel appeared to priest Lucian, St Paul's instructor, Steven, Gamaliel and Nicodemos' relics Gamaliel's Home in Yavne, Way of the Sea 6, Palestine; Jamnia, 1 Maccabees Ch 4, Ch 5, Ch 10, Ch 15; Finding of the relics of Saint Gamaliel, Commemorated on August 2; Gamaliel was a Pharisee, a doctor of the Law (Acts 5:34), and the teacher of Saint Paul (Acts 22:3). the year 415, Saint Gamaliel appeared to a priest named Lucian. He was a tall, venerable man with a long white beard. He was dressed in white clothing which was edged with gold and marked with crosses, and held a gold wand in his hand. called Father Lucian by name three times, then told him to go to Jerusalem and inform Bishop John to open the tomb where his relics and those of other saints were resting. The priest asked the stranger who he was. “I am Gamaliel, who instructed the apostle Paul in the Law,” he replied. Then he told the priest where to find the relics of Saint Stephen. He also revealed that he had taken Saint Stephen’s body and laid it in his own tomb after it had been lying exposed for a day and a night. Gamaliel also mentioned that Saint Νikόdēmos was buried at the same spot. “I received him into my house in the country,” he said, “and maintained him there until the end of his life. After his death, I buried him honorably near Stephen.” Gamaliel informed the priest that he and his twenty-year-old son Abibas were also buried there. Father Lucian was afraid to believe this vision right away, lest it be a temptation from the Evil One. However, when Saint Gamaliel appeared again and commanded him to obey his instructions, he did so. monk named Migetius also had a vision of Saint Gamaliel and told Father Lucian to search for the relics in a place called Debatalia. When the relics were uncovered, an ineffable fragrance was noticed. relics of Saints Stephen, Gamaliel, Abibas, and Νikόdēmos were transferred from Jerusalem to Constantinople in 428 and placed in the church of the holy deacon Laurence (August 10).

Byzantium, 420-460, Empress, Aelia Eudocia, wife of Theodosius Younger, heretic then redemed saint, hellenic writer
Jerusalem, 420-460, Empress, Aelia Eudocia, wife of Theodosius Younger, heretic then redemed saint; Eudocia Augusta (/ËˆiËliÉ™ juËËˆdoÊŠÊƒÉ™ É”ËËˆÉ¡ÊŒstÉ™/; Greek: Î•á½Î´Î¿ÎºÎ¯Î±; c. 401 – 460 AD), also called Saint Eudocia, was an Eastern Roman empress by marriage to Emperor Theodosius II (r. 402–450). lived in a world where Greek paganism and Christianity existed side by side, with both pagans and non-orthodox Christians being persecuted.[1] 1 Early life 2 Life as an empress 2.1 Marriage 2.1.1 Blending Christianity with classical culture 2.2 Children 2.3 Pilgrimage to Jerusalem (438–439) 2.4 Banishment 2.5 In Jerusalem (443–460) 3 Literary work 3.1 Martyrdom of St. Cyprian 3.2 The Hamat Gader poem 3.3 Homeric centos 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Citations 6.2 Sources 7 External links life Eudocia was born circa 400 in Athens into a family of Greek descent.[2][3][4][5][6] Her father, a Greek philosopher named Leontius,[5][6][7] taught rhetoric at the Academy of Athens, where people from all over the Mediterranean came to either teach or learn. Eudocia's given name was Athenais, chosen by her parents in honour of the city's protector, the pagan goddess Pallas Athena.[8] Her father was rich and had a magnificent house on the Acropolis with a large courtyard in which young Athenais frequently played as a child.[8] Athenais was 12 years old, her mother died and she became her father's comfort, taking on the responsibilities of household chores, raising her siblings and tending to her father. She had two brothers, Gessius and Valerius, who would later receive honours at court from their sister and brother-in-law. In return for her household activities, her father spent time giving her a thorough training in rhetoric, literature and philosophy. He taught her the Socratic virtue of knowledge of moderation, and predicted that she would have a great destiny.[9] She had a gift for memorisation, and easily learned the poetry of Homer and Pindar, which her father would recite to her. Both as a teacher and a role model, he had a great impact on her, prepared her for her destiny and influenced the literary work she created after she became Empress. he died in 420, she was devastated. In his will, he left all his property to her brothers, with only 100 coins reserved for her, saying that sufficient for her is her destiny, which will be the greatest of any woman.[9] Athenais had been her father's confidante and had expected more than this meager 100-coin inheritance. She begged her brothers to be fair and give her an equal share of their father's property, but they refused. after her father's death, at the age of 20, Athenais went to live with her aunt, who advised her to go to Constantinople and "ask for justice from the Emperor", confident she would receive her fair share of her father's wealth.[10] as an empress coin depicting a portrait of Aelia Eudocia, 425–429 AD. has it that when Theodosius (b. 401) was 20 years old, he wanted to get married. He talked to his sister Pulcheria, who began to search for a maiden fit for her brother, that was of either "patrician or imperial blood."[11] His longtime childhood friend, Paulinus, also helped Theodosius in his search.[11] Emperor's search had begun fortuitously at the same time that Athenais had arrived in Constantinople. Pulcheria had heard about this young woman, who had only 100 coins to her name, and when she met her, she was "astonished at her beauty and at the intelligence and sophistication with which she presented her grievance."[11] Upon reporting back to her brother, she told him she had "found a young girl, a Greek maid, very beautiful, pure and dainty, eloquent as well, the daughter of a philosopher", and young Theodosius, who was full of desire, fell in love instantly.[11] had been raised pagan, and upon her marriage to Theodosius II converted to Christianity and was renamed Eudocia.[12] They were married on 7 June 421, and there were "reports that Theodosius celebrated his wedding with chariot races in the hippodrome".[13] Her brothers, who had rejected her after their father's death, fled since they were fearful of the punishment they thought they were going to receive when they learned that she became empress.[14] instead called them to Constantinople, and Theodosius rewarded them.[14] The emperor made Gessius praetorian prefect of Illyricum and made Valerius magister officiorum.[14] Both Gessius and Valerius were rewarded because Eudocia believed that their mistreatment of her was part of her destiny.[14] Theodosius also honoured his best friend, Paulinus, with the title of magister officiorum, for he had helped find his wife.[14] rags-to-riches story, though it claims to be authentic and is accepted among historians, leads one to believe that the tale may have been twisted due to the detail of how the romance was portrayed. The earliest version of this story appeared more than a century after Eudocia's death in the "World Chronicle" of John Malalas, "an author who did not always distinguish between authentic history and a popular memory of events infused with folk-tale motifs".[15] facts are that she was the daughter of Leontius and she did originally have the name Athenais, according to the contemporary historians Socrates of Constantinople, and Priscus of Panion; however, they leave out any mention of Pulcheria's role in playing match-maker for her brother.[13] The historians Sozomen and Theodoret did not include Eudocia in their respective historical works, perhaps because they wrote after 443 when Eudocia had fallen into disgrace.[15] Christianity with classical culture on her pilgrimage to Jerusalem in spring of 438, Eudocia stopped in Antioch, and during her stay she addressed the senate of that city in Hellenic style (i.e., an encomium cast in Homeric hexameters) and distributed funds for the repair of its buildings.[6][16] was very conscious of her Greek heritage, as demonstrated in her famous address to the citizens of Antioch where she quoted a famous line by Homer: (Of your proud line and blood I claim to be).[6][16][17][18] last words of Eudocia's oration brought loud acclaim from the listeners, which resulted in the citizens of Antioch celebrating the Empress Eudocia's Christian Hellenism and commemorating her by erecting a golden statue of her in the curia and a bronze statue in the museum.[17][18][19] On her return, her position was undermined by the jealousy of Pulcheria and the groundless suspicion of an intrigue with her protege, Paulinus, the master of the offices.[20] historical study Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity (1982) by Kenneth Holum, further introduced the suggestion that her father, Leontius, was a native of Antioch rather than Athens, drawing from the "traditional link" between the two cities and their philosophers. argument is considered doubtful as the building activity of Eudocia in the 420s focused on Athens rather than Antioch.[21] Holum suggests that Eudocia may have been named after the great city of Athens, but she would have been born in Antioch. She even convinced her husband to "extend the walls of Antioch to take in a large suburb".[22] she also influenced state policy towards pagans and Jews under her husband's reign, and used the powerful influence she had to protect them from persecution.[22] also advocated for "reorganization and expansion" of education in Constantinople.[23] Eudocia had been raised and educated in traditional and classical sophist education from Athens, but her goal was to blend classical pagan education with Christianity. This was her way of using her power as empress to honour teachers and education, something that was very important to her in her life. also built the original Church of St. Polyeuctus in Constantinople, which her great-granddaughter Anicia Juliana greatly expanded and furnished in the 6th century. had three children with Theodosius II.[24][25] Licinia Eudoxia, born in 422, was the oldest. Licinia Eudoxia had been betrothed to her cousin, the Western Roman emperor Valentinian III since her birth, whom she married on 29 October 437.[26] The second child, Flaccilla, died in 431.[24] Arcadius was the only son and died in infancy. Only a year after she gave birth to her first child, Eudocia was proclaimed Augusta by her husband on 2 January 423.[27] to Jerusalem (438–439) mosaic depicting Eudocia in the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, Bulgaria. being named Augusta, she succeeded her sister-in-law, Pulcheria, who had been Augusta since 414. The relationship between the two women consisted of rivalry over power. Eudocia was jealous over the amount of power Pulcheria had within the court, while Pulcheria was jealous of the power Eudocia could claim from her. Their relationship created a "pious atmosphere" in the imperial court, and probably explains why Eudocia travelled to the Holy Land in 438.[28] went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 438, bringing back with her holy relics to prove her faith.[24] Her relationship with her husband had deteriorated, and with much pleading from Melania, a wealthy widow from Palestine and good friend of Eudocia, Theodosius allowed her to go.[29] 443, Eudocia left the palace for reasons that cannot be fully ascertained. One rumor has it that Eudocia was banished from the court towards the latter part of her life for adultery. Theodosius suspected that she was having an affair with his long-time childhood friend and court advisor, Paulinus.[24] According to Malalas's account of this story, Theodosius II had given Eudocia a very large Phrygian apple as a gift. One day Paulinus had shown the emperor the same apple, not knowing that the emperor had given it to Eudocia as a gift. Theodosius recognized the apple and confronted Eudocia who had sworn she had eaten it. Eudocia's denials made the emperor believe that she had fallen in love with Paulinus and was having an affair, and had given his best friend the same apple he had given to her as a symbol of his love. Theodosius had Paulinus executed and Eudocia, embarrassed, decided to leave the court in 443.[16] the other hand, Marcellinus' version suggests intrigues of Theodosius and Eudocia against each other: on Theodosius' orders, comes domesticorum Saturninus killed two allies of the empress, and in revenge, she went on to have Saturninus assassinated.[contradictory] Theodosius subsequently deprived Eudocia of her royal attendants, prompting her to leave the palace.[30] Whatever the cause of her departure may be, she still retained her wealth and the title Augusta. Jerusalem (443–460) returned to Jerusalem in circa 443, where she lived for the last part of her life. In Jerusalem she focused on her writing. Here she was accused of the murder of an officer sent to kill two of her followers,[contradictory] for which she suffered the loss of her imperial staff;[12] she nevertheless retained great influence. involved in the revolt of the Syriac Monophysites (453), she was ultimately reconciled to Pulcheria and readmitted into the Orthodox Church. died an Orthodox Christian in Jerusalem on 20 October 460,[2] having devoted her last years to literature.[20] She was buried in Jerusalem in the Church of Saint Stephen,[31] one of the churches she had herself built in Jerusalem[32] (modern St. Stephen's Basilica now stands at the site). The empress never returned to the imperial court in Constantinople, but "she maintained her imperial dignity and engaged in substantial euergetistic programs."[33] work Eudocia. Colored stone inlay on marble from church of Lips monastery (Fenari Isa Mosque), Fatih, Istanbul. Archeological Museum. after her accession as an empress, Eudocia wrote a hexameter poem eulogizing the Roman performance in the Persian wars of 421–22. The work is now lost. While Eudocia could have written a lot of literature after leaving the court, only some of her work survived. Eudocia "wrote in hexameters, which is the verse of epic poetry, on Christian themes".[24] She wrote a poem entitled The Martyrdom of St. Cyprian in three books, of which 900 lines survived, and an inscription of a poem on the baths at Hamat Gader.[24] Her most studied piece of literature is her Homeric cento, which has been analyzed recently by a few modern scholars, such as Mark Usher and Brian Sowers. Eudocia is an understudied poet and has been neglected due to "lack of complete and authoritative text".[34] of St. Cyprian are three books (or volumes) to this epic poem, which tells the story of how "Justa, the Christian virgin, defeated the magician Cyprian through her faith in God. Cyprian had been hired by Aglaidas to force Justa to love him. It ends with the conversion of Cyprian, his swift rise to the rank of Bishop, and Justa becoming a deaconess, with the new name, Justina."[35] She later became known as Justina of Antioch. This story is all fiction, although the parallels between Eudocia's character Justa and Eudocia herself are interesting, as both of them converted to Christianity and changed their names upon succeeding to power. Although some of the text has been lost, most of it has been paraphrased by Photius. The poem is very long despite not all of it surviving the centuries, and can be found in Women Writers of Ancient Greece and Rome (2004) edited by Michael Ian Plant. The Hamat Gader poem poem inscribed on the baths at Hamat Gader was very short, and can be included here, as evidence of her hexameter writing style. The poem was inscribed so visitors could read it as they went into the pool. inscription of the poem I have seen many wonders in my life, countless, But who, noble Clibanus, however many his mouths, could proclaim Your might, when born a worthless mortal? But rather It is right for you to be called a new fiery ocean, Paean and parent, provider of sweet streams. From you the thousandfold swell is born, one here, one there, On this side boiling-hot, on that side in turn icy-cold and tepid. Into fountains four-fold four you pour out your beauty. Indian and Matrona, Repentius, holy Elijah, Antoninus the Good, Dewy Galatia, and Hygieia herself, warm baths both large and small, Pearl, ancient Clibanus, Indian and other Matrona, Strong, Nun, and the Patriarch's. For those in pain your powerful might is always everlasting. But I will sing of a god, renowned for wisdom For the benefit of speaking mortals. — [36] line "Of the Empress Eudocia" flanked by two crosses is set above the poem. This title line was added after the carving of the main inscription, making room for some doubt whether the poem was indeed authored by Eudocia. Clibanus is the name given to the source of the hot water. After praising his qualities and those of his many springs ("the thousandfold swell"), the poem enumerates "four-fold four", thus sixteen different parts of the bath complex, fourteen of which bear a name; these names include Hygieia (the pagan goddess of health), a whole range of pagan personal names, "holy Elijah" referring to the prophet, and two refer to Christians – a nun and a patriarch.[37] centos Homeric centos that Eudocia composed are her most popular poems, as well as those most analyzed by modern scholars, because Homer was a popular choice on which to write a cento. Eudocia's centos are the longest Homeric centos, and consist of 2,344 lines.[35] These centos are a clear representation of who Eudocia was, and what she believed in—an epic poem combining her Athenian classical educational background, but adding stories from the book of Genesis and the New Testament stories of the life of Jesus Christ. Usher analyzed this poem as a way to understand why Eudocia chose to use Homeric themes as a means to express her biblical interpretations. According to Usher, Eudocia needed to convey human experience relating to the Bible. She used themes from the Iliad and Odyssey because "they contained all Eudocia needed to tell the Gospel story. Whenever and wherever Eudocia needed to express greatness, pain, truthfulness, deceit, beauty, suffering, mourning, recognition, understanding, fear, or astonishment, there was an apt Homeric line or passage ready in her memory to be recalled."[38] Eudocia's Homeric poetry is essential to understanding her as a Christian woman in the Eastern Roman Empire, and understanding her role as empress. Her classical educational background is clearly seen in her poetry, which captures her literary talent. She made a point to connect her background love for studying classical Greek literature to her Christian beliefs. is regarded as saint in non-Protestant Christianity. Her feast day is 13 August. plot of Antonio Vivaldi's opera Atenaide is based on the courtship and marriage of Eudocia and Theodosius. is a featured figure on Judy Chicago's installation piece The Dinner Party, being represented as one of the 999 names on the Heritage Floor.[39][40] Jerusalem, 420-457, Patriarch, Theodosius of Jerusalem, head of the heretics; (died 457) was one of the leading Christian monks of Palestine opposed to the Council of Chalcedon (451). He was installed as bishop of Jerusalem in opposition Juvenal in 451 or 452, but was forced into exile by the emperor Marcian in 453.[1][2] about his life comes mainly from the works of John Rufus. These include a biography of Peter the Iberian and a narration of Theodosius' exile and death, the Narratio de obitu Theodosii Hierosolymitani. The latter is a short text known only from the Syriac version in two manuscripts.[3] Rufus describes Theodosius as a confessor and martyr.[4] A complementary anti-Chalcedonian Syriac account is found in Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor.[5] A Chalcedonian version of events is given in Cyril of Scythopolis' biography of Euthymius the Great.[2] Juvenal returned to Jerusalem from Chalcedon in 451, many monks and clergy tried to persuade him to recant his acceptance of the council's canons. When he refused, they elected Theodosius as bishop in opposition and Juvenal fled.[5] Theodosius consecrated many anti-Chalcedonian bishops, including Peter the Iberian in the diocese of Maiuma.[2] When Juvenal returned with imperial troops in August 453, there were briefly two active bishops in the city.[6] Theodosius, however, accepted a sentence of exile and did not fight.[2] The bishops he consecrated, except for Peter, were deposed.[7] first went to Egypt or perhaps Sinai.[4] He then went to Antioch, perhaps to secure the support of Symeon Stylites, but was arrested at the city gates. On the orders of Marcian, he was brought to Constantinople. When he refused Marcian's entreaties to accept Chalcedon, he was imprisoned in the monastery of Saint Dios. When the abbot of that house was unable to win him over, he moved him to a narrow unheated cell for the winter. Theodosius fell seriously ill. When Leo I succeeded Marcian, he turned Theodosius over to the custody of the anti-Chalcedonian monks of Sykai. The deposed bishop died only a few days later.[8] His body was taken to Cyprus to prevent the Chalcedonians from stealing it to claim he had changed his mind. It was buried in an anti-Chalcedonian monastery.[4] The Narratio records that Theodosius' companion, Abban Romanus, was recalled to Palestine after his death.[3] the Coptic Orthodox Church, Theodosius was remembered as a champion of orthodoxy against Chalcedonism. Two works are attributed to him, but both are late Coptic forgeries. The first, In Honor of Victor, is a biography of the martyr Victor Stratelates. It is a poorly written text describing the virtues of Victor and the miracles he performed at Jerusalem. It is preserved in a codex from the White Monastery. The second, The Miracles of Saint George, is a homily on the miracles of Saint George, mostly surrounding the construction of his shrine in Jaffa.[2] Jerusalem Patriarch, 420-458, Juvenal; St Juvenal the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on July 2; Repentence) The saint made many efforts to restore Church peace. At the suggestion of Saint Simeon the Stylite, the empress Eudokia repented before Saint Juvenal and returned to communion with the Orthodox. A large part of the Jerusalem flock, who had been led astray by the heretics, followed her. Having defeated the pernicious heresies, and having established oneness of mind and propriety, Patriarch Juvenal died peacefully among his faithful flock, after serving as a bishop for thirty-eight years. Juvenal, Patriarch of Jerusalem, occupied the throne of the Holy City during the years 420-458. During this period great luminaries of the Church enlightened the world: Saints Euthymius the Great (January 20), Simeon the Stylite (September 1), Gerasimus of Jordan (March 4), and many others. Juvenal was a friend and converser with Saint Euthymius the Great. During Saint Juvenal’s archpastoral service, the Eastern Church was troubled by dangerous false teachings, which he opposed with a pastoral zeal, safeguarding the flock of Christ. Third Ecumenical Council was convened in the city of Ephesus in 431. It condemned the heresy of Nestorius, which was opposed to the Orthodox teaching of the divine nature of Jesus Christ. Saint Cyril of Alexandria (June 9) presided at this Council, and among his colleagues was Patriarch Juvenal. 451, the Fourth Ecumenical Council met in the city of Chalcedon. It condemned the Eutchian [Monophysite] heresy, which taught that the human nature in Christ was totally swallowed up and absorbed by the divine nature. The holy Fathers, among them Saint Juvenal, condemned the heresy of Eutychius and affirmed the Orthodox doctrine of the union of two natures in the Lord Jesus Christ, the divine and the human, without separation and without mixture. The heretics, however, continued to confuse the minds of Christians. the head of the heretics stood Theodosius, who lived at Jerusalem, and who had won over to his side Eudokia, the widow of the emperor Theodosius the Younger (+ 450), who lived at Jerusalem. He demanded that Patriarch Juvenal repudiate the Council of Chalcedon, that is, that he should renounce the Orthodox dogma of the two natures in Christ. Juvenal would not agree to embrace falsehood, and bravely confessed the Chalcedon doctrine before the heretics. Theodosius and his adherents then deposed Patriarch Juvenal from the patriarchal throne. The saint withdrew to Constantinople, to Patriarch Anatolius (July 3) and the emperor Marcian. The heretic Theodosius, under the patronage of Eudokia, occupied the patriarchal throne in Palestine, but only for twenty months. Emperor Marcian, holding Saint Juvenal in high esteem, placed him on the patriarchal throne once more, and so the holy confessor returned to Jerusalem. saint made many efforts to restore Church peace. At the suggestion of Saint Simeon the Stylite, the empress Eudokia repented before Saint Juvenal and returned to communion with the Orthodox. A large part of the Jerusalem flock, who had been led astray by the heretics, followed her. Having defeated the pernicious heresies, and having established oneness of mind and propriety, Patriarch Juvenal died peacefully among his faithful flock, after serving as a bishop for thirty-eight years.

Byzantium, 423-455, Emperor, Valentian III, Western half, weak, dominated by generals, civil wars, Atilla
Byzantine Emperor, 423-455, Valentian III ; III (Latin: Placidus Valentinianus; 2 July 419 – 16 March 455) was Roman emperor in the West from 425 to 455. emperor in childhood, his reign over the Roman Empire was one of the longest, but was dominated by powerful generals vying for power amid civil wars and the invasions of Late Antiquity's Migration Period, including the campaigns of Attila the Hun. was the son of Galla Placidia and Constantius III, and as the great-grandson of Valentinian the Great (r. 364–375) he was the last emperor of the Valentinianic dynasty. As a grandson of Theodosius the Great (r. 379–395), Valentinian was also related to the Theodosian dynasty, to which his wife, Licinia Eudoxia, also belonged. A year before assuming the rank of augustus, Valentinian was given the imperial rank of caesar by his half-cousin and co-emperor Theodosius II (r. 402–450). The augusta Galla Placidia had great influence during her son's rule. During his early reign Aetius, Felix, and the comes africae, Bonifacius all competed for power within the western empire. Eventually Aetius would defeat Felix and Bonifacius. Aetius would go on to campaign against the many Germanic tribes invading the empire. Valentinian's reign the Huns invaded the Roman Empire. Eventually Aetius would defeat the Huns at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains. Once the Huns returned, Pope Leo I and two other senators convinced Attila to leave. Valentinian himself killed Aetius, and in response Aetius's bodyguards assassinated Valentinian. Valentinian's reign was marked by the ongoing collapse of the western empire. Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5; St Marcian the Presbyter in Constantinople, Commemorated on January 10; St Elian, Missionary to Cornwall, England, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable John Calabytes œthe Hut-DwellerÂ, Commemorated on January 15; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 1; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Baradates, Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 22; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the œUnsleeping OnesÂ, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated on February 24; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Marana of Syria, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 29; Virginmartyr Domnina of Syria, Commemorated on March 1; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5 ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7 ; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8 ; Blessed Child Musa of Rome, Commemorated on May 16 ; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10;

Byzantium, 423-455, Empress, Honoraria, V III's sister, promiscuous, loved Attila, so he claimed empire
Rome, 423-455, Emperess, Honoraria; Grata Honoria, commonly referred to during her lifetime as Honoria,[1] was the older sister of the Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III. She is famous for her plea of love and help to Attila the Hun, which led to his proclamation of his claim to rule the Western Roman Empire. Coins attest that she was granted the title of Augusta not long after the accession of her brother in 426.[2] Roman Emperor, 423-455, Valentinian III; St. Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12;

Constantinople, 426-427, Patriarch, Sisinius, virtues, piety, charity, 4 month recession because of Chrysostom
Constantinople Patriarch, 426-427, Sisinius ; I (died December 24, 427) was the Archbishop of Constantinople from 426 to 427.[1] the election, Sisinnius was priest in the area of Elaea (modern-day Cihangir) and had become known for his virtues and piety, as well as for acts of charity. the death of Archbishop Atticus of Constantinople, the patriarch's throne was vacant for some time, as there was controversy about the choice of a successor. According to the dominant view, this period was about four months and ended with the election of Sisinnius on February 426. the consecration and its establishment, the Emperor Theodosius II convened a meeting chaired by the Theodotus of Antioch. the days of the patriarch was in recession the question of the attitude of the followers of John Chrysostom, which occurred when he was exiled. St Maximian the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 21; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ;

Constantinople, 428-431, Patriarch, Nestorius and Nestorianism
Constantinople Patriarch, 428-431, Nestorius ; St Maximian the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 21;

Constantinople, 431, Third Ecumenical Council, Ephesus, condemned Nestorius and his Christotokos, confirmed Theotokos
Third Ecumenical Council ; Council of Ephesus was a council of Christian bishops convened in Ephesus (near present-day Selçuk in Turkey) in AD 431 by the Roman Emperor Theodosius II. third ecumenical council, an effort to attain consensus in the church through an assembly representing all of Christendom,[1] confirmed the original Nicene Creed,[2] and condemned the teachings of Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople, who held that the Virgin Mary may be called the Christotokos, "Christ-bearer" but not the Theotokos, "God-bearer". It met in June and July 431 at the Church of Mary in Ephesus in Anatolia. Venerable Isaac the Ascetic of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on August 3 ; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated November 25 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated February 4 ; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9 ; St Juvenal the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on July 2; St Anatolius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 3;

Constantinople, 431-434, Patriarch, Maximian, pure and virtuous, ordained by Sisinius, replaced Nestorius
Constantinople Patriarch, 431-434, Maximian ; St Maximian the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 21; Maximian, Patriarch of Constantinople, was born in Rome from wealthy and pious parents. Upon receiving his inheritance, he provided tombs to bury those who led holy lives. Maximian was a plain man and he preferred to live far from worldly vanity. Because of his pure and virtuous life, Patriarch Sisinius of Constantinople (426-427) ordained him presbyter. When the heretic Nestorius (428-431) was deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople, Saint Maximian replaced him on the patriarchal throne on October 25, 431, during the reign of the holy emperor Theodosius the Younger (408-450). holy Patriarch Maximian died peacefully on April 12, 434, on Great and Holy Thursday.

Constantinople, 434-446, Patriarch, Proclus of Constantinople, disciple of J Chry
Constantinople Patriarch, 434-446, Proclus of Constantinople; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20; Proclus, Archbishop of Constantinople, from his early years devoted all his time to prayer and the study of Holy Scripture. Lord granted him the great good fortune to be a disciple of Saint John Chrysostom (November 13), who at first ordained him as a deacon, and then to the holy priesthood. witnessed the appearance of the Apostle Paul to Saint John Chrysostom. Saint Proclus received from his teacher a profound understanding of Holy Scripture, and learned to elucidate his thoughts in a polished form. the exile and death of Saint John Chrysostom, the holy Patriarch of Constantinople Sisinius (426-427) consecrated Saint Proclus as bishop of the city of Kyzikos, but under the influence of Nestorian heretics he was expelled by his flock there. Proclus then returned to the capital and preached the Word of God in the churches of Constantinople, strengthening listeners in the Orthodox Faith and denouncing the impiety of the heretics. once preached a sermon before Nestorius in which he fearlessly defended the title “Theotokosâ€ in speaking of the holy Virgin. the death of the Patriarch Saint Sisinius, Saint Proclus was chosen to take his place. Having thus been made Patriarch of Constantinople, he guided the Church over the course of twelve years (434-447). By the efforts of Saint Proclus, the relics of Saint John Chrysostom were transferred from Comana to Constantinople in the time of the holy emperor Saint Theodosius II (408-450). Saint Proclus was Patriarch, the Empire suffered destructive earthquakes, lasting for several months. At Bithynia, in the Hellespont, and in Phrygia cities were devastated, rivers disappeared from the face of the earth, and terrible flooding occurred in previously dry places. people of Constantinople came out of the city with the patriarch and emperor at their head and offered prayers for an end to the unprecedented calamities. one prayer service, a boy from the crowd was snatched up into the air by an unseen force and carried up to such a height that he was no longer to be seen by human eyes. Then, whole and unharmed, the child was lowered to the ground and he reported that he heard and he saw the angels glorifying God singing: “Holy God, Holy Mighty, Holy Immortal.â€ the people began to sing this Trisagion Prayer, adding to it the refrain, “Have mercy on us!â€ Then the earthquakes stopped. The Orthodox Church sings still this prayer at divine services to this very day. Constantinople flock esteemed their Patriarch for his ascetic life, for his concern about the downtrodden, and for his preaching. works of the saint have survived to the present day. Best known are his discourses against the Nestorians, two tracts of the Saint in praise of the Mother of God, and four tracts on the Nativity of Christ, setting forth the Orthodox teaching about the Incarnation of the Son of God. The activity of the holy patriarch in establishing decorum in all the church affairs gained him universal esteem. Surrounded by love and respect, Saint Proclus departed to the Lord after serving as Patriarch for twenty years. St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18;

Constantinople, 434-446, Devastating Earthquakes, boy lifted up, Trisagion Prayer
Constantinople, 434-446, Devastating Earthquakes throughout B. Empire, Trisagion Prayer; Constantinople Patriarch, 434-446, Proclus of Constantinople; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20;

Constantinople, 443-529, Saint Theodosius the Great, Judea, Cenobiarch, from Cappadocia, Armenia
Jerusalem, 443-529, Saint Theodosius the Great, Judea; St. Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30;

Constantinople, 446-449, Patriarch, Archbishop Flavian, excommunicated Eutyches, Robber Council, beaten by Dioscorus
Constantinople Patriarch, 446-449, Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople ; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18; Flavian the Confessor, Patriarch of Constantinople, occupied the patriarchal throne of Constantinople under the holy Emperor Theodosius the Younger (408-450) and his sister the holy Empress Pulcheria (September 10). first he was a presbyter and caretaker of church-vessels in the cathedral. He became Patriarch after the death of holy Patriarch Proclus (November 20). During this time, various disturbances and heresies threatened church unity. the year 448, Saint Flavian convened a local Council at Constantinople to examine the heresy of Eutyches, which admitted only one nature (the divine) in the Lord Jesus Christ. Persisting in his error, the heretic Eutyches was excommunicated from the Church and deprived of dignity, but Eutyches had a powerful patron in the person of Chrysathios, a eunuch close to the emperor. intrigue Chrysathios brought Bishop Dioscorus of Alexandria over to the side of Eutyches, and obtained permission from the emperor to convene a church council at Ephesus, afterwards known as the “Robber Council.” presided at this council, gaining the acquittal of Eutyches and the condemnation of Patriarch Flavian by threats and force. Saint Flavian was fiercely beaten up during the sessions of this council by impudent monks led by a certain Barsumas. the impious president of the Robber Council, the heretic Dioscorus, took part in these beatings. After this heavy chains were put upon Saint Flavian, and he was sentenced to banishment at Ephesus. The Lord, however, ended his further suffering, by sending him his death (+ August 449). The holy Empress Pulcheria withdrew from the imperial court. Soon the intrigues of Chrysathios were revealed. The emperor dismissed him, and restored his sister Saint Pulcheria. Through her efforts, the relics of holy Patriarch Flavian were reverently transferred from Ephesus to Constantinople.

Constantinople, 449-458, Patriarch, Anatolius of Constantinople, 451 Council, Orthodox, Euphemia's scroll choice
Constantinople Patriarch, 449-458, Anatolius of Constantinople; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11; the year 451 in the city of Chalcedon, in the very church where the glorified relics of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia rested, the sessions of the Fourth Ecumenical Council (July 16) took place. prolonged discussions the two sides could not come to a decisive agreement. holy Patriarch Anatolius of Constantinople proposed that the Council submit the decision of the Church dispute to the Holy Spirit, through His undoubted bearer Saint Euphemia the All-Praised, whose wonderworking relics had been discovered during the Council’s discussions. The Orthodox hierarchs and their opponents wrote down their confessions of faith on separate scrolls and sealed them with their seals. They opened the tomb of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia and placed both scrolls upon her bosom. Then, in the presence of the emperor Marcian (450-457), the participants of the Council sealed the tomb, putting on it the imperial seal and setting a guard to watch over it for three days. During these days both sides imposed upon themselves strict fast and made intense prayer. After three days the patriarch and the emperor in the presence of the Council opened the tomb with its relics: the scroll with the Orthodox confession was held by Saint Euphemia in her right hand, and the scroll of the heretics lay at her feet. Saint Euphemia, as though alive, raised her hand and gave the scroll to the patriarch. After this miracle many of the hesitant accepted the Orthodox confession, while those remaining obstinant in the heresy were consigned to the Council’s condemnation and excommunication. Miracle of Saint Euphemia the All-Praised: The holy Great Martyr Euphemia (September 16) suffered martyrdom in the city of Chalcedon in the year 304, during the time of the persecution against Christians by the emperor Diocletian (284-305). One and a half centuries later, at a time when the Christian Church had become victorious within the Roman Empire, God deigned that Euphemia the All-Praised should again be a witness and confessor of the purity of the Orthodox teaching. the year 451 in the city of Chalcedon, in the very church where the glorified relics of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia rested, the sessions of the Fourth Ecumenical Council (July 16) took place. The Council was convened for determining the precise dogmatic formulae of the Orthodox Church concerning the nature of the God-Man Jesus Christ. This was necessary because of the widespread heresy of the Monophysites [“mono-physisâ€ meaning “one natureâ€], who opposed the Orthodox teaching of the two natures in Jesus Christ, the Divine and the Human natures (in one Divine Person). The Monophysites falsely affirmed that in Christ was only one nature, the Divine [i.e. that Jesus is God but not man, by nature], causing discord and unrest within the Church. At the Council were present 630 representatives from all the local Christian Churches. On the Orthodox side Anatolius, Patriarch of Constantinople (July 3), Juvenal, Patriarch of Jerusalem (July 2), and representatives of Saint Leo, Pope of Rome (February 18) participated in the conciliar deliberations. The Monophysites were present in large numbers, headed by Dioscorus, the Patriarch of Alexandria, and the Constantinople archimandrite Eutychius. prolonged discussions the two sides could not come to a decisive agreement. holy Patriarch Anatolius of Constantinople proposed that the Council submit the decision of the Church dispute to the Holy Spirit, through His undoubted bearer Saint Euphemia the All-Praised, whose wonderworking relics had been discovered during the Council’s discussions. The Orthodox hierarchs and their opponents wrote down their confessions of faith on separate scrolls and sealed them with their seals. They opened the tomb of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia and placed both scrolls upon her bosom. Then, in the presence of the emperor Marcian (450-457), the participants of the Council sealed the tomb, putting on it the imperial seal and setting a guard to watch over it for three days. During these days both sides imposed upon themselves strict fast and made intense prayer. After three days the patriarch and the emperor in the presence of the Council opened the tomb with its relics: the scroll with the Orthodox confession was held by Saint Euphemia in her right hand, and the scroll of the heretics lay at her feet. Saint Euphemia, as though alive, raised her hand and gave the scroll to the patriarch. After this miracle many of the hesitant accepted the Orthodox confession, while those remaining obstinant in the heresy were consigned to the Council’s condemnation and excommunication. an invasion by the Persians during the seventh century, the relics of Saint Euphemia were transferred from Chalcedon to Constantinople, into a newly built church dedicated to her. Many years later, during the period of the Iconoclast heresy, the reliquary with the relics of the saint was cast into the sea by order of the Iconoclast emperor Leo the Isaurian (716-741). The reliquary was rescued from the sea by the ship-owning brothers Sergius and Sergonos, who gave it over to the local bishop. The holy bishop ordered that the relics be preserved in secret, beneath a crypt, since the Iconoclast heresy was continuing to rage. A small church was built over the relics, and over the reliquary was put a board with an inscription stating whose relics rested within. When the Iconoclast heresy was finally condemned at the holy Seventh Ecumenical Council (in the year 787), during the time of Saint Tarasius, Patriarch of Constantinople (784-806) and the emperor Constantine VI (780-797) and his mother Saint Irene (797-802), the relics of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia were once again solemnly transferred to Constantinople. St Anatolius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 3;

Constantinople, 450, Martyr Anthony, Apamea, stone mason building church, killed by townspeople at night w sword
Syria, 450, Martyr Anthony, Apamea; Apamea, Syria; Martyr Anthony of Apamea, Commemorated on November 9 ; Holy Martyr Anthony, a Syrian, lived during the fifth century and was a stone-mason. With the blessing of the bishop of the Syrian city of Apamea, he started to build a church dedicated to the Holy Trinity. When the pagan townspeople learned of this, they rushed into his house by night and murdered him with a sword.

Constantinople, 450, Seven Sleepers, 250-450, wealthy, m belts, hid in cave, entrance sealed, sleep, owner resurection
Ephesus, 250, Seven Sleepers; 7 Holy Youths œSeven Sleepers of Ephesus, Commemorated on August 4; Seven Youths of Ephesus: Maximilian, Iamblicus, Martinian, John, Dionysius, Exacustodianus (Constantine) and Antoninus, lived in the third century. Saint Maximilian was the son of the Ephesus city administrator, and the other six youths were sons of illustrious citizens of Ephesus. The youths were friends from childhood, and all were in military service together. the emperor Decius (249-251) arrived in Ephesus, he commanded all the citizens to offer sacrifice to the pagan gods. Torture and death awaited anyone who disobeyed. The seven youths were denounced by informants, and were summoned to reply to the charges. Appearing before the emperor, the young men confessed their faith in Christ. military belts and insignia were quickly taken from them. Decius permitted them to go free, however, hoping that they would change their minds while he was off on a military campaign. The youths fled from the city and hid in a cave on Mount Ochlon, where they passed their time in prayer, preparing for martyrdom. youngest of them, Saint Iamblicus, dressed as a beggar and went into the city to buy bread. On one of his excursions into the city, he heard that the emperor had returned and was looking for them. Saint Maximilian urged his companions to come out of the cave and present themselves for trial. where the young men were hidden, the emperor ordered that the entrance of the cave be sealed with stones so that the saints would perish from hunger and thirst. Two of the dignitaries at the blocked entrance to the cave were secret Christians. Desiring to preserve the memory of the saints, they placed in the cave a sealed container containing two metal plaques. On them were inscribed the names of the seven youths and the details of their suffering and death. Lord placed the youths into a miraculous sleep lasting almost two centuries. In the meantime, the persecutions against Christians had ceased. During the reign of the holy emperor Theodosius the Younger (408-450) there were heretics who denied that there would be a general resurrection of the dead at the Second Coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. Some of them said, “How can there be a resurrection of the dead when there will be neither soul nor body, since they are disintegrated?” Others affirmed, “The souls alone will have a restoration, since it would be impossible for bodies to arise and live after a thousand years, when even their dust would not remain.” Therefore, the Lord revealed the mystery of the Resurrection of the Dead and of the future life through His seven saints. owner of the land on which Mount Ochlon was situated, discovered the stone construction, and his workers opened up the entrance to the cave. The Lord had kept the youths alive, and they awoke from their sleep, unaware that almost two hundred years had passed. Their bodies and clothing were completely undecayed. to accept torture, the youths once again asked Saint Iamblicus to buy bread for them in the city. Going toward the city, the youth was astonished to see a cross on the gates. Hearing the name of Jesus Christ freely spoken, he began to doubt that he was approaching his own city. he paid for the bread, Iamblicus gave the merchant coins with the image of the emperor Decius on it. He was detained, as someone who might be concealing a horde of old money. They took Saint Iamblicus to the city administrator, who also happened to be the Bishop of Ephesus. Hearing the bewildering answers of the young man, the bishop perceived that God was revealing some sort of mystery through him, and went with other people to the cave. the entrance to the cave the bishop found the sealed container and opened it. He read upon the metal plaques the names of the seven youths and the details of the sealing of the cave on the orders of the emperor Decius. Going into the cave and seeing the saints alive, everyone rejoiced and perceived that the Lord, by waking them from their long sleep, was demonstrating to the Church the mystery of the Resurrection of the Dead. the emperor himself arrived in Ephesus and spoke with the young men in the cave. Then the holy youths, in sight of everyone, lay their heads upon the ground and fell asleep again, this time until the General Resurrection. emperor wanted to place each of the youths into a jeweled coffin, but they appeared to him in a dream and said that their bodies were to be left upon the ground in the cave. In the twelfth century the Russian pilgrim Igumen Daniel saw the holy relics of the seven youths in the cave. is a second commemoration of the seven youths on October 22. According to one tradition, which entered into the Russian Prologue (of Saints’ Lives), the youths fell asleep for the second time on this day. The Greek Menaion of 1870 says that they first fell asleep on August 4, and woke up on October 22. is a prayer of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus in the Great Book of Needs (Trebnik) for those who are ill and cannot sleep. The Seven Sleepers are also mentioned in the service for the Church New Year, September 1.

Byzantium, 450-457, Emperor, Marcian, pious, married Emperor's sister Pulcheria, d Huns Atilla
Byzantine Emperor, 450-457, Marcian ; ( c. 392 – 26 January 457) was Roman emperor of the East from 450 to 457. little of his life before becoming emperor is known, other than that he was a domesticus (personal assistant) who served under the commanders Ardabur and his son Aspar for fifteen years. After the death of Emperor Theodosius II on 28 July 450, Marcian was made a candidate for the throne by Aspar, who held much influence because of his military power. a month of negotiations Pulcheria, Theodosius' sister, agreed to marry Marcian. Flavius Zeno, a military leader whose influence was similar to Aspar's, may have been involved in these negotiations, as he was given the high-ranking court title of patrician upon Marcian's accession. was elected and inaugurated on 25 August 450. reversed many of the actions of Theodosius II in the Eastern Roman Empire's relationship with the Huns under Attila and in religious matters. almost immediately revoked all treaties with Attila, ending all subsidy payments to him. 452, while Attila was raiding Italy, then a part of the Western Roman Empire, Marcian launched expeditions across the Danube into the Great Hungarian Plain, defeating the Huns in their own heartland. This action, accompanied by the famine and plague that broke out in northern Italy, allowed the Western Roman Empire to bribe Attila into retreating from the Italian peninsula. Attila's death in 453, Marcian took advantage of the resulting fragmentation of the Hunnic confederation by settling Germanic tribes within Roman lands as foederati ("federates" providing military service in exchange for benefits). also convened the Council of Chalcedon, which declared that Jesus had two "natures": divine and human. This led to the alienation of the population of the eastern provinces of Syria and Egypt, as many of them were miaphysites, rejecting the new official Christology. died on 26 January 457, leaving the Eastern Roman Empire with a treasury surplus of seven million solidi coins, an impressive achievement considering the economic ruin inflicted upon the Eastern Roman Empire by the Huns and Theodosius' tribute payments. his death, Aspar passed over Marcian's son-in-law, Anthemius, and had a military commander, Leo I, elected as emperor. Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15 ; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; St Bassian of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 10 ; Martyr Anthony of Apamea, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Matrona the Abbess of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Marcellus the Abbot of the Monastery of the ÃƒœUnsleeping Ones, Commemorated on December 29; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5; St Marcian the Presbyter in Constantinople, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated on January 11; St Elian, Missionary to Cornwall, England, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Philon, Bishop of Kolpasteia, Crete, Commemorated on January 24; Venerable Xenophon of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 1; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Baradates, Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 22; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28; Virginmartyr Domnina of Syria, Commemorated on March 1; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5 ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7 ; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6;

Constantinople, 451-457, Proterius of Alexandria, Egyptian Patriarch, replaced Monophysite heretic Dioscorus
Egypt, 451-457, Egyptian Patriarch, Proterius of Alexandria; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28; Hieromartyr Proterius, Patriarch of Alexandria, and those with him. The priest Proterius lived in Alexandria during the patriarchal tenure of Dioscorus (444-451), an adherent of the Monophysite heresy of Eutyches. Proterius fearlessly denounced the heretics and confessed the Orthodox Faith. 451 at the Fourth Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon, the heresy of Eutyches was condemned and the teaching of Christ as Perfect God and Perfect Man, existing in these two natures “unconfusedly” and “indivisibly” [and “immutably” and “inseparably”] was set forth. The heretic Dioscorus was deposed and exiled, and Proterius, distinguished for his strict and virtuous life, was placed upon the patriarchal throne of Alexandria. many supporters of Dioscorus remained in Alexandria. Rebelling against the election of Proterius, they rioted and burned the soldiers who were sent out to pacify them. The pious emperor Marcian (450-457) deprived the Alexandrians of all the privileges they were accustomed to, and sent new and reinforced detachments of soldiers. The inhabitants of the city then quieted down and begged Patriarch Proterius to intercede with the emperor to restore their former privileges to them. The kindly saint consented and readily obtained their request. the death of Marcian the heretics again raised their heads. Presbyter Menignus (“the Cat”), himself striving for the patriarchal dignity, and taking advantage of the absence of the prefect of the city, was at the head of the rioters. Saint Proterius decided to leave Alexandria, but that night he saw in a dream the holy Prophet Isaiah, who said to him, “Return to the city, I am waiting to take you.” The saint realized that this was a prediction of his martyric end. He returned to Alexandria and concealed himself in a baptistry. insolent heretics broke into this refuge and killed the Patriarch and six men who were with him. The fact that it was Holy Saturday and the Canon of Pascha was being sung did not stop them. In their insane hatred they tied a rope to the body of the murdered Patriarch, and dragged it through the streets. They beat and lacerated it, and finally they burned it, scattering the ashes to the wind. Orthodox reported this to the holy Emperor Leo (457-474) and Saint Anatolius, Patriarch of Constantinople (July 3). An army arrived at Alexandria, the rebellion was crushed, and Menignus was brought to trial and exiled. the death of the Hieromartyr Proterius, four Thracian bishops of his time wrote: “We consider His Holiness Proterius to be in the ranks and choir of the saints, and we beseech God to be compassionate and merciful to us through his prayers.”

Byzantium, 455-455, Emperor, Petronius Maximus. Vandals Sack Rome
Byzantine Emperor, 455-455, Petronius Maximus. Vandals Sack Rome; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Baradates, Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 22; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Virginmartyr Domnina of Syria, Commemorated on March 1; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5 ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7 ; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6;

Byzantium, 457-474, Emperor, Leo I the Thracian, the Great, recovered Western territories, Placing Robe at Blachernae
Byzantine Emperor, 457-474, Leo I the Thracian ; I (c. 401 – 18 January 474) was Eastern Roman emperor from 457 to 474. native of Dacia Aureliana near historic Thrace,[2] he was known as Leo the Thracian. He was called Leo the Great probably to distinguish him from his young grandson and co-augustus Leo II ("the Small").[3] the Eastern Empire for nearly 20 years, Leo proved to be a capable ruler. He oversaw many ambitious political and military plans, aimed mostly at aiding the faltering Western Roman Empire and recovering its former territories. is notable for being the first Eastern Emperor to legislate in Koine Greek rather than Late Latin.[4] is commemorated as a saint in the Orthodox Church, with his feast day on 20 January.[5][6] St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 31; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Icon of the Mother of God "Jerusalem"Â, Commemorated on October 12 ; Venerable Matrona the Abbess of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Stylianus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on November 26; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Marcellus the Abbot of the Monastery of the "œUnsleeping Ones"Â, Commemorated on December 29; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5; St Marcian the Presbyter in Constantinople, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated on January 11; St Hilary the Bishop of Poitiers, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Philon, Bishop of Kolpasteia, Crete, Commemorated on January 24; Venerable Xenophon of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 1; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Baradates, Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 22; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Virginmartyr Domnina of Syria, Commemorated on March 1; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5 ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7 ; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Constantinople, 458, Placing Mother of God's Honorable Robe at Blachernae, Constantinople
Blachernae; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae; Placing of the Venerable Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae: the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Great (457-474), the brothers Galbius and Candidus, associates of the emperor, set out from Constantinople to Palestine to venerate the holy places. a small settlement near Nazareth they stayed in the home of a certain old Jewish woman. In her house they noticed a room where many lamps were lit, incense burned, and sick people were gathered. When they asked her what the room contained, the pious woman did not want to give an answer for a long time. persistent requests, she said that she had a very precious sacred item: the Robe of the Mother of God, which performed many miracles and healings. Her Dormition the Most Holy Virgin bequeathed one of her garments to a pious Jewish maiden, an ancestor of the old woman, instructing her to leave it to another virgin after her death. the Robe of the Mother of God was preserved in this family from generation to generation. jewelled chest, containing the sacred Robe, was transferred to Constantinople. Saint Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople (August 31), and the emperor Leo, having learned of the sacred treasure, were convinced of the incorrupt state of the holy Robe, and they certified its authenticity. Blachernae, near the seacoast, a new church in honor of the Mother of God was constructed. On June 2, 458 Saint Gennadius transferred the sacred Robe into the Blachernae church with appropriate solemnity, placing it within a new reliquary. the maphorion (i.e., the outer robe) of the Mother of God, and part of Her belt were also put into the reliquary with Her Robe. This circumstance also influenced the Orthodox iconography of the Feast, in connecting the two events: the Placing of the Robe, and the Placing of the Belt of the Mother of God in Blachernae. The Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, visiting Constantinople in about the year 1350, testifies: “We arrived at Blachernae, where the Robe lies upon an altar in a sealed reliquary.â€ than once, during the invasion of enemies, the Most Holy Theotokos saved the city to which She had given Her holy Robe. Thus it happened during the time of a siege of Constantinople by the Avars in 626, by the Persians in 677, and by the Arabs in the year 717. Especially relevant for us are events of the year 860, intimately connected with the history of the Russian Church. June 18, 860 the Russian fleet of Prince Askold, a force comprising more than 200 ships, laid waste the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, then entered into the Golden Horn and threatened Constantinople. The Russian ships sailed within sight of the city, setting ashore troops who “proceeded before the city, stretching forth their swords.â€ The emperor Michael III (842-867), interrupted his campaign against the Arabs and returned to the capital. All night he prayed prostrated upon the stone tiles of the church of the Mother of God at Blachernae. The holy Patriarch Photius spoke to his flock, calling for tears of repentance to wash away sins, and to seek the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos with fervent prayer. danger grew with each passing hour. “The city was barely able to stand against a spear,â€ says Patriarch Photius in another of his homilies. Under these conditions the decision was made to save the church’s sacred objects, especially the holy Robe of the Mother of God, which was kept in the Blachernae church, not far from the shore. serving an all-night Vigil, and taking it out from the Blachernae church, they carried the sacred Robe of the Mother of God in a procession around the city walls. They dipped its edge into the waters of the Bosphorus, and then they transported it to the center of Constantinople into the church of Hagia Sophia. The Mother of God protected the city and quelled the fury of the Russian warriors. An honorable truce was concluded, and Askold lifted the siege of Constantinople. June 25 the Russian army began to leave, taking with them a large tribute payment. A week afterwards, on July 2, the wonderworking Robe of the Mother of God was solemnly returned to its place in the reliquary of the Blachernae church. In remembrance of these events an annual feastday of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God was established on July 2 by holy Patriarch Photius. in October-November of the year 860, a Russian delegation arrived in Constantinople to conclude a treaty “in love and peace.â€ Some of the conditions of the peace treaty included articles concerning the Baptism of Kievan Rus, the payment of an annual tribute by the Byzantines to the Russians, permission for them to serve with the Byzantine army, an agreement to trade in the territory of the Empire (primarily in Constantinople), and to send a diplomatic mission to Byzantium. important was the point about the Baptism of Rus. The continuator of the Byzantine “Theophanes Chroniclesâ€ relates that “their delegation arrived in Constantinople with a request for them to receive holy Baptism, which also was fulfilled.â€ An Orthodox mission was sent to Kiev to fulfill this mutual wish of the Russians and the Greeks. Not very long before this (in 855) Saint Cyril the Philosopher (February 14 and May 11) had created a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel. Saint Cyril was sent with his brother, Saint Methodius (April 6 and May 11), on a mission to Kiev with books translated into Slavonic. This was at the initiative of Saint Photius, whose student Saint Cyril was. The brothers spent the winter of 860/861 at Cherson, and in the spring of 861 they were at the River Dniepr, with Prince Askold. Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith. But under the influence of Saint Cyril, the prince chose Orthodoxy. At the end of the year 861, Saints Cyril and Methodius returned to Constantinople and carried letters with them from Prince Askold to Emperor Michael III. Askold thanked the emperor for sending him “such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy.â€ “Persuaded that this is the true Faith,â€ Askold further wrote, “we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity. We are all friends of the Kingdom and prepared to be of service to you, as requested.â€ accepted holy Baptism with the name Nicholas, and many of his retinue were also baptized. Directly from Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, through the efforts of the holy Apostles to the Slavs both the Slavonic divine services and the Slavonic written language arrived in Rus. Photius appointed Metropolitan Michael to Kiev, and the Russian metropolitan district was entered into the lists of dioceses of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius in an encyclical of the year 867 called the Baptism of the Bulgarians and the Russians as among the chief accomplishments of his archpastoral service. “The Russians, who lifted their hand against the Roman might,â€ he wrote, almost quoting literally from the missive of Askold, “have now replaced the impious teaching which they held to formerly, with the pure and genuine Christian Faith, and with love having established themselves in the array of our friends and subjects.â€ (The Byzantines counted as “subjectsâ€ all accepting Baptism from Constantinople and entering into military alliance with the Empire.) “The desire and zeal of faith has flared up within them to such an extent, that they have accepted bishops and pastors, and they embrace Christian sanctity with great zeal and fervor.â€ Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos in Blachernae also marks the canonical establishment of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate in Kiev. By the blessing of the Mother of God and by the miracle from Her holy Robe not only was the deliverence of Constantinople from the most terrible siege in all its history accomplished, but also the liberation of the Russians from the darkness of pagan superstition to life eternal. Together with this, the year 860 brought recognition to Kievan Rus from Byzantium, and signified the emergence of the young Russian realm into the arena of history. attempt of Prince Askold to renew the Christian evangelization begun by the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he intended as a religious and state reform, ended unsuccessfully. The time for the spread of Christianity in the Russian Land had not yet come. The adherents of the old paganism were too strong, and the princely power was too weak. In the clash of Askold with the pagan Oleg in 882 the Kievans betrayed their prince. Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr’s death at the hand of hired killers. the deed of Blessed Askold (the Ioakimov Chronicle calls him such) was not extinguished in the Russian Church. Oleg the Sage, who killed Askold, occupied the Kiev princedom after him, and called Kiev the “Mother of Russian Cities.â€ most ancient chronicles of Kiev preserved the grateful memory of the first Kievan Christian prince: the church of the Prophet of God Elias, built by Askold and later mentioned in Igor’s Treaty with the Greeks (in 944), is on the site where the present church of this name now stands, and there is also the church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in the 950s by Saint Olga over Askold’s grave. most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their apostolic activity among the Slavs began in Kiev at the court of Askold in 861, and continued afterwards in Moravia and Bulgaria. Following Blessed Askold, in the words of the ancient Alphabetic Prayers, “the Slavonic tribe now soars in flight, all striving toward Baptism.â€ outstanding works of Byzantine Church hymnology and homiletics are connected with the miracle of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae. There are two homilies of Saint Photius, one of which he preached within days of the siege of Constantinople, and the other soon after the departure of the Russian forces. Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable “Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos,â€ which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photius. This Akathist forms an integral part of the services of Praise to the Most Holy Theotokos (i.e., the “Saturday of the Akathist,â€ Fifth Saturday of Great Lent). is not only Byzantine sources that relate the events of the year 860, but also Russian historical chronicles. Saint Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time “it was begun to be called the Russian Land.â€ Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople. The popular commemoration of this event is firmly associated with the names of the Kievan princes Askold and Dir, although in the opinion of historians, Dir was prince of Kiev somewhat earlier than Askold. veneration of the feast of the Placing of the Robe was long known in the Russian Church. Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4) built a church in honor of this feastday in the city of Vladimir at the Golden Gates. At the end of the fourteenth century, part of the Robe of the Mother of God was transferred from Constantinople to Rus by Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal (June 26). holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. In memory of the miraculous deliverance of Moscow, Saint Jonah built the church of the Placing of the Robe in the Kremlin, making it his primary church. It burned, but in its place in the years 1484-1486 a new church, also dedicated to the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God, was built thirty years later. This temple, standing at present, continued to serve as the primary church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs until the cathedral of the Twelve Apostles was built under Patriarch Nikon. Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-SingerÂ, Commemorated on October 1 ; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectressÂ Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated October 2 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unbreakable WallÂ, Commemorated on May 28; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia, Commemorated July 7 ;

Constantinople, 458-471, Patriarch, Gennadius, Placing Robe at Blachernae
Constantinople Patriarch, 458-471, Gennadius; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 31; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Constantinople, 459-532, Saint Sabbas the Sanctified
Jerusalem Saint, 459-532, Sabbas the Sanctified; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30;

Constantinople, 469, Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns)
Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns) 469; The war ended in 469. Marcellinus Comes shortly recorded "The head of Dinzic, son of Attila, king of the Huns, was brought to Constantinople".[14] The Chronicon Paschale recounts "Dinzirichus, Attila's son, was killed by Anagastes, general in Thrace. His head was brought to Constantinople, carried in procession through the Middle Street, and fixed on a pole at the Wooden Circus. The whole city turned out to look at it".[14] Jordanes recounts events in c. 468: "Now after firm peace was established between Goths and Romans, the Goths found that what they received from the emperor was not sufficient for them. Furthermore, they were eager to display their wonted valor, and so began to plunder the neighboring peoples around them, first attacking the Sadagis[nb 1] who held the interior of Pannonia. When Dintzic, king of the Huns, a son of Attila, learned this, he gathered to him the few who still seemed to have remained under his sway, namely, the Ultzinzures[nb 2] the Angisciri[nb 3] the Bittugures[nb 4] and the Bardores[nb 5] Coming to Bassianae (see Battle of Bassianae), a city of Pannonia, he beleaguered it and began to plunder its territory. When the Goths learned this, they abandoned the expedition they had planned against the Sadagis and turned upon the Huns and drove them so ingloriously from their own land that those who remained have been in dread of the arms of the Goths from that time down to the present day."[22] Dengizich, Atilla's Son; Icon of the Mother of God œJerusalem, Commemorated on October 12;

Constantinople, 474-477, Commander, Armatus, son of Basiliscus, Icon of Armatia
Byzantium, 474-477, Commander, Armatus, son of Basiliscus; Byzantium, 475-476, Emperor, Basiliscus; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on July 21;

Byzantium, 474, Emperor, Leo II, May have been poisoned by his Mother
Byzantine Emperor, 474, Leo II ; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Marcellus the Abbot of the Monastery of the œUnsleeping OnesÂ, Commemorated on December 29; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 1; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5 ; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1 ; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7 ; St Isaac the Syrian, Abbot of Spoleto, Commemorated on April 12; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6;

Byzantium, 474-491, Emperor, Zeno, Leo II's Father, Stabilized Eastern Empire, only begotten son of (one) God
Byzantine Emperor, 474-491, Zeno ; Zeno (; Greek: ; c. 425 -“ 9 April 491) was Eastern Roman emperor from 474 to 475 and again from 476 to 491. Domestic revolts and religious dissension plagued his reign, which nevertheless succeeded to some extent in foreign issues. His reign saw the end of the Western Roman Empire following the deposition of Romulus Augustus and the death of Julius Nepos, but he contributed much to stabilising the Eastern Empire. ecclesiastical history, Zeno is associated with the Henotikon or "instrument of union", promulgated by him and signed by all the Eastern bishops, with the design of solving the monophysite controversy. 1 Biography 1.1 Rise to power 1.1.1 Early life 1.1.2 Son-in-law of Leo I 1.2 Reign 1.2.1 First reign and Basiliscus' revolt (475-“476) 1.2.2 End of the Western Empire 1.2.3 Revolt of Marcian (479) 1.2.4 Revolt of Illus (484-“488) 1.2.5 Affairs with the Goths (474-“487) 1.2.6 Promulgation of the Henotikon (482) 1.2.7 Suppressing the Samaritan revolt (484) 1.3 Death and succession 2 In popular culture 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Bibliography 5.1 Primary sources 5.2 Secondary sources 6 External links -----------------------------------Rise to power[edit] -----------------------------------Early life[edit] detail of the Missorium of Aspar, depicting the powerful magister militum Aspar and his elder son Ardabur (434 circa). caused Ardabur's fall, producing treacherous letters that linked him to the Sassanid King; Ardabur later bribed some of Zeno's soldiers into trying to kill him. original name was Tarasis, and more accurately Tarasikodissa in his native Isaurian language (Latin: Trascalissaeus).[2] was born in Isauria, at Rusumblada, later renamed Zenopolis in Zeno's honour.[3] His father was called Kodisa (as attested by his patronymic "Tarasicodissa"), his mother Lallis, his brother Longinus. had a wife, Arcadia, whose name indicates a relationship with the Constantinopolitan aristocracy, and whose statue was erected near the Baths of Arcadius, along the steps that led to Topoi.[4] Eastern and other Christian traditions maintain that Zeno had two daughters, Hilaria and Theopiste, who followed a religious life,[5] but historical sources attest the existence of only one son by Arcadia, called Zenon.[6] to ancient sources, Zeno's prestigious career ”he had fought against Attila in 447 to defend Constantinople and been consul the following year ”was the reason why another Isaurian officer, Tarasis, chose the Greek name Zeno when he married into the Imperial family, thus being known as Zeno when he rose to the throne.[7] Some modern historians suggest that the Isaurian general Zeno was the father of the emperor,[8] but there is no consensus about this, and other sources suggest that Tarasis was a member of Zeno's entourage. Isaurians were a people who lived inland from the Mediterranean coast of Anatolia, in the core of the Taurus Mountains (generally what is now the Konya/Bozkir area of Turkey). Like most borderland tribes, they were looked upon as barbarians by the Romans even though they had been Roman subjects for more than five centuries. However, being Orthodox Christians rather than Arians, as the Goths and other Germanic tribes were, they were not formally barred from the throne.[3] to some scholars, in the mid-460s, the Eastern Roman Emperor, Leo I, wanted to balance the weight of the Germanic component of the army, whose leader was the Alan magister militum Aspar. He thought that Tarasis and his Isaurians could be that counterweight, and called him, with many Isaurians, to Constantinople. This interpretation, however, has been contested.[9] the mid-460s, Arcadia and Zeno had been living at Constantinople for some time,[4] where Lallis and Longinus also lived, the latter married to a Valeria, possibly a woman of aristocrat rank.[9] to ancient sources, the earliest reference to Tarasis dates back to 464, when he put his hands on some letters written by Aspar's son, Ardabur, which proved that the son of the magister militum had incited the Sassanid King to invade Roman territory, promising to support the invasion. Through these letters, which Tarasis gave to Leo, the Emperor could dismiss Ardabur, who at the time was magister militum per Orientem and patricius, thus reducing Aspar's influence and ambition. reward for his loyalty, which Leo praised to Daniel the Stylite,[10] Tarasis was appointed comes domesticorum, an office of great influence and prestige.[4] This appointment could mean that Tarasis had been a protector domesticus, either at Leo's court in Constantinople, or attached at Ardabur's staff in Antioch.[9] 465, Leo and Aspar quarrelled about the appointment of consuls for the following year; it was on this occasion that Tarasis' position was strengthened, as he became friend and ally of the Emperor.[11] of Leo I[edit] of Ariadne, elder daughter of Emperor Leo I and wife of Zeno. make himself more acceptable to the Roman hierarchy and the population of Constantinople, Tarasis adopted the Greek name of Zeno and used it for the rest of his life. In mid-late 466, Zeno married Ariadne, elder daughter of Leo I and Verina; there is no reference to him divorcing Arcadia who evidently died prior to this. The next year their son was born, and Zeno became father of the heir apparent to the throne, as the only son of Leo I had died in his infancy; to stress his claim to the throne, the boy was called Leo.[12] however, was not present at the birth of his son, as in 467, he participated in a military campaign against the Goths.[9][13] I, father-in-law of Zeno, Eastern Roman Emperor from 457 to 474. as a member of the protectores domestici, did not take part in the disastrous expedition against the Vandals, led in 468 by Leo's brother-in-law Basiliscus. following year, during which he held the honour of the consulate, he was appointed magister militum per Thracias and led an expedition in Thrace. The sources do not clearly state what enemy he fought there, and historians had proposed either Goths or Huns, or the rebels of Anagastes. way, before leaving, Leo and Zeno asked for Daniel the Stylite's opinion about the campaign, and Daniel answered that Zeno would be the target of a conspiracy but would escape unharmed. Indeed, Leo sent some of his personal soldiers with Zeno to protect him, but they were bribed by Aspar to capture him instead. Zeno was informed of their intention and fled to Serdica, and, because of this episode, Leo grew even more suspicious of Aspar.[14] the attack, Zeno did not return to Constantinople, where Aspar and Ardabur were, still with considerable power. Instead, he moved to the "Long Wall" (the Long Wall of the Thracian Chersonese or, less probably, the Anastasian Wall), then to Pylai and from there to Chalcedon. While waiting here for an opportunity to return to the capital, he was appointed magister militum per Orientem. He took the monk Peter the Fuller with him and left for Antioch, his office's see, passing through Isauria, where he put down the rebellion of Indacus. Zeno stayed at Antioch for two years.[15] living in Antioch with his family, Zeno sympathised with the Monophysite views of Peter the Fuller, and supported him against his opponent, the Chalcedonian bishop Martyrius. allowed the arrival in Antioch of monks from nearby monasteries who increased the number of Peter's followers, and did not effectively repress their violence. Martyrius went to Constantinople to ask Leo for help, but, on returning to Antioch, he was informed that Peter had been elected bishop, and resigned (470). ----------------------------Leo reacted by ordering Peter into exile and addressing to Zeno a law that forbade the monks from leaving their monasteries or fomenting rebellion (1 June 471).[16] In 470/471, had also to deal with an invasion of Tzanni, who attacked Roman Armenia.[17] Zeno far from Constantinople, Aspar had increased his influence by having his son Patricius appointed Caesar and married to Leo I's younger daughter, Leontia (470). are contradictory on the causes, but clearly state that in 471, Leo I had Aspar and Ardabur treacherously killed. This certainly occurred with Zeno's and Basiliscus' approval, as, on the eve of the murders, the two generals had moved closer to Constantinople (Zeno was at Chalcedon). Thereafter, Zeno returned to Constantinople and was appointed magister militum praesentalis.[18] reign and Basiliscus' revolt (475-“476)[edit] of Leo II, minted in the name of "Leo and Zeno perpetual Augusti"; it belongs to the period when both Zeno and his son were joint emperors, between 9 February and 17 November 474. On 25 October 473, I appointed as Caesar his grandson Leo II, the son of Zeno and Ariadne. On 18 January 474, Leo I died; if Leo II had not already been proclaimed co-emperor by his grandfather, he would have become Augustus on that occasion. Leo II was seven years old (too young to rule himself) Ariadne and her mother Verina prevailed upon him to crown Zeno, his father, as co-emperor, which he did on 9 February 474. When Leo II became ill and died, Zeno became sole emperor. had to settle matters with the Vandal King, Genseric, who was conducting raids against the Empire's coastal cities, threatening key commercial sea routes. sent Genseric a high-ranking officer as ambassador, Severus, who succeeded in stipulating an "eternal" peace between the Vandals and the Empire, which allowed the Romans to pay ransoms for the prisoners in Vandal hands and which ended the Vandal persecution of Orthodox Christians in their territory.[19] this success, Zeno continued to be unpopular with the people and Senate because of his barbarian origins; his right to the throne was limited to his marriage with Ariadne and his relationship to Verina, the dowager Empress. he chose to draw support from the Isaurian component of the army, in particular, the Isaurian generals Illus and Trocundes, both brothers. Verina decided to overthrow her son-in-law Zeno and replace him with her lover, the ex-magister officiorum Patricius, with the help of her brother Basiliscus. conspirators fomented riots in the capital against the Isaurian emperor; Basiliscus succeeded also in convincing Illus, Trocundes and the Ostrogothic general Theodoric Strabo to join the plot.[19] of Basiliscus, who revolted against Zeno in January 475 and held power until Zeno's return in August 476. Basiliscus was Verina's brother; he took power after having Zeno flee from Constantinople, but alienated the people of Constantinople and was captured and put to death by Zeno. January 475, Zeno was forced to flee Constantinople to Isauria with his wife and mother,[20] some Isaurian fellows and the Imperial treasure. Illus and Trocundes were sent to chase him, and Zeno was compelled to shut himself up in a fortress, where Illus besieged him, capturing also Zeno's brother, Longinus and keeping him as an hostage.[19] the conspirators quickly fell in conflict with each other. Basiliscus took the throne for himself, putting to death Verina's lover and candidate, Patricius. He also allowed the mob to kill all of the Isaurians left in Constantinople, an episode that damaged relations with the Isaurian generals Illus and Trocundes. appointed his nephew Armatus magister militum, thus alienating Theodoric Strabo. Zeno had left no money, Basiliscus was forced to levy heavy taxes. he alienated the Church by supporting the Monophysites. people of Constantinople also put the blame on him for a great fire that burned several parts of the city. the secret support of the Senate, and bribes paid by Zeno, Illus agreed to switch sides and united his army with Zeno's, marching on Constantinople. Basiliscus tried to recover popular support and sent another army against Zeno, under his nephew Armatus' command. Zeno succeeded in bribing Armatus too, promising to confirm his rank of magister militum praesentalis for life and promoting his son (also called Basiliscus) to the rank of Caesar; Armatus' army failed to intercept Zeno's troops during their march on Constantinople.[19] August 476, Zeno besieged Constantinople. The Senate opened the gates of the city to the Isaurian, allowing the deposed emperor to resume the throne. Basiliscus fled with his family to the baptistery of Hagia Sophia.[21][22] Betrayed by the Patriarch Acacius, he surrendered himself and his family after extracting a solemn promise from Zeno not to shed their blood. Basiliscus and his family were sent to a fortress in Cappadocia, where Zeno had them enclosed in a dry cistern, to die from exposure.[21][23][24] his restoration, Zeno fulfilled his promises, letting Armatus keep his title of magister militum praesentalis (possibly even raising him to the rank of patricius) and appointing his son Basiliscus Caesar in Nicaea.[25] 477, however, Zeno changed his mind, probably at Illus' instigation, as the latter stood to gain from the fall of Armatus, and ordered Armatus' death. Zeno confiscated all of Armatus' properties, deposed his son Basiliscus, and had him ordained as a priest.[26][27][28] of the Western Empire[edit] solidus was minted by Odoacer in the name of Zeno. Odoacer ruled Italy under the formal patronage of the Eastern Emperor. western emperor Olybrius died in the autumn of 472. Gundobad, the western magister militum then proclaimed Glycerius, the comes domesticorum (commander of the Imperial guard) as western emperor in Ravenna. I refused to endorse Glycerius and elevated his nephew Julius Nepos to co-emperor for the west in 473. Expecting resistance, Nepos was forced by bad winter weather to delay his voyage until the next year; it was therefore left to Zeno, as Leo's successor, to support Julius Nepos' installation in Ravenna. Nepos arrived in Italy, quickly deposed Glycerius who offered no resistance, and was proclaimed emperor by the Roman Senate in June 474. Julius was on good terms with Zeno, and he even minted coins in the names of Zeno, Leo II and himself.[29] and the Mediterranean Basin at the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 August 475, during Basiliscus' reign, while Zeno was in Isauria blocked by Illus' army, Orestes, the western magister militum, revolted, forcing Nepos to flee Italy for Dalmatia; Orestes proclaimed his own son Romulus Augustus emperor, but was unable to gain the allegiance of the remnants of the Western Empire outside of Italy.[29] year later, while Zeno was entering Constantinople to end Basiliscus' brief usurpation, Romulus and Orestes were overthrown by the Chieftain Odoacer. the support of Odoacer, the Roman Senate sent an envoy to present the imperial insignia to the restored Zeno. They asked Zeno to dissolve the separation of the empire and rule as sole Emperor; also, to appoint Odoacer both patricius and official imperial governor of Italy. the same time, Zeno received another embassy, sent by Julius Nepos, who asked Zeno to give him the money and the army he needed to resume his control of Italy. Zeno answered that the Roman Senate should welcome back Julius Nepos, their rightful emperor, and that Odoacer should properly receive the patriciate from Nepos, although he allowed that he would also grant it.[30] Odoacer was officially recognised and left in possession of Italy, while Nepos kept his title and the other fragments of the empire's western holdings, but no army. in deference to Zeno, Odoacer recognised Nepos' de jure reign in Italy until his death, ruling and even minting coins in his name, but he never allowed his return. Nepos' assassination in 480, Odoacer invaded Dalmatia to pursue and punish the assassins (and also to take Dalmatia for himself). Zeno legitimised Odoacer's authority in Dalmatia; Odoacer recognised Zeno as sole emperor of the again unitary Empire, but increasingly started using the title of king for himself.[31] of Marcian (479)[edit] was the son of the Western Roman Emperor Anthemius (467-“472) and a grandson of Emperor Marcian (450-“457). He had married Ariadne's sister Leontia, and was therefore Zeno's brother-in-law; he was twice consul, in 467 and 472. 479 Marcian tried to overthrow Zeno and claim the throne for himself. With the help of his brothers Procopius Anthemius and Romulus, he gathered in Constantinople troops composed of both citizens and foreigners in the house of a Caesarius, south of the Forum of Theodosius, and from there they marched at the same time on the imperial palace and on the house of Illus, who was a supporter of Zeno. The emperor almost fell into the hands of the rebels, who, during the day, overwhelmed the imperial troops, who were also attacked by citizens from the roofs of their houses. During the night, however, Illus moved an Isaurian unit, quartered in nearby Chalcedonia, into Constantinople and also corrupted Marcian's soldiers, who allowed Zeno to flee. The following morning, Marcian, understanding that his situation was desperate and that reinforcements from Theodoric Strabo would not arrive in time, took refuge in the church of the Holy Apostles, but was arrested with his brothers.[32] sent Marcian and his brothers to Caesarea in Cappadocia. They tried to flee, but Marcian was captured and obliged to become a monk in Tarsus (Cilicia),[33] or imprisoned in Isauria, in the fortress of Papurius. He tried to escape a second time, and this time he succeeded, but, after gathering new troops and attacking Ancyra, he was defeated and captured by Trocundus, Illus' brother.[32] of Illus (484-“488)[edit] section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) commanding position and popular favour of Illus rendered him an object of suspicion, and Zeno in various ways sought to rid himself of him. Verina, the dowager Empress, plotted against his life. Verina's attempt was unsuccessful, and Zeno, equally jealous of her and of Illus, banished her at the suggestion of the latter, confining her in the fort of Papurius. There is some doubt as to the timing of these events. Candidus of Isauria places the banishment of Verina before the revolt of Marcian, and Theodore Lector assigns as the cause of it her share in the revolt of Basiliscus. It is not unlikely, indeed, that this turbulent woman was twice banished, once before Marcian's revolt, for her connection with Basiliscus, and again after Marcian's revolt, for her plot against Illus. her prison she managed to persuade her daughter Ariadne, the wife of Zeno, to attempt to obtain her release, first from Zeno, and then from Illus, to whom the Emperor referred her. Illus refused her request. Ariadne, like her mother, attempted to assassinate Illus. ascribes her hatred to another cause: he says that Illus had infused jealous suspicions into Zeno's mind which had led Zeno to attempt to end her life, and that her knowledge of these things stimulated her to revenge. The assassin whom she employed only wounded Illus; the assassin was taken prisoner and Zeno, who appears to have been privy to the affair, was unable to prevent his execution. ” with his friend Pamprepius, Leontius and his brother Trocundus “ now retired from court. They first went to Nicaea and then, on pretence of change of air and of procuring a cure for his wound, into the East where he was made magister militum. Having traversed Asia Minor, they raised the standard of revolt in 484, when Illus declared Leontius Emperor. sent an army to fight them, but Illus won, obtained possession of Papurius, released Verina, and induced her to crown Leontius at Tarsus. 485 Zeno sent against the rebels a fresh army, said to consist of Macedonians and Scythians (Tillemont conjectures, not unreasonably, that these were Ostrogoths) under John the Hunchback, or, more probably, John the Scythian, and Theoderic the Amal, who was at this time consul. John defeated the rebels near Seleucia and drove them into the fort of Papurius where he blockaded them. After a few months Trocundus died; the fort was taken only after four years of siege, by the treachery of Trocundus's brother-in-law, who had been sent for the purpose from Constantinople by Zeno. Illus and Leontius were beheaded (488) and their heads sent to the Emperor.[34] with the Goths (474-“487)[edit] weight with the name of Theoderic the Great, King of the Ostrogoths and ruler of Italy. served under Zeno, fighting against his opponent Theodoric Strabo (476-“481), and then was the leader of the army that besieged the fort of Papurius and captured and killed Illus' brother, Trocundus (484). aggressions of the two Ostrogothic leaders, Theoderic the Amal (Theoderic the Great), the son of Theodemir and leader of the Moesian Ostrogoths, and Theodoric Strabo, the leader of the Thracian Ostrogoths, had been a constant source of danger since 472. Although Zeno at times contrived to play them off against each other, they in turn were able to profit by his dynastic rivalries. It was only by offering them pay and high command that he kept them from attacking Constantinople itself. the death of Leo II, Theodoric Strabo rebelled against Zeno. His support was instrumental in overthrowing Zeno and raising Basiliscus to the Byzantine throne (475), but Theodoric and Basiliscus had a falling-out, so when Zeno returned to Constantinople in 476 and defeated Basiliscus, Strabo was reported to have not defended the city.[35][36] 476/477, Zeno allied himself with Strabo's rival, Theoderic the Amal, and ordered him to attack Strabo. The leader of the Thracian Goths sent an embassy to the Emperor, offering peace and blaming the Moesian Theodoric. Zeno understood that this offering was hiding further conspiracies, and convinced the Senate and army to declare Strabo a public enemy.[28] plan was to have the two Theoderics attack each other. He sent the Amal against Strabo, who supported the revolt of Marcian, with the promise of a huge Roman force as reinforcement (478). When Theoderic the Amal arrived through the mountains at Mount Soundis, he did not find the Roman reinforcement army he expected, but instead Theodoric Strabo's army, in a strongly fortified camp. The two Theoderics agreed to put forward a joint request to the Emperor, in order to extend to the south the settlement territory of the Ostrogoths in Moesia.[37] tried to divide the two Theoderics by bribing the Amal, but he refused the bribe. The Imperial army obtained some initial successes, but Zeno did not press his advantage, and allowed the Amal to move westward in Thrace, plundering territories as he went. With the Amal far away, Strabo accepted an agreement with Zeno: Strabo was to be given back his wealth, money to pay 13,000 soldiers, the command of two palatinae units, and the title once more of magister militum.[37] However, the army of Theodoric Strabo, 30,000-men strong was still a menace for Zeno, who convinced the Bulgars to attack the Thracian Goths in their own base. Strabo defeated the Bulgars in 480/481, and moved towards Constantinople, but he had to deal with problems with his own men, so he could not capitalise upon his victory and was forced to return to Greece. On his way back, he died in an accident.[37] Theodoric Strabo died in 481, the future Theoderic the Great became king of the entire Ostrogoth nation and continued to be a source of trouble in the Balkan peninsula. Zeno allied to Theoderic, whom he appointed magister militum praesentalis and even consul for the year 484, the first time a barbarian who was not a citizen of the Empire reached such a high distinction. Zeno had Theoderic fight against Illus and the usurper Leontius, besieging them at Papurius in 484-“488. However, in 486 Theoderic revolted again and attacked Constantinople, severing the city's water supply. Zeno bought a peace and agreed with Theoderic that the Ostrogoths should have gone to invade Italy to fight Odoacer, who had allegedly supported Leontius, and to establish his new kingdom there (487). This all but eliminated the Germanic presence in the east.[38] of the Henotikon (482)[edit] religious matters, Zeno is famous for his Henotikon, or "Act of Union", issued in 482 to mediate between Chalcedonian and Miaphysite views about the nature of Christ. The Chalcedonians recognised two natures (physis) in Christ, the Miaphysites only one; the Council of Chalcedon (451) had issued the Chalcedonian Creed and condemned the Miaphysite position, but the Miaphysites were still strong, especially in the Eastern provinces of the Empire, and the Patriarch of Alexandria, Peter Mongus, was a Miaphysite. Supporting the Miaphysites was one of the mistakes made by Basiliscus, as the people of Constantinople were Chalcedonian, but Zeno needed the support of the Miaphysite provinces ”Egypt, Syria, Palestine and Asia Minor; also, the Patriarch of Constantinople, Acacius, was interested in reducing the distance between the two positions. in 482 Zeno issued the Henotikon, a document he had developed with the support of Acacius and addressed to the factions in Egypt. The edict affirmed the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed (i.e., the Creed of Nicaea completed at Constantinople) as affording a common, final and united symbol or expression of faith. All other symbola or mathemata were excluded; Eutyches and Nestorius were unmistakably condemned in an anathema, while the twelve chapters of Cyril of Alexandria were accepted. The teaching of Chalcedon was not so much repudiated as passed over in silence; Jesus Christ was described as the "only-begotten Son of God [...] one and not two" and there was no explicit reference to the two natures.[39] bishop of Rome, Pope Felix III, refused to accept the document and excommunicated Acacius (484), thus beginning the Acacian schism, which lasted until 519.[40] 488 the patriarch of Antioch, Peter the Fuller, came to Constantinople to have his right to the Church of Cyprus confirmed. Zeno called the bishop of Cyprus, Anthemius, to answer the accusations. The bishop claimed that before his departure, he had had a vision of St. Barnabas, in which the position of the tomb of the apostle had been revealed to him. In the tomb, Anthemius had found the relics of the apostle and a copy of the Gospel of Matthew written in Hebrew by Barnabas himself. received the relics and the manuscript, and in exchange he proclaimed the autonomy of the Church of Cyprus.[41] 489 Zeno closed the Persian school of Edessa, Mesopotamia, by request of bishop Cyrus II of Edessa, because it promoted Nestorian teachings, and built a church in its place. The school relocated to its original home of Nisibis, becoming again the School of Nisibis, and leading to a wave of Nestorian immigration into Persia.[42] the Samaritan revolt (484)[edit] Gerizim, where Samaritan sources have Zeno buried. According to Samaritan sources, Zeno (whom the sources call "Zait the King of Edom") persecuted the Samaritans. The Emperor went to Sichem (Neapolis), gathered the elders and asked them to convert; when they refused, Zeno had many Samaritans killed, and converted the synagogue to a church. Zeno then took for himself Mount Gerizim, where the Samaritans worshipped God, and built several edifices, among which a tomb for his recently deceased son, on which he put a cross, so that the Samaritans, worshipping God, would prostrate in front of the tomb. According to these same sources, Zeno was buried on Mount Gerizim. in 484, the Samaritans revolted. rebels attacked Sichem, burnt five churches built on Samaritan holy places and cut off the fingers of bishop Terebinthus, who was officiating the ceremony of Whitsun. They elected Justa (or Justasa/Justasus) as their king and moved to Caesarea, where a significant Samaritan community lived. Here several Christians were killed and the church of St. Sebastian was destroyed. Justa celebrated the victory with games in the circus. to John Malalas, the dux Palestinae Asclepiades, whose troops were reinforced by the Caesarea-based Arcadiani of Rheges, defeated Justa, killed him and sent his head to Zeno.[43] According to Procopius of Caesarea, Terebinthus went to Zeno to ask for revenge; the Emperor personally went to Samaria to quell the rebellion.[44] historians believe that the order of the facts preserved by Samaritan sources should be inverted, as the persecution of Zeno was a consequence of the rebellion rather than its cause, and should have happened after 484, around 489. rebuilt the church of St. Procopius in Neapolis (Sichem) and the Samaritans were banned from Mount Gerizim, on whose top a signalling tower was built to alert in case of civil unrest.[45] and succession[edit] died on 9 April 491,[46] of dysentery[47] or of epilepsy,[48] after ruling for 17 years and 2 months. No sons were to succeed him: Leo had died in 474, Zenon, the first son, in his youth, while living at court.[6] then chose a favoured member of the Imperial court, Anastasius, to succeed Zeno, whose brother Longinus revolted, starting the Isaurian War. to a popular legend recorded by two 11th century and 12th century writers, Zeno was buried alive after becoming insensible due to drinking or an illness.[49] For three days cries of "have pity on me!" could be heard from within his verd antique sarcophagus, but because of the hatred of his wife and subjects, Ariadne refused to open the tomb.[50] This tale is not likely, as earlier and contemporary sources do not mention it, even though they too were hostile to his memory.[50] Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on July 21; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on August 17; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5; 62 Martyred Priests of Africa, martyred by the Arians, Commemorated on December 8; 300 Martyred laypeople of Africa, martyred by the Arians, Commemorated on December 8; Venerable Marcellus the Abbot of the Monastery of the "œUnsleeping Ones"Â, Commemorated on December 29; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated on January 11; Martyr Speusippus in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Xenophon of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 1; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated on February 19 ; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5 ; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1 ; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7 ; St Isaac the Syrian, Abbot of Spoleto, Commemorated on April 12; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6;

Byzantium, 475-476, Emperor, Basiliscus, Varina's b, barbarian successor to Leo, Miaphysite, k by Zeno coming back
Byzantium, 475-476, Emperor, Basiliscus; Basiliscus (died 476/477) was Eastern Roman emperor from 475 to 476. A member of the House of Leo, he came to power when Emperor Zeno was forced out of Constantinople by a revolt. Basiliscus was the brother of Empress Aelia Verina, who was the wife of Emperor Leo I (457-“474). His relationship with the Emperor allowed him to pursue a military career that, after minor initial successes, ended in 468, when he led the disastrous Roman invasion of Vandal Africa, in one of the largest military operations of Late Antiquity. succeeded in seizing power in 475, exploiting the unpopularity of Emperor Zeno, the barbarian successor to Leo, and a plot organised by Verina that had caused Zeno to flee Constantinople. However, during his short rule, Basiliscus alienated the fundamental support of the Church and the people of Constantinople, promoting the Miaphysite christological position in opposition to the Chalcedonian faith. Also, his policy of securing his power through the appointment of loyal men to key roles antagonised many important figures in the imperial court, including his sister Verina. So, when Zeno tried to regain his empire, he found virtually no opposition, triumphantly entering Constantinople, and capturing and killing Basiliscus and his family. struggle between Basiliscus and Zeno impeded the Eastern Roman Empire's ability to intervene in the fall of the Western Roman Empire, which happened in early September 476. When the chieftain of the Heruli, Odoacer, deposed Western Emperor Romulus Augustus, sending the imperial regalia to Constantinople, Zeno had just regained his throne, and was in no position to take any action but appoint Odoacer dux of Italy, thereby ending the Western Roman Empire. Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on July 21;

Byzantium, 491-518, Emperor, Anastasius I, better govrnmt, econ, but heratic
Byzantine Emperor, 491-518, Anastasius I ; Anastasius I (Greek:431 -“ 9 July 518) was Byzantine emperor from 491 to 518. He made his career as a government administrator. He came to the throne at the age of 61 after being chosen by the wife of his predecessor, Zeno. His religious tendencies caused tensions throughout his reign. He is often recognized as the first Byzantine emperor.[4] His reign was characterised by improvements in the government, economy, and bureaucracy in the Eastern Roman empire.[5] He is noted for leaving the imperial government with a sizeable budget surplus of 23,000,000 solidi due to minimisation of government corruption, reforms to the tax code, and the introduction of a new form of currency.[6] He is venerated as a saint by the Syriac Orthodox Church on 29 July. BENEDICT. FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Restoration of the Temple of the 40 Martyrs, Commemorated on August 9; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; St Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 1; St Gobnata of Ballyvourney, Commemorated on February 11 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated on February 19 ; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; St James the Faster of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5 ; Venerable Benedict of Nursia, Commemorated on March 14 ; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1 ; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7 ; St Isaac the Syrian, Abbot of Spoleto, Commemorated on April 12; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; St Ephraim the Patriarch of Antioch, Commemorated on June 8; St David of Thessaloniki, Commemorated on June 26; St Severus the Presbyter of Interocrea in Italy, Commemorated on June 27;

Constantinople, 500-599, 6th Century, Folder, Monophysites

Constantinople, 501-555, Gregory of Homer, m d accurate prophecies&visions, m travels, Ethiopia, converts fourfold people
Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 501-555, Saint Gregory of Homer or Omrits was the purported archbishop of Ẓafar, the capital of the kingdom of Ḥimyar, in the mid-6th century, according to a hagiographical dossier compiled in the 10th century. This compilation is essentially legendary and fictitious, although a few parts of it are of historical value. Written in Greek, it survives also in a Slavonic translation.[2] The three works in the dossier are conventionally known as the Bios (Life), Nomoi (Laws) and Dialexis (Debate).[3] The whole dossier is sometimes known as the Acts of Gregentios.[4] name Gregentios is unknown apart from the Bios and related texts. According to the Bios, he received his name from a local holy man. Several later scribes, encountering an unheard of name, changed it to Gregorios (Gregory).[5] This is the name that appears in all the Slavonic versions, as well as an Arabic translation of the Dialexis.[2][5] It also appears in the fresco depicting Gregentios in the monastery of Koutsovendis on Cyprus, painted between 1110 and 1118.[6] Other scribal emendations are Gregentinos and Rhegentios.[5] name has a Latin ending, which may indicate a western origin for the name, but such suffixes had entered vernacular Greek by the time the Bios was written. The name may be derived from Agrigentius, "man from Agrigento", or from a combination of the name Gregory with either Agrigentius or the name of Saint Vincentius. The biography of Gregory of Agrigento was a major source used by the author of the Bios, and an itinerary of Vincentius may also have been used.[5] only known persons named after Gregentios are two 19th-century monks of Mount Athos. The first was the archimandrite of Vatopedi in April 1842 and the second a monk of the Skete of Saint Anne who died in 1879 aged 69. Both monastic communities had copies of the Bios and Dialexis of Gregentios.[5] Bios, which Jean-Marie Sansterre called a "hagiographical romance", is divided into nine chapters. While the first eight are vague in their chronology and geography, the ninth draws on superior historical sources and contains more precise details.[7] The early part, which includes an Avar raid on his hometown, may also reflect authentic conditions in the northern Balkans during the later 6th century.[8] The Bios was completed either at Constantinople in the 10th century or in Rome in the 9th century.[7] The Nomoi and Dialexis are later additions. The whole collection, which presents as a unity, was not brought together before the 10th century. The Nomoi may contain some authentic information, since it shares characteristics with legal inscriptions from pre-Islamic South Arabia.[2] The Dialexis, which is a debate between Gregentios and a Jew named Herban, was the most popular part of the work and circulated independently into modern times.[4] life in Avaria start of the Bios of Gregentios, from a copy made in 1180 and now in Saint Catherine's Monastery, Sinai[9] to his Bios, Gregentios was born on 6 December in the late 5th century in the town of Lyplianes (Ljubljana) in the land of the Avars.[2][7][10] father was named Agapios and his mother Eusebia. At his baptism, he was named after a sage who lived on a nearby mountain. His schooling begins at the age of seven. At the age of ten, he is pushed into a river by a deer. Miraculously saved from drowning, he retires to the desert, where he receives instruction and prophecies about his future from a holy man.[11] his mother dies, Gregentios is placed in the custody of the married but childless priest who baptised him. During a barbarian invasion, the townspeople flee to the fortress of Korada. Gregentios, who was in the vineyards at the time, manages to sneak in through the Rhomanesios gate while the fortress is besieged. After the barbarians retreat, both Gregentios and his foster mother have prophetic dreams about him. At the urging of a certain Sergios, his foster mother tells her dream to an elder named Niketas, who interprets it as saying that Gregentios will one day convert a fourfold people.[11] next traveled extensively in northern and central Italy and Sicily before sailing to Alexandria in Egypt.[2][7] The Bios presents him as travelling from Lyplianes to Moryne (Murano), Antenora (Padua) and Agrigento, then by boat to Pavia, then to Milan and Carthage, then by foot to Rome, then to Augustopolis (either Augusta or Koper) and finally Alexandria. In its order, timing and means of travel, this itinerary is absurd.[12] and Sicily first departs with the holy man from the desert. They reach Moryne in a single day. There they stay with a man named Sabbatios, where a holy fool named Peter informs Gregentios that his foster parents are searching for him. The holy man and Gregentios leave Moryne after the local bishop learns of the latter's spiritual gifts. In Antenora, they stay in the house of Theodoretos, while the bishop of Moryne searches for him. Bishop Eulogios of Antenora makes Gregentios a deacon and lector. A holy woman named Theodora informs him again of his foster parents' search.[10] the holy man, Gregentios moves on to Agrigento, leaving the bishop of Antenora also to send searchers after him. He is hosted by the priest Stephanos in the church of the Mother of God outside the walls. He visits the grave of the hermit Eirene, who appears to him and talks to him. He visits two churches in the city, and a woman preaching to a crowd from a balcony predicts that he will go to Egypt and Ḥimyar. The holy man then appears and whisks Gregentios away to Milan. Going by boat, they pass Rome on the way.[10] Milan, Gregentios stays with one Niketas, while the holy man moves on to Largention (Piacenza). He visits the grave of Saint Ambrose and begins reading his works. He takes on as a disciple a boy of fourteen named Leon, who later becomes governor of Melike (either Ravenna or the land of the Melingoi) and is assassinated. Gregentios has a vision of the underworld in which he sees Leon among those who died before their time awaiting the Last Judgement. The holy man then returns and the two travel to Carthage, where they stay with one Constantine.[10] and Rome Carthage, Gregentios meets a woman named Philothea who is regarded as a mute who only barks and sighs. The holy man reveals that this is merely a gift God gave her to ward off a man who tried to seduce her. She speaks to Gregentios clearly and lucidly. his time in Carthage, he befriends a young man named George and they visit a church dedicated to Saint Anastasia. There, a holy woman identifies Gregentios by name and birthplace. When George asks for the same treatment, she reproaches and names the women he has been sinning with. young man, a Thracian named Pothetos, asks Gregentios for spiritual advice. Gregentios writes sixteen homilies that make Pothetos regret his marriage, but Gregentios convinces him to go home to his wife.[10] Carthage, the holy man takes Gregentios to Rome. On the way, he has a vision of the devil in the valley of Patherolymna. Rome, they stay with a man named Benedict near the Great Portico. He owns a slave named Elizabeth, who is sexually abused by a demon every night. After Gregentios writes a formula on a piece of papyrus and gives it to her, she is freed from the demon.[10] day, Gregentios is visited by Saint Peter, who had been absent from his grave when Gregentios visited it, for he had gone to give comfort to the persecuted Christians of Negra (Najrān). tells Gregentios that the time has not yet come for the holy man's identity to be revealed. a woman identifies Gregentios by name as the prophet of the Ḥimyarites. He is also identified by name by the monk Abramios. At the request of a beggar named Zacharias, he heals the eye of a youth named Basil. In ecstasy at the tomb of Saint Paul, he sees a vision of the saint bringing him a pallium.[10] visits a church dedicated to Saint Boniface, whose feast day he will come to share. He meets a fool for Christ named John who throws stones at passersby. visits a hermit named Michael, who sends him on to a hermit named Artados, who lives atop a mountain beyond the Dry Lakes. Artados prophesies in detail about Gregentios' future in Egypt and Ḥimyar, where he will convert four peoples: pagans, Jews, Ḥimyarites and Maurousians. a stay of two days, Gregentios returns to Rome, where he meets Pope Felix IV (526–530). The holy man rejoins him and they go to Augustopolis.[10] Augustopolis, Gregentios stays with a widow named Euphemia. In the market, he meets an Armenian from Artazat (Artaxata), who prophesies his future. a few days, the holy man and Gregentios board a ship from Leukas for Alexandria. There, Gregentios is greeted by name by a female slave, whose prophesies how the patriarch will call him to be an archbishop. He stays in the house of one Leontios. In Alexandria, he visits a monastery led by a eunuch-abbot named Epiphanios. His prayers chase away a devil who throws stones at a monk named Kosmas. A woman named Archontia greets him by name.[10] in South Arabia last part of the Bios "contains the only clear historical information scattered through the whole" of the Gregentios materials.[13] 523, the Ḥimyarite king Dhū Nuwās massacres the Christians of Najrān and its leader, Arethas. Emperor Justin I asks the Ethiopian (Aksumite) king Elesboam (Caleb) to lead an expedition against Dhū Nuwās. writes to the patriarch of Alexandria, Proterios, for a bishop to evangelize the Ḥimyarites.[14] (The actual patriarch at this time was Timothy IV.[2]) Mark informs Proterios of Gregentios in a dream. The patriarch consecrates Gregentios as bishop and send him back with the Ethiopian envoys.[14] This takes place after the successful Ethiopian conquest of Ḥimyar (525).[2] Ethiopia, Gregentios stays for a time in the capital, Amlem (Aksum), before crossing the sea to Medekion (Maddaban) and then heading to Taphar (Ẓafār) and finally Najrān, where he meets the king. consecrates the churches that the kings has built and installs priests in them at Najrān, Ẓafār, Akana, Atarph, Legmia , Azaki and Iouze.[14][15] Bios describes Elesboam's retirement to a monastery and the miraculous invocation of his name. Gregentios threatens the Ḥimyarites with the death penalty for all those who do not convert, whereupon the hole country becomes Christian. The Dialexis is interposed here, and the end of the Bios follows.[14] remains in Ḥimyar for thirty years, assisting Elesboam's appointed viceroy, Abraha, in building churches. Shortly after Abraha dies and is succeeded by his son Seridos (Masrūq), Gregentios dies on 19 December. He is buried in the cathedral.[16] He is commemorated in the Synaxarion of Constantinople on 19 December.[2] Start of the Nomoi in a manuscript copied in Gaza in 1487[17] Nomoi ton Homeriton, also known in Latin as Leges Homeritarum,[18] is usually regarded as a fictional law code containing some amount of authentic pre-Islamic South Arabian material. The laws are not arranged thematically, but may be subsumed under eight headings: (1) morals, marriage and family; (2) slavery; (3) right of employment; (4) culture and social life; (5) cruelty against animals; (6) rental laws; (7) officeholders; and (8) miscellaneous. Within the last class are laws concerning sorcery, poisoning, perjury, theft, extrajudicial punishments, infringing ecclesiastical asylum, workhouses for criminals and prohibitions on begging. The Nomoi do not come near to being a comprehensive law code. There is, for example, no law of inheritance.[19] Nomoi prescribes harsh punishments for transgressions, often mutilation, and mitigating factors are nowhere admitted. Its strong prohibitions of wife-beating and cruelty to animals stand out, however, since Byzantine law knew no restriction on the treatment of animals. The laws seem concerned strictly with an urban community like Najrān. Administration and taxation are governed in a clearly Byzantine manner. The prohibitions on dancing, singing, gambling and gaming may be taken from the canons of the Quinisext Council (691/692). On the whole, the influence of canon law is limited, but Christian theological justifications are provided for the laws. Although the Nomoi is a civil law code, it presents itself as having been promulgated by a supernatural force to the geitoniarchai (administrators of Najrān's 36 districts). It bears the unmistakable stamp of a Christian monk of a strong ascetic spirit. In the words of J. B. Bury, the laws "illustrate the kind of legislation at which the ecclesiastical spirit, unchecked, would have aimed."[20] and authorship authenticity of the Nomoi was first put in doubt by Cardinal Jean-Baptiste-François Pitra in 1864. He was followed by many, including Louis Duchesne, but in 1969 Nina Pigulevskaya defended a 6th-century origin. She thought the code was written in the Byzantine Empire and never actually came into force in Ḥimyar. Irfan Shahîd and A. K. Irvine have also defended the authenticity of the code.[21] Garth Fowden considers that it contains some authentic material.[18] It mentions a slave market at a place called Trikanos or Trikanon, a place not attested anywhere else.[21] features of the Nomoi that would be unusual in 6th-century Byzantium have been ascribed to South Arabian influence. They may, however, reflect a later date of composition. Mutilation was an uncommon punishment in Byzantine law prior to Leo III's Ecloga (741). One of the most unusual and cruel punishments in the Nomoi—suspending a convict upside down and smoking him to death with burning hay—is actually attested in an 8th-century Byzantine source (Nikephoros's Breviarium). Some prescriptions regarding marriage in the Nomoi became a part of Byzantine law during the reign Leo VI (886–912).[22] Similarities between the Najrān of the Nomoi and Constantinople under the Macedonian dynasty suggest that the Nomoi was probably written at Constantinople in the 10th century.[23] The Nomoi may be compared with other pseudepigraphal texts of supposed supernatural origin from Byzantium, such as the Didascalia Apostolorum and Letter of Christ Fallen from Heaven.[24] earliest manuscript witness to the Nomoi, a copy made in 1180 on Cyprus, shows some Western influence in its terminology. It is probable that it was copied from a manuscript made shortly before in Crusader Syria. Some of its terminology does not appear in Greek again until the Assizes of Cyprus in the 14th century.[24] Dialexis purports to be a record written around 550 or 560 of a debate between Gregentios and a Jew named Herban that took place before the royal court of Ḥimyar around 520 or 530. The author does not claim to have been present or to have known Gregentios, but does claim to have had access to a record of the proceedings written at the time by the notary Palladios. [25] The text, however, shows clear evidence of having been composed after the start of the controversies over monothelitism (7th century), iconoclasm (8th century) and the filioque clause, which only became a live controversy in the Byzantine Empire after 860.[26] is a treatise against the Azymites in the form of a letter that is ascribed to Gregentios in one manuscript. Given the issue it discusses, it can have no connection to the time in which Gregentios supposedly lived. In 1660, some "letters of Gregentios"—possibly the same treatise—were catalogued as part of the library of Denis Pétau that had been purchased after his death by Queen Christina of Sweden. There is no further record of these letters and they appear to be lost.[27] Afar, Ethiopia (Semara) ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Gregory, Bishop of Homer (Omirits), the son of Agapius and Theodota, was filled with the grace of God and possessed gifts of healing and wonderworking even in his youth. Providence of God led him to hierarchical service. While still a deacon at Mediolanum (Milan) he heard the foretelling of his destiny from a hermit, and then he received confirmation of these words from another spirit-bearing Elder who lived an ascetic life in the mountains. Gregory went to this holy schemamonk for guidance, a miracle occurred. As he approached the mountain, he saw a fiery column in the air. He soon realized that the fiery column was actually the man of God coming toward him. That night he saw the Elder standing in the air above the ground. Elder revealed to Saint Gregory that he must go to Rome to pray in the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida. he would go to Alexandria and to become a bishop. he would arrive in the city of Negran in the land of Homer (in southern Arabia) to proclaim the Gospel. Gregory felt himself unworthy of this, and wished to remain with the ascetic as his disciple. that Gregory should have no doubts of the veracity of his words, the Elder revealed that he knew a secret about him. In a vision, Gregory had seen the First-Ranked Apostles Peter and Paul, and they had placed a bishop’s omophorion upon him. Gregory stayed a short time in Carthage (North Africa) serving as a deacon, then arrived in Rome. He went to the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida, then to the tomb of Saint Peter. There he was granted a vision of the holy Apostle, who told him to walk the path of virtue and to live according to God’s will. That night he saw the Apostle Paul in a dream bringing to him a cup filled with oil, foretelling that he should receive the grace of the priesthood and the episcopacy. this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar.

Constantinople, 501-580, St Christopher of Palestine, Roman, Monastery of St. Theodosius, prayed and prostrated each night
Monastery of St. Theodosius, 476; Jerusalem, 471-576, Jerusalem Saint, Theodosius the Cenobiarch; St. Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30; Christopher, a Roman, lived during the sixth century. He was tonsured into monasticism at the monastery of Saint Theodosius (January 11) in Palestine, near Jerusalem. The accounts of Abba Theodulus about Saint Christopher are contained in chapters 105 and 234 of the book The Spiritual Meadow (Limonarion) Saint Christopher went to Jerusalem to worship at the Holy Sepulchre of the Lord and at the Life-Creating Cross. At the gateway of the church he beheld a monk not moving from the spot. Two ravens flew before his face. Saint Christopher discerned that these were demons, which held the monk back from entering the church. asked the brother: “Why do you stand at the gate and not enter?” The brother answered: “Pardon me, Father, but within me struggle two thoughts. One says: go and venerate the Venerable Cross. The other says: don’t go in, make some excuse, and come to venerate the Cross another time.” Then Saint Christopher took the brother by the hand and led him into the church. The ravens immediately disappeared, and the brother venerated the Cross and the Holy Sepulchre. Saint Christopher told this story to someone who was distracted by his duties and neglected his prayers. day Saint Christopher fulfilled his monastic obedience, and by night he retired to a cave, where at an earlier time Saint Theodosius and other Fathers had prayed. At each of the 18 steps leading into the cave, he made 100 prostrations, and spent the greater part of the night in prayer, before the semantron was sounded for Orthros. spent eleven years doing this. time, descending into the cave, he beheld a multitude of lamps in it. Two radiant youths were tending them. “Why have you put the lamps here so that I cannot enter in and pray?” asked the monk. “These are the lamps of the Fathers,” they replied. “Tell me, does my lamp burn or not?” They said, “Pray, and we will light it.” “Pray?” he said, “What have I been doing up to now?” Then the saint said to himself: “Christopher, if you wish to be saved, greater effort is needed!” dawn he went from the monastery to Mount Sinai, taking nothing with him. The monk toiled there for fifty years at great exploits. Finally, he heard a voice saying, “Christopher! Go to the monastery where you struggled earlier, so that you might rest there with your Fathers.” Venerable Copres of Palestine, Commemorated on September 24;

Constantinople, 510-556, Saint Romanos the Melodist
Byzantium, 510-556, Saint Romanos the Melodist; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, "œSweet-Singer"Â, Commemorated on October 1;

Byzantium, 518-527, Emperor, Justin I, elected at 70, Justinian dynasty, no pagan symbols
Byzantine Emperor, 518-527, Justin I ; BENEDICT. FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated on January 11; St Gobnata of Ballyvourney, Commemorated on February 11 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated on February 19 ; St James the Faster of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Benedict of Nursia, Commemorated on March 14 ; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1 ; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; St Isaac the Syrian, Abbot of Spoleto, Commemorated on April 12; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17; St Ephraim the Patriarch of Antioch, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Zosimus of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on June 8; St David of Thessaloniki, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Martha the Mother of the Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Constantinople, 520-540, Elesbaan, King, Ethiopia, pious christian, took revenge, defeated, vow, victory, monastery
Ethiopian King, 520-540, Elesbaan (Caleb or Kaleb), Christian Kingdom of Axum (100-940); Blessed Elesbaan, King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; Elesbaan, King of what is now Ethiopia lived when Arabia was ruled by Dunaan, the oppressor of Christians. pious Elesbaan was unable to look on indifferently as believers in Christ were being massacred. He declared war on Dunaan, but his military campaign was unsuccessful. to learn the reason for his defeat, Elesbaan, with prompting from above, turned to a certain hermit. He revealed to the emperor that he had proceeded unrighteously in deciding to take revenge against Dunaan, since the Lord had said, “Vengeance is Mine, I will repay!” (Heb 10:30). hermit counseled Saint Elesbaan make a vow to devote his final days of life to God, to escape the wrath of God for his self-willed revenge, and then to defeat Dunaan. Elesbaan made a vow to the Lord, and marching off with his army against the enemy, he defeated, captured and executed him. After the victory the saint resigned as emperor, secluded himself within a monastery and for fifteen years he dwelt in strict fasting and asceticism. Elesbaan reposed around 553-555. St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Constantinople, 523-540, Saint Gregory of Homer, during this time Gregory with Elesbaan, Ethiopia, Jesus revealed to Jews
Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 523-540, Saint Gregory of Homer, during time Gregory with Elesbaan ; -------------------During this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar. Gregory, Bishop of Homer (Omirits), the son of Agapius and Theodota, was filled with the grace of God and possessed gifts of healing and wonderworking even in his youth. Providence of God led him to hierarchical service. While still a deacon at Mediolanum (Milan) he heard the foretelling of his destiny from a hermit, and then he received confirmation of these words from another spirit-bearing Elder who lived an ascetic life in the mountains. Gregory went to this holy schemamonk for guidance, a miracle occurred. As he approached the mountain, he saw a fiery column in the air. He soon realized that the fiery column was actually the man of God coming toward him. That night he saw the Elder standing in the air above the ground. Elder revealed to Saint Gregory that he must go to Rome to pray in the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida. he would go to Alexandria and to become a bishop. he would arrive in the city of Negran in the land of Homer (in southern Arabia) to proclaim the Gospel. Gregory felt himself unworthy of this, and wished to remain with the ascetic as his disciple. that Gregory should have no doubts of the veracity of his words, the Elder revealed that he knew a secret about him. In a vision, Gregory had seen the First-Ranked Apostles Peter and Paul, and they had placed a bishop’s omophorion upon him. Gregory stayed a short time in Carthage (North Africa) serving as a deacon, then arrived in Rome. He went to the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida, then to the tomb of Saint Peter. There he was granted a vision of the holy Apostle, who told him to walk the path of virtue and to live according to God’s will. That night he saw the Apostle Paul in a dream bringing to him a cup filled with oil, foretelling that he should receive the grace of the priesthood and the episcopacy. this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar. Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 523-540, Saint Gregory of Homer or Omrits was the purported archbishop of Ẓafar, the capital of the kingdom of Ḥimyar, in the mid-6th century, according to a hagiographical dossier compiled in the 10th century. This compilation is essentially legendary and fictitious, although a few parts of it are of historical value. Written in Greek, it survives also in a Slavonic translation.[2] The three works in the dossier are conventionally known as the Bios (Life), Nomoi (Laws) and Dialexis (Debate).[3] The whole dossier is sometimes known as the Acts of Gregentios.[4] name Gregentios is unknown apart from the Bios and related texts. According to the Bios, he received his name from a local holy man. Several later scribes, encountering an unheard of name, changed it to Gregorios (Gregory).[5] This is the name that appears in all the Slavonic versions, as well as an Arabic translation of the Dialexis.[2][5] It also appears in the fresco depicting Gregentios in the monastery of Koutsovendis on Cyprus, painted between 1110 and 1118.[6] Other scribal emendations are Gregentinos and Rhegentios.[5] name has a Latin ending, which may indicate a western origin for the name, but such suffixes had entered vernacular Greek by the time the Bios was written. The name may be derived from Agrigentius, "man from Agrigento", or from a combination of the name Gregory with either Agrigentius or the name of Saint Vincentius. The biography of Gregory of Agrigento was a major source used by the author of the Bios, and an itinerary of Vincentius may also have been used.[5] only known persons named after Gregentios are two 19th-century monks of Mount Athos. The first was the archimandrite of Vatopedi in April 1842 and the second a monk of the Skete of Saint Anne who died in 1879 aged 69. Both monastic communities had copies of the Bios and Dialexis of Gregentios.[5] Bios, which Jean-Marie Sansterre called a "hagiographical romance", is divided into nine chapters. While the first eight are vague in their chronology and geography, the ninth draws on superior historical sources and contains more precise details.[7] The early part, which includes an Avar raid on his hometown, may also reflect authentic conditions in the northern Balkans during the later 6th century.[8] The Bios was completed either at Constantinople in the 10th century or in Rome in the 9th century.[7] The Nomoi and Dialexis are later additions. The whole collection, which presents as a unity, was not brought together before the 10th century. The Nomoi may contain some authentic information, since it shares characteristics with legal inscriptions from pre-Islamic South Arabia.[2] The Dialexis, which is a debate between Gregentios and a Jew named Herban, was the most popular part of the work and circulated independently into modern times.[4] life in Avaria start of the Bios of Gregentios, from a copy made in 1180 and now in Saint Catherine's Monastery, Sinai[9] to his Bios, Gregentios was born on 6 December in the late 5th century in the town of Lyplianes (Ljubljana) in the land of the Avars.[2][7][10] father was named Agapios and his mother Eusebia. At his baptism, he was named after a sage who lived on a nearby mountain. His schooling begins at the age of seven. At the age of ten, he is pushed into a river by a deer. Miraculously saved from drowning, he retires to the desert, where he receives instruction and prophecies about his future from a holy man.[11] his mother dies, Gregentios is placed in the custody of the married but childless priest who baptised him. During a barbarian invasion, the townspeople flee to the fortress of Korada. Gregentios, who was in the vineyards at the time, manages to sneak in through the Rhomanesios gate while the fortress is besieged. After the barbarians retreat, both Gregentios and his foster mother have prophetic dreams about him. At the urging of a certain Sergios, his foster mother tells her dream to an elder named Niketas, who interprets it as saying that Gregentios will one day convert a fourfold people.[11] next traveled extensively in northern and central Italy and Sicily before sailing to Alexandria in Egypt.[2][7] The Bios presents him as travelling from Lyplianes to Moryne (Murano), Antenora (Padua) and Agrigento, then by boat to Pavia, then to Milan and Carthage, then by foot to Rome, then to Augustopolis (either Augusta or Koper) and finally Alexandria. In its order, timing and means of travel, this itinerary is absurd.[12] and Sicily first departs with the holy man from the desert. They reach Moryne in a single day. There they stay with a man named Sabbatios, where a holy fool named Peter informs Gregentios that his foster parents are searching for him. The holy man and Gregentios leave Moryne after the local bishop learns of the latter's spiritual gifts. In Antenora, they stay in the house of Theodoretos, while the bishop of Moryne searches for him. Bishop Eulogios of Antenora makes Gregentios a deacon and lector. A holy woman named Theodora informs him again of his foster parents' search.[10] the holy man, Gregentios moves on to Agrigento, leaving the bishop of Antenora also to send searchers after him. He is hosted by the priest Stephanos in the church of the Mother of God outside the walls. He visits the grave of the hermit Eirene, who appears to him and talks to him. He visits two churches in the city, and a woman preaching to a crowd from a balcony predicts that he will go to Egypt and Ḥimyar. The holy man then appears and whisks Gregentios away to Milan. Going by boat, they pass Rome on the way.[10] Milan, Gregentios stays with one Niketas, while the holy man moves on to Largention (Piacenza). He visits the grave of Saint Ambrose and begins reading his works. He takes on as a disciple a boy of fourteen named Leon, who later becomes governor of Melike (either Ravenna or the land of the Melingoi) and is assassinated. Gregentios has a vision of the underworld in which he sees Leon among those who died before their time awaiting the Last Judgement. The holy man then returns and the two travel to Carthage, where they stay with one Constantine.[10] and Rome Carthage, Gregentios meets a woman named Philothea who is regarded as a mute who only barks and sighs. The holy man reveals that this is merely a gift God gave her to ward off a man who tried to seduce her. She speaks to Gregentios clearly and lucidly. his time in Carthage, he befriends a young man named George and they visit a church dedicated to Saint Anastasia. There, a holy woman identifies Gregentios by name and birthplace. When George asks for the same treatment, she reproaches and names the women he has been sinning with. young man, a Thracian named Pothetos, asks Gregentios for spiritual advice. Gregentios writes sixteen homilies that make Pothetos regret his marriage, but Gregentios convinces him to go home to his wife.[10] Carthage, the holy man takes Gregentios to Rome. On the way, he has a vision of the devil in the valley of Patherolymna. Rome, they stay with a man named Benedict near the Great Portico. He owns a slave named Elizabeth, who is sexually abused by a demon every night. After Gregentios writes a formula on a piece of papyrus and gives it to her, she is freed from the demon.[10] day, Gregentios is visited by Saint Peter, who had been absent from his grave when Gregentios visited it, for he had gone to give comfort to the persecuted Christians of Negra (Najrān). tells Gregentios that the time has not yet come for the holy man's identity to be revealed. a woman identifies Gregentios by name as the prophet of the Ḥimyarites. He is also identified by name by the monk Abramios. At the request of a beggar named Zacharias, he heals the eye of a youth named Basil. In ecstasy at the tomb of Saint Paul, he sees a vision of the saint bringing him a pallium.[10] visits a church dedicated to Saint Boniface, whose feast day he will come to share. He meets a fool for Christ named John who throws stones at passersby. visits a hermit named Michael, who sends him on to a hermit named Artados, who lives atop a mountain beyond the Dry Lakes. Artados prophesies in detail about Gregentios' future in Egypt and Ḥimyar, where he will convert four peoples: pagans, Jews, Ḥimyarites and Maurousians. a stay of two days, Gregentios returns to Rome, where he meets Pope Felix IV (526–530). The holy man rejoins him and they go to Augustopolis.[10] Augustopolis, Gregentios stays with a widow named Euphemia. In the market, he meets an Armenian from Artazat (Artaxata), who prophesies his future. a few days, the holy man and Gregentios board a ship from Leukas for Alexandria. There, Gregentios is greeted by name by a female slave, whose prophesies how the patriarch will call him to be an archbishop. He stays in the house of one Leontios. In Alexandria, he visits a monastery led by a eunuch-abbot named Epiphanios. His prayers chase away a devil who throws stones at a monk named Kosmas. A woman named Archontia greets him by name.[10] in South Arabia last part of the Bios "contains the only clear historical information scattered through the whole" of the Gregentios materials.[13] 523, the Ḥimyarite king Dhū Nuwās massacres the Christians of Najrān and its leader, Arethas. Emperor Justin I asks the Ethiopian (Aksumite) king Elesboam (Caleb) to lead an expedition against Dhū Nuwās. writes to the patriarch of Alexandria, Proterios, for a bishop to evangelize the Ḥimyarites.[14] (The actual patriarch at this time was Timothy IV.[2]) Mark informs Proterios of Gregentios in a dream. The patriarch consecrates Gregentios as bishop and send him back with the Ethiopian envoys.[14] This takes place after the successful Ethiopian conquest of Ḥimyar (525).[2] Ethiopia, Gregentios stays for a time in the capital, Amlem (Aksum), before crossing the sea to Medekion (Maddaban) and then heading to Taphar (Ẓafār) and finally Najrān, where he meets the king. consecrates the churches that the kings has built and installs priests in them at Najrān, Ẓafār, Akana, Atarph, Legmia , Azaki and Iouze.[14][15] Bios describes Elesboam's retirement to a monastery and the miraculous invocation of his name. Gregentios threatens the Ḥimyarites with the death penalty for all those who do not convert, whereupon the hole country becomes Christian. The Dialexis is interposed here, and the end of the Bios follows.[14] remains in Ḥimyar for thirty years, assisting Elesboam's appointed viceroy, Abraha, in building churches. Shortly after Abraha dies and is succeeded by his son Seridos (Masrūq), Gregentios dies on 19 December. He is buried in the cathedral.[16] He is commemorated in the Synaxarion of Constantinople on 19 December.[2] Start of the Nomoi in a manuscript copied in Gaza in 1487[17] Nomoi ton Homeriton, also known in Latin as Leges Homeritarum,[18] is usually regarded as a fictional law code containing some amount of authentic pre-Islamic South Arabian material. The laws are not arranged thematically, but may be subsumed under eight headings: (1) morals, marriage and family; (2) slavery; (3) right of employment; (4) culture and social life; (5) cruelty against animals; (6) rental laws; (7) officeholders; and (8) miscellaneous. Within the last class are laws concerning sorcery, poisoning, perjury, theft, extrajudicial punishments, infringing ecclesiastical asylum, workhouses for criminals and prohibitions on begging. The Nomoi do not come near to being a comprehensive law code. There is, for example, no law of inheritance.[19] Nomoi prescribes harsh punishments for transgressions, often mutilation, and mitigating factors are nowhere admitted. Its strong prohibitions of wife-beating and cruelty to animals stand out, however, since Byzantine law knew no restriction on the treatment of animals. The laws seem concerned strictly with an urban community like Najrān. Administration and taxation are governed in a clearly Byzantine manner. The prohibitions on dancing, singing, gambling and gaming may be taken from the canons of the Quinisext Council (691/692). On the whole, the influence of canon law is limited, but Christian theological justifications are provided for the laws. Although the Nomoi is a civil law code, it presents itself as having been promulgated by a supernatural force to the geitoniarchai (administrators of Najrān's 36 districts). It bears the unmistakable stamp of a Christian monk of a strong ascetic spirit. In the words of J. B. Bury, the laws "illustrate the kind of legislation at which the ecclesiastical spirit, unchecked, would have aimed."[20] and authorship authenticity of the Nomoi was first put in doubt by Cardinal Jean-Baptiste-François Pitra in 1864. He was followed by many, including Louis Duchesne, but in 1969 Nina Pigulevskaya defended a 6th-century origin. She thought the code was written in the Byzantine Empire and never actually came into force in Ḥimyar. Irfan Shahîd and A. K. Irvine have also defended the authenticity of the code.[21] Garth Fowden considers that it contains some authentic material.[18] It mentions a slave market at a place called Trikanos or Trikanon, a place not attested anywhere else.[21] features of the Nomoi that would be unusual in 6th-century Byzantium have been ascribed to South Arabian influence. They may, however, reflect a later date of composition. Mutilation was an uncommon punishment in Byzantine law prior to Leo III's Ecloga (741). One of the most unusual and cruel punishments in the Nomoi—suspending a convict upside down and smoking him to death with burning hay—is actually attested in an 8th-century Byzantine source (Nikephoros's Breviarium). Some prescriptions regarding marriage in the Nomoi became a part of Byzantine law during the reign Leo VI (886–912).[22] Similarities between the Najrān of the Nomoi and Constantinople under the Macedonian dynasty suggest that the Nomoi was probably written at Constantinople in the 10th century.[23] The Nomoi may be compared with other pseudepigraphal texts of supposed supernatural origin from Byzantium, such as the Didascalia Apostolorum and Letter of Christ Fallen from Heaven.[24] earliest manuscript witness to the Nomoi, a copy made in 1180 on Cyprus, shows some Western influence in its terminology. It is probable that it was copied from a manuscript made shortly before in Crusader Syria. Some of its terminology does not appear in Greek again until the Assizes of Cyprus in the 14th century.[24] Dialexis purports to be a record written around 550 or 560 of a debate between Gregentios and a Jew named Herban that took place before the royal court of Ḥimyar around 520 or 530. The author does not claim to have been present or to have known Gregentios, but does claim to have had access to a record of the proceedings written at the time by the notary Palladios. [25] The text, however, shows clear evidence of having been composed after the start of the controversies over monothelitism (7th century), iconoclasm (8th century) and the filioque clause, which only became a live controversy in the Byzantine Empire after 860.[26] is a treatise against the Azymites in the form of a letter that is ascribed to Gregentios in one manuscript. Given the issue it discusses, it can have no connection to the time in which Gregentios supposedly lived. In 1660, some "letters of Gregentios"—possibly the same treatise—were catalogued as part of the library of Denis Pétau that had been purchased after his death by Queen Christina of Sweden. There is no further record of these letters and they appear to be lost.[27] Afar, Ethiopia (Semara) ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Gregory, Bishop of Homer (Omirits), the son of Agapius and Theodota, was filled with the grace of God and possessed gifts of healing and wonderworking even in his youth. Providence of God led him to hierarchical service. While still a deacon at Mediolanum (Milan) he heard the foretelling of his destiny from a hermit, and then he received confirmation of these words from another spirit-bearing Elder who lived an ascetic life in the mountains. Gregory went to this holy schemamonk for guidance, a miracle occurred. As he approached the mountain, he saw a fiery column in the air. He soon realized that the fiery column was actually the man of God coming toward him. That night he saw the Elder standing in the air above the ground. Elder revealed to Saint Gregory that he must go to Rome to pray in the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida. he would go to Alexandria and to become a bishop. he would arrive in the city of Negran in the land of Homer (in southern Arabia) to proclaim the Gospel. Gregory felt himself unworthy of this, and wished to remain with the ascetic as his disciple. that Gregory should have no doubts of the veracity of his words, the Elder revealed that he knew a secret about him. In a vision, Gregory had seen the First-Ranked Apostles Peter and Paul, and they had placed a bishop’s omophorion upon him. Gregory stayed a short time in Carthage (North Africa) serving as a deacon, then arrived in Rome. He went to the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida, then to the tomb of Saint Peter. There he was granted a vision of the holy Apostle, who told him to walk the path of virtue and to live according to God’s will. That night he saw the Apostle Paul in a dream bringing to him a cup filled with oil, foretelling that he should receive the grace of the priesthood and the episcopacy. this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar.

Constantinople, 525-620, Byzantine Saint, Dorotheus of Gaza
Byzantine Saint, 525-620, Dorotheus of Gaza; Venerable Dositheus of Palestine, the Disciple of the Venerable Abba Dorotheus, Commemorated on February 19;

Constantinople, 526-597, Saint, Simeon Stylites the Younger
Syrian Saint, 526-597, Simeon Stylites the Younger; Syria - 526 Antioch earthquake; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; Venerable Zosimus of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on June 8;

Byzantium, 527-565, Emperor, Justinian 1, t Great, Restore of E o Vandals&OGoths,Persia, Orthodox
Byzantine Emperor, 527-565, Justinian 1 (the Great) ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14; Justinian, a major figure in the history of the Byzantine state, was also a great champion of Orthodoxy, a builder of churches and a Church writer. was born in the Roman province of Illyricum. his reign (527-565), Byzantium won glory with military victories in Persia, Africa, and Italy, as a result of which paganism was decisively routed among the Germanic Vandals and Visigoth tribes. command of the emperor Justinian the pagan schools in Athens were closed. sent John, the Bishop of Ephesus, throughout the regions of Asia Minor with the aim of spreading Christianity. John baptized more than 70,000 pagans. emperor gave orders to build ninety churches for the newly-converted, and he generously supported church construction within the Empire. His finest structures of the time are considered to be St. Catherine's Monastery at Sinai, and the church of Hagia Sophia at Constantinople. Saint Justinian many churches were built dedicated to our Most Holy Lady Theotokos. he had received a broad education, Saint Justinian assiduously concerned himself with the education of clergy and monks, ordering them to be instructed in rhetoric, philosophy and theology. right-believing sovereign devoted much attention and effort to the struggle with the Origenists of his time, who then were reviving the Nestorian heresy. To counter their heretical speculations, the Church hymn “Only-Begotten Son and Immortal Word of God, Who for our salvation...” was composed, and Justinian commanded that it be sung in the churches. that time to the present day, this hymn is sung at the Divine Liturgy before the Small Entrance after the second Antiphon. the command of the sovereign, the Fifth Ecumenical Council was convened in the year 553, censuring the teachings of Origen and affirming the definitions of the Fourth Ecumenical Council at Chalcedon. He also attempted to secure religious unity within the Empire through his (unsuccessful) dialogues with the non-Chalcedonians. holy Emperor Justinian wished to have orderly rule and law within the realm. Under his guidance and supervision a complete compendium of Roman law was compiled. It has come down to us as a law codex known as “the Justinian Codex.” The “Church laws” of Justinian are included in all the variants of the Russian collections of Canon Law. his personal life, Saint Justinian was strictly pious, and he fasted often. During Great Lent he would not eat bread nor drink wine. He is also remembered for promoting the idea of “symphony” between church and state. The holy Emperor Justinian died in the year 565. BENEDICT. FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Venerable Simeon of Emessa the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 21; Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25; Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on August 3; St Eutychius of Nursia, Commemorated on August 23; St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 25; St Peter the Tax-Collector, Commemorated on September 22; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, "œSweet-Singer"Â, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Hesychius of Mt. Horeb, Commemorated on October 3 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated on November 23; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on November 29; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Pardus the Hermit, of Palestine, Commemorated on December 15 ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated on January 5; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on January 10; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; St Gobnata of Ballyvourney, Commemorated on February 11 ; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated on February 19; St James the Faster of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on March 4; Saint Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10; Venerable Benedict of Nursia, Commemorated on March 14 ; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1 ; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; St Isaac the Syrian, Abbot of Spoleto, Commemorated on April 12; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; St Elizabeth the Wonderworker of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Thomas the Fool of Syria, Commemorated on April 24; Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Abba Dorotheus of Palestine, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Theodore the Wonderworker and Hermit of the Jordan, Commemorated on June 5; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19; St David of Thessaloniki, Commemorated on June 26; St Sampson the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 27; Venerable Martha the Mother of the Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Byzantium, 527-548, Empress, Theodora, Wife of Justinian I, chief adviser, Miaphysite, Orthodox
Byzantine Emperor, 527-548, Empress Theodora, Wife of Justinian I; ( c. 500 – 28 June 548) was an Eastern Roman empress by marriage to emperor Justinian. She became empress upon Justinian's accession in 527 and was one of his chief advisers, albeit from humble origins. Along with her spouse, Theodora is a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church and in the Oriental Orthodox Church, commemorated on 14 November and 28 June respectively. main historical sources for her life are the works of her contemporary Procopius. The historian offered three contradictory portrayals of the empress. The Wars of Justinian, largely completed in 545, paints a picture of a courageous and influential empress who saved the throne for Justinian. he wrote the Secret History, which survives in only one manuscript suggesting it was not widely read during the Byzantine era. The work has sometimes been interpreted as representing a deep disillusionment with the emperor Justinian, the empress, and even his patron Belisarius. is depicted as cruel, venal, prodigal and incompetent; as for Theodora, the reader is given a detailed portrayal of vulgarity and underage sex, combined with shrewish and calculating mean-spiritedness; even claims both are demons whose heads were seen to leave their bodies and roam the palace at night. Alternatively, scholars versed in political rhetoric of the era have viewed these statements from the Secret History as formulaic expressions within the tradition of invective. Buildings of Justinian, written about the same time as the Secret History, is a panegyric which paints Justinian and Theodora as a pious couple and presents particularly flattering portrayals of them. Besides her piety, her beauty is praised within the conventional language of the text's rhetorical form. Although Theodora was dead when this work was published, Justinian was alive, and perhaps commissioned the work.[1] contemporary John of Ephesus writes about Theodora in his Lives of the Eastern Saints and mentions an illegitimate daughter.[2] other historians presented additional information on her life. Theophanes the Confessor mentions some familial relations of Theodora to figures not mentioned by Procopius. Victor Tonnennensis notes her familial relation to the next empress, Sophia. the Syrian, the Chronicle of 1234 and Bar-Hebraeus place her origin in the city of Daman, near Kallinikos, They contradict Procopius by making Theodora the daughter of a priest, trained in the pious practices of Miaphysitism since birth. These are late Miaphysite sources and record her depiction among members of their creed. The Miaphysites have tended to regard Theodora as one of their own and the tradition may have been invented as a way to improve her reputation and is also in conflict with what is told by the contemporary Miaphysite historian John of Ephesus.[3] These accounts are thus usually ignored in favor of Procopius.[2] years[edit] according to Michael Grant, was of Greek Cypriot descent.[4] There are several indications of her possible birthplace. According to Michael the Syrian, her birthplace was in Mabbug, Syria;[5] Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopoulos names Theodora a native of Cyprus, while the Patria, attributed to George Codinus, claims Theodora came from Paphlagonia. was born c. 500 AD. Her father, Acacius, was a bear trainer of the hippodrome's Green faction in Constantinople. Her mother, whose name is not recorded, was a dancer and an actress.[6] Her parents had two more daughters, the eldest named Comito and the youngest Anastasia.[7] her father's death, when Theodora was four,[8] her mother brought her children wearing garlands into the hippodrome and presented them as suppliants to the Blue faction. From then on, Theodora would be their supporter. to Procopius, (in his Secret History) Theodora followed her sister Comito's example from an early age and worked in a Constantinople brothel serving low-status customers; later, she performed on stage.[9] Theodora, in Procopius's account, made a name for herself with her salacious portrayal of Leda and the Swan.[10] Employment as an actress at the time would include both "indecent exhibitions on stage" and providing sexual services off stage. During this time, she met the future wife of Belisarius, Antonina, who would become a part of the women's court led by Theodora. the age of 16, Theodora traveled to North Africa as the concubine of a Syrian official named Hecebolus when he went to the Libyan Pentapolis as governor.[11] She stayed with him for almost four years before returning to Constantinople. ---------------------------------------------Abandoned and maltreated by Hecebolus, on her way back to the capital of the Byzantine Empire, she settled for a while in Alexandria, Egypt. is speculated by some to have met Patriarch Timothy III in Alexandria, who was Miaphysite, and it may be at that time that she converted to Miaphysite Christianity. Alexandria, she went to Antioch, where she met a Blue faction's dancer, Macedonia, who was perhaps an informer of Justinian. Justinian sought to marry Theodora, he could not: a Roman law from Constantine's time prevented anyone of senatorial rank from marrying actresses. In 524, Justin passed a new law, which decreed that reformed actresses could thereafter legally marry outside their rank if approved by the emperor. The same law stated that daughters of these actresses would also be free to marry a man of any rank, which would have allowed her illegitimate daughter (whose name has been lost) to marry one of the previous emperor Anastasius' relatives. Soon thereafter, Justinian married Theodora.[11] as Empress[edit] of Justinian from a contemporary portrait mosaic in the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna Justinian succeeded to the throne in 527, two years after the marriage, Theodora was crowned Augusta and became empress of the Eastern Roman Empire. She shared in his plans and political strategies, participated in state councils, and Justinian called her his "partner in my deliberations."[12] This was in Novel 8.1 (AD 535), an anti-corruption legislation, where provincial officials had to take an oath to her as well as the emperor. She had her own court and official entourage. She was often present when the emperor held court. The emperor sought her views on many matters before issuing orders. Nika riots[edit] were two rival political factions in the Empire, the Blues and the Greens, who started a [[riot in January 532 during a chariot race in the hippodrome. The riots stemmed from many grievances, some of which had resulted from Justinian's and Theodora's own actions.[13] rioters set many public buildings on fire, and proclaimed a new emperor, Hypatius, the nephew of former emperor Anastasius I. Unable to control the mob, Justinian and his officials prepared to flee. At a meeting of the government council, Theodora spoke out against leaving the palace and underlined the significance of someone who died as a ruler instead of living as an exile or in hiding, reportedly saying, "royal purple is the noblest shroud".[14] the emperor and his counsellors were still preparing their project, Theodora interrupted them and claimed: lords, the present occasion is too serious to allow me to follow the convention that a woman should not speak in a man's council. Those whose interests are threatened by extreme danger should think only of the wisest course of action, not of conventions. In my opinion, flight is not the right course, even if it should bring us to safety. It is impossible for a person, having been born into this world, not to die; but for one who has reigned it is intolerable to be a fugitive. May I never be deprived of this purple robe, and may I never see the day when those who meet me do not call me empress. If you wish to save yourself, my lord, there is no difficulty. We are rich; over there is the sea, and yonder are the ships. Yet reflect for a moment whether, when you have once escaped to a place of security, you would not gladly exchange such safety for death. As for me, I agree with the adage that the royal purple is the noblest shroud."[15] determined speech convinced them all, including Justinian himself, who had been preparing to run. As a result, Justinian ordered his loyal troops, led by the officers, Belisarius and Mundus, to attack the demonstrators in the hippodrome, killing (according to Procopius) over 30,000 rebels. Despite his claims that he was unwillingly named emperor by the mob, Hypatius was also put to death, apparently at Theodora's insistence.[16] that Justinian never forgot that it was Theodora who had saved his throne depend on seeing Procopius' account as a straightforward report, and not framed to impugn Justinian with the implication that he was more cowardly than his wife. The wording of her famous speech is devised by Procopius, changing the term "tyranny" from an ancient saying to "royal purple", which likely reflects Procopius' desire to link Justinian to ancient tyrants. life[edit] the Nika revolt, Justinian and Theodora rebuilt and reformed Constantinople, building or rebuilding aqueducts, bridges and more than twenty five churches. The most famous of these is Hagia Sophia, considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture. was punctilious about court ceremony. According to Procopius, the Imperial couple made all senators, including patricians, prostrate themselves before them whenever they entered their presence, and made it clear that their relations with the civil militia were those of masters and slaves. even the government officials could approach the Empress without expending much time and effort. They were treated like servants and kept waiting in a small, stuffy room for an endless time. After many days, some of them might at last be summoned, but going into her presence in great fear, they very quickly departed. They simply showed their respect by lying face down and touching the instep of each of her feet with their lips; there was no opportunity to speak or to make any request unless she told them to do so. The government officials had sunk into a slavish condition, and she was their slave-instructor. also carefully supervised the magistrates, possibly to reduce bureaucratic corruption. also created her own centers of power. The eunuch Narses, who in old age developed into a brilliant general, was her close ally, as was the praetorian prefect Peter Barsymes. John the Cappadocian, Justinian's chief tax collector, was identified as her enemy, because of his independent and great influence, and was brought down by a plot devised by Theodora and Antonina. She engaged in matchmaking, forming a network of alliances between the old powers, represented by emperor Anastasius' family and the pre-existing nobility, and the new, who were Justinian's and her relatives. According to Secret History, she attempted to marry her grandson Anastasius to Joannina, Belisarius' and Antonina's daughter and heiress, against her parents' will, although the couple would eventually fall in love with each other. The marriages of her sister Comito to general Sittas and her niece Sophia to Justinian's nephew Justin II, who would succeed to the throne, are suspected to have been engineered by Theodora. gave reception and sent letters and gifts to Persian and foreign ambassadors and the sister of Khosrow I.[17] involvement in helping underprivileged women was substantial, being "known for buying girls who had been sold into prostitution, freeing them, and providing for their future."[18] She closed brothels and made pimping a criminal offense. She created a convent on the Asian side of the Dardanelles called the Metanoia (Repentance), where the ex-prostitutes could support themselves.[11] Procopius' Secret History maintained that instead of preventing forced prostitution (as in Buildings 1.9.3ff), Theodora is said to have 'rounded up' 500 prostitutes, confining them to a convent. They sought to escape 'the unwelcome transformation' by leaping over the walls (SH 17). On the other hand, chronicler John Malalas who wrote positively about the court, declared she "freed the girls from the yoke of their wretched slavery."[19] A century later, John of Nikiu observed its positive impact, noting that Theodora "put an end to the prostitution of women, and gave orders for their expulsion from every place." legislations also expanded the rights of women in divorce and property ownership, instituted the death penalty for rape, forbade exposure of unwanted infants, gave mothers some guardianship rights over their children, and forbade the killing of a wife who committed adultery. Though her specific involvement in these legal reforms is not recorded,[20] Procopius, in Wars, mentioned that she was naturally inclined to assist women in misfortune, and according to Secret History, she championed the wives' causes when their husbands charged them with adultery (SH 17). policy[edit] Theodora Mosaic of Theodora - Basilica San Vitale (Ravenna, Italy).jpg Theodora and attendants (mosaic from Basilica of San Vitale, 6th century) in Orthodox Church Catholicism Orthodox Church shrine of the Holy Apostles, Constantinople modern day Istanbul, Turkey November in the Eastern Orthodox Church, 28 June in the Syriac Orthodox Church Vestment worked against her husband's support of Chalcedonian Christianity in the ongoing struggle for the predominance of each faction.[21] As a result, she was accused of fostering heresy and thus undermined the unity of Christendom. spite of Justinian being Chalcedonian, Theodora founded a Miaphysite monastery in Sykae and provided shelter in the palace for Miaphysite leaders who faced opposition from the majority of Chalcedonian Christians, like Severus and Anthimus. Anthimus had been appointed Patriarch of Constantinople under her influence, and after the excommunication order he was hidden in Theodora's quarters for twelve years, until her death. When the Chalcedonian Patriarch Ephraim provoked a violent revolt in Antioch, eight Miaphysite bishops were invited to Constantinople and Theodora welcomed them and housed them in the Hormisdas Palace adjoining the Great Palace, which had been Justinian and Theodora's own dwelling before they became emperor and empress. Egypt, when Timothy III died, Theodora enlisted the help of Dioscoros, the Augustal Prefect, and Aristomachos the duke of Egypt, to facilitate the enthronement of a disciple of Severus, Theodosius, thereby outmaneuvering her husband, who had intended a Chalcedonian successor as patriarch. But Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria, even with the help of imperial troops, could not hold his ground in Alexandria against Justinian's Chalcedonian followers. When he was exiled by Justinian along with 300 Miaphysites to the fortress of Delcus in Thrace, Theodora rescued him and brought him to the Hormisdas Palace. He lived under her protection and, after her death in 548, under Justinian's. Pope Silverius refused Theodora's demand that he remove the anathema of Pope Agapetus I from Patriarch Anthimus, she sent Belisarius instructions to find a pretext to remove Silverius. When this was accomplished, Pope Vigilius was appointed in his stead. Nobatae, south of Egypt, the inhabitants were converted to Miaphysite Christianity about 540. Justinian had been determined that they be converted to the Chalcedonian faith and Theodora equally determined that they should be Miaphysites. Justinian made arrangements for Chalcedonian missionaries from Thebaid to go with presents to Silko, the king of the Nobatae. But on hearing this, Theodora prepared her own missionaries and wrote to the duke of Thebaid that he should delay her husband's embassy, so that the Miaphysite missionaries should arrive first. The duke was canny enough to thwart the easygoing Justinian instead of the unforgiving Theodora. He saw to it that the Chalcedonian missionaries were delayed. When they eventually reached Silko, they were sent away, for the Nobatae had already adopted the Miaphysite creed of Theodosius. death is recorded by Victor of Tonnena, with the cause uncertain but the Greek terms used are often translated as "cancer." The date was 28 June 548 at the age of 48.[22] Later accounts frequently attribute the death to breast cancer, although it was not identified as such in the original report where the use of the term "cancer" probably referred to "a suppurating ulcer or malignant tumor".[22] Other sources report that she died at 51.[23] Her body was buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles, in Constantinople. During a procession in 559, Justinian visited and lit candles for her tomb.[24] Theodora and Justinian are represented in mosaics that exist to this day in the Basilica of San Vitale of Ravenna, Italy, which was completed a year before her death. influence[edit] Miaphysites believed her influence on Justinian to be so strong that after her death, when he worked to bring harmony between the Monophysites and the Chalcedonian Christians in the Empire, and kept his promise to protect her little community of Monophysite refugees in the Hormisdas Palace, the Miaphysites suspected Theodora's memory to be the driving factor. Theodora provided much political support for the ministry of Jacob Baradaeus, and apparently personal friendship as well. Diehl attributes the modern existence of Jacobite Christianity equally to Baradaeus and to Theodora.[25] in Cyrenaica renamed itself Theodorias after Theodora. (It was a common event that ancient cities renamed themselves to honor an emperor or empress.) The city, now called Qasr Libya, is known for its splendid sixth-century mosaics. Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on August 3; St Eutychius of Nursia, Commemorated on August 23; St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 25; St Peter the Tax-Collector, Commemorated on September 22; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, "œSweet-Singer"Â, Commemorated on October 1; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on November 29; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated on January 5; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; St Gobnata of Ballyvourney, Commemorated on February 11 ; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated on February 19; St James the Faster of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on March 4; Saint Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10; Venerable Benedict of Nursia, Commemorated on March 14 ; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1 ; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; St Isaac the Syrian, Abbot of Spoleto, Commemorated on April 12; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Venerable Thomas the Fool of Syria, Commemorated on April 24; Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19; St David of Thessaloniki, Commemorated on June 26;

Constantinople, 535-536, Anthimus I, Patriarch, heretic
Constantinople, 535-536, Patriarch, Anthimus I of Constantinople, heretic; St. Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 25;

Constantinople, 536-552, Menas, Patriarch, healed plague, excommunicated, Hagia Sophia, Jewish child oven story
Constantinople Patriarch, 536-552, Menas of Constantinople; (Minas) (? - 25 August 552) considered a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, was born in Alexandria, and enters the records in high ecclesiastical office as presbyter and director of the Hospital of Sampson in Constantinople, where tradition has him linked to Saint Sampson directly, and in the healing of Justinian from the bubonic plague in 542.[1] was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I on 13 March, 536.[2] Pope Agapetus I consecrated him to succeed Anthimus, who was condemned as a monophysite. This was first time that a Pope consecrated a Patriarch of Constantinople. some date very soon after his election he received the order (keleusis) from the Emperor, whose text is not preserved, but which instructed him to call a synodos endemousa to examine the case of Anthimus, which would be heard at a series of five sessions, beginning on 2 May and ending 4 June 536. [3] This Synod condemned Anthimus, as noted in Novel XLII from Justinian, addressed directly to Menas.[4] Within this same effort from Justinian to seal the growing rift between the Patriarch in Constantinople and that of Jerusalem, Menas later took a position against Origen, a crisis merging into the Three-Chapter Controversy, an attempt to condemn the writings of certain Non-Chalcedonian figures. Because of these moves, he was excommunicated by Agapetus in 547 and in 551 for taking positions counter to those held by the Pope; but in both cases the sentence of excommunication was quickly lifted. patriarchy represents the greatest extent of papal influence in Constantinople. Almost immediately after the events of 536, which may be viewed as a Chalcedonian victory over monophysites, the ordination of an independent network of monophysite bishops would begin, leading eventually to the formation of a separate monophysite church, the still-existing Syrian Orthodox Church. Justinian and Mena’s efforts for Church doctrinal unity would meet with failure.[5] was during his patriarchate that emperor Justinian's church of Hagia Sophia, then the largest building in the world and the seat of the Patriarchs, was consecrated. Also, in 551 the Emperor compelled Menas to call what would be the Fifth Ecumenical Council, to reconcile the Western and Eastern Churches around the Three Chapter Controversy, to be chaired ultimately by his successor Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople in 553. [6] died peacefully in 552. His feast day in both the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic traditions is observed on August 25. St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 25; Menas, Patriarch of Constantinople (536-552), was at first a presbyter at Constantinople and supervisor there of the Home of Saint Sampson the Hospitable for the poor and needy during the reign of Saint Justinian I (527-565). After the removal of the heretic Anthimus (535-536), the holy presbyter Menas was raised to the patriarchal throne of Constantinople as one worthy to be bishop, because of his profound virtue and firm confession of Orthodoxy. Agapitus, the Bishop of Rome (535-536), participated in the consecration of Saint Menas. He had come to Constantinople in order to depose the heretic Anthimus. During the patriarchate of Saint Menas a miracle occurred at Constantinople, which was known to the whole city. certain Jewish child went with other children to church and he partook of the Holy Mysteries of Christ. At home, he told his father about this. In a terrible rage, he seized the child and threw him into a red-hot oven (the father was a glass-blower). He said nothing to his wife. For three days, the mother tearfully searched for her son, calling loudly for him. On the third day, he emerged from the red-hot oven. When she pulled the child out, she found that he was unharmed. boy said that a most radiant Lady had come to him, cooling the fire and bringing him water and food. This incident became known to Saint Menas and the emperor Justinian I. The boy and his mother received Baptism, but the father of the child was obdurate and did not wish to repent, in spite of the great miracle that he had seen. Then the emperor ordered that the father be tried as a child-killer, and sentenced him to death. holy Patriarch Menas ruled the Church of Constantinople for sixteen years. During his patriarchate at Constantinople, the famous church of Hagia Sophia, the Wisdom of God, was consecrated. The saint died peacefully in the year 552. Venerable Romanus the Melodist, "œSweet-Singer"Â, Commemorated on October 1; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated on November 23; Saint Sampson the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 27; Sampson was born in Rome, the son of wealthy, but devout and virtuous parents. He received an excellent education, studying philosophy and medicine, among other subjects. From his earliest childhood, he lived an exemplary Christian life. After the death of his parents he transformed the family estate into a clinic for the sick. Word of his healing skills spread, and so many people came to him that he had to hire a staff to care for the increasing numbers of people who sought his help. When he had an adequate staff, he donated all of his wealth to the clinic, and was content to live in poverty (Luke 12:33-34). Sampson went to Constantinople, where he hoped to spend the rest of his life in asceticism. He found, however, that there was just as much need for his skill in Constantinople as there had been in Rome. He bought a modest home and began to treat the sick. God blessed Saint Sampson's work and gave him the grace of working miracles. He healed the sick not only by his medical skill, but also as one filled with the grace of God. News of Saint Sampson spread rapidly throughout the Queen of Cities. piety and love for his neighbor brought him to the attention of Patriarch Menas of Constantinople (August 25), who ordained him to the holy priesthood. When Emperor Justinian became ill, and his physicians were unable to provide any relief for him, Patriarch Menas suggested that he send for Sampson, who healed the Emperor. Justinian offered him gold and silver to show his gratitude, but the saint refused, saying that he had already given all his wealth away. Instead, he asked Justinian to build a hospice for travelers. Life was written by St. Symeon Metaphrastes. The historian Procopius, however, implies that Sampson lived before the sixth century, and that the hospice had existed before his own time (Buildings, I, 2, 14). When Sampson's hospice (xenon) was burnt and destroyed in 532, Justinian rebuilt it and endowed it with a generous annual income. It was intended for the destitute, and those who suffered from serious illnesses, as well as those who had lost their property or their health. Sampson reposed quietly, following a brief illness, in the year 530 at a ripe old age. He was buried in the church of Saint Mokios (ÎœÏŽÎºÎ¹Î¿Ï‚), which was built by Saint Constantine the Great. Many miracles of healing took place at the tomb of Saint Sampson. after his death, the Saint continued to watch over his hospice. Twice he appeared to a lazy worker, and chastised him for his negligence. Later, the hospice became a church, and a new building for the homeless was constructed beside it. A terrible fire once raged in Constantinople, but did not damage the church or the new building. Through the prayers of Saint Sampson, a heavy rain extinguished the flames. appointed Scriptural readings for his Feast are from Galatians 5:23-6:2 and from Luke 12:32-40. the prayers of Saint Sampson, may we also find the treasure which does not fail, in Heaven.

Constantinople, 537, Niketas the Hidden, Niketas the Chartolarian had removed sin from both living and dead
Constantinople, 537, Niketas the Hidden, Niketas the Chartolarian; Hagia Sophia, 537; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 9; Niketas the Hidden lived at Constantinople and occupied the position of “chartolarium” (“letter-writer”). They call him “the Hidden,” because living in the world amid the bustle of the city, with secret exploits of faith, he attained spiritual perfection and was a great saint of God. His saintly life was revealed through unusual circumstances. friends, a certain priest and the deacon Sozon, had quarreled. The priest died, and the deacon grieved that they had not been able to be reconciled. He told an experienced Elder of the sin that tormented his conscience. He gave Sozon a letter and ordered him to give it to the first person whom he would meet at midnight at the temple of Hagia Sophia, the Wisdom of God. Niketas the Chartolarian appeared before him. Having read the letter, he began weeping and said, that it made him responsible for this, and that it was beyond his strength, but with the prayers of the Elder who had sent Sozon, he would strive to accomplish this. Making a prostration before the church doors, Saint Niketas said: “Lord, open to us the doors of Thy mercy,” and the doors of the temple flew open by themselves. Leaving the deacon at the threshold, Saint Niketas began to pray, and Sozon saw that he shone with a strange light. they went from the church, and the doors again closed. Approaching the church of the Blachernae Mother of God, Saint Nikḗtas again began praying and again the doors opened in front of them. In the church there shone a light, and from the altar came two rows of priests, among whom Deacon Sozon recognized his dead friend. Saint Nikḗtas quietly said: “Father, speak to your brother, and cease the enmity between you.” the priest and Deacon Sozon greeted each other. They embraced one another with love and were reconciled. The priest went back, and the doors closed by themselves. Saint Niketas said to the deacon: “Brother Sozon, save your soul both for your sake, and for my benefit. To the Father who sent you, say that the purity of his holy prayers and his trust in God made possible the return of the dead.” these words Saint Niketas became invisible to Sozon. Having returned to his spiritual Father and Elder, the deacon thanked him with tears, that through his prayers, the great hidden saint of God Niketas the Chartolarian had removed the sin from both the living and the dead.

Constantinople, 540-562, Persian Chosroes I war with Byzantine Empire after Antioch Earthquake
Persia, 540-562, Chosroes I war with Byzantine Empire after Antioch Earthquake; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Ignatius, the Godbearer and Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on January 29;

Constantinople, 552-565, Eutychius, Patriarch, against Justinian's Aphthartodocetae, exiled t Amasya, Pontine
Constantinople Patriarch, 552-565, Eutychius of Constantinople; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated on November 23; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6; Eutychius, Archbishop of Constantinople, was born in a village called “Divine” in the province of Phrygia. His father Alexander was a soldier, and his mother Synesia was the daughter of the priest Hesychius of Augustopolis. Saint Eutychius received the first rudiments of his education and a Christian upbringing from his grandfather the priest. while playing a childhood game, the boy wrote his own name with the title of Patriarch. By this he seemed to predict his future service. He was sent to Constantinople at age twelve for further education. The youth persevered in his study of science and realized that human wisdom is nothing in comparison to the study of divine Revelation. Therefore, he decided to dedicate himself to monastic life. Saint Eutychius withdrew into one of the Amasean monasteries and received the angelic schema. For his strict life he was made archimandrite of all the Amasean monasteries, and in 552 was appointed to the Patriarchal throne. the Fifth Ecumenical Council prepared to assemble during the reign of the holy emperor Justinian (527-565), the Metropolitan of Amasea was ill and he sent Saint Eutychius in his place. At Constantinople the aged Patriarch Saint Menas (August 25) saw Saint Eutychius and predicted that he would be the next Patriarch. After the death of the holy Patriarch Menas, the Apostle Peter appeared in a vision to the emperor Justinian and, pointing his hand at Eutychius, said, “Let him be made your bishop.” the very beginning of his patriarchal service, Saint Eutychius convened the Fifth Ecumenical Council (553), at which the Fathers condemned the heresies cropping up and anathematized them. However, after several years a new heresy arose in the Church: Aphthartodocetism [asartodoketai] or “imperishability” which taught that the flesh of Christ, before His death on the Cross and Resurrection, was imperishable and not capable of suffering. Eutychius vigorously denounced this heresy, but the emperor Justinian himself inclined toward it, and turned his wrath upon the saint. By order of the emperor, soldiers seized the saint in the church, removed his patriarchal vestments, and sent him into exile to an Amasean monastery (565). saint bore his banishment with meekness, and lived at the monastery in fasting and prayer, and he worked many miracles and healings. through his prayer the wife of a devout man, Androgenes, who had given birth only to dead infants, now gave birth to two sons who lived to maturity. Two deaf-mutes received the gift of speech; and two grievously ill children were restored to health. The saint healed a cancerous ulcer on the hand of an artist. The saint also healed another artist, anointing his diseased hand with oil and making over it the Sign of the Cross. saint healed not only bodily, but also spiritual afflictions: he banished the devil out of a girl that had kept her from Holy Communion; he expelled a demon from a youth who had fled from a monastery (after which the youth returned to his monastery); he healed a drunken leper, who stopped drinking after being cleansed of his leprosy. the Persian invasion of Amasea and its widespread devastation, they distributed grain to the hungry from the monastery granaries on the saint’s orders, and by his prayers, the stores of grain at the monastery were not depleted. Eutychius received from God the gift of prophecy. He revealed the names of two of Emperor Justinian’s successors: Justin (565-578) and Tiberias (578-582). the death of the holy Patriarch John Scholastikos, Saint Eutychius returned to the cathedra in 577 after his twelve year exile, and he again wisely ruled his flock. Four and a half years after his return to the Patriarchal throne, in 582, Saint Eutychius gathered together all his clergy on Thomas Sunday, blessed them, and peacefully fell asleep in the Lord.

Constantinople, 553 and 787, Pisidia Icon, 6th Century Miracles, 8th C icon confessor
Sozopolis, Pisidia ; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated July 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pisidia, Commemorated September 3 ; Pisidia Icon of the Mother of God was glorified by miracles in the city of Sozopolis, but its origin is unknown. Saint Germanus, the Patriarch of Constantinople (May 12), mentions “the icon of the All-Pure Virgin Mother of God at Pisidian Sozopolis” in his letters on the veneration of icons which were read at the Seventh Ecumenical Council. He said that “myrrh flowed from the hands,” and described the icon as “ancient.” miracles of the icon date back to the sixth century. One of the miracles was reported by the presbyter Eustathius, who was a contemporary of Patriarch Eutychius (April 6). At Amasea, near Sozopolis, there was a certain married couple, whose children were all stillborn. Grieving over their misfortune, they turned to Patriarch Eutychius for advice. Saint Eutychius prayed and anointed them with holy oil from the Cross of the Lord and from the holy icon of the Mother of God saying, “In the Name of our Lord Jesus Christ.” “Name your child Peter, and he will live,” he said to them. Soon the couple gave birth to a son whom they did indeed name Peter. Later, they had a second son, whom they named John. The people of the city glorified God when they heard of this miracle. about 600 years myrrh flowed from the Pisidian Icon of the Mother of God – Eleusius, a disciple of Saint Theodore the Sykeote (April 22), was a witness to this. A copy of this ancient wonderworking icon was made in Russia in 1608, at Moscow’s Novospassky (New Monastery of the Transfiguration of the Savior) monastery. The Mother of God is depicted with the Divine Infant on Her left arm, and with Her right hand She gives a blessing. St George the Confessor and Bishop of Antioch, in Pisidia, Commemorated on April 19;

Constantinople, 553, Fifth Ecumenical Council, against the Three Chapters (against Nestorianism)
Constantinople, Fifth Ecumenical Council (553), Second Council of Constantinople; Second Council of Constantinople is the fifth of the first seven ecumenical councils recognized by both the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church. is also recognized by the Old Catholics and others. Protestant opinions and recognition of it are varied. Some Protestants, such as Calvinists, recognize the first four councils,[2] whereas Lutherans accept the first six, and most Anglo-Catholics accept all seven. II was convoked by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I under the presidency of Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople. was held from 5 May to 2 June 553. Participants were overwhelmingly Eastern bishops—only sixteen Western bishops were present, including nine from Illyricum and seven from Africa, but none from Italy—out of the 152 total.[1][3] main work of the council was to confirm the condemnation issued by edict in 551 by the Emperor Justinian against the Three Chapters. These were the Christological writings and ultimately the person of Theodore of Mopsuestia (died 428), certain writings against Cyril of Alexandria's Twelve Anathemas accepted at the Council of Ephesus, written by Theodoret of Cyrrhus (died c. 466), and a letter written against Cyrillianism and the Ephesian Council by Ibas of Edessa (died 457).[4] purpose of the condemnation was to make plain that the Great Church, which followed a Chalcedonian creed, was firmly opposed to Nestorianism as supported by the Antiochene school which had either assisted Nestorius, the eponymous heresiarch, or had inspired the teaching for which he was anathematized and exiled. The council also condemned the teaching that Mary could not be rightly called the Mother of God (Greek: Theotokos) but only the mother of the man (anthropotokos) or the mother of Christ (Christotokos).[4] hoped that this would contribute to a reunion between the Chalcedonians and monophysites in the eastern provinces of the Empire. Various attempts at reconciliation between these parties within the Byzantine Empire were made by many emperors over the four centuries following the Council of Ephesus, none of them successful. Some attempts at reconciliation, such as this one, the condemnation of the Three Chapters and the unprecedented posthumous anathematization of Theodore—who had once been widely esteemed as a pillar of orthodoxy—causing further schisms and heresies to arise in the process, such as the aforementioned schism of the Three Chapters and the emergent semi-monophysite compromises of monoenergism and monotheletism. These propositions assert, respectively, that Christ possessed no human energy but only a divine function or principle of operation (purposefully formulated in an equivocal and vague manner, and promulgated between 610 and 622 by the Emperor Heraclius under the advice of Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople) and that Christ possessed no human will but only a divine will, "will" being understood to mean the desires and appetites in accord with the nature (promulgated in 638 by the same and opposed most notably by Maximus the Confessor).[4] St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated on November 23 ; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6; Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10;

Constantinople, 560-604, Gregory Dialogus, Saint, Pope of Rome
Byzantine Saint, 560-604, Gregory Dialogus, Pope of Rome; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 13; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ;

Byzantium, 565-574, Emperor, Justin II, Younger, lost Italy, war w Sassanid Empire, mental breakdown
Byzantine Emperor, 565-574, Justin II, the Younger; II or Justin the Younger (c. 520 – 5 October 578) was Eastern Roman Emperor from 565 to 574. He was the nephew of Justinian I and the husband of Sophia, the niece of the Empress Theodora, and was therefore a member of the Justinian Dynasty. reign was marked by war with the Sassanid Empire, and the loss of the greater part of Italy. He presented the Cross of Justin II to Saint Peter's, Rome. Venerable Hesychius of Mt. Horeb, Commemorated on October 3 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated on November 23; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; St James the Faster of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on March 4; Saint Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; Venerable Abba Dorotheus of Palestine, Commemorated on June 5;

Byzantium, 574-582, Emperor, Tiberius II Constantine, adopted son, before breakdown,
Byzantine Emperor, 574-582, Tiberius II Constantine ; II Constantine (520 – 14 August 582) was Eastern Roman emperor from 574 to 582. rose to power in 574 when Justin II, prior to a mental breakdown, proclaimed Tiberius Caesar and adopted him as his own son. In 578, Justin II, before he died, gave him the title of Augustus, under which title he reigned until his death on 14 August 582. Venerable Hesychius of Mt. Horeb, Commemorated on October 3 ; Restoration of the Temple of the 40 Martyrs, Commemorated on August 9; Venerable Pimen of Palestine, Commemorated August 27 ; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on January 10; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Dositheus of Palestine, the Disciple of the Venerable Abba Dorotheus, Commemorated on February 19; 440 Martyrs slain by the Lombards in Sicily, Commemorated on March 2; St James the Faster of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on March 4; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24;

Constantinople, 580-608, Eulogius of Alexandria, Patriarch
Byzantine Patriarch, 580-608, Eulogius of Alexandria; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 13;

Byzantium, 582-602, Emperor, Mauricius, Orthodox, successful, Persia, Lombards, Danube
Byzantine Emperor 582-602, Mauricius ; Venerable Pimen of Palestine, Commemorated August 27 ; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 2; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; St Eustolia of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated on January 8; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on January 10; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on January 21 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Dositheus of Palestine, the Disciple of the Venerable Abba Dorotheus, Commemorated on February 19; St Stephen of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 27 ; St James the Faster of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on March 4; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of "œthe Ladder"Â, Commemorated on March 30; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22 ; St Pausicacus the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 13 ; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; COLUMBA, ABBOT OF IONA AND MISSIONARY (9 JUNE 597);

Byzantium, 582-602, Emperor, Maurice, Orthodox, successful, with Chores II, Killed by Phocus
Byzantine Emperor 582-602, Mauricius ; Venerable Pimen of Palestine, Commemorated August 27 ; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 2; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; St Eustolia of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated on January 8; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on January 10; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on January 21 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Dositheus of Palestine, the Disciple of the Venerable Abba Dorotheus, Commemorated on February 19; St Stephen of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 27 ; St James the Faster of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on March 4; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of œthe LadderÂ, Commemorated on March 30; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22 ; St Pausicacus the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 13 ; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; COLUMBA, ABBOT OF IONA AND MISSIONARY (9 JUNE 597);

Constantinople, 582-595, John IV the Faster, Patriarch, by example he taught restraint of desires, and self control
Constantinople Patriarch, 582-595, John IV the Faster ; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 2; Holy Father John was born in Constantinople, the Queen of Cities. At first he worked as a goldsmith, and everyone expected him to continue in that occupation. From his youth, however, he was inclined toward the monastic life. He also possessed a rare gift for continence and a natural love for fasting, and thus he was known as “the Faster.” of his reputation for virtue, he was ordained as a deacon by Patriarch John III, and later he received the grace of the priesthood. Saint John was found worthy to behold a vision which showed that he would become be a worthy recipient of God’s grace, for the spiritual enlightenment of his flock. He read the Holy Scriptures and other ecclesiastical books every day, thereby enriching his knowledge. when he was a young man, John was walking with Eusebius, an old monk from Palestine. Suddenly, a bodiless voice spoke to Eusebius: “Abba, do not walk to the right of the great John.” It was the voice of God, foretelling the great service to which John would shortly be called. the death of Patriarch Eutychius, Saint John was chosen to succeed him. He did not want to accept the office, but he was frightened by a heavenly vision, and so he consented. the example of his own life he taught all believers to restrain their capricious desires and to control themselves. The hierarch was unable to abide his flock’s blatant disregard for the institutions of the Church. the citizens of Constantinople decided to give in to their passions by attending a horse show in the Hippodrome on eve of the Feast of Pentecost, the hierarch fell on his knees before God and fervently prayed that the Lord would thwart their impious intention. As soon as the people began to make their way to the Hippodrome, a terrible storm arose with thunder, rain and hailstones so that everyone dispersed in fear and came to realize the inappropriateness of such entertainment. John was Patriarch of Constantinople from 582 - 595, and was the first to use the title “Ecumenical Patriarch.” was a great faster, intercessor and wonderworker right up to the time of his death. Distinguished for his abstinence and prayer, Saint John had such a love for the poor that he refused them nothing from his estate. After his death, his only personal possessions were found to be a wooden spoon, a linen shirt and an old garment. His writings on repentance and Confession are well known. a virtuous life of piety, during which he performed many miracles, Saint John reposed on September 2, 595. His grace-filled relics were entombed in the Church of the Holy Apostles. Saint John is also commemorated on August 30. St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21;

Constantinople, 590-604, Gregory the Great, declared oecumenical (exclusive) popes the Antichrist
Roman Pope, 590-604, Gregory I, Gregory Dialogus, Byzantine Saint; Byzantine Saint, 560-604, Gregory Dialogus, Pope of Rome; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 13; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605);

Constantinople, 590-604, Gregory I, Roman Pope, Gregory Dialogus, the Great, monolingual during his time
Roman Pope, 590-604, Gregory I, Gregory Dialogus, Byzantine Saint; Byzantine Saint, 560-604, Gregory Dialogus, Pope of Rome; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 13; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605);

Constantinople, 595-606, Cyriacus II, Patriarch, used term oecumenical bishop, meaning exclusive
Constantinople Patriarch, 595-606, Cyriacus II of Constantinople; (? – 29 October 606) was the thirtieth Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (595–606). He was previously presbyter and steward, oikonomos, of the great church at Constantinople (Chronicon Paschale, p. 378). Gregory the Great received the legates bearing the synodal letters which announced his consecration, partly from a desire not to disturb the peace of the church, and partly from the personal respect which he entertained for Cyriac; but in his reply he warned him against the sin of causing divisions in the church, clearly alluding to the use of the term oecumenical bishop, which Gregory interpreted as meaning "universal" or even "exclusive" bishop (Gregory, Ep. lib. vii. 4, Patrologia Latina lxxvii. 853). The personal feelings of Gregory towards Cyriac appear most friendly. did not attend to Gregory's entreaties that he abstain from using the title, for Gregory wrote afterwards both to him and to the emperor Maurice, declaring that he could not allow his legates to remain in communion with Cyriac as long as he retained it. In the latter of these letters he compares the assumption of the title to the sin of Antichrist, since both exhibit a spirit of lawless pride. "Quisquis se universalem sacerdotem vocat, vel vocari desiderat, in elatione sua Antichristum praecurrit" (whosoever calls himself universal priest, or desires to be called so, is the forerunner of the Antichrist) (Gregory Ep. 28, 30). In a letter to Anastasius I of Antioch, who had written to him to remonstrate against disturbing the peace of the church, Gregory defends his conduct on the ground of the injury which Cyriac had done to all other patriarchs by the assumption of the title, and reminds Anastasius that not only heretics but heresiarchs had before this been patriarchs of Constantinople. He also deprecates the use of the term on more general grounds (Ep. 24). In spite of all this Cyriacus was firm in his retention of the title, and appears to have summoned, or to have meditated summoning, a council to authorize its use. For in 599 Gregory wrote to Eusebius of Thessalonica and some other bishops, stating that he had heard they were about to be summoned to a council at Constantinople, and most urgently entreating them to yield neither to force nor to persuasion, but to be steadfast in their refusal to recognize the offensive title (ib. lib. ix. 68 in Patr. Lat.). appears to have shared in that unpopularity of the emperor Maurice which caused his deposition and death (Theophanes Chronicle, A.M. 6094; Niceph. Callis. H. E. xviii. 40; Theophylact. Hist. viii. 9). still, however, had influence enough to exact from Phocas at his coronation a confession of the orthodox faith and a pledge not to disturb the church (Theophanes Chronicle, A.M. 6094). also nobly resisted the attempt of Phocas to drag the empress Constantina and her daughters from their sanctuary in a church of Constantinople (ibid., A.M. 6098). some resentment at this opposition to his will may have induced Phocas to accede more readily to the claims of Pope Boniface III that Rome should be considered to be the head of all the church, in exclusion of the claims of Constantinople to the oecumenical bishopric (Vita Bonifacii III, in Labbe, Acta Concil. t. v. 1615). died in 606, and was interred in the church of the Holy Apostles (Chronicon Paschale, p. 381). He appears to have been a man of remarkable piety and earnestness, able to win the esteem of all parties. He built a church dedicated to the theotokos in a street of Constantinople called Diaconissa (Theophanes Chronicle, A.M. 6090; Niceph. Callis. H. E. xviii. 42). St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; St Pausicacus the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 13 ;

Constantinople, 599, Miraculous Transfer Bartholomew's Relics Trebizond, Armenia, Black Sea to Lipari Island, Sicily
Lipari, Italy ; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11;

Constantinople, 600, 7th Century-1453, Folder, Byzantine Period after Islam, Iconoclasts

Constantinople, 600-699, Folder, 7th Century, Monotheites

Constantinople, 601-649, Saint John of the Ladder, John Climacus, Sinai, Egypt
Egypt, 600-649, Saint John of the Ladder, John Climacus; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of "œthe Ladder"Â; Commemorated on March 30;

Constantinople, 601-662, Saint Maximus the Confessor, against Monotheism, tounge and right hand mutilated
Byzantium, 600-662, Saint Maximus the Confessor; the Confessor (Greek: ÎœÎ¬Î¾Î¹Î¼Î¿Ï‚ á½ á½‰Î¼Î¿Î»Î¿Î³Î·Ï„Î®Ï‚), also known as Maximus the Theologian and Maximus of Constantinople (c. 580 – 13 August 662), was a Christian monk, theologian, and scholar. his early life, Maximus was a civil servant, and an aide to the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius. He gave up this life in the political sphere to enter the monastic life. had studied diverse schools of philosophy, and certainly what was common for his time, the Platonic dialogues, the works of Aristotle, and numerous later Platonic commentators on Aristotle and Plato, like Plotinus, Porphyry, Iamblichus, and Proclus. When one of his friends began espousing the Christological position known as Monothelitism, Maximus was drawn into the controversy, in which he supported an interpretation of the Chalcedonian formula on the basis of which it was asserted that Jesus had both a human and a divine will. Maximus is venerated in both the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic churches. He was eventually persecuted for his Christological positions; following a trial, his tongue and right hand were mutilated. was then exiled and died on 13 August 662, in Tsageri in present-day Georgia. However, his theology was upheld by the Third Council of Constantinople and he was venerated as a saint soon after his death. It is highly uncommon among the saints that he has two feast days: 13 August and 21 January. His title of "Confessor" means that he suffered for the Christian faith, but was not directly martyred. St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on January 21 ;

Byzantium, 602-610, Emperor, Phocas, Rebel, Killed, then Killed by, incompetent
Byzantine Emperor 602-610, Phocas; Phocas (547-“ 5 October 610) was Eastern Roman emperor from 602 to 610. early life of Phocas is largely unknown, but he rose to prominence in 602, as a leader in the revolt against Emperor Maurice. captured Constantinople and overthrew Maurice on 23 November 602, and declared himself emperor on the same day. deeply mistrusted the elite of Constantinople, and therefore installed his relatives in high military positions, and brutally purged his opponents. is widely regarded as an incompetent leader, both of the administration and army. his reign the Byzantine Empire was threatened by multiple enemies, with frequent raids in the Balkans from the Avars and Slavs, and a Sassanid invasion of the eastern provinces. of Phocas' incompetence and brutality, the Exarch of Africa, Heraclius the Elder, rebelled against him. Heraclius the Elder's son, Heraclius, succeeded in taking Constantinople on 5 October 610, and executed Phocas on the same day, before declaring himself the emperor. St Eustolia of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated on January 8; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on January 21 ; Translation of the relics of St Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 24; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Dositheus of Palestine, the Disciple of the Venerable Abba Dorotheus, Commemorated on February 19; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author œthe LadderÂ, Commemorated on March 30; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22 ;

Constantinople, 602-628, Byzantine-Persian War of 602-“628
Byzantine-“Persian War of 602-“628; Battle of Nineveh (627); Byzantine Emperor Heraclius; Persian emperor Chosroes II; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12;

Constantinople, 606-616, John the Merciful of Alexandria, Patriarch, many examples of mercy, against Monophysite h
Egyptian Patriarch, 606-616, John the Merciful of Alexandria ; Saint John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12; John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, was born on Cyprus in the seventh century into the family of the illustrious dignitary Epiphanius. At the wish of his parents he entered into marriage and had children. When the wife and the children of the saint died, he became a monk. He was zealous in fasting and prayer, and had great love for those around him. spiritual exploits won him honor among men, and even the emperor revered him. When the Patriarchal throne of Alexandria fell vacant, the emperor Heraclius and all the clergy begged Saint John to occupy the Patriarchal throne. saint worthily assumed his archpastoral service, concerning himself with the moral and dogmatic welfare of his flock. As patriarch he denounced every soul-destroying heresy, and drove out from Alexandria the Monophysite Phyllonos of Antioch. considered his chief task to be charitable and to give help all those in need. At the beginning of his patriarchal service he ordered his stewards to compile a list of all the poor and downtrodden in Alexandria, which turned out to be over seven thousand men. The saint ordered that all of these unfortunates be provided for each day out of the church’s treasury. during the week, on Wednesdays and Fridays, he emerged from the doors of the patriarchal cathedral, and sitting on the church portico, he received everyone in need. He settled quarrels, helped the wronged, and distributed alms. Three times a week he visited the sick-houses, and rendered assistance to the suffering. was during this period that the emperor Heraclius led a tremendous army against the Persian emperor Chosroes II. The Persians ravaged and burned Jerusalem, taking a multitude of captives. The holy Patriarch John gave a large portion of the church treasury for their ransom. saint never refused suppliants. One day, when the saint was visiting the sick, he met a beggar and commanded that he be given six silver coins. The beggar changed his clothes, ran on ahead of the Patriarch, and again asked for alms. Saint John gave him six more silver coins. however, the beggar sought charity a third time, and the servants began to chase the fellow away, the Patriarch ordered that he be given twelve pieces of silver, saying, he is Christ putting me to the test. the saint gave money to a merchant that had suffered shipwreck, and a third time gave him a ship belonging to the Patriarchate and filled with grain, with which the merchant had a successful journey and repaid his obligations. John the Merciful was known for his gentle attitude towards people. the saint was compelled to excommunicate two clergymen for a certain time because of some offense. of them repented, but the other fellow became angry with the Patriarch and fell into greater sins. saint wanted to summon him and calm him with kind words, but it slipped his mind. he was celebrating the Divine Liturgy, the saint was suddenly reminded by the words of the Gospel: “If you bring your gift to the altar and remember that your brother has something against you, leave your gift before the altar ... first, be reconciled with your brother, and then come and offer your gift” (Mt. 5:23-24). saint came out of the altar, called the offending clergyman to him, and falling down on his knees before him in front of all the people he asked forgiveness. The cleric, filled with remorse, repented of his sin, corrected himself, and afterwards was found worthy to be ordained to the priesthood. was a time when a certain citizen insulted George, the Patriarch’s nephew. George asked the saint to avenge the wrong. The saint promised to deal with the offender so that all of Alexandria would marvel at what he had done. This calmed George, and Saint John began to instruct him, speaking of the necessity for meekness and humility. Then he summoned the man who insulted George. When Saint John learned that the man lived in a house owned by the church, he declared that he would excuse him from paying rent for an entire year. Alexandria indeed was amazed by such a “revenge,” and George learned from his uncle how to forgive offenses and to bear insults for God’s sake. John, a strict ascetic and man of prayer, was always mindful of his soul, and of death. He ordered a coffin for himself, but told the craftsmen not to finish it. Instead, he would have them come each feastday and ask if it was time to finish the work. John was persuaded to accompany the governor Nicetas on a visit to the emperor in Constantinople. While on his way to visit the earthly king, he dreamed of a resplendent man who said to him, “The King of Kings summons you.” He sailed to his native island of Cyprus, and at Amanthos the saint peacefully fell asleep in the Lord (616-620). Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22;

Constantinople, 607-610, Thomas I, Patriarch, ominous portent, heavy crosses shake & strike each other, then disasters
Constantinople Patriarch, 607-610, Thomas I ; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Thomas, Patriarch of Constantinople, was at first a deacon, and later under the holy Patriarch John IV the Faster (582-595) he was made “sakellarios” [sacristan] in the Great Church (Hagia Sophia). After the death of holy Patriarch Cyriacus (595-606), Saint Thomas was elevated to the Patriarchal throne in 607. The saint concerned himself in every possible way about the spiritual needs of his flock. the patriarchate of Saint Thomas, an ominous portent appeared in the land of Galatia (Asia Minor). The heavy crosses which were carried during church processions began to shake and to strike against each other. The clairvoyant Elder, Saint Theodore Sykeotes (April 22), explained the meaning of this portent. He said that discords and disasters awaited the Church, and the state was in danger of barbarian invasion. Hearing this, the saint became terrified and asked Saint Theodore to pray that God would take his soul before these predictions were fulfilled. the death of the holy Patriarch Thomas in 610, disorders started in the Church. Saint Thomas’s successor, Patriarch Sergius (610-638), fell into the Monothelite heresy. Through God’s dispensation, war broke out with Persia, which proved grievous for Byzantium. The Greek regions of Asia Minor were completely devastated, Jerusalem fell, and the Life-Creating Cross of the Lord was captured and taken to Persia. Thus, all the misfortunes portended by the miracle during the church procession came to pass. St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22;

Constantinople, 610, St Eustolia, from Rome, Constantinople monastic, people came to her for advice and consolation
Rome; St Eustolia of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Eustolia, a native of Rome, had come to Constantinople and entered one of the women’s monasteries. virtuous and strict monastic life of the saint gained her the love and respect of the sisters. Not only monastics, but also many laypeople came to her for advice and consolation. Eustolia died in the year 610.

Byzantium, 610-641, Emperor Heraclius, Monothelite, K Phocus, Persia to C then 627, Muslim Cs
Byzantine Emperor 610-641, Heraclius ; (Greek: Iraklios; c. 575 - February 11, 641) was the Byzantine emperor from 610 to 641. His rise to power began in 608, when he and his father, Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Africa, led a revolt against the unpopular usurper Phocas. reign was marked by several military campaigns. The year Heraclius came to power, the empire was threatened on multiple frontiers. Heraclius immediately took charge of the Byzantine-“Sasanian War of 602-“628. The first battles of the campaign ended in defeat for the Byzantines; the Persian army fought their way to the Bosphorus but Constantinople was protected by impenetrable walls and a strong navy, and Heraclius was able to avoid total defeat. Soon after, he initiated reforms to rebuild and strengthen the military. Heraclius drove the Persians out of Asia Minor and pushed deep into their territory, defeating them decisively in 627 at the Battle of Nineveh. The Persian king Khosrow II was overthrown and executed by his son Kavad II, who soon sued for a peace treaty, agreeing to withdraw from all occupied territory. This way peaceful relations were restored to the two deeply strained empires. lost many of his newly regained lands to the Muslim conquests. Emerging from the Arabian Peninsula, the Muslims quickly conquered the Sasanian Empire. In 634 the Muslims marched into Roman Syria, defeating Heraclius's brother Theodore. Within a short period of time, the Arabs conquered Mesopotamia, Armenia and Egypt. entered diplomatic relations with the Croats and Serbs in the Balkans. He tried to repair the schism in the Christian church in regard to the Monophysites, by promoting a compromise doctrine called Monothelitism. The Church of the East (commonly called Nestorian) was also involved in the process.[1] Eventually this project of unity was rejected by all sides of the dispute. Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated on September 18; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated on January 8; Martyr Anastasius the Disciple of the Venerable Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on January 21; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on January 21 ; Translation of the relics of St Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 24; Venerable Dositheus of Palestine, the Disciple of the Venerable Abba Dorotheus, Commemorated on February 19; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of "œthe Ladder"Â, Commemorated on March 30; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22 ; Venerable Priestmartyrs of St Sava Lavra, Commemorated on May 16;

Constantinople, 610-638, Patriarch, Sergius I, Monothelite
Constantinople Patriarch, 610-638, Sergius I, Monothelite ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia, Commemorated July 7 ; holy icon is also called the HodÄ“gá¸—tria, or “She who leads the way.â€ It was with this icon that Patriarch Sergius (610-631) made the rounds of the walls of Constantinople in the year 626 with Moliebens during a siege of the capital by the Avars.

Constantinople, 614, Chozroes II ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia
Jerusalem, 614, Chozroes II ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia; Byzantine “Sasanian War of 602-“628; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22;

Constantinople, 637, Arab Moslem Conquest of Antioch, Iron Bridge Battle
Syria, 637, Arab Moslem Conquest of Antioch; When the Moslems seized Antioch centuries later (in 637), a deacon Job brought the holy hand of the Forerunner from Antioch to Chalcedon. From there, on the eve of the Theophany of the Lord, it was transferred to Constantinople (956) and kept thereafter. named Battle of the Iron Bridge; In 637, during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, Antioch was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate during the Battle of the Iron Bridge.;

Constantinople, 638-641, Patriarch, Pyrrhus of Constantinople, Monotheite converted to Othodox
Constantinople, 638-641, Patriarch, Pyrrhus of Constantinople; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13;

Byzantium, 641-641, Emperor, Constantine III, tuberculosis
Byzantine Emperor 641-641, Constantine III; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; St Zosimus the Bishop of Syracuse, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of "œthe Ladder"Â, Commemorated on March 30;

Byzantium, 641-641, Emperor, Heraklonas, mutilated and exiled by a general
Byzantine Emperor 641-641, Heraklonas; Heraclius ( 626-“641), commonly known by the diminutive Heraklonas or Herakleonas. was the son of Heraclius and his niece Martina. father had stipulated in his will that both of his sons, Heraklonas and Constantine III, should rule jointly upon his death. Heraclius also specified that his wife, Martina, was to be called "Mother and Empress" insofar as she might have influence at court as well.[2] The emperor Heraclius died in February 641 from edema. Martina did make the late Emperor's will public she faced staunch resistance to her playing any active role in government, but both Heraklonas and Constantine were proclaimed joint-emperors in February 641 without incident. Constantine died of tuberculosis in April/May 641, Heraklonas became sole emperor, under the regency of his mother due to his young age. He reigned from April/May -“ September/October 641, when he was overthrown by Valentinus, a general and usurper of Armenian extract, who installed Constans II, the son of Constantine III. Valentinus had Heraklonas' nose cut off, then exiled him to Rhodes, where he is believed to have died in the same year. Byzantine Emperor 641-641, Constantine III; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; St Zosimus the Bishop of Syracuse, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of œthe LadderÂ, Commemorated on March 30;

Byzantium, 641-668, Emperor, Constans II, Monotheite
Byzantine Emperor 641-668, Constans II; II ( 7 November 630 – 15 September 668), also called Constantine the Bearded, was emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 641 to 668. was the last emperor to serve as consul, in 642.[1][2] is a nickname given to the Emperor, who had been baptized Herakleios and reigned officially as Constantine. The nickname established itself in Byzantine texts and has become standard in modern historiography. Martyr Anastasius the Disciple of the Venerable Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on January 21; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; St Zosimus the Bishop of Syracuse, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of "œthe Ladder"Â, Commemorated on March 30; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14;

Constantinople, 641-654, Patriarch, Paul, Monothelite
Constantinople, 641-654, Patriarch, Paul, Monothelite; St. Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14;

Constantinople, 650, Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Persian, Omar, vision St Shio w angels, converted, stoned
Georgia, 650, Urbnisi, Martyr Neophytus of Urbin; Urbnisi; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated October 28 ; holy hieromartyr Neophytus of Urbnisi descended from a line of Persian fire-worshippers. the 7th century, by order of the Saracen emir Mumni, the military leader Ahmad attacked Georgia with an enormous army. After overrunning the central part of Shida (Inner) Kartli, Ahmad dispatched two of his commanders, Omar and Burul, to the capital city of Mtskheta. At the confluence of the Mtkvari and Aragvi rivers, across from the village of Tsikhedidi in the rocky Sarkineti region, the invaders discovered a group of caves and plotted to occupy them. They tried to cross the Mtkvari but were unable. suffered a setback, the enemies asked their captives what was located in those caves. They were told that this was the Shio-Mgvime Monastery, where dwelt God’s chosen, who had deprived themselves of every earthly blessing. at this reply, the commanders decided to pass this information on to Ahmad. Then, as though it were commonplace, Ahmad sent Omar to the monastery to ask the monks to pray for him and remember him at the grave of their abbot, Saint Shio. “Pray for me, O slaves of God, and accept these gifts of aloe and incense. Offer these as a sacrifice to your abbot,” he told them. the monastery caves, Omar sent a messenger to inform the monks that he was coming to them in peace and bearing gifts. Drawing near to the monastery gates, the commander saw an army of incorporeal hosts descending from the heavens and among them an elder, radiant with a great light. meek and modest behavior of the monks left a great impression on Omar. He soon understood that the strange armies he had seen on the steps of the monastery were angels of God and that the elder was Saint Shio of Mgvime, abbot of the monastery. He related his vision to the monks and vowed to return to them, receive the sacrament of Holy Baptism, be tonsured a monk, and remain there to join in their holy labors. Omar abandoned all his possessions, his military rank, and his wealth and was baptized in the Christian Faith at the Shio-Mgvime Monastery as he had promised. of his slaves were baptized with him as well. Omar received the new name Neophytus (Newly Planted / From the Greek word neophytos, which in I Tim. 3:6 refers to a new convert), and his slaves became Christodoulus (Christ’s Slave) and Christopher (Christ-bearer). to God’s will, Saint Neophytus was consecrated bishop of Urbnisi, and all were amazed at his wisdom and steadfastness. He was a true father to his flock: “He strengthened the weak, healed the sick, raised the fallen, cleansed the possessed, directed the lost and sought out those who were perishing, protecting them, and forbidding them to wander off again.” the enemy could not tolerate the native Persian’s apostolic activity, and he convinced the fire-worshippers to kill the Christian shepherd. So the unbelievers devised an ambush and attacked Neophytus’ isolated cell, then tied him up and began to mock, curse, and revile him. They knew that Saint Neophytus longed to become like the holy protomartyr Stephen, and they plotted to stone him to death. his time to depart this world had arrived, Saint Neophytus turned to his persecutors with a tender voice, saying, “Sweet is death to me, O unbelievers! Sweet it is to me. I desire to sunder the link between my mortal and immortal nature.... With my own blood I will confirm the Holy Church, which is founded upon the Precious Blood of the Son and Word of God, Whom I preach. May that which was foreordained for me by the Providence of God be fulfilled, for He has called me to His light from the depths of ungodliness!” furious pagans stoned the saint to death. With his last breath Holy Hieromartyr Neophytus cried out, “Lord Jesus Christ receive my soul!”

Byzantium, 668-685, Emperor, Constantine IV, checked islamic expansion, ended Monotheism, Orthodox
Byzantine Emperor 668-685, Constantine IV ; IV ( c. 652 -“ 14 September 685), called the Younger (Greek: )[1][2] and sometimes incorrectly Pogonatos (Greek: "the Bearded") out of confusion with his father,[3] was Byzantine Emperor from 668 to 685. reign saw the first serious check to nearly 50 years of uninterrupted Islamic expansion, while his calling of the Sixth Ecumenical Council saw the end of the monothelitism controversy in the Byzantine Empire. St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated on September 18; St Theodore the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 27 ; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Sixth Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on January 23; St Agathon the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 20 ; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12 ;

Constantinople, 674-678, First Arab Muslim Siege of Constantinople
Constantinople, 674-678, First Arab Muslim Siege of Constantinople ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 27 ;

Constantinople, 676-679, 683-686, Theodore I , Patriarch, Arab seige of C
Constantinople Patriarch, 676-679, 683-686, Theodore I of Constantinople ; I (? -“ 28 January 687) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 677 to 679. He had been preceded by Constantine I of Constantinople.[1] During this cataclysmic period, the Byzantine military overcame the Arab incursion against its walls in the Arab siege of Constantinople (674-678). He was emphatically succeeded by His All-Holliness Patriarch George I of Constantinople.[2] St Theodore the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 27 ;

Constantinople, 680, Sixth Ecumenical Council
Sixth Ecumenical Council (680); Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Sixth Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on January 23 ; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; St Andrew the Archbishop of Crete, Commemorated on July 4;

Byzantium, 685-711, Emperor, Justinian II, deposed in 695, r 705, overthrown 711, lost nose, k by his army
Byzantine Emperor, 685-711, Justinian II; II (668/9 - 4 November 711), surnamed Rhinotmetos or Rhinotmetus (the slit-nosed), was the last Byzantine emperor of the Heraclian dynasty, reigning from 685 to 695 and again from 705 to 711. Justinian I, Justinian II was an ambitious and passionate ruler who was keen to restore the Roman Empire to its former glories, but he responded brutally to any opposition to his will and lacked the finesse of his father, Constantine IV.[4] he generated enormous opposition to his reign, resulting in his deposition in 695 in a popular uprising, and he only returned to the throne in 705 with the help of a Bulgar and Slav army. His second reign was even more despotic than the first, and it too saw his eventual overthrow in 711, abandoned by his army who turned on him before killing him. Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; St Theodore the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 27 ; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12; St Andrew the Archbishop of Crete, Commemorated on July 4;

Constantinople, 692, Council of Trullo, pre christian religious practices, rituals, practices, Eucharist, liturgy
Council of Trullo; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Sixth Ecumenical Council, Commemorated January 23 ;

Constantinople, 693-705, Callinicus I, Patriarch, resisted demolition of a Blachernae church, Justinian II lost his nose
Constantinople Patriarch, 693-705, Callinicus I of Constantinople; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Callinicus, Patriarch of Constantinople (693-705), was at first a presbyter in the temple of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae, but in 693 with the death of Patriarch Paul (686-693), he was elevated to the episcopal throne of Constantinople. The cruel Justinian II (685-695) reigned at this time. He undertook the construction of a palace very near the church of the Most Holy Theotokos and decided to demolish it. The emperor ordered Patriarch Callinicus to give his blessing for tearing it down. The patriarch replied that he had prayers only for the building of churches, not their destruction. When the church was demolished, he cried out with tears, “Glory to Thee, O Lord, in enduring all things.” the wrath of God befell Justinian. He was toppled from the throne and sent for imprisonment to Cherson, where they cut off his nose (from which he received the nickname “Short-nose”). Leontius (695-698) succeeded him on the throne.

Byzantium, 695-698, Emperor, Leonti, d Umyyds for J II, d by U's, jail by II till 695, d 697, cut nose and tongue, ex
Byzantine Emperor, 695-698, Leontios ; or Leontius (660 – August 705/February 706), sometimes enumerated as Leontius II,[n 1] was Byzantine emperor from 695 to 698. is known of his early life, other than that he was born in Isauria in Asia Minor. He was given the title of patrikios, and made strategos of the Anatolic Theme under Emperor Constantine IV. He led forces against the Umayyads during the early years of Justinian II's reign, securing victory and forcing the Umayyad caliph, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, to sue for peace. 692, Justinian declared war upon the Umayyads again, and sent Leontios to campaign against them. However, he was defeated decisively at the Battle of Sebastopolis, and imprisoned by Justinian for his failure. was released in 695, and given the title of strategos of the Theme of Hellas in Southern Greece. After being released, he led a rebellion against Justinian, and seized power, becoming emperor in the same year. ruled until 697, when he was overthrown by Apsimar, a droungarios who had taken part in a failed expedition that had been launched by Leontios to recover Carthage. seizing Constantinople, Apsimar took the name Tiberius (III),[n 2] and had Leontios' nose and tongue cut off. He was sent to the Monastery of Dalmatou, where he remained until some time between August 705 and February 706. By this time Justinian had retaken the throne. Both Leontios and Tiberius were executed. St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23;

Byzantium, 695-717, Emperor, Twenty Years Anarchy
Byzantine Emperor, 695-717, Twenty Years Anarchy ; or Philippicus was Emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 711 to 713. was originally named Bardanes; he was the son of the patrician Nikephorus, who was of Armenian extraction from an Armenian colony in Pergamum.[1] Relying on the support of the Monothelite party, he made some pretensions to the throne on the outbreak of the first great rebellion against Emperor Justinian II; these led to his relegation to Cephalonia by Tiberius Apsimarus, and subsequently to his banishment to Cherson by order of Justinian. Here Bardanes, taking the name of Philippicus, successfully incited the inhabitants to revolt with the help of the Khazars. The successful rebels seized Constantinople, and Justinian fled; Philippikos took the throne. Justinian was subsequently seized and beheaded; his son Tiberius was likewise apprehended by Philippikos's officers, Ioannes and Mauros, and killed in a church. Justinian's principal officers, such as Barasbakourios, were also massacred. his first acts were the deposition of the orthodox patriarch Cyrus of Constantinople, in favour of John VI, a member of his own sect, and the summoning of a conciliabulum of Eastern bishops, which abolished the canons of the Sixth Ecumenical Council. In response the Roman Church refused to recognize the new Emperor and his patriarch. Meanwhile, Tervel of Bulgaria plundered up to the walls of Constantinople in 712. When Philippicus transferred an army from the Opsikion theme to police the Balkans, the Umayyad Caliphate under Al-Walid I made inroads across the weakened defenses of Asia Minor. late May 713 the Opsikion troops rebelled in Thrace. Several of their officers penetrated the city and blinded Philippicus on June 3, 713 while he was in the hippodrome.[2] He was succeeded for a short while by his principal secretary, Artemius, who was raised to the purple as Emperor Anastasius II. He died in the same year. St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12;

Constantinople, 695-749, Saint, John of Damascus, Iconodule
Syria, 695-749, Saint, John of Damascus; Martyr John of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4; Icon of the Mother of God “Of the Three Handsâ€, Commemorated on June 28; Icon of the Mother of God, “Of the Three Handsâ€: In the eighth century during the time of the Iconoclasts, Saint John of Damascus (December 4) was zealous in his veneration of holy icons. Because of this, he was slandered by the emperor and iconoclast Leo III the Isaurian (717-740), who informed the Damascus caliph that Saint John was committing treasonous acts against him. The caliph gave orders to cut off the hand of the monk and take it to the marketplace. Towards evening Saint John, having asked the caliph for the cut-off hand, put it to its joint and fell to the ground before the icon of the Mother of God. The monk begged Our Lady to heal the hand, which had written in defense of Orthodoxy. After long prayer he fell asleep and saw in a dream that the All-Pure Mother of God had turned to him promising him quick healing. this the Mother of God bid him toil without fail with this hand. Having awakened from sleep, Saint John saw that his hand was unharmed. In thankfulness for this healing Saint John placed on the icon a hand fashioned of silver, from which the icon received its name “Of Three Hands.â€ (Some iconographers, in their ignorance, have mistakenly depicted the Most Holy Theotokos with three arms and three hands.) According to Tradition, Saint John wrote a hymn of thanksgiving to the Mother of God: “All of creation rejoices in You, O Full of Grace,â€ which appears in place of the hymn “It is Truly Meetâ€ in the Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great. John Damascene accepted monasticism at the monastery of Saint Savva the Sanctified and there bestowed his wonderworking icon. The Lavra presented the icon “Of Three Handsâ€ in blessing to Saint Savva, Archbishop of Serbia (+ 1237, January 12). During the time of an invasion of Serbia by the Turks, some Christians who wanted to protect the icon, entrusted it to the safekeeping of the Mother of God Herself. They placed it upon a donkey, which without a driver proceeded to Athos and stopped in front of the Hilandar monastery. The monks put the icon in the monastery’s cathedral church (katholikon). During a time of discord over the choice of igumen, the Mother of God deigned to head the monastery Herself, and from that time Her holy icon has occupied the igumen’s place in the temple. At the Hilandar monastery there is chosen only a vicar, and from the holy icon the monks take a blessing for every obedience. Greek usage, this Icon is commemorated on June 28; but on July 12 in Slavic usage. Icon of the Mother of God œof the Three HandsÂ on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12;

Constantinople, 700-799, Folder, 8th Century, Iconoclasts, Iconodules

Constantinople, 715-730, Patriarch, Germanus I of Constantinople, eunuch, iconodule, writer, hymnographer
Constantinople Patriarch, 715-730, Germanus I of Constantinople; I (c. 634 -733 or 740) was the Patriarch of Constantinople from 715 to 730. He is regarded as a saint, by both the Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches, with a feast day of 12 May.[1] He had been ecumenically preceded by Patriarch John VI of Constantinople, and was succeeded in Orthodox rite by patriarch Constantine II of Constantinople.[2] to Theophanes the Confessor, Germanus was a son of patrician Justinian, who was executed in 668.[3] Justinian was reportedly involved in the murder of Constans II and usurpation of the throne by Mezezius. Constantine IV, son of Constans II, defeated his rival and punished the supporters of Mezezius. Germanus survived the persecutions, but was made a eunuch by the victors.[4] was sent to a monastery. He resurfaces as Bishop of Cyzicus.[3] He took part in the 712 Council of Constantinople where decisions favored Monothelitism, abolishing the canons of the Third Council of Constantinople (680-681). The Council followed the religious preferences of Philippikos Bardanes.[5] 713, Philippikos Bardanes was deposed by Anastasios II. Anastasios soon reversed all religious decisions of his predecessor. Patriarch John VI, strongly associated with Monothelitism, was eventually dismissed. On 11 August 714/715, Germanus was elected Patriarch of Constantinople. Germanus later helped negotiate Anastasius' surrender terms to Theodosios III.[6] 715, Germanus organized a new council propagating Dyothelitism and anathematizing various leaders of the opposing faction. He attempted to improve relations with the Armenian Apostolic Church with a view towards reconciliation. The major issue of his term would, however, be the emerging Byzantine Iconoclasm, propagated by Leo III the Isaurian. was an iconodule,[5] and played an important role in defending the use of sacred images during the iconoclastic crisis of his day, suffering exile for his opposition to the emperor, who considered reverence for these images a form of idolatry.[7] an apparently successful attempt to enforce the baptism of all Jews and Montanists in the empire (722), Leo issued a series of edicts against the worship of images (726–729).[8] A letter by the patriarch Germanus written before 726 to two Iconoclast bishops says that "now whole towns and multitudes of people are in considerable agitation over this matter" but we have very little evidence as to the growth of the debate.[9] either resigned or was deposed following the ban. Surviving letters Germanus wrote at the time say little of theology. According to Patricia Karlin-Hayter, what worried Germanus was that the ban of icons would prove that the Church had been in error for a long time and therefore play into the hands of Jews and Muslims.[10] Tradition depicts Germanus as much more determined in his position, even winning a debate on the matter with Constantine, Bishop of Nacoleia, a leading Iconoclast. Pope Gregory II (term 715–731), a fellow iconodule, praised Germanus' "zeal and steadfastness".[5] was replaced by Anastasios, more willing to obey the emperor. Germanus retired to the residence of his family. He died a few years at an advanced age in 740.[11] He was buried at the Chora Church. The Second Council of Nicaea (787) included Germanus in the diptychs of the saints. He has since been regarded a saint by both the Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church. of his writings have been preserved.[5] His Historia Ecclesiastica was a popular work in Greek and Latin translations for many centuries, and remains often quoted by scholars. Parts of it were published in English in 1985 as On the Divine Liturgy, described by its publishers as for centuries the quasi-official explanation of the Divine Liturgy for the Byzantine Christian world.[12] However the Johann Peter Kirsch is dubious that the work is actually by Germanus.[5] Pius XII included one of his texts in the apostolic constitution proclaiming Mary's assumption into heaven a dogma of the Church.[7] his writings was the hymn translated by John Mason Neale as A Great and Mighty Wonder,[13][14] although Neale misattributed this to Anatolius of Constantinople. Martyr Julian of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or œthe Roman, Commemorated on June 26;

Byzantium, 717-741, Emperor, Leo III, Iconoclast, John Damascas' hand, Arabic, Muslim Iconoclasm, d Umayyads
Byzantine Emperor 717-741, Leo the Isaurian, aka Leo III the Syrian; III the Isaurian (Greek: , romanized: Leon ho Isauros; c. 685-18 June 741), also known as the Syrian, was Byzantine Emperor from 717 until his death in 741 and founder of the Isaurian dynasty.[1] put an end to the Twenty Years' Anarchy, a period of great instability in the Byzantine Empire between 695 and 717, marked by the rapid succession of several emperors to the throne. He also successfully defended the Empire against the invading Umayyads and forbade the veneration of icons.[2] life[edit] whose original name was Konon, was born in Germanikeia in the Syrian province of Commagene (modern KahramanmaraÅŸ in Turkey). Some, including the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes, have claimed that Konon's family had been resettled in Thrace, where he entered the service of Emperor Justinian II, when the latter was advancing on Constantinople with an army of loyalist followers, and horsemen provided by Tervel of Bulgaria in 705. Leo was fluent in Arabic,[3] possibly as a native language,[4] and was described by Theophanes as "the Saracen minded."[5] the victory of Justinian II, Konon was dispatched on a diplomatic mission to Alania and Lazica to organize an alliance against the Umayyad Caliphate under Al-Walid I. According to the Chronicle of Theophanes Justinian wanted to get rid of Konon and took back the money that had been given to him to help advance Byzantine interests, thus leaving Konon stranded in Alania. The chronicle describes the mission as successful and Konon returning eventually to Justinian after crossing the Caucasus mountains in May with snowshoes and taking the fortress of Sideron (associated with Tsebelda) on the way.[6][7] was appointed commander (stratÄ“gos) of the Anatolic Theme by Emperor Anastasius II. On his deposition, Konon joined with his colleague Artabasdus, the stratÄ“gos of the Armeniac Theme, in conspiring to overthrow the new Emperor Theodosius III. Artabasdus was betrothed to Anna,[8] daughter of Leo as part of the agreement. of Constantinople[edit] article: Siege of Constantinople (717–718) entered Constantinople on 25 March 717 and forced the abdication of Theodosios III, becoming emperor as Leo III. The new emperor was immediately forced to attend to the Second Arab siege of Constantinople, which commenced in August of the same year. The Arabs were Umayyad forces sent by Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik and serving under his brother Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik. They had taken advantage of the civil discord in the Byzantine Empire to bring a force of 80,000 to 150,000 men and a massive fleet to the Bosphorus.[9] preparations, begun three years earlier under Anastasius II, and the stubborn resistance put up by Leo wore out the invaders. An important factor in the victory of the Byzantines was their use of Greek fire.[10] The Arab forces also fell victim to Bulgarian reinforcements arriving to aid the Byzantines. Leo was allied with the Bulgarians but the chronicler Theophanes the Confessor was uncertain if they were still serving under Tervel of Bulgaria or his eventual successor Kormesiy of Bulgaria. to continue the siege in the face of the Bulgarian onslaught, the impenetrability of Constantinople's walls, and their own exhausted provisions, the Arabs were forced to abandon the siege in August, 718. Sulayman himself had died the previous year and his successor Umar II would not attempt another siege. The siege had lasted 12 months. section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Empire 717 AD. 1. Ravenna 2. Venetia and Istria 3. Rome 4. Naples 5. Calabria 6. Hellas 7. Thrace 8. Opsikion 9. Thrakesion 10. Anatolikon 11. Karabisianoi 12. Armeniakon. Hatched area: Frequently invaded by Umayyad Caliphate. thus saved the Empire from extinction, Leo proceeded to consolidate its administration, which in the previous years of anarchy had become completely disorganized. In 718 he suppressed a rebellion in Sicily and in 719 did the same on behalf of the deposed Emperor Anastasios II. secured the Empire's frontiers by inviting Slavic settlers into the depopulated districts and by restoring the army to efficiency; when the Umayyad Caliphate renewed its invasions in 726 and 739, as part of the campaigns of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, the Arab forces were decisively beaten, particularly at Akroinon in 740. His military efforts were supplemented by his alliances with the Khazars and the Georgians. undertook a set of civil reforms including the abolition of the system of prepaying taxes which had weighed heavily upon the wealthier proprietors, the elevation of the serfs into a class of free tenants and the remodelling of Family law, maritime law and criminal law, notably substituting mutilation for the death penalty in many cases. The new measures, which were embodied in a new code called the Ecloga (Selection), published in 726, met with some opposition on the part of the nobles and higher clergy. The Emperor also undertook some reorganization of the theme structure by creating new themata in the Aegean region. of the miliaresion silver coins, first struck by Leo III to commemorate the coronation of his son, Constantine V, as co-emperor in 720. most striking legislative reforms dealt with religious matters, especially iconoclasm ("icon-breaking," therefore an iconoclast is an "icon-breaker").[11] After an apparently successful attempt to enforce the baptism of all Jews and Montanists in the empire (722), he issued a series of edicts against the veneration of images (726–729).[12] This prohibition of a custom, which had been in use among Christians for centuries, may have been inspired by Islamic influence as well as the desire to appease those who had not been Christians, and received the support of the official aristocracy. A majority of the theologians and all the monks opposed these measures with uncompromising hostility, and in the western parts of the Empire the people refused to obey the edict. revolt which broke out in Greece, mainly on religious grounds, was crushed by the imperial fleet in 727 (cf. Agallianos Kontoskeles). In 730, Patriarch Germanos I of Constantinople resigned rather than subscribe to an iconoclastic decree. Leo had him replaced by Anastasios,[13] who willingly sided with the Emperor on the question of icons. Thus Leo suppressed the overt opposition of the capital. the Italian Peninsula, the defiant attitude of Popes Gregory II and later Gregory III on behalf of image-veneration led to a fierce quarrel with the Emperor. The former summoned councils in Rome to anathematize and excommunicate the iconoclasts (730, 732); in 740 Leo retaliated by transferring Southern Italy and Illyricum from the papal diocese to that of the patriarch of Constantinople.[14] The struggle was accompanied by an armed outbreak in the exarchate of Ravenna in 727, which Leo finally endeavoured to subdue by means of a large fleet. But the destruction of the armament by a storm decided the issue against him; his southern Italian subjects successfully defied his religious edicts, and the Exarchate of Ravenna became effectively detached from the Empire. have discussed the mutual influence of Muslim and Byzantine iconoclasm, noting that Caliph Yazid II had issued an iconoclastic edict, also targeting his Christian subjects, already in 721.[15] III died of dropsy on 18 June 741. He was succeeded by his son, Constantine V. his wife Maria, Leo III had four known children: his successor, Constantine V; Anna, who married Artabasdus; Irene; and Kosmo. Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Three Hands"Â on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12; Martyr Julian of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 9 ; Translation of the Image "œNot-Made-By-Hands"Â of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in AugustÂ, Commemorated on August 16; Hieromartyr Hypatius the Bishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on September 21; Venerable Basil the Confessor, companion of the Venerable Procopius at Decapolis, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; St John Psichaita the Confessor, of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 26; Virginmartyr Theodosia the Nun of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 29 ; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of "œthe Three Hands"Â, Commemorated on June 28;

Constantinople, 717-718, 2nd Arab Seige of Constantinople
Constantinople, 717-718, 2nd Arab Seige of Constantinople;

Constantinople, 730-754, Patriarch, Anastasius, an iconoclast
Constantinople Patriarch, 730-754, Anastasius, an iconoclast; Martyr Julian of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 9 ; Virginmartyr Theodosia the Nun of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 29;

Constantinople, 740, Great Earthquake at Constantinople, people repented, prayed to Theotokos, earthquake stopped
Constantinople, 740, Great Earthquake at Constantinople; Commemoration of the Great Earthquake at Constantinople, Commemorated on October 26 740, at the time of the iconoclast emperor Leo the Isaurian, there was a terrible earthquake at Constantinople. Seeing this as God’s just punishment for their sins, the people repented and prayed to the Most Holy Theotokos and to Saint Demetrius to help them. God had mercy on them, and the earthquake stopped.

Byzantium, 741-775, Emperor Constantine V Copronymos, Iconoclast, used Arab Civil War
Byzantium, 741-775, Emperor Constantine V Copronymos, Iconoclast; Martyr Theokteristus, Commemorated on February 28 ; St James the Confessor the Bishop of Catania, Commemorated on March 21 ; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on March 28; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; St Basil the Confessor the Bishop of Parium, Commemorated on April 12; The Venerable Anthusa of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 12;

Constantinople, 750, died in 750, Saint, Basil the Confessor, resolutely came out on the side of icon veneration
Constantinople, 750, died in 750, Saint, Basil the Confessor; St. Basil the Confessor the Bishop of Parium, Commemorated on April 12; Basil the Confessor, Bishop of Parium, lived during the eighth century. He was elected as bishop by the inhabitants of Parium, who venerated the saint as a true pastor of the flock of Christ. the Iconoclast heresy broke out, Saint Basil resolutely came out on the side of icon veneration and refused to sign the orders for their abolition (the “Iniquitous Scroll”) of the Council of 754 which was convened under the emperor Constantine V Copronymos (741-775). The saint avoided any contact with the heretics and did not permit them into his diocese. For his zeal he suffered much persecution, hunger and deprivation. Basil remained faithful to the Orthodox Church until his death.

Constantinople, 770-805, St George, Bishop of Amastris, Pontus, on the Black Sea, example of God-pleasing
Armenia, 770-805, St George, Bishop of Amastris, Pontus, Armenia, on the Black Sea; Amastridia; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; George was born at Kromne near Amastris in Paphlagonia on the Black Sea in 750. He was the son of pious parents, Theodosios and Megethousa. completing his primary studies in his homeland, he left for the mountain of Syrikes or Serikes. There he found an old ascetic who taught him about the solitary life and tonsured him. the repose of his Elder, George went to Vonitsa in Akarnania, where he continued his ascetical struggles. 788, the Bishop of Amastris fell asleep in the Lord, and the Church rewarded George's virtues. Against his will, he was elected as the Bishop of that city, but in the end he submitted to this as God's will. He was consecrated at Constantinople by Patriarch Tarasios (February 25). his return to Amastris, Saint George was like a lamp which is not placed under a bushel, but put on a lampstand, so that it gives light to all those in the house (Matthew 5:15). He instructed his flock, he beautified several churches, defended widows and orphans, and fed the poor. In all things, he was an example of a God-pleasing life. the power of his prayers he drove away the Saracens who were ravaging the countryside near Amastris. He also rescued some Amastrian merchants who had been wrongfully condemned to death in the city of Trebizond. also composed several Canons in honor of the Saints, which are sung on February 7 and 26; April 13; August 1; October 8, etc. George went to the Lord peacefully in 805, during the reign of Emperor Nikēphoros I, after shepherding the flock which had been entrusted to him by Christ in a God-pleasing manner. He performed many miracles, both during his lifetime, and after his blessed repose. Slavic usage, Saint George is commemorated on February 21. In Greek usage he is commemorated on October 25.

Constantinople, 772-846, Joannicius, no ed, all day prayer, cross over cattle, military, seclusion, levitation, invisible
Bithynia, 772-846, Saint, Joannicius The Great; St. Irene Chrysovolantou, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Joannicius the Great, Commemorated on November 4; Joannicius the Great was born in Bithynia in the year 752 in the village of Marikat. His parents were destitute and could not provide him even the basics of an education. From childhood he had to tend the family cattle, their sole wealth. for God and prayer completely dominated the soul of the child Joannicius. Often, having shielded the herd with the Sign of the Cross, he went to a secluded place and spent the whole day praying, and neither thieves nor wild beasts came near his herd. order of the emperor Leo IV (775-780), a multitude of officials went through the cities and towns to draft young men for military service. Young Joannicius was also drafted into the imperial army. earned the respect of his fellow soldiers for his good disposition, but he was also a brave soldier who struck fear in the hearts of his enemies. Joannicius served in the imperial army for six years. More than once he was rewarded by his commanders and the emperor. But military service weighed heavily on him; his soul thirsted for spiritual deeds and solitude. Joannicius, having renounced the world, longed to go at once into the wilderness. However, on the advice of an Elder experienced in monastic life, he spent a further two years at the monastery. Here the saint became accustomed to monastic obedience, to monastic rules and practices. He studied reading and writing, and he learned thirty Psalms of David by heart. this, commanded by God to go to a certain mountain, the monk withdrew into the wilderness. For three years he remained in deep solitude in the wilderness, and only once a month a shepherd brought him some bread and water. The ascetic spent day and night in prayer and psalmody. After each verse of singing the Psalms Saint Joannicius made a prayer, which the Orthodox Church keeps to this day in a somewhat altered form, “The Father is my hope, the Son is my refuge, the Holy Spirit is my protection.” chance, he encountered some of his former companions from military service. The saint fled the wilderness and withdrew to Mount Kountourea to hide himself from everyone. after twelve years of ascetic life did the hermit accept monastic tonsure. The saint spent three years in seclusion after being tonsured. Then he went to a place called Chelidon to see the great ascetic Saint George (February 21). The ascetics spent three years together. During this time Saint Joannicius learned the entire Psalter by heart. As he grew older, Saint Joannicius settled in the Antidiev monastery and dwelt there in seclusion until his death. Joannicius spent seventy years in ascetic deeds and attained to a high degree of spiritual perfection. Through the mercy of God the saint acquired the gift of prophecy, as his disciple Pachomius has related. The Elder also levitated above the ground when he prayed. Once, he crossed a river flooded to overflowing. The saint could make himself invisible for people and make others also hidden from sight. Saint Joannicius led Greek captives out of prison under the very eyes of the guards. Poison and fire, with which the envious wanted to destroy the saint, did him no harm, and predatory beasts did not touch him. He freed the island of Thasos from a multitude of snakes. Saint Joannicius also saved a young nun who was preparing to leave the monastery to marry; he took upon himself the agonized maiden’s suffering of passion, and by fasting and prayer, he overcame the seductive assault of the devil. his death, Saint Joannicius fell asleep in the Lord on November 4, 846, at the age of 94.

Byzantium, 775-780, Emperor, Leo IV the Khazar, Iconodule, Irene's husband, had TB
Byzantium, 775-780, Emperor Leo IV the Khazar ; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12; The Venerable Anthusa of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 12;

Constantinople, 780-818, Saint Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Iconodule
Byzantium, 780-818, Saint Theophanes the Confessor, Iconodule; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12;

Byzantium, 780-797, Emperor, Constantine VI, Iconoclast, short reign, blinded by mother
Byzantium, 780-797, Byzantine Emperor, Constantine VI, Iconoclast ; VI (Greek: ÎšÏ‰Î½ÏƒÏ„Î±Î½Ï„á¿–Î½Î¿Ï‚ ÏšÎ„, KÅnstantinos VI; 771 – before 805[1]) was Byzantine Emperor from 780 to 797. The only child of Emperor Leo IV, Constantine was named co-emperor with him at the age of five in 776 and succeeded him as sole Emperor in 780, aged nine. His mother Irene exercised control over him as regent until 790, assisted by her chief minister Staurakios. The regency ended when Constantine reached maturity, but Irene sought to continue her participation in government. After a few years of sole rule Constantine named his mother Empress in 792, making her his official colleague. Constantine suffered military defeats and made controversial decisions, such as illicitly marrying his mistress, Theodote. Taking advantage of her son's unpopularity, Irene had Constantine deposed, blinded and imprisoned in 797 and seized power for herself, becoming the first Empress regnant of the Empire. Constantine likely died shortly thereafter. Constantine VI was the final ruler to be universally recognized as Roman emperor, being recognized as such by both the Empire which he ruled in the east, the papacy and the Western European powers over which the pope held suzerainty. With his mother becoming Empress regnant upon his deposition, the papacy crowned Charlemagne as a new Emperor in Western Europe, asserting that a woman could not be Empress in her own right. This laid the foundations of a new polity, independent of the East, that would evolve into the Holy Roman Empire.[2] Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Seventh Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on October 16 ; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11; the year 451 in the city of Chalcedon, in the very church where the glorified relics of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia rested, the sessions of the Fourth Ecumenical Council (July 16) took place. prolonged discussions the two sides could not come to a decisive agreement. holy Patriarch Anatolius of Constantinople proposed that the Council submit the decision of the Church dispute to the Holy Spirit, through His undoubted bearer Saint Euphemia the All-Praised, whose wonderworking relics had been discovered during the Council’s discussions. The Orthodox hierarchs and their opponents wrote down their confessions of faith on separate scrolls and sealed them with their seals. They opened the tomb of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia and placed both scrolls upon her bosom. Then, in the presence of the emperor Marcian (450-457), the participants of the Council sealed the tomb, putting on it the imperial seal and setting a guard to watch over it for three days. During these days both sides imposed upon themselves strict fast and made intense prayer. After three days the patriarch and the emperor in the presence of the Council opened the tomb with its relics: the scroll with the Orthodox confession was held by Saint Euphemia in her right hand, and the scroll of the heretics lay at her feet. Saint Euphemia, as though alive, raised her hand and gave the scroll to the patriarch. After this miracle many of the hesitant accepted the Orthodox confession, while those remaining obstinant in the heresy were consigned to the Council’s condemnation and excommunication. Miracle of Saint Euphemia the All-Praised: The holy Great Martyr Euphemia (September 16) suffered martyrdom in the city of Chalcedon in the year 304, during the time of the persecution against Christians by the emperor Diocletian (284-305). One and a half centuries later, at a time when the Christian Church had become victorious within the Roman Empire, God deigned that Euphemia the All-Praised should again be a witness and confessor of the purity of the Orthodox teaching. the year 451 in the city of Chalcedon, in the very church where the glorified relics of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia rested, the sessions of the Fourth Ecumenical Council (July 16) took place. The Council was convened for determining the precise dogmatic formulae of the Orthodox Church concerning the nature of the God-Man Jesus Christ. This was necessary because of the widespread heresy of the Monophysites [“mono-physisâ€ meaning “one natureâ€], who opposed the Orthodox teaching of the two natures in Jesus Christ, the Divine and the Human natures (in one Divine Person). The Monophysites falsely affirmed that in Christ was only one nature, the Divine [i.e. that Jesus is God but not man, by nature], causing discord and unrest within the Church. At the Council were present 630 representatives from all the local Christian Churches. On the Orthodox side Anatolius, Patriarch of Constantinople (July 3), Juvenal, Patriarch of Jerusalem (July 2), and representatives of Saint Leo, Pope of Rome (February 18) participated in the conciliar deliberations. The Monophysites were present in large numbers, headed by Dioscorus, the Patriarch of Alexandria, and the Constantinople archimandrite Eutychius. prolonged discussions the two sides could not come to a decisive agreement. holy Patriarch Anatolius of Constantinople proposed that the Council submit the decision of the Church dispute to the Holy Spirit, through His undoubted bearer Saint Euphemia the All-Praised, whose wonderworking relics had been discovered during the Council’s discussions. The Orthodox hierarchs and their opponents wrote down their confessions of faith on separate scrolls and sealed them with their seals. They opened the tomb of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia and placed both scrolls upon her bosom. Then, in the presence of the emperor Marcian (450-457), the participants of the Council sealed the tomb, putting on it the imperial seal and setting a guard to watch over it for three days. During these days both sides imposed upon themselves strict fast and made intense prayer. After three days the patriarch and the emperor in the presence of the Council opened the tomb with its relics: the scroll with the Orthodox confession was held by Saint Euphemia in her right hand, and the scroll of the heretics lay at her feet. Saint Euphemia, as though alive, raised her hand and gave the scroll to the patriarch. After this miracle many of the hesitant accepted the Orthodox confession, while those remaining obstinant in the heresy were consigned to the Council’s condemnation and excommunication. an invasion by the Persians during the seventh century, the relics of Saint Euphemia were transferred from Chalcedon to Constantinople, into a newly built church dedicated to her. Many years later, during the period of the Iconoclast heresy, the reliquary with the relics of the saint was cast into the sea by order of the Iconoclast emperor Leo the Isaurian (716-741). The reliquary was rescued from the sea by the ship-owning brothers Sergius and Sergonos, who gave it over to the local bishop. The holy bishop ordered that the relics be preserved in secret, beneath a crypt, since the Iconoclast heresy was continuing to rage. A small church was built over the relics, and over the reliquary was put a board with an inscription stating whose relics rested within. When the Iconoclast heresy was finally condemned at the holy Seventh Ecumenical Council (in the year 787), during the time of Saint Tarasius, Patriarch of Constantinople (784-806) and the emperor Constantine VI (780-797) and his mother Saint Irene (797-802), the relics of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia were once again solemnly transferred to Constantinople.

Byzantium, 780-802, Empress, Irene of Athens, Iconodule, mother of Constantine VI
Byzantium, 780-802, Byzantine Empress, Irene of Athens, Iconodule; of Athens (Greek: Î•á¼°ÏÎ®Î½Î· á¼¡ á¼ˆÎ¸Î·Î½Î±Î¯Î±, Eirénē Ä“ AthÄ“naÃa; c. 752 – 9 August 803), surnamed Sarantapechaina (Î£Î±ÏÎ±Î½Ï„Î±Ï€Î®Ï‡Î±Î¹Î½Î±), was Byzantine empress by marriage to Emperor Leo IV from 775 to 780, regent during the minority of their son Constantine VI from 780 until 790, co-regent from 792 until 797, and finally sole ruler and first empress regnant of the Byzantine Empire from 797 to 802. A member of the politically prominent Sarantapechos family, she was selected as Leo IV's bride for unknown reasons in 768. Even though her husband was an iconoclast, she harbored iconophile sympathies. During her rule as regent, she called the Second Council of Nicaea in 787, which condemned iconoclasm as heretical and brought an end to the first iconoclast period (730–787). As Irene's son Constantine reached maturity, he began to move out from under the influence of his mother. In the early 790s, several revolts tried to proclaim him as sole ruler. One of these revolts succeeded, but in 792, Irene was re-established in all imperial powers as co-ruler with Constantine. In 797, Irene organized a conspiracy in which her supporters gouged out her son's eyes, maiming him severely. He was imprisoned and probably died shortly afterwards. With him out of the way, Irene proclaimed herself sole ruler. Irene's alleged unprecedented status as a female ruler of the Roman Empire led Pope Leo III to proclaim Charlemagne emperor of the Holy Roman Empire on Christmas Day of 800 under the pretext that a woman could not rule and so the throne of the Roman Empire was actually vacant. A revolt in 802 overthrew Irene and exiled her to the island of Lesbos, supplanting her on the throne with Nikephoros I. Irene died in exile less than a year later. Byzantium, 780-797, Byzantine Emperor, Constantine VI, Iconoclast ; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Seventh Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on October 16 ; The Venerable Anthusa of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 12; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11; the year 451 in the city of Chalcedon, in the very church where the glorified relics of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia rested, the sessions of the Fourth Ecumenical Council (July 16) took place. prolonged discussions the two sides could not come to a decisive agreement. holy Patriarch Anatolius of Constantinople proposed that the Council submit the decision of the Church dispute to the Holy Spirit, through His undoubted bearer Saint Euphemia the All-Praised, whose wonderworking relics had been discovered during the Council’s discussions. The Orthodox hierarchs and their opponents wrote down their confessions of faith on separate scrolls and sealed them with their seals. They opened the tomb of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia and placed both scrolls upon her bosom. Then, in the presence of the emperor Marcian (450-457), the participants of the Council sealed the tomb, putting on it the imperial seal and setting a guard to watch over it for three days. During these days both sides imposed upon themselves strict fast and made intense prayer. After three days the patriarch and the emperor in the presence of the Council opened the tomb with its relics: the scroll with the Orthodox confession was held by Saint Euphemia in her right hand, and the scroll of the heretics lay at her feet. Saint Euphemia, as though alive, raised her hand and gave the scroll to the patriarch. After this miracle many of the hesitant accepted the Orthodox confession, while those remaining obstinant in the heresy were consigned to the Council’s condemnation and excommunication. Miracle of Saint Euphemia the All-Praised: The holy Great Martyr Euphemia (September 16) suffered martyrdom in the city of Chalcedon in the year 304, during the time of the persecution against Christians by the emperor Diocletian (284-305). One and a half centuries later, at a time when the Christian Church had become victorious within the Roman Empire, God deigned that Euphemia the All-Praised should again be a witness and confessor of the purity of the Orthodox teaching. the year 451 in the city of Chalcedon, in the very church where the glorified relics of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia rested, the sessions of the Fourth Ecumenical Council (July 16) took place. The Council was convened for determining the precise dogmatic formulae of the Orthodox Church concerning the nature of the God-Man Jesus Christ. This was necessary because of the widespread heresy of the Monophysites [“mono-physisâ€ meaning “one natureâ€], who opposed the Orthodox teaching of the two natures in Jesus Christ, the Divine and the Human natures (in one Divine Person). The Monophysites falsely affirmed that in Christ was only one nature, the Divine [i.e. that Jesus is God but not man, by nature], causing discord and unrest within the Church. At the Council were present 630 representatives from all the local Christian Churches. On the Orthodox side Anatolius, Patriarch of Constantinople (July 3), Juvenal, Patriarch of Jerusalem (July 2), and representatives of Saint Leo, Pope of Rome (February 18) participated in the conciliar deliberations. The Monophysites were present in large numbers, headed by Dioscorus, the Patriarch of Alexandria, and the Constantinople archimandrite Eutychius. prolonged discussions the two sides could not come to a decisive agreement. holy Patriarch Anatolius of Constantinople proposed that the Council submit the decision of the Church dispute to the Holy Spirit, through His undoubted bearer Saint Euphemia the All-Praised, whose wonderworking relics had been discovered during the Council’s discussions. The Orthodox hierarchs and their opponents wrote down their confessions of faith on separate scrolls and sealed them with their seals. They opened the tomb of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia and placed both scrolls upon her bosom. Then, in the presence of the emperor Marcian (450-457), the participants of the Council sealed the tomb, putting on it the imperial seal and setting a guard to watch over it for three days. During these days both sides imposed upon themselves strict fast and made intense prayer. After three days the patriarch and the emperor in the presence of the Council opened the tomb with its relics: the scroll with the Orthodox confession was held by Saint Euphemia in her right hand, and the scroll of the heretics lay at her feet. Saint Euphemia, as though alive, raised her hand and gave the scroll to the patriarch. After this miracle many of the hesitant accepted the Orthodox confession, while those remaining obstinant in the heresy were consigned to the Council’s condemnation and excommunication. an invasion by the Persians during the seventh century, the relics of Saint Euphemia were transferred from Chalcedon to Constantinople, into a newly built church dedicated to her. Many years later, during the period of the Iconoclast heresy, the reliquary with the relics of the saint was cast into the sea by order of the Iconoclast emperor Leo the Isaurian (716-741). The reliquary was rescued from the sea by the ship-owning brothers Sergius and Sergonos, who gave it over to the local bishop. The holy bishop ordered that the relics be preserved in secret, beneath a crypt, since the Iconoclast heresy was continuing to rage. A small church was built over the relics, and over the reliquary was put a board with an inscription stating whose relics rested within. When the Iconoclast heresy was finally condemned at the holy Seventh Ecumenical Council (in the year 787), during the time of Saint Tarasius, Patriarch of Constantinople (784-806) and the emperor Constantine VI (780-797) and his mother Saint Irene (797-802), the relics of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia were once again solemnly transferred to Constantinople.

Constantinople, 784-806, Patriarch, Tarasios of Constantinople, Iconoclast-dule
Constantinople, 784-806, Patriarch, Tarasios of Constantinople; St. George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated on February 21; Saint Tarasius, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 25; Tarasius, Patriarch of Constantinople was of illustrious lineage. He was born and raised in Constantinople, where he received a fine education. He was rapidly promoted at the court of the emperor Constantine VI Porphyrogenitos (780-797) and Constantine’s mother, the holy Empress Irene (August 7), and the saint attained the rank of senator. these times the Church was agitated by the turmoil of the Iconoclast disturbances. The holy Patriarch Paul (August 30) although he had formerly supported Iconoclasm, later repented and resigned his office. He withdrew to a monastery, where he took the schema. When the holy Empress Irene and her son the emperor came to him, Saint Paul told them that the most worthy successor to him would be Saint Tarasius (who at this time was still a layman). refused for a long time, not considering himself worthy of such high office, but he then gave in to the common accord on the condition, that an Ecumenical Council be convened to address the Iconoclast heresy. through all the clerical ranks in a short while, Saint Tarasius was elevated to the patriarchal throne in the year 784. In the year 787 the Seventh Ecumenical Council was convened in the city of Nicea, with Patriarch Tarasius presiding, and 367 bishops attending. The veneration of holy icons was confirmed at the council. Those bishops who repented of their iconoclasm, were again received by the Church. Tarasius wisely governed the Church for twenty-two years. He led a strict ascetic life. He spent all his money on God-pleasing ends, feeding and giving comfort to the aged, to the impoverished, to widows and orphans, and on Holy Pascha he set out a meal for them, and he served them himself. holy Patriarch fearlessly denounced the emperor Constantine Porphyrigenitos when he slandered his spouse, the empress Maria, the granddaughter of Saint Philaretos the Merciful (December 1), so that he could send Maria to a monastery, thus freeing him to marry his own kinswoman. Saint Tarasius resolutely refused to dissolve the marriage of the emperor, for which the saint fell into disgrace. Soon, however, Constantine was deposed by his own mother, the Empress Irene. Tarasius died in the year 806. Before his death, devils examined his life from the time of his youth, and they tried to get the saint to admit to sins that he had not committed. “I am innocent of that of which you accuse me,â€ replied the saint, “and you falsely slander me. You have no power over me at all.â€ by the Church, the saint was buried in a monastery he built on the Bosphorus. Many miracles took place at his tomb. Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11; the year 451 in the city of Chalcedon, in the very church where the glorified relics of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia rested, the sessions of the Fourth Ecumenical Council (July 16) took place. prolonged discussions the two sides could not come to a decisive agreement. holy Patriarch Anatolius of Constantinople proposed that the Council submit the decision of the Church dispute to the Holy Spirit, through His undoubted bearer Saint Euphemia the All-Praised, whose wonderworking relics had been discovered during the Council’s discussions. The Orthodox hierarchs and their opponents wrote down their confessions of faith on separate scrolls and sealed them with their seals. They opened the tomb of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia and placed both scrolls upon her bosom. Then, in the presence of the emperor Marcian (450-457), the participants of the Council sealed the tomb, putting on it the imperial seal and setting a guard to watch over it for three days. During these days both sides imposed upon themselves strict fast and made intense prayer. After three days the patriarch and the emperor in the presence of the Council opened the tomb with its relics: the scroll with the Orthodox confession was held by Saint Euphemia in her right hand, and the scroll of the heretics lay at her feet. Saint Euphemia, as though alive, raised her hand and gave the scroll to the patriarch. After this miracle many of the hesitant accepted the Orthodox confession, while those remaining obstinant in the heresy were consigned to the Council’s condemnation and excommunication. Miracle of Saint Euphemia the All-Praised: The holy Great Martyr Euphemia (September 16) suffered martyrdom in the city of Chalcedon in the year 304, during the time of the persecution against Christians by the emperor Diocletian (284-305). One and a half centuries later, at a time when the Christian Church had become victorious within the Roman Empire, God deigned that Euphemia the All-Praised should again be a witness and confessor of the purity of the Orthodox teaching. the year 451 in the city of Chalcedon, in the very church where the glorified relics of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia rested, the sessions of the Fourth Ecumenical Council (July 16) took place. The Council was convened for determining the precise dogmatic formulae of the Orthodox Church concerning the nature of the God-Man Jesus Christ. This was necessary because of the widespread heresy of the Monophysites [“mono-physisâ€ meaning “one natureâ€], who opposed the Orthodox teaching of the two natures in Jesus Christ, the Divine and the Human natures (in one Divine Person). The Monophysites falsely affirmed that in Christ was only one nature, the Divine [i.e. that Jesus is God but not man, by nature], causing discord and unrest within the Church. At the Council were present 630 representatives from all the local Christian Churches. On the Orthodox side Anatolius, Patriarch of Constantinople (July 3), Juvenal, Patriarch of Jerusalem (July 2), and representatives of Saint Leo, Pope of Rome (February 18) participated in the conciliar deliberations. The Monophysites were present in large numbers, headed by Dioscorus, the Patriarch of Alexandria, and the Constantinople archimandrite Eutychius. prolonged discussions the two sides could not come to a decisive agreement. holy Patriarch Anatolius of Constantinople proposed that the Council submit the decision of the Church dispute to the Holy Spirit, through His undoubted bearer Saint Euphemia the All-Praised, whose wonderworking relics had been discovered during the Council’s discussions. The Orthodox hierarchs and their opponents wrote down their confessions of faith on separate scrolls and sealed them with their seals. They opened the tomb of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia and placed both scrolls upon her bosom. Then, in the presence of the emperor Marcian (450-457), the participants of the Council sealed the tomb, putting on it the imperial seal and setting a guard to watch over it for three days. During these days both sides imposed upon themselves strict fast and made intense prayer. After three days the patriarch and the emperor in the presence of the Council opened the tomb with its relics: the scroll with the Orthodox confession was held by Saint Euphemia in her right hand, and the scroll of the heretics lay at her feet. Saint Euphemia, as though alive, raised her hand and gave the scroll to the patriarch. After this miracle many of the hesitant accepted the Orthodox confession, while those remaining obstinant in the heresy were consigned to the Council’s condemnation and excommunication. an invasion by the Persians during the seventh century, the relics of Saint Euphemia were transferred from Chalcedon to Constantinople, into a newly built church dedicated to her. Many years later, during the period of the Iconoclast heresy, the reliquary with the relics of the saint was cast into the sea by order of the Iconoclast emperor Leo the Isaurian (716-741). The reliquary was rescued from the sea by the ship-owning brothers Sergius and Sergonos, who gave it over to the local bishop. The holy bishop ordered that the relics be preserved in secret, beneath a crypt, since the Iconoclast heresy was continuing to rage. A small church was built over the relics, and over the reliquary was put a board with an inscription stating whose relics rested within. When the Iconoclast heresy was finally condemned at the holy Seventh Ecumenical Council (in the year 787), during the time of Saint Tarasius, Patriarch of Constantinople (784-806) and the emperor Constantine VI (780-797) and his mother Saint Irene (797-802), the relics of the holy Great Martyr Euphemia were once again solemnly transferred to Constantinople.

Constantinople, 787, Beret Icon, Beret Phoenecia, Biblos, Lebanon, Jesus icon, Jews, spear, blood and water, healing for all
Beret, Phoenecia Biblos; Commemoration of the Miracle of the Icon of Our Lord Jesus Christin Beret , Commemorated October 11 ; of the Miracle of the Icon of Our Lord Jesus Christ in Beret: At the fourth session of the Seventh Ecumenical Council (in 787), Saint Peter, Bishop of Nicomedia, in defending the necessity of icon veneration, presented an account of Saint Athanasius about a miracle which occurred in the city of Beret, Phoenecia. this city, near the Jewish synagogue, lived a certain Christian. When he moved to another place, he left behind an icon of the Lord Jesus Christ. A Jew, who moved into the house, paid no attention to the icon. Once, his friend noticed of the image of Jesus Christ on the wall and said to the homeowner, “Why do you, a Jew, have an icon in your house?” He then went to the synagogue and reported this transgression of Jewish law. Jews expelled the owner of the house from the synagogue. took the icon from the wall and began to scoff at it, “As once our fathers mocked Him, so we also mock Him.” They spit at the face of the Lord. Hurling abuses, they lashed at the icon, they placed thorns around the head, nailed it to a tree, and put a sponge with vinegar to the mouth. Finally, they took a spear, and one of the Jews thrust it into the side of the Savior. from the hole in the icon made by the spear, blood and water flowed. The Jewish rabbis, seeing the miracle, said, “The followers of Jesus Christ say that He could heal the sick. Let us take this blood and water into the synagogue and anoint those afflicted with infirmities. Then we shall see whether what is spoken of Him is true.” vessel with the blood was put in the synagogue. The inhabitants of Beret, once they learned of the miracle, began to bring those suffering from various illnesses into the synagogue. all were healed, after being anointed with the blood from the icon of the Savior. the Jewish people believed in Christ and exclaimed, “Glory to You, O Christ, Whom our fathers crucified, Whom we also crucified in the form of Your icon. Glory to You, O Son of God, for having worked such a miracle! We believe in You, therefore be merciful to us and receive us!” Jews went to the Bishop of Beret. After showing him the wonderworking icon and the blood and water that flowed from it, they told him of their misdeed. The bishop, seeing their sincere repentance, accepted them, catechized them for many days and then baptized them. he consecrated the synagogue into a church of our Savior Jesus Christ. At the request of the Jews, he also consecrated other synagogues into churches dedicated to the holy martyrs. There was great joy in that city, not only because many people were healed, but because many were baptized due to the miracles worked by the icon of the Savior. St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated February 19 ; Martyr Aquilina of Byblos in Syria, Commemorated on June 13 ;

Constantinople, 787, Seventh Ecumenical Council, Nicaea, Bythnia, for Icons
Byzantine Empire, 787, Seventh Ecumenical Council, Nicaea, Bythnia ; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on July 21; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on August 17; Icon of the Mother of God of Pisidia, Commemorated on September 3; Commemoration of the Miracle of the Icon of Our Lord Jesus Christ in Beret, Commemorated on October 11 ; St Nicetas the Confessor of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on October 13 ; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion; Hieromartyr Euthymius the Bishop of Sardis, Commemorated December 26 ; St Tarasius the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated February 25; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem (Spiritual Meadow), Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11;

Constantinople, 787 and 553, Pisidia Icon, 6th Century Miracles, 8th C icon confessor
Sozopolis, Pisidia ; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated July 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pisidia, Commemorated September 3 ; Pisidia Icon of the Mother of God was glorified by miracles in the city of Sozopolis, but its origin is unknown. Saint Germanus, the Patriarch of Constantinople (May 12), mentions “the icon of the All-Pure Virgin Mother of God at Pisidian Sozopolis” in his letters on the veneration of icons which were read at the Seventh Ecumenical Council. He said that “myrrh flowed from the hands,” and described the icon as “ancient.” miracles of the icon date back to the sixth century. One of the miracles was reported by the presbyter Eustathius, who was a contemporary of Patriarch Eutychius (April 6). At Amasea, near Sozopolis, there was a certain married couple, whose children were all stillborn. Grieving over their misfortune, they turned to Patriarch Eutychius for advice. Saint Eutychius prayed and anointed them with holy oil from the Cross of the Lord and from the holy icon of the Mother of God saying, “In the Name of our Lord Jesus Christ.” “Name your child Peter, and he will live,” he said to them. Soon the couple gave birth to a son whom they did indeed name Peter. Later, they had a second son, whom they named John. The people of the city glorified God when they heard of this miracle. about 600 years myrrh flowed from the Pisidian Icon of the Mother of God – Eleusius, a disciple of Saint Theodore the Sykeote (April 22), was a witness to this. A copy of this ancient wonderworking icon was made in Russia in 1608, at Moscow’s Novospassky (New Monastery of the Transfiguration of the Savior) monastery. The Mother of God is depicted with the Divine Infant on Her left arm, and with Her right hand She gives a blessing. St George the Confessor and Bishop of Antioch, in Pisidia, Commemorated on April 19;

Constantinople, 787, Armatian Icon, deliverance from iconoclast heresy 787 Ecumenical Council
Armatian monestary is somewhere in Constantinople. Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on August 17 ; Armatia Icon of the Mother of God was in Constantinople at the Armatian monastery. The place where the monastery was located, was called “Armation” or “of the Armatians” and received its name from the military magister Armatias, nephew of the tyrant Basiliscus, and a contemporary of the emperor Zeno (474-491). celebration of the wonderworking icon was established to commemorate deliverance from the Iconoclast heresy. The Seventh Ecumenical Council of 787 drew up dogmatic definitions about icon veneration based on Holy Scripture and Church Tradition. Armatia Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is commemorated twice during the year, on July 21 and August 17.

Constantinople, 795-845, Saints Theophanes the Branded, Iconodule
Byzantium, 795-845, Saints Theophanes the Branded, Iconodule; Byzantium, 795-845, Saints Theodorus and Theophanes, Iconodules; St. Theophanes the Confessor and Hymnographer, Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated on October 11; Venerable Theodore Graptus, the branded,Â Confessor, Commemorated on December 27; Venerable Nicholas the Confessor the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on February 4;

Constantinople, 795-845, Saints Theodorus and Theophanes, Iconodules
Byzantium, 795-845, Saints Theodorus and Theophanes, Iconodules; St. Theophanes the Confessor and Hymnographer, Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated on October 11; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "œthe branded," Confessor, Commemorated on December 27; Venerable Nicholas the Confessor the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on February 4;

Byzantium, 797-802, Empress, Irene of Athens, Iconodule, first woman E-ship elevated Charlemagne
Byzantium, 797-802, Byzantine Empress Irene of Athens, Iconodule ; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13; The Venerable Anthusa of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 12;

Constantinople, 797-842, Gregory of Dekapolis, notable for his miracle-working and his Byzantine world travels
Constantinople Saint, 797-842, Gregory of Dekapolis; Gregory of Dekapolis or Gregory Dekapolites (before 797 - 20 November 842 or earlier) was a 9th-century Byzantine monk, notable for his miracle-working and his travels across the Byzantine world. He is known as "the New Miracle-Worker", and his feast day in the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church[3] is on November 20.[1][2] Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6;

Constantinople, 800-899, Folder, 9th Century, Iconoclasts, Iconodules

Byzantium, 802-811, Emperor, Nicephorus, Iconoclast, Irene's finance m. led coup
Byzantine Emperor 802-811, Nicephorus ; I or Nicephorus I (Greek: ÎÎ¹ÎºÎ·Ï†ÏŒÏÎ¿Ï‚ Î‘Î„; 750 – 26 July 811) was Byzantine Emperor from 802 to 811, when he was killed in the Battle of Pliska. Prior to his accession, he had served as genikos logothetÄ“s, whence he is sometimes surnamed "the Logothete" (á½ Î›Î¿Î³Î¿Î¸ÎÏ„Î·Ï‚) and "Genikos" or "Genicus" (á½ Î“ÎµÎ½Î¹ÎºÏŒÏ‚). Both Syriac sources such as Michael the Syrian and Arabic ones like al-Tabari and Mas'udi hold that the emperor was of a Ghassanid Arab origin.[1][2][3] Byzantine chronicles, however, although generally hostile to him, make no explicit mention about his ethnic background.[1] On the other hand, al-Tabari claims that he learned of Nikephoros' Arab origins from Byzantine sources.[4] Some scholars, like Paul Julius Alexander, accept al-Tabari's account, citing a Byzantine apocalyptic text in which the emperor is said to be "from the race of Gopsin".[5] The word "Gopsin" could be a Greek rendering of the name "Ghassan", or the name "Gafna", the eponym of the Ghassanids.[6] Reign[edit] The Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the reign of Nikephoros I, in 802 AD. A patrician from Seleucia Sidera, Nikephoros was appointed finance minister (logothetÄ“s tou genikou) by the Empress Irene. With the help of the patricians and eunuchs he contrived to dethrone and exile Irene, and to be chosen as Emperor in her stead on 31 October 802. He crowned his son Staurakios co-emperor in 803. His rule was endangered by Bardanes Tourkos, one of his ablest generals, who revolted and received support from other commanders, notably the later emperors Leo V the Armenian and Michael II the Amorian in 803. But Nikephoros gained over the latter two, and by inducing the rebel army to disperse achieved the submission of Bardanes, who was blinded and relegated to a monastery. A conspiracy headed by the patrician Arsaber had a similar result. Nikephoros embarked on a general reorganization of the Roman Empire, creating new themes in the Balkans (where he initiated the re-Hellenization by resettling Greeks from Anatolia) and strengthening the frontiers. Needing large sums to increase his military forces, he set himself with great energy to increase the Empire's revenue. By his rigorous tax imposts he alienated his subjects, especially the clergy, whom he otherwise sought to control firmly. Although he appointed an iconodule, Nikephoros, as patriarch, Emperor Nikephoros was portrayed as a villain by ecclesiastical historians like Theophanes the Confessor. Khan Krum feasts while a servant brings the skull of Nikephoros I fashioned into a drinking cup. In 803, Nikephoros concluded a treaty, called the "Pax Nicephori", with Charlemagne, but refused to recognize the latter's imperial dignity. Relations deteriorated and led to a war over Venice in 806–810. In the process, Nikephoros had quelled a Venetian rebellion in 807, but suffered extensive losses to the Franks. The conflict was resolved only after Nikephoros' death, and Venice, Istria, the Dalmatian coast and South Italy were assigned to the East, while Rome, Ravenna and the Pentapolis were included in the Western realm. By withholding the tribute which Irene had agreed to pay to the caliph HÄrÅ«n al-RashÄ«d, Nikephoros committed himself to a war against the Arabs.[7] Compelled by Bardanes' disloyalty to take the field himself, he sustained a severe defeat at the Battle of Krasos in Phrygia (805).[7] In 806 a Muslim army of 135,000 men invaded the Empire. Unable to counter the Muslim numbers, Nikephoros agreed to make peace on condition of paying 50,000 nomismata immediately and a yearly tribute of 30,000 nomismata. With a succession struggle enveloping the caliphate on the death of HÄrÅ«n al-RashÄ«d in 809, Nikephoros was free to deal with Krum, Khan of Bulgaria, who was harassing his northern frontiers and had just conquered Serdica (Sofia). In 811, Nikephoros invaded Bulgaria, defeated Krum twice, and sacked the Bulgarian capital Pliska. The Chronicle of the 12th-century patriarch of the Syrian Jacobites, Michael the Syrian, describes the brutalities and atrocities of Nikephoros: "Nikephoros, emperor of the Byzantine empire, walked into the Bulgarians' land: he was victorious and killed great number of them. He reached their capital, seized it and devastated it. His savagery went to the point that he ordered to bring their small children, got them tied down on earth and made thresh grain stones to smash them." During Nikephoros' retreat, the imperial army was ambushed and destroyed in Varbishki mountain passes on 26 July by Krum. Nikephoros was captured during the battle and sent to Pliska, where Krum ordered his decapitation. Krum is said to have made a drinking-cup of Nikephoros' skull. New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Venerable Athanasius of Medikion Monastery, Commemorated on October 26 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 29; Venerable Luke of Sicily, Commemorated on November 6; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated on November 20; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; Venerable Nicholas the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on December 24; Hieromartyr Euthymius the Bishop of Sardis, Commemorated on December 26; Venerable Evarestus of the Studion Monastery, Commemorated on December 26; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Gregory of Crete, Commemorated on January 5; St Joseph the Bishop of Thessalonica, and brother of St Theodore of Studion, Commemorated on January 26; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated on February 21; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1;

Constantinople, 806-815, Nikephoros I, Patriarch, Iconodule, incorrupt r
Constantinople, 806-815, Patriarch, Nikephoros I of Constantinople ; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; Translation of the relics of Saint Nicephorus, Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13; Nicephorus was a dignitary at the court of the empress Irene (797-802), and then after receiving monastic tonsure, he became known for his piety. In the year 806 he was elevated to the patriarchal throne. The saint was a zealous defender of the holy Icons. When the Iconoclast emperor Leo the Armenian (813-820) came to rule, the saint in 815 was exiled to Prokonnis, where he died in the year 828. the year 846 the holy relics of Patriarch Nicephorus were opened, and were found incorrupt and fragrant. They transferred them from Prokonnis to Constantinople and placed them for one day in Hagia Sophia, and then transferred them to the Church of the Holy Apostles. The saint’s hands are preserved in the Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos. saint left behind three writings against Iconoclasm. The main Feast of Saint Nicephorus is celebrated on June 2, but today we commemorate the finding and transfer of his holy relics. Venerable Nicetas the Confessor the Abbot of Medikion, Commemorated on April 3; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6; St Methodius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 14;

Byzantium, 811-813, Emperor, Michael I Rangabe, Iconodule, reduced taxes, supported army&church
Byzantine Emperor 811-813, Michael I Rangabe, Kuropalatos ; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 29; Venerable Luke of Sicily, Commemorated on November 6; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated on February 21; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23 ; Venerable Evarestus of the Studion Monastery, Commemorated on December 26; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "œthe branded",Â Confessor, Commemorated on December 27; Venerable Gregory of Crete, Commemorated on January 5; St Joseph the Bishop of Thessalonica, and brother of St Theodore of Studion, Commemorated on January 26;

Byzantium, 813-820, Emperor, Leo V the Armenian, forced M.l to abdicate, resumed iconoclasm, assinated by M
Byzantine Emperor 813-820, Leo V the Armenian; St Emilian the Confessor, Bishop of Cyzicus, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; St Peter Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated September 10 ; St Theophanes the Confessor and Hymnographer, Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated on October 11 ; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 29; Venerable Luke of Sicily, Commemorated on November 6; St Michael the Confessor at Constantinople, Commemorated on December 18 ; Hieromartyr Euthymius the Bishop of Sardis, Commemorated on December 26; Venerable Evarestus of the Studion Monastery, Commemorated on December 26; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "œthe branded,"Â Confessor, Commemorated on December 27; Venerable Thaddeus the Confessor of the Studion, Commemorated on December 29; Venerable Gregory of Crete, Commemorated on January 5; St Emilian the Confessor, Bishop of Cyzicus, Commemorated on January 8; St Eustratius the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 9; St Joseph the Bishop of Thessalonica, and brother of St Theodore of Studion, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Nicholas the Confessor the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on February 4; St Athanasius the Confessor of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 22; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13; St Nicetas the Confessor the Archbishop of Apollonias in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Stephen the Wonderworker the Abbot of Tryglia, Commemorated on March 28; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; Venerable Nicetas the Confessor the Abbot of Medikion, Commemorated on April 3; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Cosmas the Bishop of Chalcedon, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable John the Disciple of the Venerable Gregory of Decapolis, Commemorated on April 18 ; St George the Confessor and Bishop of Antioch, in Pisidia, Commemorated on April 19; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; St John Psichaita the Confessor, of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 26; St Nicetas the Bishop of Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 28; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6; St Methodius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 14;

Constantinople, 815-821, Theodotus I, Patriarch, Iconoclast
Constantinople Patriarch, 815-821, Theodotus I of Constantinople, Theodotus of Melissinea; St Peter Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated September 10 ; Venerable Nicetas the Confessor the Abbot of Medikion, Commemorated on April 3; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Methodius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 14;

Constantinople, 821-901, St Fantius of Calabria, Ascetic Wonderworker
Sicily and Southern Italy, 821-901, St Fantius of Calabria, Ascetic Wonderworker; Calabria Region; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari; By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; Fantinus the Wonderworker was born in Calabria (Italy) of parents George and Vriena. was given over to a monastery, and from childhood he was accustomed to ascetic deeds. his youth he wandered into the wilderness, remaining often without food or clothes for twenty days. The monk spent 60 years in such exploits. the end of his life, fleeing before pursuing Saracens, he went with his disciples Vitalius and Nikēphóros to the Peloponnesos (Greece). Preaching the way of salvation, the monk visited Corinth, Athens, Larissa and Thessalonica, where he venerated the relics of the Great Martyr Demetrius (October 26). He died peacefully in extreme old age at the end of the ninth, and beginning of the tenth century. St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated November 14 ; Martyr John of Damascus, Commemorated December 4 ; St Akaki Asistavi of Georgia, Commemorated on May 7; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ;

Byzantium, 820-829, Emperor, Michael II the Stammerer, Balbos, Iconodule then Iconoclast
Byzantine Emperor 820-829, Michael II the Stammerer ; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 29; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; Venerable Lazarus the Iconographer, of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 17; Hieromartyr Euthymius the Bishop of Sardis, Commemorated on December 26; Venerable Evarestus of the Studion Monastery, Commemorated on December 26; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "œthe branded,"Confessor, Commemorated on December 27; St Joseph the Bishop of Thessalonica, and brother of St Theodore of Studion, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Nicholas the Confessor the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on February 4; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Athanasia the Abbess of Aegina, Commemorated on April 12; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ; St George the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Methodius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 14;

Byzantium, 820-867, Bardas, Co-ruler, Iconodule, missnary, attacked Bulgaria, assinated by Basil
Byzantine Co-ruler, 820-867, Bardas ; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6 ; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Athanasia the Abbess of Aegina, Commemorated on April 12;

Byzantium, 829-842, Emperor, Theophilus, Iconoclast, personally led army, justice champion
Byzantium, 829-842, Emperor Theophilus, Iconoclast ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 31; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; Venerable Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on October 9; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; Venerable Lazarus the Iconographer, of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 17; Hieromartyr Euthymius the Bishop of Sardis, Commemorated on December 26; Venerable Theodore Graptus, œthe branded,Â Confessor, Commemorated on December 27; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6 ; Righteous Theodora, wife of the Emperor Theophilus, the Iconoclast, Commemorated on February 11; Icon of the Mother of God œIveronÂ, Commemorated on February 12; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6 ; Icon œNot Made by HandsÂ from Lydda, Commemorated on March 12 ; St Euschemon the Confessor and Bishop of Lampsacus, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Appearance of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4 ; St Elizabeth the Wonderworker of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 24; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2; St George the Confessor, with his wife and children of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6; St Methodius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 14; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of SS Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or œthe RomanÂ, Commemorated on June 26;

Byzantium, 838, Sack of Amorium, Phrygia, Sakarya River 3, Saracens capture 42 generals
Phrygia, 838, Sack of Amorium; Ammoria, Phrygia (Sakarya River 3); Sack of Amorium August 838; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6; a war between the Byzantine Emperor Theophilus (829-842) and the Saracens, the Saracens managed to besiege the city of Ammoria (in Galicia in Asia Minor). As a result of treason on the part of the military commander Baditses, Ammoria fell, and forty-two of its generals were taken captive and sent off to Syria. the seven years of their imprisonment, their captors tried in vain to persuade them to renounce Christianity and accept Islam. The captives stubbornly resisted all their seductive offers and bravely held out against terrible threats. After many torments that failed to break the spirit of the Christian soldiers, they condemned them to death, hoping to shake the determination of the saints before executing them. The martyrs remained steadfast, saying that the Old Testament Prophets bore witness to Christ, while Mohammed called himself a prophet without any other witnesses to support his claim. of the captives, Theodore, had renounced the priestly office to become a general. His captors taunted him, “We know that you forsook the priestly office, became a soldier and shed blood in battle. You can have no hope in Christ, Whom you abandoned voluntarily, so accept Mohammed.” But the martyr replied, “You do not speak truthfully when you say that I abandoned Christ. Moreover, I left the priesthood because of my own unworthiness. Therefore, I must shed my blood for the sake of Christ, so that He might forgive the sins that I have committed against Him.” executioners took each one separately and led him off to be beheaded, then threw the bodies into the River Euphrates. In the service to them, these holy passion-bearers are glorified as: the “All-Blessed” Theodore, the “Unconquered” Callistus, the “Valiant” Constantine, the “Wondrous” Theophilus and “the Most Strong” Basoes. Saints Aetius (Aetitus) and Melissenus were also among the martyrs. betrayer Baditses did not escape his shameful fate. The enemy knew that it is impossible to trust a traitor, and so they killed him.

Byzantium, 842-855, Empress, Theodora , Wife of Theophilos, bride show, Iconodule, regent, righteous
Byzantium, 842-855, Empress Theodora , Wife of Theophilos, Iconodule ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; St Irene Chrysovolantou, Commemorated July 28 ; Venerable Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on October 9; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; Venerable Lazarus the Iconographer, of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 17; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Nicholas the Confessor the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on February 4; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6 ; Righteous Theodora, wife of the Emperor Theophilus, the Iconoclast, Commemorated on February 11; Icon of the Mother of God œIveronÂ, Commemorated on February 12; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); St Paul the Confessor the Bishop of Plusias in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2; St Methodius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 14; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of SS Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or œthe RomanÂ, Commemorated on June 26;

Byzantium, 842-867, Emperor, Michael III, Iconodule, fond of uncle Bardas, war with Bul E
Byzantium, 842-867, Emperor, Michael III; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Constantinople, 842-867, George Hamartolos, Historian
Constantinople, 842-867, Historian, George Hamartolos; Hamartolos or Hamartolus was a monk at Constantinople under Michael III (842–867) and the author of a chronicle of some importance. is not his name but the epithet he gives to himself in the title of his work: "A compendious chronicle from various chroniclers and interpreters, gathered together and arranged by George, a sinner. It is a common form among Byzantine monks. Krumbacher (358) protests against the use of this epithet as a name and proposes (and uses) the form Georgios Monachos ("George the Monk"). is known about him except from the internal evidence of his work, which establishes his period (in the preface he speaks of Michael III as the reigning emperor) and his calling (he refers to himself several times as a monk). 1 Chronicle 2 Editions 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links chronicle consists of four books. first treats of profane history from Adam to Alexander the Great; second, of the history of the Old Testament; third, of Roman history from Julius Caesar to Constantine; the fourth down to the author's own time, to the death of the emperor Theophilus (842), whose widow Theodora restored the veneration of icons in the same year. chronicle is potentially the only original contemporary authority for the years 813–842, the other being (depending on its dating) the Scriptor Incertus. Because of this fact, it is indispensable. usually in the case of such medieval chronicles, the only part to be taken seriously is the account of more or less contemporary events. The rest is interesting as an example of Byzantine ideas on the subjects, and of the questions that most interested Byzantine monks. describes his ideal and principles in the preface. He has used ancient Greek and modern Greek sources, has especially consulted edifying works, and has striven to relate such things as were useful and necessary, with a strict adherence to truth, rather than to please the reader by artistic writing or pretensions to literary style. But of so great a mass of material he has chosen only what is most useful and necessary. In effect, the questions that seemed most useful and necessary to ecclesiastical persons at Constantinople in the ninth century are those that are discussed. There are copious pious reflections and theological excursuses. writes of how idols were invented, the origin of monks, the religion of the Saracens, and especially of the Iconoclast controversy that had just ended. Like all monks, he hated iconoclasts. The violence with which he speaks of them shows how recent the storm had been and how the memory of iconoclast persecutions was still fresh when he wrote. He writes out long extracts from Greek Fathers. first book treats of an astonishingly miscellaneous collection of persons — Adam, Nimrod, the Persians, Chaldees, Brahmins, Amazons, etc. the second book, too, although it professes to deal with Bible history only, he has much to say about Plato and philosophers in general. Hamartolus ended his chronicle with the year 842, as a colophon in most manuscripts attests. people, among them notably "Symeon Logothetes", who is probably Symeon Metaphrastes, the famous writer of saints' lives (tenth century, see Krumbacher, 358), continued his history to later dates — the longest continuation reaches to 948. these additions, religious questions are relegated to the background, more attention is devoted to political history, and the language is more popular. Still further continuations of little value go down to 1143. spite of his crude ideas and the violent hatred of iconoclasts that makes him always unjust towards them, his work has considerable value for the history of the last years before the schism of Photius. It was soon translated into Church Slavonic and also in Georgian by Arsen of Iqalto. In these versions it became a sort of fountain-head for all early Slavonic historians, most notably Nestor. a very popular and widely consulted book of large circulation it has been constantly re-edited, corrected, and rearranged by anonymous scribes, so that the reconstruction of the original work is "one of the most difficult problems of Byzantine philology" (Krumbacher, 355). Saint Arsenius of Iqalto, Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Constantinople, 842-847, Methodius I , Patriarch, Iconodule
Constantinople, 842-847, Patriarch, Methodius I of Constantinople, Iconodule; Saint Methodius, Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 14; Methodius, Patriarch of Constantinople, was born in Sicily into a rich family. Having a vocation to serve God, he went while still in his youth off to a monastery on the island of Chios and renovated it with his means. During the reign of the iconoclast Leo the Armenian (813-820), Methodius held the high position of “apokrisiarosâ€ (“advocate for Church mattersâ€) under the holy Patriarch Nikēphóros (June 2). He was dispatched by the patriarch to Rome on a mission to the papacy and he remained there. During this period Leo the Armenian removed Nikēphóros from the patriarchal throne and put on it the iconoclast Theodotus of Melissinea, given the nickname “Kassiterâ€ (“Tinmanâ€) (815-822). After the death of Leo the Armenian, Saint Methodius returned, and in the dignity of presbyter he struggled incessantly against the Iconoclast heresy. emperor Michael the Stammerer (820-829) at first was noted for his benevolence and he set free many imprisoned by his predecessor for their veneration of icons, but after a while he renewed the persecution against Orthodoxy. Saint Methodius was locked up in prison in Akrita. After the death of Michael the Stammerer, the ruler was Theophilus (829-842), who also was an iconoclast. More refined a man than his father, he set free Saint Methodius, who likewise was a man of learning, superbly skilled in matters not only ecclesial, but also civil. Having received his freedom, Saint Methodius renewed the struggle with the heretics, and for a while the emperor tolerated this. after defeat in a war with the Arabs, Theophilus vented his anger against Methodius, saying, that God had punished him because he had let an “icon-worshipperâ€ come close to him. Methodius objected, saying that the Lord was angry with him for the insults upon His holy icons. They gave the saint over to tortures, and struck him much about the face, from which his jaw was broken. Ugly scars remained on his face. Methodius was sent off to the island of Antigonos and he was locked up there with two robbers in a deep cave. In this dark prison where the light of day did not penetrate, Methodius languished for 7 years until the death of the emperor Theophilus. this time, the holy Confessors Theodore and Theophanes the Branded (December 27), who had also been sent to prison, sent Methodius greetings in verse, and the prisoner replied with greetings in verse, as well. the death of Theophilus, his son Michael III (842-867) began to rule, but not being of mature age, the Byzantine Empire was actually ruled by his mother, the empress Theodora, a venerater of icons. empress tried to extirpate the Iconoclast heresy, and gave orders to free the confessors imprisoned for icon veneration. The heretic Annios occupying the patriarchal throne was banished, and Saint Methodius chosen in his place. At Constantinople was convened a local Council with Saint Methodius presiding (842). The Council restored icon veneration and established an annual celebration of the triumph of Orthodoxy. The “Synodikon of Orthodoxyâ€ compiled by Saint Methodius is read on the First Sunday of Great Lent. to undermine the authority of Saint Methodius, and also the love and esteem of his flock for him, the heretics slandered him as having transgressed chastity. The slander was exposed as such, and the enemies of the saint put to shame. The final years of the saint passed peacefully, he toiled much, wisely guided the Church and his flock, renovated temples ruined by the heretics, gathered up the relics of saints scattered about by the heretics, and transferred the relics of Patriarch Nikēphóros from the place of his imprisonment back to Constantinople. Saint Methodius died in the year 846. He was spiritually close to Ioannikos (4 November), who had foretold that he would become patriarch and also the time of his death. Besides the “Synodikon of Orthodoxy,â€ the holy hierarch also compiled a rule for those converted to the Faith, three rites of marriage and several pastoral sermons and church hymns.

Constantinople, 847-858, Ignatios , Patriarch, Iconodule, Emperor's son, monastery igumen, excommunicated Bardas
Constantinople Patriarch, 847-858, Ignatios of Constantinople; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; Ignatius, Patriarch of Constantinople (847-857; 867-877), in the world Nicetas, was of imperial lineage. his father, the emperor Michael I (811-813), was deposed from the imperial throne by Leo the Armenian (813-820), the fifteen-year-old youth Ignatius was imprisoned in a monastery. in the monastery strengthened Saint Ignatius in faith and in piety. Soon he was made igumen of the monastery, and later he was chosen Patriarch of Constantinople. Michael III (855-867) ascended the throne he was still a minor, so the country was actually governed by his uncle, Bardas, an impious and unchaste man. Ignatius urged Bardas to forsake his sinful life and when he refused, Ignatius boldly denounced him for his iniquity. attempted to force Saint Ignatius to tonsure the holy Empress Theodora, mother of the emperor, in order to remove her from governance of the realm. Ignatius did not consent to this, and also publicly excommunicated Bardas. Bardas had Ignatius tortured for fifteen days to force him to resign, and then they sent him into exile. the new emperor came to power, Saint Ignatius was recalled from prison and was Patriarch for another ten years. He died in the year 877 in a monastery. St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6 ; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25;

Constantinople, 850-885, Byzantine Saints, Cyril and Methodius
Byzantine Saints, 850-885, Cyril and Methodius; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14 ; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11;

Byzantium, 855-867, Emperor, Michael III, Iconodule, regency, B resurgence, uncle Bardas, a Bulgaria
Byzantine Emperor 855-867, Michael III ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; St Irene Chrysovolantou, Commemorated July 28 ; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Euthymius the New of Thessalonica, and Monk of Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 15; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; Venerable Theoctiste of the Isle of Lesbos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated on November 22 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; St Stephen the New LightÂ of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 9; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on December 23; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Nicholas the Confessor the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on February 4; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6 ; Righteous Theodora, wife of the Emperor Theophilus, the Iconoclast, Commemorated on February 11; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14 ; St Paul the Confessor the Bishop of Plusias in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; St Methodius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 14; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of SS Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Constantinople, 858-886, Photius 1, Patriarch, Iconodule, tutored Mike III and Cyril, rejected pope
Constantinople Patriarch, 858-886, Photius 1 ; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6 ; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Byzantium, 860, Rus-Byzantine War (860), caused by Byzantine support of Khzars
Rus-“Byzantine War (860), Russians seize Constantinople ; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2 ;

Constantinople, 860, Deliverance by Mother of God's Robe from Askold to Baptism of the Rus in 88 by Askold
Blachernae; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae; Placing of the Venerable Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae: the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Great (457-474), the brothers Galbius and Candidus, associates of the emperor, set out from Constantinople to Palestine to venerate the holy places. a small settlement near Nazareth they stayed in the home of a certain old Jewish woman. In her house they noticed a room where many lamps were lit, incense burned, and sick people were gathered. When they asked her what the room contained, the pious woman did not want to give an answer for a long time. persistent requests, she said that she had a very precious sacred item: the Robe of the Mother of God, which performed many miracles and healings. Her Dormition the Most Holy Virgin bequeathed one of her garments to a pious Jewish maiden, an ancestor of the old woman, instructing her to leave it to another virgin after her death. the Robe of the Mother of God was preserved in this family from generation to generation. jewelled chest, containing the sacred Robe, was transferred to Constantinople. Saint Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople (August 31), and the emperor Leo, having learned of the sacred treasure, were convinced of the incorrupt state of the holy Robe, and they certified its authenticity. Blachernae, near the seacoast, a new church in honor of the Mother of God was constructed. On June 2, 458 Saint Gennadius transferred the sacred Robe into the Blachernae church with appropriate solemnity, placing it within a new reliquary. the maphorion (i.e., the outer robe) of the Mother of God, and part of Her belt were also put into the reliquary with Her Robe. This circumstance also influenced the Orthodox iconography of the Feast, in connecting the two events: the Placing of the Robe, and the Placing of the Belt of the Mother of God in Blachernae. The Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, visiting Constantinople in about the year 1350, testifies: “We arrived at Blachernae, where the Robe lies upon an altar in a sealed reliquary.â€ than once, during the invasion of enemies, the Most Holy Theotokos saved the city to which She had given Her holy Robe. Thus it happened during the time of a siege of Constantinople by the Avars in 626, by the Persians in 677, and by the Arabs in the year 717. Especially relevant for us are events of the year 860, intimately connected with the history of the Russian Church. June 18, 860 the Russian fleet of Prince Askold, a force comprising more than 200 ships, laid waste the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, then entered into the Golden Horn and threatened Constantinople. The Russian ships sailed within sight of the city, setting ashore troops who “proceeded before the city, stretching forth their swords.â€ The emperor Michael III (842-867), interrupted his campaign against the Arabs and returned to the capital. All night he prayed prostrated upon the stone tiles of the church of the Mother of God at Blachernae. The holy Patriarch Photius spoke to his flock, calling for tears of repentance to wash away sins, and to seek the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos with fervent prayer. danger grew with each passing hour. “The city was barely able to stand against a spear,â€ says Patriarch Photius in another of his homilies. Under these conditions the decision was made to save the church’s sacred objects, especially the holy Robe of the Mother of God, which was kept in the Blachernae church, not far from the shore. serving an all-night Vigil, and taking it out from the Blachernae church, they carried the sacred Robe of the Mother of God in a procession around the city walls. They dipped its edge into the waters of the Bosphorus, and then they transported it to the center of Constantinople into the church of Hagia Sophia. The Mother of God protected the city and quelled the fury of the Russian warriors. An honorable truce was concluded, and Askold lifted the siege of Constantinople. June 25 the Russian army began to leave, taking with them a large tribute payment. A week afterwards, on July 2, the wonderworking Robe of the Mother of God was solemnly returned to its place in the reliquary of the Blachernae church. In remembrance of these events an annual feastday of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God was established on July 2 by holy Patriarch Photius. in October-November of the year 860, a Russian delegation arrived in Constantinople to conclude a treaty “in love and peace.â€ Some of the conditions of the peace treaty included articles concerning the Baptism of Kievan Rus, the payment of an annual tribute by the Byzantines to the Russians, permission for them to serve with the Byzantine army, an agreement to trade in the territory of the Empire (primarily in Constantinople), and to send a diplomatic mission to Byzantium. important was the point about the Baptism of Rus. The continuator of the Byzantine “Theophanes Chroniclesâ€ relates that “their delegation arrived in Constantinople with a request for them to receive holy Baptism, which also was fulfilled.â€ An Orthodox mission was sent to Kiev to fulfill this mutual wish of the Russians and the Greeks. Not very long before this (in 855) Saint Cyril the Philosopher (February 14 and May 11) had created a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel. Saint Cyril was sent with his brother, Saint Methodius (April 6 and May 11), on a mission to Kiev with books translated into Slavonic. This was at the initiative of Saint Photius, whose student Saint Cyril was. The brothers spent the winter of 860/861 at Cherson, and in the spring of 861 they were at the River Dniepr, with Prince Askold. Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith. But under the influence of Saint Cyril, the prince chose Orthodoxy. At the end of the year 861, Saints Cyril and Methodius returned to Constantinople and carried letters with them from Prince Askold to Emperor Michael III. Askold thanked the emperor for sending him “such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy.â€ “Persuaded that this is the true Faith,â€ Askold further wrote, “we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity. We are all friends of the Kingdom and prepared to be of service to you, as requested.â€ accepted holy Baptism with the name Nicholas, and many of his retinue were also baptized. Directly from Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, through the efforts of the holy Apostles to the Slavs both the Slavonic divine services and the Slavonic written language arrived in Rus. Photius appointed Metropolitan Michael to Kiev, and the Russian metropolitan district was entered into the lists of dioceses of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius in an encyclical of the year 867 called the Baptism of the Bulgarians and the Russians as among the chief accomplishments of his archpastoral service. “The Russians, who lifted their hand against the Roman might,â€ he wrote, almost quoting literally from the missive of Askold, “have now replaced the impious teaching which they held to formerly, with the pure and genuine Christian Faith, and with love having established themselves in the array of our friends and subjects.â€ (The Byzantines counted as “subjectsâ€ all accepting Baptism from Constantinople and entering into military alliance with the Empire.) “The desire and zeal of faith has flared up within them to such an extent, that they have accepted bishops and pastors, and they embrace Christian sanctity with great zeal and fervor.â€ Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos in Blachernae also marks the canonical establishment of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate in Kiev. By the blessing of the Mother of God and by the miracle from Her holy Robe not only was the deliverence of Constantinople from the most terrible siege in all its history accomplished, but also the liberation of the Russians from the darkness of pagan superstition to life eternal. Together with this, the year 860 brought recognition to Kievan Rus from Byzantium, and signified the emergence of the young Russian realm into the arena of history. attempt of Prince Askold to renew the Christian evangelization begun by the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he intended as a religious and state reform, ended unsuccessfully. The time for the spread of Christianity in the Russian Land had not yet come. The adherents of the old paganism were too strong, and the princely power was too weak. In the clash of Askold with the pagan Oleg in 882 the Kievans betrayed their prince. Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr’s death at the hand of hired killers. the deed of Blessed Askold (the Ioakimov Chronicle calls him such) was not extinguished in the Russian Church. Oleg the Sage, who killed Askold, occupied the Kiev princedom after him, and called Kiev the “Mother of Russian Cities.â€ most ancient chronicles of Kiev preserved the grateful memory of the first Kievan Christian prince: the church of the Prophet of God Elias, built by Askold and later mentioned in Igor’s Treaty with the Greeks (in 944), is on the site where the present church of this name now stands, and there is also the church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in the 950s by Saint Olga over Askold’s grave. most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their apostolic activity among the Slavs began in Kiev at the court of Askold in 861, and continued afterwards in Moravia and Bulgaria. Following Blessed Askold, in the words of the ancient Alphabetic Prayers, “the Slavonic tribe now soars in flight, all striving toward Baptism.â€ outstanding works of Byzantine Church hymnology and homiletics are connected with the miracle of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae. There are two homilies of Saint Photius, one of which he preached within days of the siege of Constantinople, and the other soon after the departure of the Russian forces. Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable “Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos,â€ which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photius. This Akathist forms an integral part of the services of Praise to the Most Holy Theotokos (i.e., the “Saturday of the Akathist,â€ Fifth Saturday of Great Lent). is not only Byzantine sources that relate the events of the year 860, but also Russian historical chronicles. Saint Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time “it was begun to be called the Russian Land.â€ Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople. The popular commemoration of this event is firmly associated with the names of the Kievan princes Askold and Dir, although in the opinion of historians, Dir was prince of Kiev somewhat earlier than Askold. veneration of the feast of the Placing of the Robe was long known in the Russian Church. Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4) built a church in honor of this feastday in the city of Vladimir at the Golden Gates. At the end of the fourteenth century, part of the Robe of the Mother of God was transferred from Constantinople to Rus by Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal (June 26). holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. In memory of the miraculous deliverance of Moscow, Saint Jonah built the church of the Placing of the Robe in the Kremlin, making it his primary church. It burned, but in its place in the years 1484-1486 a new church, also dedicated to the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God, was built thirty years later. This temple, standing at present, continued to serve as the primary church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs until the cathedral of the Twelve Apostles was built under Patriarch Nikon. Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-SingerÂ, Commemorated on October 1 ; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectressÂ Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated October 2 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unbreakable WallÂ, Commemorated on May 28; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia, Commemorated July 7 ;

Byzantium, 867-886, Emperor, Basil I, Macedonian, Iconodule, poor, blessed by Mike II, killed Mike III
Byzantine Emperor, 867-886, Basil I, the Macedonian; I, called the Macedonian (Greek: ; 811-August 29, 886), was a Byzantine Emperor who reigned from 867 to 886. Born a simple peasant in the theme of Macedonia, he rose in the Imperial court. He entered into the service of Theophilitzes, a relative of Emperor Michael III (r. 842-867), and was given a fortune by the wealthy Danielis. He gained the favour of Michael III, whose mistress he married on the emperor's orders, and was proclaimed co-emperor in 866. He ordered the assassination of Michael the next year. Despite his humble origins, he showed great ability in running the affairs of state. He was the founder of the Macedonian dynasty. He was succeeded upon his death by his son (perhaps actually Michael III's son) Leo VI. Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated on October 2; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25; St Stephen the "œNew Light" Â of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 9; Blessed Empress Theophano, Commemorated on December 16; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on December 23; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6 ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; St Stephen the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 17; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of SS Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20;

Constantinople, 869, Synod of 869, not Ecumenical, supported Icons
Synod of 869; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated February 6; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2;

Constantinople, 869, Wonderworking Miasena Icon, hidden in Lake Zagura for a long time
Lake Zagura; Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated September 1 ; Miasena Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos was thrown into Lake Zagura in the ninth century in an effort to save it from the iconoclasts. After a long time, the wonderworking icon emerged from the water unharmed and was brought to the Miasena Monastery. Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia, Commemorated on July 7;

Constantinople, 886-893, Stephen I, Patriarch, son o Basil I, but probably o Michael III, castrated by Basil I
Constantinople Patriarch, 886-893 , Stephen I ; I (Greek: Î£Ï„ÎÏ†Î±Î½Î¿Ï‚ Î‘Î„, Stephanos I) (November 867 - 18 May 893) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 886 to 893. at Constantinople, Stephen was the son of Eudokia Ingerina and, officially, Emperor Basil I. However, at the time when he was conceived, Eudokia was the mistress of Emperor Michael III. Consequently, it is most probable that like his older brother Leo VI the Wise, Stephen was Michael's son. by Basil I, Stephen became a monk and was designated for a career in the church since his childhood. In 886 his brother, the new Emperor Leo VI, dismissed the Patriarch Photios and appointed the 19-year-old Stephen as patriarch in his stead.[1] patriarch Stephen participated in the ceremonial reburial of Michael III by Leo VI in the imperial mausoleum attached to the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. There are no important events associated with Stephen's patriarchate and the patriarch, who acquired a reputation for piety, died in May 893 at the age of 25. His feast day in the Orthodox Church is on May 18.[2] St Stephen the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 17;

Byzantium, 886-912, Emperor, Leo VI, Wise, c R of Letters, l ground to Bulgrs and Arabs, d Senate
Byzantine Emperor, 886-912, Leo VI the Wise ; VI, called the Wise or the Philosopher (Greek: , romanized: Len ho Sophos, 19 September 866 -11 May 912), was Byzantine Emperor from 886 to 912. The second ruler of the Macedonian dynasty (although his parentage is unclear), he was very well-read, leading to his epithet. During his reign, the renaissance of letters, begun by his predecessor Basil I, continued; but the Empire also saw several military defeats in the Balkans against Bulgaria and against the Arabs in Sicily and the Aegean. His reign also witnessed the formal discontinuation of several ancient Roman institutions, such as the Roman consul and Senate (in this period also known as the Byzantine Senate), which continued to exist in name only and lost much of their original functions and powers. Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated July 12 ; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Euthymius the New of Thessalonica, and Monk of Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 15; Translation of the relics of St Lazarus œof the Four Days in the TombÂ the Bishop of Kiteia on Cyprus, Commemorated on October 17; St Stephen the œNew LightÂ of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 9; Venerable Thomas of Bithynia, Commemorated on December 10; Blessed Empress Theophano, Commemorated on December 16; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on December 23; Venerable Theodora of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 30 ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; St Peter the Wonderworker and Bishop of Argos, Commemorated on May 3 ; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of SS Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20;

Byzantium, 886-912, Emperess, Theophano, Orthodox, Iconodule, falsely accused, Ascetic Saint, Rplcd by Zoe
Byzantium, 886-912, Emperess, Theophano, Orthodox, Iconodule, falsely accused w husband, Saint, Ascetic; Martinakia (866/67 - 10 November 897[1]) was a Byzantine Empress by marriage to Leo VI the Wise. She is venerated as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church. Byzantine Emperor, 886-912, Leo VI the Wise ; VI, called the Wise or the Philosopher (19 September 866-“ 11 May 912), was Byzantine Emperor from 886 to 912. The second ruler of the Macedonian dynasty (although his parentage is unclear), was very well-read, leading to his epithet. During his reign, the renaissance of letters, begun by his predecessor Basil I, continued; the Empire also saw several military defeats in the Balkans against Bulgaria and against the Arabs in Sicily and the Aegean. reign also witnessed the formal discontinuation of several ancient Roman institutions, such as the Roman consul and Senate (in this period also known as the Byzantine Senate), which continued to exist in name only and lost much of their original functions and powers. Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated July 12 ; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Euthymius the New of Thessalonica, and Monk of Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 15; Translation of the relics of St Lazarus œof the Four Days in the TombÂ the Bishop of Kiteia on Cyprus, Commemorated on October 17; St Stephen the œNew LightÂ of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 9; Venerable Thomas of Bithynia, Commemorated on December 10; Blessed Empress Theophano, Commemorated on December 16; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on December 23; Venerable Theodora of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 30 ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; St Peter the Wonderworker and Bishop of Argos, Commemorated on May 3 ; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of SS Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20;

Constantinople, 890-936, Andrew, Fool for Christ, Jesus called him to Fool for h reward
Constantinople, 890-936, Saint Andrew of Constantinople, Fool for Christ; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated on October 2; Andrew, Fool-for-Christ, was a Slav and lived in the tenth century at Constantinople. From his early years, he loved God’s Church and the Holy Scriptures. Once during a dream, the saint beheld a vision of two armies. In the one were men in radiant garb, in the other, black and fiercesome devils. An angel of God, who held wondrous crowns, said to Andrew, that t f forhese crowns were not adornments from the earthly world, but rather a celestial treasure, with which the Lord rewards His warriors, victorious over the dark hordes. “Proceed with this good deed,” the angel said to Andrew. “Be a fool for My sake and you will receive much in the day of My Kingdom.” saint perceived that it was the Lord Himself summoning him to this deed. From that time Andrew began to go about the streets in rags, as though his mind had become muddled. For many years the saint endured mockery and insults. With indifference he underwent beatings, hunger and thirst, cold and heat, begging alms and giving them away to the poor. For his great forebearance and humility the saint received from the Lord the gift of prophecy and wisdom, saving many from spiritual perils, and he unmasked the impiety of many. praying at the Blachernae church, Saint Andrew beheld the Most Holy Mother of God, holding her veil over those praying under her Protection (October 1). Blessed Andrew died in the year 936.

Constantinople, 879-880m Eighth Ecumenical Council, rejected Pope's support of Ignatius, for Photius
Eighth Ecumenical Council; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6 ;

Constantinople, 893-901, Antony II, Patriarch, pious, strict monastic, servant of all, w Leo the Wise
Constantinople Patriarch, 893-901, Antony II ; II Kauleas was Patriarch of Constantinople from 893 to February 12, 901. monk by age 12, Antony Kauleas became a priest and the abbot of an unnamed monastery. He came to the attention of Stylianos Zaoutzes, the all-powerful minister of Emperor Leo VI. Antony had supported Leo against the former Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople, and had contributed to the pacification of the Church by effecting a compromise between the supporters of Photios and Ignatios. The emperor appointed Antony patriarch after the death of his own brother, Patriarch Stephen I of Constantinople in 893. Antony II was a pious man who generously endowed monastic foundations and founded or re-founded the Kaulea monastery with the support of the emperor, who preached at the church's dedication. Buried in the church of his monastery, Antony was held responsible for various miracles. He was canonized as a saint by both the Orthodox and Catholic Churches and he is commemorated on February 12. St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; Anthony, Patriarch of Constantinople, was a native of Asia, but lived in Constantinople from his youth. He was born around 829 of rich and pious parents. After the death of his mother, he entered a monastery at the age of twelve, where following the example of the igumen, he spent his nights in prayer and led a strict monastic life. the passage of time, and against his will, he was ordained to the holy priesthood. Later, at the insistence of the Patriarch, he was made an igumen. Serving in this rank, he tonsured his own father into monasticism. Saint Anthony was distinguished by his mercy, by his love and concern for the destitute, and he provided generous help to them. to the Patriarchal throne at Constantinople in 893, Saint Anthony intensified his care for the destitute, and especially for their spiritual condition. With the assistance of the emperor Leo the Wise, Patriarch Anthony did much good for the Church, and encouraged piety in the people. He also built a monastery over the relics of Saint Kallia (February 12). Despite being stooped over with age, he went around all the churches, fulfilling the command of the Savior to be the servant of all the brethren. the year 895, advanced in age, Saint Anthony went peacefully to the Lord. St Peter the Wonderworker and Bishop of Argos, Commemorated on May 3 ;

Constantinople, 895-901, Nicholas 1, Patriarch, Mystikos, actually from 901-925
Constantinople, 895-901, Patriarch, Nicholas 1, Nicholas Mystikos; I Mystikos or Nicholas I Mysticus (852 - 11 May 925) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from March 901 to February 907 and from May 912 to his death in 925. His feast day in the Eastern Orthodox Church is 16 May.[1] was born in the Italian Peninsula and had become a friend of the Patriarch Photios. He fell into disfavor after Photios' dismissal in 886 and retired to a monastery. Emperor Leo VI the Wise retrieved him from the monastery and made him mystikos, a dignity designating either the imperial secretary or a judicial official. 1 March 901, Nicholas was appointed patriarch. However, he fell out with Leo VI over the latter's fourth marriage to his mistress Zoe Karbonopsina. Although he reluctantly baptized the fruit of this relationship, the future Constantine VII, Nicholas forbade the emperor from entering the church and may have become involved in the revolt of Andronikos Doukas. He was deposed as patriarch on 1 February 907 and replaced by Euthymios. Exiled to his own monastery, Nicholas regarded his deposition as unjustified and involved Pope Sergius III in the dispute. the time of the accession of Leo VI's brother Alexander to the throne in May 912, Nicholas was restored to the patriarchate. A protracted struggle with the supporters of Euthymios followed, which did not end until the new Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos promulgated the Tomos of Union in 920. In the meantime Alexander had died in 913 after provoking a war with Bulgaria, and the underage Constantine VII succeeded to the throne. Nicholas Mystikos became the leading member of the seven-man regency for the young emperor, and as such had to face the advance of Simeon I of Bulgaria on Constantinople. Nicholas negotiated a peaceful settlement, crowned Simeon emperor of the Bulgarians in a makeshift ceremony outside Constantinople, and arranged for the marriage of Simeon's daughter to Constantine VII. unpopular concession undermined his position, and by March 914, with the support of the magistros John Eladas, Zoe Karbonopsina overthrew Nicholas and replaced him as foremost regent. She revoked the agreement with Simeon, prompting the renewal of hostilities with Bulgaria. With her main supporter Leo Phokas crushingly defeated by the Bulgarians at the Battle of Acheloos in 917, Zoe started to lose ground. Embarrassed by further failures, she and her supporters were supplanted in 919 by the admiral Romanos Lekapenos, who married his daughter Helena Lekapene to Constantine VII and finally advanced to the imperial throne in 920. The Patriarch Nicholas came to be one of the strongest supporters of the new emperor, and took the brunt of renewed negotiations with the Bulgarians until his death in 925. addition to his numerous letters to various notables and foreign rulers (including Simeon of Bulgaria), Nicholas Mystikos wrote a homily on the sack of Thessalonica by the Arabs in 904. He was a critical thinker who went as far as to question the authority of Old Testament quotations and the notion that the emperor's command was unwritten law. St. Peter the Wonderworker and Bishop of Argos, Commemorated on May 3; Saint Peter zealously devoted himself to monastic labors, and he excelled all his fellows. This came to the attention of the Italian bishop Nicholas (who from 895 was Patriarch of Constantinople), who wanted to elevate him to the rank of bishop. Saint Peter declined, accounting himself unworthy of such honor. Nicholas consecrated Paul, Saint Peter’s brother, as Bishop of Corinth, and Saint Peter went to his brother and lived with him, taking upon himself the spiritual struggle of silence. After a year emissaries came to Bishop Paul from the city of Argos, where the bishop had died, and they asked for Saint Peter as their bishop. After long and intense entreaties, Saint Peter finally gave his consent. As bishop, Saint Peter toiled zealously in guiding his flock. He was extraordinarily compassionate, concerning himself with those in need, especially orphans and widows.

Constantinople, 900-999, Folder, 10th Century, Russian Incursion and Treaty

Constantinople, 907, Russian incursion into Greece, Oleg the Wise
Russian incursion into Greece in 907 (Rus-Byzantine War (907)); The very first pages of the Russian Primary Chronicle, as foreordained by God, is bound up with the name of the holy Great Martyr Demetrius of Thessalonica. The Chronicle relates that when Oleg the Wise threatened the Greeks at Constantinople (907), the Greeks became terrified and said,"œThis is not Oleg, but rather St Demetrius sent upon us from God."Russian soldiers always believed that they were under the special protection of the holy Great Martyr Demetrius. Moreover, in the old Russian barracks the Great Martyr Demetrius was always depicted as Russian. Thus this image entered the soul of the Russian nation. Russian Primary Chronicle; Timeline of Russian history; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; Oleg of Kiev and Novgorod (Little Russia); Little Russia (Ukraine);

Byzantium, 910s-968, General, Bardas Phokas the Elder, f of Nikephoros II Phokas, Caesar
Byzantium, 910s-968, Byzantine General, Bardas Phokas the Elder, father of Nikephoros II Phokas; Phokas (Greek:) (c. 878- 968) was a notable Byzantine general in the first half of the 10th century, and father of Byzantine emperor Nikephoros II Phokas and the kouropalates Leo Phokas the Younger. was the scion of the Phokas family, one of the great houses of the Anatolian military aristocracy, his father was Nikephoros Phokas the Elder, an eminent Byzantine general with a distinguished record of service in Italy. In 917, he participated under the orders of his elder brother Leo in the disastrous Battle of Acheloos. 941, he was governor of the Theme of Armeniakon, in the area previously known as Paphlagonia. In this year the Rus' navy under the leadership of Igor I of Kiev attacked the Empire. Driven off from Constantinople, the Rus' landed in Bithynia and ravaged it. Bardas kept the attackers from doing too much damage with his local militia levies until the larger Byzantine army under John Kourkouas came and drove the Rus' out. 945 he was appointed supreme commander of the Byzantine armies of the East by Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. In this command he did not make much progress against the Arab forces, being repeatedly defeated by Sayf al-Daula, emir of Aleppo. In 953, he was defeated and severely wounded by Sayf and after further defeats, he was replaced by his son Nikephoros in 954/955. Nikephoros came to the throne he made his father Caesar, only a step below the imperial title. He died about 968 at the age of 90. of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Byzantium, 913-959, Emperor, Constantine VII, Geoponica (ag lore), born in the purple, regents, Writer
Byzantine Emperor 913-959, Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos ; VII Flavius Porphyrogenitus (Byzantine Greek:, romanized: ; 17/18 May 905 -“ 9 November 959) was the fourth Emperor of the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire, reigning from 6 June 913 to 9 November 959. He was the son of Emperor Leo VI and his fourth wife, Zoe Karbonopsina, and the nephew of his predecessor Emperor Alexander. Most of his reign was dominated by co-regents: from 913 until 919 he was under the regency of his mother, while from 920 until 945 he shared the throne with Romanos Lekapenos, whose daughter Helena he married, and his sons. Constantine VII is best known for the Geoponika (), an important agronomic treatise compiled during his reign, and his four books, De Administrando Imperio (bearing in Greek the heading).[3][4] The epithet porphyrogenitus alludes to the Purple chamber of the imperial palace, decorated with porphyry, where legitimate children of reigning emperors were normally born. Constantine was also born in this room, although his mother Zoe had not been married to Leo at that time. Nevertheless, the epithet allowed him to underline his position as the legitimate son, as opposed to all others, who claimed the throne during his lifetime. Sons born to a reigning Emperor held precedence in the Eastern Roman line of succession over elder sons not born "in the purple". Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; St Philotheus the Presbyter in Asia Minor, Commemorated on September 15; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated on October 2; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 17; Venerable Nikon œMetanoeite, the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated on November 26; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable Paul of Latros, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Theodora of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 30 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7; Right-believing Prince Wenceslaus of the Czech Lands, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13, Iveron founded middle of 10th Century;

Byzantium, 910s-991, General, Bardas Skleros, Asian Rebellion
Byzantium, 910s-991, Byzantine General, Bardas Skleros, Asian Rebellion ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Byzantium, 919-944, Emperor, Romanus, the Elder, Orthodox
Byzantine Emperor 919-944, Romanus ; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Translation of the Image "œNot-Made-By-Hands"of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in AugustÂ, Commemorated on August 16 ; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; Venerable Nikon œMetanoeite,Â the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated on November 26; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable Theodora of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 30 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7; Right-believing Prince Wenceslaus of the Czech Lands, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; St Tryphon the Patriarch of Constantinople; Commemorated on April 19; Icon of the Mother of God œEconomissaÂ, Commemorated on July 5; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5;

Constantinople, 928-931, Patriarch, Tryphon, Locum tenens patriach for emperors son, treacherously removed
Constantinople, 928-931, Patriarch, Tryphon of Constantinople; St Tryphon the Patriarch of Constantinople; Commemorated on April 19; Tryphon, Patriarch of Constantinople, was a monk from the time of his youth, distinguished by his meekness, lack of malice, full submission to the will of God, and his firm faith and love for the Church. this time the emperor Romanus (919-944) ruled in Constantinople. He wanted to elevate his younger son Theophylactus to the patriarchal throne. When Patriarch Stephanos (925-928) died, Theophylactus was only sixteen years old. The emperor then suggested that Saint Tryphon be “locum tenens” of the patriarchal throne until Theophylactus came of age. Tryphon meekly accepted the burden of patriarchal service and for three years he wisely governed the Church. When Theophylactus turned twenty (931), the emperor told Saint Tryphon to resign the patriarchal throne. Saint Tryphon did not consider it proper to hand over the throne to an inexperienced youth, and he refused to do so. The emperor could not intimidate Saint Tryphon, since his life was blameless. Then Romanus employed the cunning counsels of Bishop Theophilus of Caesarea. deceitful bishop went to Saint Tryphon and urged him not to obey the emperor, and not to resign the patriarchal throne. Then Bishop Theophilus craftily obtained Saint Tryphon’s signature on a blank sheet of paper. Not suspecting any treachery, the guileless saint took a clean sheet of paper and wrote: “Tryphon, by the Mercy of God, Archbishop of Constantinople, the New Rome, and Ecumenical Patriarch.” they presented this paper to the emperor, he ordered them to write over the saint’s signature: “I hereby resign the position of Patriarch, because I consider myself unworthy of this office.” When this false document was read before the imperial dignitaries, servants removed Saint Tryphon from the patriarchal chambers. Tryphon patiently endured the injustice done to him, and returned to his own monastery. He lived there as a simple monk for a year before his death (+ 933). His body was taken to Constantinople and buried with the Patriarchs.

Constantinople, 933-956, Patriarch, Theophylact, emperor's son, chose castration
Constantinople Patriarch, 933-956, Theophylact of Constantinople; St Tryphon the Patriarch of Constantinople; Commemorated on April 19; Tryphon, Patriarch of Constantinople, was a monk from the time of his youth, distinguished by his meekness, lack of malice, full submission to the will of God, and his firm faith and love for the Church. At this time the emperor Romanus (919-944) ruled in Constantinople. He wanted to elevate his younger son Theophylactus to the patriarchal throne. When Patriarch Stephanos (925-928) died, Theophylactus was only sixteen years old. The emperor then suggested that Saint Tryphon be “locum tenens” of the patriarchal throne until Theophylactus came of age. Saint Tryphon meekly accepted the burden of patriarchal service and for three years he wisely governed the Church. When Theophylactus turned twenty (931), the emperor told Saint Tryphon to resign the patriarchal throne. Saint Tryphon did not consider it proper to hand over the throne to an inexperienced youth, and he refused to do so. The emperor could not intimidate Saint Tryphon, since his life was blameless. Then Romanus employed the cunning counsels of Bishop Theophilus of Caesarea. deceitful bishop went to Saint Tryphon and urged him not to obey the emperor, and not to resign the patriarchal throne. Then Bishop Theophilus craftily obtained Saint Tryphon’s signature on a blank sheet of paper. Not suspecting any treachery, the guileless saint took a clean sheet of paper and wrote: “Tryphon, by the Mercy of God, Archbishop of Constantinople, the New Rome, and Ecumenical Patriarch.” they presented this paper to the emperor, he ordered them to write over the saint’s signature: “I hereby resign the position of Patriarch, because I consider myself unworthy of this office.” When this false document was read before the imperial dignitaries, servants removed Saint Tryphon from the patriarchal chambers. Tryphon patiently endured the injustice done to him, and returned to his own monastery. He lived there as a simple monk for a year before his death (+ 933). His body was taken to Constantinople and buried with the Patriarchs. St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Byzantium, 938-986, Symeon the Studite, Philokalia, hidden activity of spiritual perfection, rid passions
Byzantium, 938-986, Saint, Symeon the Studite; Byzantium, 969-1022, Saint, Symeon the New Theologian; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; Simeon the New Theologian was born in the year 949 in the city of Galatea (Paphlagonia), and he was educated at Constantinople. father prepared him for a career at court, and for a certain while the youth occupied a high position at the imperial court. he was fourteen, he met the renowned Elder Simeon the Pious at the Studion Monastery, who would be a major influence in his spiritual development. He remained in the world for several years preparing himself for the monastic life under the Elder’s guidance, and finally entered the monastery at the age of twenty-seven. Simeon the Pious recommended to the young man the writings of Saint Mark the Ascetic (March 5) and other spiritual writers. He read these books attentively and tried to put into practice what he read. Three points made by Saint Mark in his work “On the Spiritual Law” (see Vol. I of the English Philokalia) particularly impressed him. you should listen to your conscience and do what it tells you if you wish your soul to be healed (Philokalia, p. 115). only by fulfilling the commandments can one obtain the activity of the Holy Spirit. one who prays only with the body and without spiritual knowledge is like the blind man who cried out, “Son of David, have mercy upon me” (Luke 18:38) (Philokalia, p. 111). When the blind man received his sight, however, he called Christ the Son of God (John 9:38). Simeon was wounded with a love for spiritual beauty, and tried to acquire it. In addition to the Rule given him by his Elder, his conscience told him to add a few more Psalms and prostrations, and to repeat constantly, “Lord Jesus Christ, have mercy upon me.” Naturally, he heeded his conscience. the day, he cared for the needs of people living in the palace of Patricius. At night, his prayers grew longer and he remained praying until midnight. as he was praying in this way, a most brilliant divine radiance descended upon him and filled the room. He saw nothing but light all around him, and he was not even aware of the ground beneath his feet. seemed to him that he himself became light. Then his mind rose upward to the heavens, and he saw a second light brighter than the light which surrounded him. Then, on the edge of this second light, he seemed to see Saint Simeon the Pious, who had given him Saint Mark the Ascetic to read. years after this vision, Saint Simeon entered the monastery. There he increased his fasting and vigilance, and learned to renounce his own will. Enemy of our salvation stirred up the brethren of the monastery against Saint Simeon, who was indifferent to the praises or reproaches of others. Because of the increased discontent in the monastery, Saint Simeon was sent to the Monastery of Saint Mamas in Constantinople. he was tonsured into the monastic schema, and increased his spiritual struggles. He attained to a high spiritual level, and increased his knowledge of spiritual things through reading the Holy Scriptures and the writings of the Fathers, as well as in conversation with holy Elders. the year 980, Saint Simeon was made igumen of the monastery of Saint Mamas and continued in this office for twenty-five years. He repaired and restored the monastery, which had suffered from neglect, and also brought order to the life of the monks. strict monastic discipline, for which Saint Simeon strove, led to great dissatisfaction among the brethren. Once, after Liturgy, some of the monks attacked him and nearly killed him. When the Patriarch of Constantinople expelled them from the monastery and wanted to hand them over to the civil authorities, Saint Simeon asked that they be treated with leniency and be permitted to live in the world. the year 1005, Saint Simeon resigned his position as igumen in favor of Arsenius, while he himself settled near the monastery in peace. There he composed his theological works, portions of which appear in the Philokalia. chief theme of his works is the hidden activity of spiritual perfection, and the struggle against the passions and sinful thoughts. He wrote instructions for monks: “Theological and Practical Chapters,” “A Treatise on the Three Methods of Prayer,” (in Vol. IV of the English Philokalia) and “A Treatise on Faith.” Moreover, Saint Simeon was an outstanding church poet. He also wrote “Hymns of Divine Love,” about seventy poems filled with profound prayerful meditations. sublime teachings of Saint Simeon about the mysteries of mental prayer and spiritual struggle have earned him the title “the New Theologian.” These teachings were not the invention of Saint Simeon, but they had merely been forgotten over time. of these teachings seemed unacceptable and strange to his contemporaries. This led to conflict with Constantinople’s church authorities, and Saint Simeon was banished from the city. He withdrew across the Bosphorus and settled in the ancient monastery of Saint Makrina. saint peacefully fell asleep in the Lord in the year 1021. During his life he received the gift of working miracles. Numerous miracles also took place after his death; one of them was the miraculous discovery of his icon.

Byzantium, 944, Russia, Treaty of Igor, with Russia, Joint admin of Cherson and Dnieper Mouth
Treaty of Igor (of Kiev) with the Greeks in the year 944; Translation of the "Image Not-Made-By-Hands"Â of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third "œFeast of the Savior in August"Â, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Constantinople, 943, Appearance of Theotokos at Blachernae church, praying christian protection from pagan Rus
Constantinople, 950, Appearance of Theotokos at Blachernae church; Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul); The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1;

Byzantium, 944-959, Emperor, Constantine VII, writer, Ag treatise and 4 books, Igor Treaty 944, Olga baptism 955
Byzantine Emperor, 944-959, Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos (in the Purple); VII Flavius Porphyrogenitus (17/18 May 905 -“ 9 November 959) was the fourth Emperor of the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire, reigning from 6 June 913 to 9 November 959. He was the son of Emperor Leo VI and his fourth wife, Zoe Karbonopsina, and the nephew of his predecessor Emperor Alexander. of his reign was dominated by co-regents: from 913 until 919 he was under the regency of his mother, while from 920 until 945 he shared the throne with Romanos Lekapenos, whose daughter Helena he married, and his sons. VII is best known for the Geoponika, an important agronomic treatise compiled during his reign, and his four books, De Administrando Imperio,[2] De Ceremoniis, De Thematibus, and Vita Basilii .[3][4] epithet porphyrogenitus alludes to the Purple chamber of the imperial palace, decorated with porphyry, where legitimate children of reigning emperors were normally born. Constantine was also born in this room, although his mother Zoe had not been married to Leo at that time. Nevertheless, the epithet allowed him to underline his position as the legitimate son, as opposed to all others, who claimed the throne during his lifetime. Sons born to a reigning Emperor held precedence in the Eastern Roman line of succession over elder sons not born "in the purple". Translation of the Image "œNot-Made-By-Hands" of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third "œFeast of the Savior in August"Â, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Nikon Metanoeite,"the Preacher of Repentance", Commemorated on November 26; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11 ; St Prochorus the Abbot in the Vranski Desert on the river Pshina in Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 15; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Constantinople, 956, Transfer of John the Baptist's Right Hand, From Antioch
Byzantium, 956, Transfer of John the Baptist's Right Hand, From Antioch; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on January 7 ;

Byzantium, 962 co E -1025-1028 E, Emperor, Constantine VIII, Basil II's brother, Zoe's father, disaster reign
Byzantine Emperor, 962-1028, Constantine VIII ; VIII Porphyrogenitus (960 - 11/12 November 1028) was de jure Byzantine Emperor from 962 until his death. He was the younger son of Emperor Romanos II and Empress Theophano. was nominal co-emperor for 63 years, successively with his father; stepfather, Nikephoros II Phokas; uncle, John I Tzimiskes; and brother, Basil II. II died childless on 15 December 1025 and thus left the rule of the Byzantine Empire in Constantine's hands. had no interest in politics, statecraft or the military. His brief reign is said to have been "an unmitigated disaster", sparking "a collapse of the military power of the Empire". Constantine had no sons, so shortly before his death he married his daughter Zoë to his chosen successor, Romanos Argyros. Venerable John the Georgian, of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Lazarus of Mt. Galerius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on July 17; Venerable Nikon "œMetanoeite,"Â the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated on November 26; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11 ; St Arsenius the Archbishop of Kerkyra (Corfu), Commemorated on January 19; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13 ; St Euthymius the New, Founder of the Iveron Monastery and His Fellow Georgian Saints of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13 ; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12;

Byzantium, 963-969, Emperor, Nikephorus Phokas, Orthodox, brilliant Military exploits, Great Lavra
Byzantine Emperor, 963-969, Nikephorus Phokas ; II Phokas (c. 912 - 11 December 969), Latinized Nicephorus II Phocas, was Byzantine emperor from 963 to 969. His brilliant military exploits contributed to the resurgence of the Byzantine Empire during the 10th century. His reign, however, included controversy. In the west, he inflamed conflict with the Bulgarians and saw Sicily completely turn over to the Muslims, while he failed to make any serious gains in Italy following the incursions of Otto I. Meanwhile, in the east, he completed the conquest of Cilicia and even retook the island of Cyprus, thus opening the path for subsequent Byzantine incursions reaching as far as Upper Mesopotamia and the Levant. His administrative policy was less successful, as in order to finance these wars he increased taxes both on the people and on the church, while maintaining unpopular theological positions and alienating many of his most powerful allies. These included his nephew John Tzimiskes, who would take the throne after killing Nikephoros in his sleep. Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated July 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œQuick to Hear"Â, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Neophytus the Co-Founder of the Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13 ; St Euthymius the New, Founder of the Iveron Monastery and His Fellow Georgian Saints of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13 ; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5;

Byzantium, 969-976, Emperor, Tzimiskes, adulterous, murdered Nike, intuitive successful general, strengthened expanded Empire
Byzantine Emperor, 969-976, John I Tzimiskes; I Tzimiskes (c. 925 - 10 January 976) was the senior Byzantine Emperor from 11 December 969 to 10 January 976. An intuitive and successful general, he strengthened the Empire and expanded its borders during his short reign.[1] Venerable George of Mt. Athos, the Builder, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Philotheus the Founder of Philotheou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 24; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12;

Byzantium, 969-1022, Symeon the New Theologian, hidden activity of spiritual perfection, passions struggle, Philokalia
Byzantium, 969-1022, Saint, Symeon the New Theologian; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; Simeon the New Theologian was born in the year 949 in the city of Galatea (Paphlagonia), and he was educated at Constantinople. father prepared him for a career at court, and for a certain while the youth occupied a high position at the imperial court. When he was fourteen, he met the renowned Elder Simeon the Pious at the Studion Monastery, who would be a major influence in his spiritual development. He remained in the world for several years preparing himself for the monastic life under the Elder’s guidance, and finally entered the monastery at the age of twenty-seven. Simeon the Pious recommended to the young man the writings of Saint Mark the Ascetic (March 5) and other spiritual writers. He read these books attentively and tried to put into practice what he read. Three points made by Saint Mark in his work “On the Spiritual Law” (see Vol. I of the English Philokalia) particularly impressed him. First, you should listen to your conscience and do what it tells you if you wish your soul to be healed (Philokalia, p. 115). Second, only by fulfilling the commandments can one obtain the activity of the Holy Spirit. Thirdly, one who prays only with the body and without spiritual knowledge is like the blind man who cried out, “Son of David, have mercy upon me” (Luke 18:38) (Philokalia, p. 111). When the blind man received his sight, however, he called Christ the Son of God (John 9:38). Simeon was wounded with a love for spiritual beauty, and tried to acquire it. In addition to the Rule given him by his Elder, his conscience told him to add a few more Psalms and prostrations, and to repeat constantly, “Lord Jesus Christ, have mercy upon me.” Naturally, he heeded his conscience. the day, he cared for the needs of people living in the palace of Patricius. At night, his prayers grew longer and he remained praying until midnight. Once, as he was praying in this way, a most brilliant divine radiance descended upon him and filled the room. He saw nothing but light all around him, and he was not even aware of the ground beneath his feet. seemed to him that he himself became light. Then his mind rose upward to the heavens, and he saw a second light brighter than the light which surrounded him. Then, on the edge of this second light, he seemed to see Saint Simeon the Pious, who had given him Saint Mark the Ascetic to read. years after this vision, Saint Simeon entered the monastery. There he increased his fasting and vigilance, and learned to renounce his own will. Enemy of our salvation stirred up the brethren of the monastery against Saint Simeon, who was indifferent to the praises or reproaches of others. Because of the increased discontent in the monastery, Saint Simeon was sent to the Monastery of Saint Mamas in Constantinople. he was tonsured into the monastic schema, and increased his spiritual struggles. He attained to a high spiritual level, and increased his knowledge of spiritual things through reading the Holy Scriptures and the writings of the Fathers, as well as in conversation with holy Elders. the year 980, Saint Simeon was made igumen of the monastery of Saint Mamas and continued in this office for twenty-five years. He repaired and restored the monastery, which had suffered from neglect, and also brought order to the life of the monks. strict monastic discipline, for which Saint Simeon strove, led to great dissatisfaction among the brethren. Once, after Liturgy, some of the monks attacked him and nearly killed him. When the Patriarch of Constantinople expelled them from the monastery and wanted to hand them over to the civil authorities, Saint Simeon asked that they be treated with leniency and be permitted to live in the world. the year 1005, Saint Simeon resigned his position as igumen in favor of Arsenius, while he himself settled near the monastery in peace. There he composed his theological works, portions of which appear in the Philokalia. chief theme of his works is the hidden activity of spiritual perfection, and the struggle against the passions and sinful thoughts. He wrote instructions for monks: “Theological and Practical Chapters,” “A Treatise on the Three Methods of Prayer,” (in Vol. IV of the English Philokalia) and “A Treatise on Faith.” Moreover, Saint Simeon was an outstanding church poet. He also wrote “Hymns of Divine Love,” about seventy poems filled with profound prayerful meditations. sublime teachings of Saint Simeon about the mysteries of mental prayer and spiritual struggle have earned him the title “the New Theologian.” These teachings were not the invention of Saint Simeon, but they had merely been forgotten over time. of these teachings seemed unacceptable and strange to his contemporaries. This led to conflict with Constantinople’s church authorities, and Saint Simeon was banished from the city. He withdrew across the Bosphorus and settled in the ancient monastery of Saint Makrina. saint peacefully fell asleep in the Lord in the year 1021. During his life he received the gift of working miracles. Numerous miracles also took place after his death; one of them was the miraculous discovery of his icon. Life was written by his cell-attendant and disciple, Saint Nicetas Stethatos. March 12 falls during Great Lent, Saint Simeon’s Feast is transferred to October 12.

Byzantium, 976-991, General, Bardas Skleros, Armenian, led Asian revolt against Basil II
Byzantium, 976-991, General, Bardas Skleros, led Asian revolt against Basil II; Skleros or Sclerus was a Byzantine general who led a wide-scale Asian rebellion against Emperor Basil II during the years 976 to 979. 1 Background 2 Rebellion 3 Later years 4 Descendants 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources belonged to the great family of the Skleroi, which owned enormous estates at the eastern outskirts of Asia Minor. His mother Gregoria descended from Basil I's brother Bardas. greatest coup of his early career was a brilliant defense of Constantinople against the army of Svyatoslav I of Kiev in 970. the Battle of Arcadiopolis, he reportedly managed to inflict as many as 20,000 casualties on the Rus, while the campaign claimed the lives of merely 25 Greek soldiers. he had shown himself equal to dealing with the fiercest enemies of Byzantium, Bardas became a trusted advisor to John I Tzimiskes, who was his brother-in-law and a fellow Armenian. John's death, Skleros aspired to replace him as an acting emperor. The eunuch Basil Lekapenos, who actually led the imperial government, entertained other plans, however, deposing Bardas from his key post of general in the East in 976. to Michael Psellos, Skleros was "a man who was not only a competent planner, but extremely clever in carrying out his schemes, possessed of vast wealth (no mean asset in one who aimed at a throne), with the prestige of royal blood and of success in great wars, with all the military caste at his side to help on his enterprise."[1] between the armies of Skleros and Phokas, miniature from the Madrid Skylitzes hearing the news of his deposition, Skleros came to an agreement with local Armenian, Georgian and even Muslim rulers who all vowed to support his claims to the imperial crown. He successfully stirred up rebellion among his relatives and adherents in the Asian provinces, rapidly making himself master of Caesaria, Antioch, and most of Asia Minor. several navy commanders defected to Skleros's side, he dashed to Constantinople, threatening to blockade the Dardanelles. The rebel navy under Michael Kourtikios raided the Aegean and attempted to blockade the Dardanelles, but were defeated by the Imperial Fleet under the command of Theodoros Karantenos. lost supremacy at sea, Skleros at once laid siege to the town of Nicaea, which was considered a key to the capital. The town was fortified by a certain Manuel Erotikos Komnenos, father of the future emperor Isaac Komnenos and progenitor of the Komnenoi dynasty. Basil recalled from exile Bardas Phokas the Younger, a general who had revolted in the previous reign and been interned in a monastery for seven years. Phokas proceeded to Sebastea in the East, where his family demesnes were situated. He came to an understanding with David III Kuropalates of Tao, who pledged 12,000 Georgian horsemen under the command of Tornikios to Phokas' aid. instantly left Nicaea for the East and defeated Phokas in two battles, but the latter was victorious in a third. On March 24, 979 two leaders clashed in single combat, with Skleros cutting the right ear of Phocas' horse with his lance before sustaining a grave wound to the head. The rumour of his death put his army to flight, but Skleros himself found shelter with his Muslim allies. Thereupon the rebellion was subdued without difficulty. years article: Rebellion of Bardas Phokas the Younger the Asian potentates refused to support his further operations against Constantinople, Skleros and his family retreated to Baghdad in 980. They resided in honourable captivity at the Abbasid Caliph's court for six years, dreaming about the invasion of Byzantium. 987 Skleros was finally recalled to his homeland by Phokas, who took advantage of the Bulgarian wars to aim at the crown. Skleros promptly mustered an army to support Phokas's cause, but his plans of profiting from the attendant disorders were frustrated when Phokas had him committed to prison. Phokas' death at the Battle of Abydos (989), Skleros succeeded him as the leader of the rebellion: "The truth was, the men who had enrolled in Skleros's army were no longer divided in their loyalties: every one of them was a declared rebel. Their leader inspired them with his own resolute determination and bound them into one coherent body. By favours he won their loyalty, by his kindliness he earned their devotion. He reconciled their differences, ate at the same table as his men, drank from the same cup, called them by name, and by his flattery bound them to his allegiance" (Michael Psellos). date of his surrender to the authorities is disputed, as are the circumstances. In 991 Skleros, a blinded and broken man, then residing in semi-captivity in Thrace, was visited by Emperor Basil II on his way to Bulgaria. The famous rebel accepted the title of curopalates and died several days later, presumably on April 2. bloodline of Bardas Skleros continued, however. A grandson, Basil Skleros, was married to a sister of Emperor Romanos III. One of Basil's daughters married Constantine Monomachos, who would become Emperor, while Basil's granddaughter became mistress of Constantine. One of these women was the grandmother of Vladimir Monomakh. Byzantine Emperor, 976-1025, Basil II ; Saint (John) Tornike of Mount Athos, Commemorated on June 12;

Byzantium, 976-1025, Emperor, Basil II, Bulgar Slayer, civil war with 2 Bardas gens, Expansion, over Bulgarian E
Byzantine Emperor, 976-1025, Basil II ; II Porphyrogenitus (c.958 -“ 15 December 1025), nicknamed the Bulgar Slayer [note 3] was the senior Byzantine Emperor for almost 50 years (10 January 976 -“ 15 December 1025), having been a junior colleague to other emperors since 960. He and his brother Constantine[note 4] were named as co-rulers before their father Romanos II died in 963. The throne went to two generals, Nikephoros Phokas (r. 963-“969) then John Tzimiskes (r. 969-“976), before Basil became senior emperor. His influential great-uncle Basil Lekapenos was the de facto ruler of the Byzantine Empire until 985.[note 5] Basil II then held power for forty years. early years of Basil's reign were dominated by civil wars against two powerful generals from the Anatolian aristocracy; first Bardas Skleros and later Bardas Phokas, which ended shortly after Phokas' death and Skleros' submission in 989. then oversaw the stabilization and expansion of the eastern frontier of the Byzantine Empire and the complete subjugation of the First Bulgarian Empire, its foremost European foe, after a prolonged struggle. Although the Byzantine Empire had made a truce with the Fatimid Caliphate in 987-“988, Basil led a campaign against the Caliphate that ended with another truce in 1000. He also conducted a campaign against the Khazar Khaganate that gained the Byzantine Empire part of Crimea and a series of successful campaigns against the Kingdom of Georgia. near-constant warfare, Basil distinguished himself as an administrator, reducing the power of the great land-owning families who dominated the Empire's administration and military, filling its treasury, and leaving it with its greatest expanse in four centuries. his successors were largely incapable rulers, the Empire flourished for decades after Basil's death. One of the most important decisions taken during his reign was to offer the hand of his sister Anna Porphyrogenita to Vladimir I of Kiev in exchange for military support, thus forming the Byzantine military unit known as the Varangian Guard. marriage of Anna and Vladimir led to the Christianization of the Kievan Rus' and the incorporation of later successor states of Kievan Rus' within the Byzantine cultural and religious tradition. Basil is seen as a Greek national hero but as a despised figure among Bulgarians. Venerable John the Georgian, of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Lazarus of Mt. Galerius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on July 17; St Philotheus the Presbyter in Asia Minor, Commemorated on September 15; Venerable Nikon œMetanoeite, the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated on November 26; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19; St Prochorus the Abbot in the Vranski Desert on the river Pshina in Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 15; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13 ; St Euthymius the New, Founder of the Iveron Monastery and His Fellow Georgian Saints of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13 ; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, Georgian, Commemorated on June 27;

Byzantium, 976-1025, Emperor, Basil II, Bulgar Slayer, with Rus over First B Empire and Georgia
Byzantine Emperor, 976-1025, Basil II ; II Porphyrogenitus (c.958 -“ 15 December 1025), nicknamed the Bulgar Slayer [note 3] was the senior Byzantine Emperor for almost 50 years (10 January 976 -“ 15 December 1025), having been a junior colleague to other emperors since 960. He and his brother Constantine[note 4] were named as co-rulers before their father Romanos II died in 963. The throne went to two generals, Nikephoros Phokas (r. 963-“969) then John Tzimiskes (r. 969-“976), before Basil became senior emperor. His influential great-uncle Basil Lekapenos was the de facto ruler of the Byzantine Empire until 985.[note 5] Basil II then held power for forty years. early years of Basil's reign were dominated by civil wars against two powerful generals from the Anatolian aristocracy; first Bardas Skleros and later Bardas Phokas, which ended shortly after Phokas' death and Skleros' submission in 989. then oversaw the stabilization and expansion of the eastern frontier of the Byzantine Empire and the complete subjugation of the First Bulgarian Empire, its foremost European foe, after a prolonged struggle. Although the Byzantine Empire had made a truce with the Fatimid Caliphate in 987-“988, Basil led a campaign against the Caliphate that ended with another truce in 1000. He also conducted a campaign against the Khazar Khaganate that gained the Byzantine Empire part of Crimea and a series of successful campaigns against the Kingdom of Georgia. near-constant warfare, Basil distinguished himself as an administrator, reducing the power of the great land-owning families who dominated the Empire's administration and military, filling its treasury, and leaving it with its greatest expanse in four centuries. his successors were largely incapable rulers, the Empire flourished for decades after Basil's death. One of the most important decisions taken during his reign was to offer the hand of his sister Anna Porphyrogenita to Vladimir I of Kiev in exchange for military support, thus forming the Byzantine military unit known as the Varangian Guard. marriage of Anna and Vladimir led to the Christianization of the Kievan Rus' and the incorporation of later successor states of Kievan Rus' within the Byzantine cultural and religious tradition. Basil is seen as a Greek national hero but as a despised figure among Bulgarians. Venerable Lazarus the Wonderworker of Mt. Galesius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on November 7; Icon of the Mother of God œthe MercifulÂ, Commemorated on November 12; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19; Icon of the Mother of God œthe MercifulÂ, Commemorated on December 27; Venerable Philotheus the Founder of Philotheou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 24; Icon of the Mother of God œIveronÂ, Commemorated on February 12; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, the Builder, Commemorated on July 28;

Constantinople, 984-996, Patriarch, Nicholas Chrysoberges, Nicholas II of Constantinople
Constantinople Patriarch, 984-996, Nicholas II of Constantinople; Icon of the Mother of God œIt Is Truly MeetÂ, Commemorated on July 13;

Constantinople, 1000-1099, Folder, 11th Century, Zoe's Husbands, Official East West Church Split

Byzantium, 1025-1028, Emperor, Constantine VIII, Basil II's bro, unmitigated disaster, chose Romanos, Zoe's f
Russia, Kiev, 1025-1028, Kiev Rus King, Constantine VIII, Brother of Basil II; VIII Porphyrogenitus (960 - 11/12 November 1028) was de jure Byzantine Emperor from 962 until his death. He was the younger son of Emperor Romanos II and Empress Theophano. He was nominal co-emperor for 63 years, successively with his father; stepfather, Nikephoros II Phokas; uncle, John I Tzimiskes; and brother, Basil II. II died childless on 15 December 1025 and thus left the rule of the Byzantine Empire in Constantine's hands. Constantine had no interest in politics, statecraft or the military. His brief reign is said to have been "an unmitigated disaster", sparking "a collapse of the military power of the Empire". Constantine had no sons, so shortly before his death he married his daughter Zoë to his chosen successor, Romanos Argyros. Russia, Kiev, 960-976, Kiev Rus King, Basil II, Basil the Bulgar Slayer ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Byzantium, 1028-1034, Emperor, Romanos III Argyros, forced to divorce, then killed by Zoe
Byzantine Emperor, 1028-1034, Romanos III Argyros; III Argyros (968 – 11 April 1034), or Romanus III Argyrus, was Byzantine Emperor from 15 November 1028 until his death. was a Byzantine noble and senior official in Constantinople when the dying Constantine VIII forced him to divorce his wife and marry the emperor's daughter Zoe. Upon Constantine's death three days later, Romanos took the throne. Romanos has been recorded as a well meaning but ineffective emperor. disorganised the tax system and undermined the military, personally leading a disastrous military expedition against Aleppo. He fell out with his wife and foiled several attempts on his throne, including two which revolved around his sister-in-law Theodora. spent large amounts on the construction and repair of churches and monasteries. He died after six years on the throne, allegedly murdered, and was succeeded by his wife's young lover, Michael IV. Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14; Venerable Lazarus the Wonderworker of Mt. Galesius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on November 7; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Merciful"Â, Commemorated on December 27; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 12; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13 ;

Byzantium, 1034-1041, Emperor, Michael IV the Paphlagonian, became E then death by Zoe's affairs
Byzantine Emperor, 1034-1041, Michael IV the Paphlagonian; Venerable Lazarus the Wonderworker of Mt. Galesius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on November 7; Icon of the Mother of God œthe MercifulÂ, Commemorated on December 27; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Byzantium, 1042-1054, Emperor, Constantine IX Monomachos, Zoe's third, Church Split
Byzantine Emperor, 1042-1054, Constantine IX Monomachos ; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14; Princess Anna Vsevolodna, Commemorated on November 3; Venerable Lazarus the Wonderworker of Mt. Galesius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on November 7; Icon of the Mother of God œthe MercifulÂ, Commemorated on December 27; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectressÂ Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28;

Constantinople, 1043-1059, Michael I Cerularius, Patriarch, Great Schism 1054
Constantinople, 1043-1059, Patriarch, Michael I Cerularius, Great Schism 1054; Byzantine Emperor, 1042-1054, Constantine IX Monomachos ; Saint Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on October 21;

Byzantium, 1057-1059, Emperor, Isaac I Komnenos, Komnenian Dy, raised at Studion
Byzantine Emperor, 1057-1059, Isaac I Komnenos; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on October 1; Icon of the Mother of God œthe MercifulÂ, Commemorated on December 27; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Byzantium, 1057-1059, Emperor's Commander in Chief, John Komnenos (Domestic of the Schools)
Byzantine Commander in Chief, 1057-1059, John Komnenos (Domestic of the Schools); Byzantine Emperor, 1057-1059, Isaac I Komnenos; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on October 1; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Byzantium, 1059-1067, Emperor, Constantine X Doukas, Doukid Dy, lost Italy and Balkans
Byzantine Emperor, 1059-1067, Constantine X Doukas; St Joachim of Osogovo, Commemorated on August 16; Icon of the Mother of God œthe MercifulÂ, Commemorated on December 27; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves Monastery, and Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on May 3 ; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9; St George the God-Bearer, Commemorated on July 3;

Byzantium, 1071-1078, Emperor, Michael VII Doukas, Doukid Dy, not interested
Byzantine Emperor, 1071-1078, Michael VII Doukas; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Icon of the Mother of God œthe MercifulÂ, Commemorated on December 27; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14;

Constantinople, 1073, Dormition Icon Story, 4 Architects, 3 year Gold, MOG, Blachernae to Caves, War Hero
Russia, Kiev, 1073, Dormition Icon Story, 4 Architects, 3 year Gold, MOG, Blachernae to Caves, War Hero; Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves (Destroyed in WWII) 1073 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Kiev Caves Icon of the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos is one of the most ancient icons in the Russian Orthodox Church. The Mother of God entrusted it to four Byzantine architects, who in 1073 brought the icon to Saints Anthony and Theodosius of the Caves. The architects arrived at the monks’ cave and asked, “Where do you want to build the church?” The saints answered, “Go, the Lord will point out the place.” “How is it that you, who are about to die, have still not designated the place?” the architects wondered. “And they gave us much gold.” the monks summoned all the brethren and they began to question the Greeks, saying, “Tell us the truth. Who sent you, and how did you end up here?” architects answered, “One day, when each of us was asleep in his own home, handsome youths came to us at sunrise, and said, ‘The Queen summons you to Blachernae.’ We all arrived at the same time and, questioning one another we learned that each of us had heard this command of the Queen, and that the youths had come to each of us. Finally, we beheld the Queen of Heaven with a multitude of warriors. We bowed down to Her, and She said, ‘I want to build Myself a Church in Rus, at Kiev, and so I ask you to do this. Take enough gold for three years.’” “We bowed down and asked, ‘Lady Queen! You are sending us to a foreign land. To whom are we sent?’ She answered, ‘I send you to the monks Anthony and Theodosius.’” “We wondered, ‘Why then, Lady, do You give us gold for three years? Tell us that which concerns us, what we shall eat and what we shall drink, and tell us also what You know about it.’” “The Queen replied, ‘Anthony will merely give the blessing, then depart from this world to eternal repose. The other one, Theodosius, will follow him after two years. Therefore, take enough gold. Moreover, no one can do what I shall do to honor you. I shall give you what eye has not seen, what ear has not heard, and what has not entered into the heart of man (1 Cor.2:9). I, Myself, shall come to look upon the church and I shall dwell within it.’” “She also gave us relics of the holy martyrs Menignus, Polyeuctus, Leontius, Acacius, Arethas, James, and Theodore, saying, ‘Place these within the foundation.’ We took more than enough gold, and She said, ‘Come out and see the resplendent church.’ We went out and saw a church in the air. Coming inside again, we bowed down and said, ‘Lady Queen, what will be the name of the church?’” “She answered, ‘I wish to call it by My own name.’ We did not dare to ask what Her name was, but She said again, ‘It will be the church of the Mother of God.’ After giving us this icon, She said, ‘This will be placed within.’ We bowed down to Her and went to our own homes, taking with us the icon we received from the hands of the Queen.” heard this account, everyone glorified God, and Saint Anthony said, “My children, we never left this place. Those handsome youths summoning you were holy angels, and the Queen in Blachernae was the Most Holy Theotokos. As for those who appeared to be us, and the gold they gave you, the Lord only knows how He deigned to do this with His servants. Blessed be your arrival! You are in good company: the venerable icon of the Lady.” For three days Saint Anthony prayed that the Lord would show him the place for the church. the first night there was a dew throughout all the land, but it was dry on the holy spot. On the second morning throughout all the land it was dry, but on the holy spot it was wet with dew. On the third morning, they prayed and blessed the place, and measured the width and length of the church with a golden sash. (This sash had been brought long ago by the Varangian Shimon, who had a vision about the building of a church.) A bolt of lightning, falling from heaven by the prayer of Saint Anthony, indicated that this spot was pleasing to God. So the foundation of the church was laid. icon of the Mother of God was glorified by numerous miracles. Two friends, John and Sergius, sealed their friendship before it. After many years John fell mortally ill. He gave part of his wealth to the the Caves monastery, and he gave Sergius the portion for his five-year-old son for safekeeping. He also entrusted his son Zachariah to his guardianship. When Zachariah turned fifteen, he asked for his inheritance, but Sergius persisted in saying that John had distributed everything to the poor. He even went into the Dormition church and swore before the wonderworking icon that he had taken nothing. he attempted to kiss the icon, he was not able to come near it. He went to the doors and suddenly shouted, “Saints Anthony and Theodosius! Let me not be struck down for my dishonesty. Entreat the Most Holy Theotokos to drive away the multitude of demons which torment me. Let the gold and silver be taken away. It is sealed up in my granary.” Zachariah gave away all his inheritance to the Caves monastery, where he also himself was tonsured a monk. From that time, no one would take oaths before the wonderworking icon (March 24). than once the icon defended the land from enemy invasion. In 1677, when the Turks laid siege to Chigirin and danger threatened Kiev, they carried the icon around the city for almost the entire day of August 27. The Mother of God blessed Russian armies going to the Battle of Poltava (1709). In 1812 they carried the icon around Kiev again. The icon is commemorated twice during the year: May 3 and August 15. Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 1; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14;

Constantinople, 1078, Master Builders come from Greece to Kiev with Theotokos Icon
Venerable Stephen, Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27; 1078 Saint Stephen was removed from office and driven from the monastery through the malice of an evil monk. He endured this meekly and without bitterness, and continued to pray for those who had turned against him. Stephen learned that master builders had come from Greece with an icon of the Theotokos, and they told him of the appearance of the Heavenly Queen at Blachernae. Because of this, Saint Stephen also built a church at Klovo in honor of the Theotokos (in memory of the Placing of Her Robe at Blachernae). The monastery was founded in thanksgiving for solicitude of the Most Holy Theotokos for the Caves monastery. Blachernae; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae; Placing of the Venerable Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae: the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Great (457-474), the brothers Galbius and Candidus, associates of the emperor, set out from Constantinople to Palestine to venerate the holy places. a small settlement near Nazareth they stayed in the home of a certain old Jewish woman. In her house they noticed a room where many lamps were lit, incense burned, and sick people were gathered. When they asked her what the room contained, the pious woman did not want to give an answer for a long time. persistent requests, she said that she had a very precious sacred item: the Robe of the Mother of God, which performed many miracles and healings. Her Dormition the Most Holy Virgin bequeathed one of her garments to a pious Jewish maiden, an ancestor of the old woman, instructing her to leave it to another virgin after her death. the Robe of the Mother of God was preserved in this family from generation to generation. jewelled chest, containing the sacred Robe, was transferred to Constantinople. Saint Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople (August 31), and the emperor Leo, having learned of the sacred treasure, were convinced of the incorrupt state of the holy Robe, and they certified its authenticity. Blachernae, near the seacoast, a new church in honor of the Mother of God was constructed. On June 2, 458 Saint Gennadius transferred the sacred Robe into the Blachernae church with appropriate solemnity, placing it within a new reliquary. the maphorion (i.e., the outer robe) of the Mother of God, and part of Her belt were also put into the reliquary with Her Robe. This circumstance also influenced the Orthodox iconography of the Feast, in connecting the two events: the Placing of the Robe, and the Placing of the Belt of the Mother of God in Blachernae. The Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, visiting Constantinople in about the year 1350, testifies: “We arrived at Blachernae, where the Robe lies upon an altar in a sealed reliquary.â€ than once, during the invasion of enemies, the Most Holy Theotokos saved the city to which She had given Her holy Robe. Thus it happened during the time of a siege of Constantinople by the Avars in 626, by the Persians in 677, and by the Arabs in the year 717. Especially relevant for us are events of the year 860, intimately connected with the history of the Russian Church. June 18, 860 the Russian fleet of Prince Askold, a force comprising more than 200 ships, laid waste the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, then entered into the Golden Horn and threatened Constantinople. The Russian ships sailed within sight of the city, setting ashore troops who “proceeded before the city, stretching forth their swords.â€ The emperor Michael III (842-867), interrupted his campaign against the Arabs and returned to the capital. All night he prayed prostrated upon the stone tiles of the church of the Mother of God at Blachernae. The holy Patriarch Photius spoke to his flock, calling for tears of repentance to wash away sins, and to seek the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos with fervent prayer. danger grew with each passing hour. “The city was barely able to stand against a spear,â€ says Patriarch Photius in another of his homilies. Under these conditions the decision was made to save the church’s sacred objects, especially the holy Robe of the Mother of God, which was kept in the Blachernae church, not far from the shore. serving an all-night Vigil, and taking it out from the Blachernae church, they carried the sacred Robe of the Mother of God in a procession around the city walls. They dipped its edge into the waters of the Bosphorus, and then they transported it to the center of Constantinople into the church of Hagia Sophia. The Mother of God protected the city and quelled the fury of the Russian warriors. An honorable truce was concluded, and Askold lifted the siege of Constantinople. June 25 the Russian army began to leave, taking with them a large tribute payment. A week afterwards, on July 2, the wonderworking Robe of the Mother of God was solemnly returned to its place in the reliquary of the Blachernae church. In remembrance of these events an annual feastday of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God was established on July 2 by holy Patriarch Photius. in October-November of the year 860, a Russian delegation arrived in Constantinople to conclude a treaty “in love and peace.â€ Some of the conditions of the peace treaty included articles concerning the Baptism of Kievan Rus, the payment of an annual tribute by the Byzantines to the Russians, permission for them to serve with the Byzantine army, an agreement to trade in the territory of the Empire (primarily in Constantinople), and to send a diplomatic mission to Byzantium. important was the point about the Baptism of Rus. The continuator of the Byzantine “Theophanes Chroniclesâ€ relates that “their delegation arrived in Constantinople with a request for them to receive holy Baptism, which also was fulfilled.â€ An Orthodox mission was sent to Kiev to fulfill this mutual wish of the Russians and the Greeks. Not very long before this (in 855) Saint Cyril the Philosopher (February 14 and May 11) had created a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel. Saint Cyril was sent with his brother, Saint Methodius (April 6 and May 11), on a mission to Kiev with books translated into Slavonic. This was at the initiative of Saint Photius, whose student Saint Cyril was. The brothers spent the winter of 860/861 at Cherson, and in the spring of 861 they were at the River Dniepr, with Prince Askold. Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith. But under the influence of Saint Cyril, the prince chose Orthodoxy. At the end of the year 861, Saints Cyril and Methodius returned to Constantinople and carried letters with them from Prince Askold to Emperor Michael III. Askold thanked the emperor for sending him “such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy.â€ “Persuaded that this is the true Faith,â€ Askold further wrote, “we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity. We are all friends of the Kingdom and prepared to be of service to you, as requested.â€ accepted holy Baptism with the name Nicholas, and many of his retinue were also baptized. Directly from Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, through the efforts of the holy Apostles to the Slavs both the Slavonic divine services and the Slavonic written language arrived in Rus. Photius appointed Metropolitan Michael to Kiev, and the Russian metropolitan district was entered into the lists of dioceses of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius in an encyclical of the year 867 called the Baptism of the Bulgarians and the Russians as among the chief accomplishments of his archpastoral service. “The Russians, who lifted their hand against the Roman might,â€ he wrote, almost quoting literally from the missive of Askold, “have now replaced the impious teaching which they held to formerly, with the pure and genuine Christian Faith, and with love having established themselves in the array of our friends and subjects.â€ (The Byzantines counted as “subjectsâ€ all accepting Baptism from Constantinople and entering into military alliance with the Empire.) “The desire and zeal of faith has flared up within them to such an extent, that they have accepted bishops and pastors, and they embrace Christian sanctity with great zeal and fervor.â€ Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos in Blachernae also marks the canonical establishment of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate in Kiev. By the blessing of the Mother of God and by the miracle from Her holy Robe not only was the deliverence of Constantinople from the most terrible siege in all its history accomplished, but also the liberation of the Russians from the darkness of pagan superstition to life eternal. Together with this, the year 860 brought recognition to Kievan Rus from Byzantium, and signified the emergence of the young Russian realm into the arena of history. attempt of Prince Askold to renew the Christian evangelization begun by the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he intended as a religious and state reform, ended unsuccessfully. The time for the spread of Christianity in the Russian Land had not yet come. The adherents of the old paganism were too strong, and the princely power was too weak. In the clash of Askold with the pagan Oleg in 882 the Kievans betrayed their prince. Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr’s death at the hand of hired killers. the deed of Blessed Askold (the Ioakimov Chronicle calls him such) was not extinguished in the Russian Church. Oleg the Sage, who killed Askold, occupied the Kiev princedom after him, and called Kiev the “Mother of Russian Cities.â€ most ancient chronicles of Kiev preserved the grateful memory of the first Kievan Christian prince: the church of the Prophet of God Elias, built by Askold and later mentioned in Igor’s Treaty with the Greeks (in 944), is on the site where the present church of this name now stands, and there is also the church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in the 950s by Saint Olga over Askold’s grave. most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their apostolic activity among the Slavs began in Kiev at the court of Askold in 861, and continued afterwards in Moravia and Bulgaria. Following Blessed Askold, in the words of the ancient Alphabetic Prayers, “the Slavonic tribe now soars in flight, all striving toward Baptism.â€ outstanding works of Byzantine Church hymnology and homiletics are connected with the miracle of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae. There are two homilies of Saint Photius, one of which he preached within days of the siege of Constantinople, and the other soon after the departure of the Russian forces. Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable “Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos,â€ which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photius. This Akathist forms an integral part of the services of Praise to the Most Holy Theotokos (i.e., the “Saturday of the Akathist,â€ Fifth Saturday of Great Lent). is not only Byzantine sources that relate the events of the year 860, but also Russian historical chronicles. Saint Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time “it was begun to be called the Russian Land.â€ Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople. The popular commemoration of this event is firmly associated with the names of the Kievan princes Askold and Dir, although in the opinion of historians, Dir was prince of Kiev somewhat earlier than Askold. veneration of the feast of the Placing of the Robe was long known in the Russian Church. Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4) built a church in honor of this feastday in the city of Vladimir at the Golden Gates. At the end of the fourteenth century, part of the Robe of the Mother of God was transferred from Constantinople to Rus by Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal (June 26). holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. In memory of the miraculous deliverance of Moscow, Saint Jonah built the church of the Placing of the Robe in the Kremlin, making it his primary church. It burned, but in its place in the years 1484-1486 a new church, also dedicated to the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God, was built thirty years later. This temple, standing at present, continued to serve as the primary church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs until the cathedral of the Twelve Apostles was built under Patriarch Nikon. Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-SingerÂ, Commemorated on October 1 ; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectressÂ Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated October 2 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unbreakable WallÂ, Commemorated on May 28; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia, Commemorated July 7 ;

Byzantium, 1078-1081, Emperor, Nikephoros III Botaneiates, famous General, coup by Alexios
Byzantium, 1078-1081, Emperor, Nikephoros III Botaneiates; III Botaneiates, Latinized as Nicephorus III Botaniates (1002 - 10 December 1081), was Byzantine emperor from 7 January 1078 to 1 April 1081. was born in 1002, and became a general during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos, serving in the Pecheneg revolt of 1048–1053. His actions in guiding his forces away from the Pechenegs following the Battle of Zygos Pass, in which they suffered eleven days of harassment before finally reaching the Byzantine city of Adrianople, attracted the attention of fellow officers, and he received the title of magistros as a reward. served in the revolt of Isaac I Komnenos against the Byzantine Emperor Michael VI Bringas, leading forces at the decisive Battle of Petroe. Emperor Constantine X Doukas he was made doux of Thessalonica, where he remained until c. 1065, when he was reassigned as doux of Antioch. doux of Antioch, he repelled numerous incursions from the Emirate of Aleppo. When Constantine X died in 1067, his wife, Empress Eudokia Makrembolitissa, considered taking Nikephoros as husband and emperor, but instead chose Romanos IV Diogenes. need for an immediate successor was made pressing by the constant Seljuk raids into Byzantine Anatolia, and Eudokia, Patriarch John VIII of Constantinople, and the Byzantine Senate agreed that their top priority was the defense of the empire and that they needed an emperor to lead troops to repel the Turks. was the favorite candidate of the senate, but was in the field leading troops in Antioch and was still married. once chosen to be emperor, exiled Nikephoros to his holdings in the Anatolic Theme, where he remained until he was brought out of retirement by Emperor Michael VII and made kouropalates and governor of the Anatolic Theme. came into conflict with Michael in 1078 when he pleaded with the emperor to address the worsening situation in Byzantine Anatolia, insulting Michael with his frankness. order to protect himself, Nikephoros gathered an army of native troops and Turkish mercenaries and declared himself emperor on 7 January 1078. Nikephoros gathered a strong support base due to his military acumen and family renown, allowing him to enter Constantinople on 24 March 1078 and seize the throne. As emperor, Nikephoros faced numerous revolts, including those of Nikephoros Bryennios, Nikephoros Basilakes, and Constantine Doukas, as well as an attempted assassination by the Varangian Guard. embraced the trappings of emperor, performing many acts to increase his legitimacy and support, such as spending large amounts on donatives for the army and his supporters, forgiving all debt in arrears, and instituting minor legal reforms. Nikephoros secured the submission of Theodore Gabras and Philaretos Brachamios, governors of Trebizond and Antioch, respectively, who had become de facto independent of the Byzantine Empire due to the constant incursions of the Seljuks into Byzantine Anatolia. 1081, the Norman Duke Robert Guiscard of Apulia prepared to invade the Byzantine Empire under the pretext of defending the succession of Constantine Doukas, who had been engaged to Robert's daughter Helena. Alexios I Komnenos was entrusted with an army and sent to defeat the Norman threat, but instead conspired with his relative John Doukas to seize the throne. Alexios raised a rebellion against Nikephoros and was able to quickly encircle Constantinople and besiege it, due to the lack of a defensive army. Nikephoros was unable to secure the support of either the Seljuk Turks or Nikephoros Melissenos, his traditional rivals, and therefore was forced to prepare for abdication. Nikephoros decided that his only choice was to abdicate in favor of Melissenos, who was nearby in Damalis in Anatolia, and sent messengers to him across the Bosphorus; however, these messengers were intercepted by George Palaiologos, a general of Alexios, who persuaded them to support Alexios. Alexios and his forces broke through the walls of Constantinople on 1 April 1081 and sacked the city. Nikephoros fled and sought sanctuary inside of the Hagia Sophia. Nikephoros was taken from there to the Monastery of Peribleptus, where he abdicated and became a monk. Nikephoros died later that year, on 10 December 1081. Venerable Stephen, Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27;

Byzantium, 1081-1118, Emperor, Alexios I, Komenian restoration, curbed B decline, appealed west, normans and turks
Byzantine Emperor, 1081-1118, Alexios I Komnenos; I Komnenos (1048-15 August 1118), Latinized Alexius I Comnenus, was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118. he was not the founder of the Komnenian dynasty, it was during his reign that the Komnenos family came to full power. a collapsing empire and faced with constant warfare during his reign against both the Seljuq Turks in Asia Minor and the Normans in the western Balkans, Alexios was able to curb the Byzantine decline and begin the military, financial, and territorial recovery known as the Komnenian restoration. basis for this recovery were various reforms initiated by Alexios. His appeals to Western Europe for help against the Turks were also the catalyst that likely contributed to the convoking of the Crusades. Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Merciful"Â, Commemorated on November 12; Transfer of the Relics of St Barbara, Commemorated on July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Merciful"Â, Commemorated on December 27; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Constantinople, 1096, Emperor expells Jews from Korsun, Crimea
Byzantium, 1096, Emperor expells Jews from Korsun, Crimea; 1096 the Polovetsians captured Kiev and ravaged the monastery of the Caves, doing away with many of the monks. Saint Eustratius was taken into captivity, and was sold into slavery with thirty monastic laborers and twenty inhabitants of Kiev to a certain Jew living in Korsun. impious Jew tried to make the captives deny Christ, threatening to kill those who refused by starving them. Saint Eustratius encouraged and exhorted his brother Christians, “Brothers! Let none of us who are baptized and believe in Christ betray the vows made at Baptism. Christ has regenerated us through water and the Spirit. He has freed us from the curse of the Law by His Blood, and He has made us heirs of His Kingdom. If we live, we shall live for the Lord. If we die, we shall die in the Lord and inherit eternal life.â€ by the saint’s words, the captives resolved to die of starvation, rather than renounce Christ, Who is the food and drink of Eternal Life. Exhausted by hunger and thirst, some captives perished after three days, some after four days, and some after seven days. Saint Eustratius remained alive for fourteen days, since he was accustomed to fasting from his youth. Suffering from hunger, he still did not touch food nor water. The impious Jew, seeing that he had lost the money he had paid for the captives, decided to take revenge on the holy monk. radiant Feast of the Resurrection of Christ drew near, and the Jewish slave owner was celebrating the Jewish Passover with his companions. He decided to crucify Saint Eustratius. The cruel tormentors mocked the saint, offering to let him share their Passover meal. The Martyr replied, "The Lord has now bestown a great grace upon me. He has permitted me to suffer on a cross for His Name just as He suffered." The saint also predicted a horrible death for the Jew. this, the enraged Jew grabbed a spear and stabbed Saint Eustratius on the cross. The martyr’s body was taken down from the cross and thrown into the sea. Christian believers long searched for the holy relics of the martyr, but were not able to find them. But through the Providence of God the incorrupt relics were found in a cave and worked many miracles. Later, they were transferred to the Near Caves of the Kiev Caves monastery. prediction of the holy Martyr Eustratius that his blood would be avenged was fulfilled soon after his death. The Byzantine Emperor issued a decree expelling all Jews from Korsun, depriving them of their property, and putting their elders to death for torturing Christians. The Jew who crucified Saint Eustratius was hanged on a tree, receiving just punishment for his wickedness. Korsun, Crimea ; Korsun, , the Greek name for Cherson;

Constantinople, 1100-1199, Folder, 12th Century, Allied with Holy Roman Empire

Constantinople, 1101, Kykkos Icon painted b Luke, m sign, transferred, trees bending, to K by Esaias, healing by faith
Cyprus, 1100, Kykkos Icon painted by Luke; Monastery, which lies 20 km west of Pedoulas, is one of the wealthiest and best-known monasteries in Cyprus. Holy Monastery of the Virgin of Kykkos was founded around the end of the 11th century[1] by the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos (1081–1118). monastery lies at an altitude of 1318 meters on the north west face of Troödos Mountains. There are no remains of the original monastery as it was burned down many times. Kykkos Monastery, Exterior View to tradition, that was written by the Russian pilgrim, Vasil Grigorovich-Barsky, who travelled to Kykkos Monastery in 1735,[4] a virtuous hermit called Esaias was living in a cave on the mountain of Kykkos. day, the Byzantine governor of the island, doux Manuel Boutoumites, who was spending the summer at a village of Marathasa because of the heat of the season, went into the forest to hunt. Having lost his way in the forest he met Monk Esaias and asked him to show him the way. The hermit who was not interested in the things of this world would not answer his questions. got angry at the monk's indifference and called him names and even maltreated him. Not long after, when the doux returned to Nicosia, he fell ill with an incurable illness by the name of lethargia. In his terrible condition he remembered how inhumanly he had treated the hermit Esaias and asked God to cure him so that he might go to ask the hermit personally for forgiveness. And this came to pass. But God had appeared in front of the hermit and revealed to him that the very thing that had happened had been planned by the divine will and advised him to ask Boutoumites to bring the icon of the Virgin, that had been painted by the Apostle Luke, to Cyprus. icon was kept in the imperial palace at Constantinople. When Boutoumites heard the hermit's wish he was taken aback because he considered such a thing impossible. Then Esaias explained to him that it was a matter of divine wish and they agreed to travel together to Constantinople for the realization of their aim. was passing and Boutoumites could not find the right opportunity to present himself in front of the emperor and ask for the icon. For this reason he provided Esaias with other icons and other necessary things and sent him back to Cyprus, at the same time placating him that he would soon see the emperor. divine dispensation the daughter of the emperor had fallen ill with the same illness that had struck Boutoumites. The latter grasped the opportunity and went to see the Emperor Alexios III Angelos. He recounted to him his personal experience with the monk Esaias and assured him that his daughter would be cured if he sent to Cyprus the holy icon of the Virgin. his desperation the emperor, seeing that he had no other option, agreed. His daughter became well instantly. The emperor, however, not wanting to be parted from the icon of the Virgin, called a first-class painter and ordered him to paint an exact copy of the icon with the aim of sending this one to Cyprus. the evening the Mother of God herself appears in a dream of the emperor's and tells him that her wish is for her icon to be sent to Cyprus and for the copy to be kept by the emperor. the following day the royal boat with the icon of the Virgin departed for Cyprus where Esaias was awaiting for it. the procession of the icon from the coast to the Troödos Mountains, according to legend, the trees, participating in the welcoming ceremonies, were piously bending their trunks and branches. patronage provided by the emperor Alexios Komnenos a church and monastery were built at Kykkos, where the icon of the Virgin was deposited. According to another tradition, still preserved by the people, a bird with human voice was flying around the area singing: Kykkou, Kykkou, Kykkos' hill A monastery the site shall fill A golden girl shall enter in And never shall come out again "golden girl" is, without a doubt, the icon of the Virgin while the monastery is the Holy Royal and Stauropegial Monastery of Kykkos which has been sheltering the icon for over nine hundred years. icon of Virgin Mary the centuries locals have revered the icon and have attributed miracles to its presence. In 1760 a success in the struggle against locust devastation, a frequent problem of the time, was believed to be the work of the icon.[5][6] The icon has also served as a template for other paintings depicting the Madonna in eastern Orthodoxy.[7] The icon is never looked at, and its top half remains hidden behind a protective covering as it is said that whoever looks at it will be blinded. The last person to have seen the icon is the Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria Gerasimos, in 1669. icon is rarely uncovered, although this happens on occasion. In recent years there had been a drought affecting Cyprus, in response to which the fathers took the icon to her throne, and read special supplications for rain, whilst looking away from the uncovered icon.[8] relics are placed to the right of the icon a bronze arm, and a sword fish saw. Regarding the arm, this serves as a reminder the story of a Turk who tried to light a cigarette using one of the vigil lamps and he was cursed and suffered a gangrenous arm. The saw from the sword fish represents the gratefulness of sailors who prayed to Our Lady of Kykkos to save them from the storms of the sea.[9] Kykkou monastery maintains separate grounds Engomi, Nicosia called Metochi tou Kykkou (Μετόχι του Κύκκου). The land on which it lies was acquired over the years by the monastery through bequests. With the city's rapid expansion, the area which once used to be in the outskirts has now become prime property. Despite this, much of it is still used for agricultural purposes. Up until the construction of its purpose built premises, the Cyprus State Fair was held on these grounds. 1974, whilst Archbishop Makarios was under pursuit by the military junta, he headed for refuge here. As a result, the building was hit by tank fire and part of it collapsed.[10] Mount Kykkos, on the island of Cyprus; Icon of the Mother of God €œthe Merciful€, Commemorated on November 12; All-Merciful Kykko Icon of the Mother of God: icon was painted, according to Tradition, by the holy Evangelist Luke. received its name “Kykkiotisa” from Mount Kykkos, on the island of Cyprus. it was placed in an imperial monastery (so designated because it was built with donations from the Emperor), in a church named for it. coming to the island of Cyprus, the wonderworking icon of the Mother of God was brought throughout the region by the will of God. first, it was in one the earliest Christian communities in Egypt, and then it was taken to Constantinople in 980, where it remained in the time of Emperor Alexius Comnenos (end of the eleventh to early twelfth century). these years it was revealed to the Elder Isaiah through a miraculous sign, that by his efforts the wonderworking image painted by the Evangelist Luke would be transferred to Cyprus. The Elder exerted much effort to fulfill the divine revelation. the icon of the Mother of God arrived on the island, many miracles were performed. The Elder Isaiah was instrumental in building a church dedicated to the Theotokos, and placing the Kykko Icon in it. ancient times up to the present day, those afflicted by every sort of infirmity flock to the monastery of the Mother of God the Merciful, and they receive healing according to their faith. Orthodox are not the only ones who believe in the miraculous power of the holy icon, but those of other faiths also pray before it in misfortune and illness. is the mercy of the Most Holy Theotokos, Mediatrix for all the suffering, and Her icon fittingly bears the name, the “Merciful.” wonderworking “Kykkiotisa” Icon of the Mother of God possesses a remarkable peculiarity: from what time period is unknown, but it is covered by a half shroud from the upper left corner to the lower right, so that no one is able to see the faces of the Mother of God and the Divine Infant. depiction of the Mother of God appears to be of the Hodegetria (Directress) type, as is also the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God. The head of the Mother of God is adorned with a crown. copy of this icon is particularly venerated at the women’s Nikolsk monastery in the city of Mukachev.

Constantinople, 1111-1134, Patriarch, John IX, Library, P over Monastics
Constantinople Patriarch, 1111-1134, John IX ; Library A lifelong scholar, he sought to reclaim the great, but dispersed, collection of books within the capital, as there was no central library. He made it a practice to acquire the book collections of deceased powerful men, and then had the patriarchal staff recopy them. His measures greatly expanded the range of titles held in the Great Church to which teachers were attached. Clergy over Monastics Within religious matters, he pushed the trend of making the patriarchal clergy, rather than the monastic community, the authoritative voice of Orthodoxy.[4] He also convened a synod in Constantinople in 1117 which condemned the doctrine of Eustratius of Nicaea as Nestorian, despite the defence offered by the Patriarch.[5] During his patriarchate some efforts were made by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos to bridge the schism between the Orthodox and the Catholic Church but these failed, as Pope Pascal II in late 1112 pressed the demand that the Patriarch of Constantinople recognise the Pope's primacy over "all the churches of God throughout the world". This was something the patriarch could not do in face of opposition from the majority of secular clergy, the monastic world, and the laity.[6] St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8;

Byzantium, 1118-1143, Emperor, John II Komnenos, Allied with HRE, Komnenian Restoration
Byzantine Emperor, 1118-1143, John II Komnenos; he was the eldest son of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and Irene Doukaina and the second emperor to rule during the Komnenian restoration of the Byzantine Empire. John was a pious and dedicated monarch who was determined to undo the damage his empire had suffered following the Battle of Manzikert, half a century earlier. Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on October 1; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Byzantium, 1143-1180, Emperor, Manuel I Komnenos, last of Komnenian restoration
Byzantine Emperor, 1143-1180, Manuel I Komnenos; His reign saw the last flowering of the Komnenian restoration, during which the Byzantine Empire had seen a resurgence of its military and economic power, and had enjoyed a cultural revival. Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of Khutyn, Novgorod, Commemorated on November 6; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13;

Byzantium, 1180-1183, Emperor, Alexios II Komnenos, Maria's regency, married Anna, they were 11 and 10
Byzantine Emperor, 1180-1183, Alexios II Komnenos; of Maria and Alexios[edit] Manuel I died in 1180, Alexios II succeeded him as emperor. At this time, however, he was an uneducated, barely-teenaged boy with only amusements in mind. Barlaam the Abbot of Khutyn, Novgorod, Commemorated on November 6; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13;

Byzantium, 1183-1185, Emperor, Andronikos I Komnns, Licentious, m Anna at 65, killed Alexios, k Latins
Byzantine Emperor, 1183-1185, Andronikos I Komnenos; In 1183, sixty-five year old Andronikos married twelve-year-old Agnes of France,[1] daughter of King Louis VII of France and his third wife Adale of Champagne.” Agnes had been betrothed to Alexios II.[8] 1180 the Emperor Manuel died and was succeeded by his ten-year-old son Alexios II, who was under the guardianship of his mother, Empress Maria of Antioch.[1] Latin origins and culture led to creeping resentment from her Greek subjects. They had felt insulted by the Western tastes of Manuel, and being ruled by his Western wife built tensions to an explosion of rioting that almost became a full civil war.[citation needed] gave Andronikos the opportunity to seize the crown for himself, leaving his retirement in 1182 and marching to Constantinople with an army that (according to non-Byzantine sources) included Muslim contingents.[5] defection of the commander of the Byzantine navy, megas doux Andronikos Kontostephanos, and the general Andronikos Angelos, played a key role in allowing the rebellious forces to enter Constantinople.[6] arrival of Andronikos Komnenos was soon followed by a massacre of the city's Latin inhabitants,[1] who virtually controlled its economy, resulting in the deaths of thousands of Westerners. 1183, sixty-five year old Andronikos married twelve-year-old Agnes of France,[1] daughter of King Louis VII of France and his third wife Adale of Champagne.” Agnes had been betrothed to Alexios II.[8] Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of Khutyn, Novgorod, Commemorated on November 6; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; Uncovering of the relics of the Holy Martyrs at the Gate of Eugenius at Constantinople, Commemorated on February 22;

Byzantium, 1185-1204, Emperor, Isaac II Angelos, Komnemoi, Killed father, marrigs Serb, Ita, Hun
Byzantine Emperor, 1185-1204, Isaac II Angelos; Isaac II Angelos strengthened his position as emperor with dynastic marriages in 1185 and 1186. His niece Eudokia Angelina was married to Stefan, son of Stefan Nemanja of Serbia. Isaac's sister Theodora was married to the Italian marquis Conrad of Montferrat. In January 1186, Isaac himself married Margaret of Hungary (renamed Maria), daughter of King BÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â©la III.[3] Hungary was one of the Empire's largest and most powerful neighbours, and Margaret also had the benefit of high aristocratic descent, being related to the royal families of Kiev, the Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Provence, and earlier Byzantine dynasties. Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of Khutyn, Novgorod, Commemorated on November 6; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 12; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Agapius of Vatopedi, Commemorated on March 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Constantinople, 1200-1299, Folder, 13th Century, 4th Crusade sacks Constantinople

Constantinople, 1203-1204, Alexios IV Angelos, Prince, diverted the 4th Crusade to Constantinople so he could regain power
Byzantine Prince, 1203-1204, Alexios IV Angelos; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Constantinople, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade
Constantinople, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade Byzantine Emperor, 1205-1215, Michael I Komnenos Doukas; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated on July 17; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21;

Constantinople, 1204-1261, Holy Roman Crusaders rule Constantinople
Constantinople, 1204-1261, Holy Roman Crusaders rule Constantinople; Constantinople, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade Byzantine Emperor, 1205-1215, Michael I Komnenos Doukas; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated on July 17; Translation of the Image œNot-Made-By-Handsof our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in AugustÂ, Commemorated on August 16 Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21;

Constantinople, 1204-1261, Latin Empire, Crusader State
Constantinople, 1204-1261, Latin Empire, Crusader State; The Latin Empire, also referred to as the Latin Empire of Constantinople, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire was intended to replace the Byzantine Empire as the Western-recognized Roman Empire in the east, with a Catholic emperor enthroned in place of the Eastern Orthodox Roman emperors. The Fourth Crusade had originally been called to retake the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem but a sequence of economic and political events culminated in the Crusader army sacking the city of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Originally, the plan had been to restore the deposed Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos, who had been usurped by Alexios III Angelos, to the throne. The crusaders had been promised financial and military aid by Isaac's son Alexios, with which they had planned to continue to Jerusalem. When the crusaders reached Constantinople the situation quickly turned volatile and while Isaac and Alexios briefly ruled, the crusaders did not receive the payment they had hoped for. In April 1204, they captured and plundered the city's enormous wealth. The crusaders selected their own emperor from among their own ranks, Baldwin of Flanders, and divided the territory of the Byzantine Empire into various new vassal crusader states. The Latin Empire's authority was immediately challenged by Byzantine rump states led by the Laskaris family (connected to the Angelos dynasty of 1185-“1204) in Nicaea and the Komnenos family (which had ruled as Byzantine Emperors 1081-“1185) in Trebizond. From 1224 to 1242 the Komnenos Doukas family, also connected to the Angeloi, challenged Latin authority from Thessalonica. The Latin Empire failed to attain political or economic dominance over the other Latin powers that had been established in former Byzantine territories in the wake of the Fourth Crusade, especially Venice, and after a short initial period of military successes it went into a steady decline due to constant war with Bulgaria to the north and the various Byzantine claimants. Eventually, the Nicaean Empire recovered Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire under Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261. The last Latin emperor, Baldwin II, went into exile, but the imperial title survived, with several pretenders to it, until the 14th century. the term Byzantine Empire, Latin Empire was not a contemporary term used by the empire itself or the rest of the world. The Byzantines referred to the Latin Empire as the Frankokratia or the Latinokratia (rule of the Latins) and the Latin Emperors themselves referred to the empire by various names, commonly imperium Constantinopolitanum (lit. Empire of Constantinople), but also imperium Romaniae (lit. Empire of Romania) and imperium Romanorum (lit. Empire of the Romans). The term Romania (Land of the Romans) had been used unofficially by the population of the Byzantine Empire for their country for centuries.

Byzantium, 1205-1215, Emperor, Michael I Doukas, rebelled, fled to Turks, Diverted 4th Crusade to C in 1210, assinated
Byzantine Emperor, 1205-1215, Michael I Komnenos Doukas; I Komnenos Doukas, Latinized as Comnenus Ducas (Greek: ÎœÎ¹Ï‡Î±Î®Î» ÎšÎ¿Î¼Î½Î·Î½ÏŒÏ‚ Î”Î¿ÏÎºÎ±Ï‚, romanized: MikhaÄ“l KomnÄ“nos Doukas), and in modern sources often recorded as Michael I Angelos, a name he never used,[1] was the founder and first ruler of the Despotate of Epirus from c. 1205 until his assassination in 1214/15. c. 1170, Michael was a descendant of Alexios I Komnenos and a cousin of emperors Isaac II Angelos and Alexios III Angelos. He began his public career in 1190, as a hostage to the Third Crusade, and went on to serve as governor of the province of Mylasa and Melanoudion in the 1190s and again in c. 1200/01. the latter tenure he rebelled against Alexios III but was defeated and forced to flee to the Seljuk Turks. the aftermath of the sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, he attached himself to Boniface of Montferrat. Soon, however, he abandoned the Crusader leader and went to Epirus, where he established himself as ruler, apparently through marriage with the daughter or widow of a local magnate. domain in Epirus became a refuge and centre of resistance of the Greeks against the Latin Crusaders. At about the same time, according to some modern scholars, he may have led the abortive Greek resistance to the Crusaders in the Peloponnese, which was crushed at the Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras; according to other views, he may have led a campaign there between 1207 and 1209. order to avoid invasion and buy time to consolidate his position in Epirus, Michael soon entered into negotiations with Pope Innocent III, and concluded treaties with the Latin Empire and the Republic of Venice. the meantime, his rule received a boost in legitimacy when he ransomed the deposed Alexios III from captivity. According to later chroniclers, Alexios III conferred the hereditary rule of Epirus to Michael and his descendants. 1210, Michael was secure enough to launch an attack against the Latin Kingdom of Thessalonica, in conjunction with the Bulgarians. Repelled by the intervention of the Latin Emperor Henry of Flanders, Michael quickly switched sides and joined the Latins to prevent the city from falling into Bulgarian hands. In 1212, he conquered most of Thessaly from the Lombard lords of Thessalonica. At about the same time, his troops briefly took over the Lordship of Salona. He then went on to recover Dyrrhachium and the island of Corfu from the Venetians in 1213–1214, but was thwarted in his attempt to push further north into Zeta. He was assassinated soon after in his sleep, and was succeeded by his half-brother Theodore Komnenos Doukas. Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilkgiverÂ, Commemorated on January 12; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 12; Venerable Agapius of Vatopedi, Commemorated on March 1;

Byzantium, 1215-1230, Emperor, Theodore Komnenos Doukas, Latin, Nicean, Epirus, Serbian, Theslnc Empires
Byzantine Emperor, 1215-1230, Theodore Komnenos Doukas; Komnenos Doukas (died c. 1253) was ruler of Epirus and Thessaly from 1215 to 1230 and of Thessalonica and most of Macedonia and western Thrace from 1224 to 1230. He was also the power behind the rule of his sons John and Demetrios over Thessalonica in 1237–1246. was the scion of a distinguished Byzantine aristocratic family related to the imperial Komnenos, Doukas, and Angelos dynasties. nothing is known about Theodore's life before the conquest of Constantinople and dissolution of the Byzantine Empire by the Fourth Crusade in 1204. the fall of Constantinople, he served Theodore I Laskaris, founder of the Empire of Nicaea, for a few years ----------------------------------before being called to Epirus, where his bastard half-brother Michael I Komnenos Doukas had founded an independent principality. Michael died in 1215, Theodore sidelined his brother's underage and illegitimate son Michael II and assumed the governance of the Epirote state. continued his brother's policy of territorial expansion. with Serbia, he expanded into Macedonia, threatening the Latin Kingdom of Thessalonica. capture of the Latin Emperor Peter II of Courtenay in 1217 opened the way to the gradual envelopment of Thessalonica, culminating in the city's fall in 1224. ruler of Thessalonica, Theodore quickly declared himself emperor, challenging the Nicaean emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes's claims to the Byzantine imperial throne. 1225, he advanced to the outskirts of Constantinople, but his final attack against the seat of the much-reduced Latin Empire was delayed until 1230. that year, Theodore amassed an army to besiege Constantinople, but then diverted it against Bulgaria, an ambivalent ally which threatened his northern flank. was defeated and captured at the Battle of Klokotnitsa, and spent the next seven years in captivity. the meantime, he was succeeded by his brother Manuel. Manuel quickly lost Thrace, most of Macedonia, and Albania to the Bulgarian Emperor John Asen II. Thessalonica itself became a Bulgarian vassal, while in Epirus proper power was seized by Michael II, returning from exile. was released in 1237 when his daughter Irene married John Asen II, and quickly managed to regain control of Thessalonica, ousting Manuel. been blinded during his captivity and thus disqualified from occupying the throne again, he installed his eldest son John as emperor, but remained the de facto regent of the state. Manuel tried to regain Thessalonica with Nicaean support, but a negotiated settlement was reached which gave him Thessaly and left Thessalonica and its environs to Theodore and John. In 1241, John III Vatatzes invited Theodore to visit Nicaea. He was welcomed and treated with great honour, but was effectively detained there until the spring of next year, when Vatatzes marched on Thessalonica with Theodore in tow. Theodore was sent in to negotiate with his son and convince him to accept demotion to the rank of Despot and to recognize the suzerainty of Nicaea. died in 1244 and was succeeded by Theodore's younger son Demetrios. In 1246, Vatatzes overthrew the unpopular Demetrios and annexed Thessalonica. Theodore influenced his nephew Michael II to launch an attack on Thessalonica in 1251, but in 1252, Vatatzes campaigned against them and forced Michael to come to terms. Theodore was taken prisoner and sent into exile in Nicaea, where he died around 1253. St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7; Icon of the Mother of God the "œMilkgiver"Â, Commemorated on January 12; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 12; Venerable Agapius of Vatopedi, Commemorated on March 1;

Byzantium, 1259-1282, Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, The Apostate, Empire of Nicea, conflict w other successor states
Byzantine Emperor, 1259-1282, Michael VIII Palaiologos, The Apostate; VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek:, romanized: Mikhae“l VIII Palaiologos; 1223 -“ 11 December 1282) reigned as the co-emperor of the Empire of Nicaea from 1259 to 1261, and as Byzantine Emperor from 1261 until his death. VIII was the founder of the Palaiologan dynasty that would rule the Byzantine Empire until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. He recovered Constantinople from the Latin Empire in 1261 and transformed the Empire of Nicaea into a restored Byzantine Empire.[2] reign would see considerable recovery of Byzantine power, including the enlargement of the Byzantine army and navy. It would also include the reconstruction of the city of Constantinople, and the increase of its population.[3] reestablished the University of Constantinople, which would lead to what is regarded as the Palaiologan Renaissance between the 13th and 15th centuries.[3] would also be at this time that the focus of the Byzantine military shifted to the Balkans, against the Bulgarians, leaving the Anatolian frontier neglected.[3] His successors could not compensate for this inadequacy, and both the Arsenite schism and two civil wars (cf. Byzantine civil war of 1321-“1328, Byzantine civil war of 1341-1347) would undermine further efforts toward territorial consolidation and recovery, draining the empire's strength, economy, and resources. conflict between Byzantine successor states such as the Empire of Thessalonica, Trebizond, Epirus and Serbia resulted in permanent fragmentation of former Byzantine territory and opportunity for increasingly successful conquests of expansive territories by post-Seljuk Anatolian beyliks, most notably that of Osman, later called the Ottoman Empire. Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13, Iveron founded middle of 10th Century; 26 Monk-Martyrs of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21; 26 Martyrs of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos at the hands of the Crusaders, Commemorated on October 10; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Monastic Martyrs of Karyes, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Damian of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Agapius of Vatopedi, Commemorated on March 1;

Constantinople, 1260-1263, Crusaders capture Constantinople, Right Hand of John
Byzantium, 1260-1263, Crusaders capture Constantinople, Right Hand of John; In the year 1200, the Russian pilgrim Dobrynya, who later became Saint Anthony, Archbishop of Novgorod (February 10), saw the right hand of the Forerunner in the imperial palace. From the Lives of the Saints we learn that in the year 1263, during the capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders, the emperor Baldwin gave one bone from the wrist of Saint John the Baptist to Ottonus de Cichon, who then gave it to a Cistercian abbey in France. ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on January 7 ;

Constantinople, 1274, Union of Lyons convoked in 1272, convened 1274, peace among Christians, revoked
France, 1272, Union of Lyons 1272; The Second Council of Lyon was the fourteenth ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, convoked on 31 March 1272 and convened in Lyon, Kingdom of Arles (in modern France), in 1274.[1] Pope Gregory X presided over the council, called to act on a pledge by Byzantine emperor Michael VIII to reunite the Eastern church with the West.[2] The council was attended by about 300 bishops, 60 abbots[3] and more than a thousand prelates or their procurators, among whom were the representatives of the universities. Due to the great number of attendees, those who had come to Lyon without being specifically summoned were given "leave to depart with the blessing of God" and of the Pope. Among others who attended the council were James I of Aragon, the ambassador of the Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos with members of the Greek clergy and the ambassadors of Abaqa Khan of the Ilkhanate. Thomas Aquinas had been summoned to the council, but died en route at Fossanova Abbey. Bonaventure was present at the first four sessions, but died at Lyon on 15 July 1274. As at the First Council of Lyon, Thomas Cantilupe was an English attendee and a papal chaplain.[4] In addition to Aragon, which James represented in person, representatives of the kings of Germany, England, Scotland, France, the Spains and Sicily[5] were present, with procurators also representing the kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, Hungary, Bohemia, the "realm of Dacia" and the duchy of Poland. In the procedures to be observed in the council, for the first time the nations appeared as represented elements in an ecclesiastical council, as they had already become represented in the governing of medieval universities. This innovation marks a stepping-stone towards the acknowledgment of coherent ideas of nationhood, which were in the process of creating the European nation-states. The main topics discussed at the council were the conquest of the Holy Land and the union of the Eastern and Western Churches. The first session took place on 7 May 1274 and was followed by five additional sessions on 18 May 1274, 4 or 7 June 1274, 6 July 1274, 16 July 1274, and 17 July 1274. By the end of the council, 31 constitutions were promulgated. In the second session, the fathers approved the decree Zelus fidei, which contained no juridical statutes but rather summed up constitutions about the perils of the Holy Land, the means for paying for a proposed crusade, the excommunication of pirates and corsairs and those who protected them or traded with them, a declaration of peace among Christians, a grant of an indulgence for those willing to go on crusade, restoration of communion with the Greeks, and the definition of the order and procedure to be observed in the council. The Greeks conceded on the issue of the Filioque (two words added to the Nicene Creed), and union was proclaimed, but the union was later repudiated by Andronicus II,[2] heir to Michael VIII. The council also recognized Rudolf I as Holy Roman Emperor, ending the interregnum.[2] 26 Monk-Martyrs of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21;

Byzantium, 1282-1328, Emperor, Andronicus II P, Orthodox, B decline of BE, Turks in EPH, Civil War
Byzantine Emperor 1282-1328, Andronicus II Paleologos ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; 26 Martyrs of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos at the hands of the Crusaders, Commemorated on October 10; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 24 ; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 28; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 28; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Damian of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Agapius of Vatopedi, Commemorated on March 1; Venerable Gregory the Byzantine, Commemorated on April 6; Venerable Nicephorus of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on May 4; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13, Iveron founded middle of 10th Century;

Constantinople, 1284, Zographou Monestary, Crusaders, 26 Martyrs
Zographou Monastery; 26 Monk-Martyrs of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21 ; Venerable Cosmas the Bulgarian of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21; Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God "of the Akathist" of the Zographou Monastery, Commemorated October 10 ; 26 Martyrs of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos at the hands of the Crusaders, Commemorated October 10 ; Venerable Pimen the Bulgarian of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated November 3 ; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; Venerable Damian of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated February 23 ; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Akathist, Commemorated on March 27; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Constantinople, 1289-1330, Athanasius I, opposed R Catholic re-union, elevated Peter of Moscow, strict conviction, Jesus
Constantinople, 1250-1330, Patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople ; I (1230 -“ 28 October 1310) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople for two terms, from 1289 to 1293 and 1303 to 1309. He was born in Adrianople and died in Constantinople. by the emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus as patriarch, he opposed the reunion of the Greek and Roman Churches and introduced an ecclesiastic reform that evoked opposition within the clergy. He resigned in 1293 and was restored in 1303 with popular support. The pro-Union clerical faction forced him into retirement in early 1310. He is commemorated as a saint in the Orthodox Church with his feast day observed annually on 28 October.[1] St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 24 ; Athanasius I, Patriarch of Constantinople (1289-1293; 1303-1311), in the world Alexius, was from Adrianopolis. still in his youth, thriving upon the knowledge of the wisdom of Christ, he left his home and went to Thessalonica, where he was tonsured in one of the monasteries with the name Acacius. soon withdrew to Mount Athos and joined the brotherhood of the Esphigmenou monastery, where for three years he served in the trapeza. his works and his ascetic deeds he acquired the gift of tears, and by his virtuous acts he won the overall goodwill of the brethren. praise, Acacius humbly left Mt. Athos at first for the holy places in Jerusalem, and then to Mount Patra, where for a long time he lived ascetically as an hermit. there the ascetic transferred to the Auxention monastery, then to Mount Galanteia to the monastery of Blessed Lazarus, where he accepted the great angelic schema with the name Athanasius, was ordained a priest and became ecclesiarch (monk in charge of the sacred relics and vessels in the church). the saint was granted a divine revelation: he heard the Voice of the Lord from a crucifix, summoning him to pastoral service. to strengthen his spirit still more in silence and prayer, Saint Athanasius again settled on Mount Athos after ten years. But because of disorders arising there he returned to Mount Galanteia. Here also he was not long to remain in solitude. Many people thronged to him for pastoral guidance, and so he organized a women’s monastery there. this time the throne of the Church of Constantinople fell vacant after the disturbances and disorder of the period of the Patriarch John Bekkos. the suggestion of the pious emperor Andronicus Paleologos, a council of hierarchs and clergy unanimously chose Saint Athanasius to the Patriarchal throne of the Church in 1289. Athanasius began fervently to fulfill his new obedience and did much for strengthening the Church. strictness of conviction roused the dissatisfaction of influential clergy, and in 1293 he was compelled to resign the throne and to retire again to his own monastery, where he lived an ascetic life in solitude. 1303 he was again entrusted with the staff of patriarchal service, which he worthily fulfilled for another seven years. 1308 Saint Athanasius established Saint Peter as Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus (December 21). because of some sort of dissatisfaction, and not wanting to be the cause of church discord, Saint Athanasius resigned the governance of the Church in 1311. He departed to his own monastery, devoting himself fully to monastic deeds. the end of his life, the saint was again found worthy to behold Christ. The Lord reproached him because Athanasius had not carried out his pastoral duty to the end. Weeping, the saint repented of his cowardice and received from the Lord both forgiveness and the gift of wonderworking. Saint Athanasius died at the age of 100. Greek usage, Saint Athanasios is commemorated on October 28. Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 28; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21;

Constantinople, 1300-1399, Folder, 14th Century, Hesychasts, Black Death, Turks

Constantinople, 1316-1359, Gregory Palamas, Archbishop of Thessalonica, Hesychast, won the debate w Barlaam, uncreated energies
Greece, 1316-1359, Gregory Palamas, Archbishop of Thessalonica, Macedonia; Palamas (c. 1296 – 1357 or 1359)[1] was a Byzantine Greek theologian and Eastern Orthodox cleric of the late Byzantine period. monk of Mount Athos (modern Greece) and later archbishop of Thessaloniki, he is famous for his defense of hesychast spirituality, the uncreated character of the light of the Transfiguration, and the distinction between God's essence and energies (i.e., the divine will, divine grace, etc.). teaching unfolded over the course of three major controversies, (1) with the Italo-Greek Barlaam between 1336 and 1341, (2) with the monk Gregory Akindynos between 1341 and 1347, and (3) with the philosopher Gregoras, from 1348 to 1355. theological contributions are sometimes referred to as Palamism, and his followers as Palamites. has been venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church since 1368. Within the Catholic Church, he was also been called a saint, and repeatedly cited as a great theological writer, by Pope John Paul II.[2] Since 1971, the Melkite Greek Catholic Church has venerated Gregory as a saint.[3][4] Some of his writings are collected in the Philokalia, and since the Ottoman period, the second Sunday of Great Lent is dedicated to the memory Gregory Palamas in the Orthodox Church. The Byzantine Synodikon of Orthodoxy also celebrates his memory and theology while condemning his opponents, including some anti-Palamites who flourished after Gregory's death. Thessalonica; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14 ; Gregory Palamas, Archbishop of Thessalonica, was born in the year 1296 in Constantinople. Gregory’s father became a prominent dignitary at the court of Andronicus II Paleologos (1282-1328), but he soon died, and Andronicus himself took part in the raising and education of the fatherless boy. with fine abilities and great diligence, Gregory mastered all the subjects which then comprised the full course of medieval higher education. emperor hoped that the youth would devote himself to government work. Gregory, barely twenty years old, withdrew to Mount Athos in the year 1316 (other sources say 1318) and became a novice in the Vatopedi monastery under the guidance of the monastic Elder Saint Nikodemos of Vatopedi (July 11). There he was tonsured and began on the path of asceticism. year later, the holy Evangelist John the Theologian appeared to him in a vision and promised him his spiritual protection. Gregory’s mother and sisters also became monastics. the demise of the Elder Nikodemos, Saint Gregory spent eight years of spiritual struggle under the guidance of the Elder Nikephoros, and after the latter’s death, transferred to the Lavra of Saint Athanasius (July 5). Here he served in the trapeza, and then became a church singer. But after three years, he resettled in the small skete of Glossia, striving for a greater degree of spiritual perfection. head of this monastery began to teach the young man the method of unceasing prayer and mental activity, which had been cultivated by monastics, beginning with the great desert ascetics of the fourth century: Evagrius Pontikos and Saint Macarius of Egypt (January 19). on, in the eleventh century, Saint Simeon the New Theologian (March 12) had provided detailed instruction in mental activity for those praying in an outward manner, and the ascetics of Athos put it into practice. experienced use of mental prayer (or prayer of the heart), requiring solitude and quiet, is called “Hesychasm” (from the Greek “hesychia” meaning calm, silence), and those practicing it were called “hesychasts.” his stay at Glossia the future hierarch Gregory became fully imbued with the spirit of hesychasm and adopted it as an essential part of his life. the y, ear 1326, because of the threat of Turkish invasions, he and the brethren retreated to Thessalonica, where he was then ordained to the holy priesthood. Gregory combined his priestly duties with the life of a hermit. Five days of the week he spent in silence and prayer, and only on Saturday and Sunday did he come out to his people. celebrated divine services and preached sermons. For those present in church, his teaching often evoked both tenderness and tears. he visited theological gatherings of the city’s educated youth, headed by the future patriarch, Isidore. he returned from a visit to Constantinople, he found a place suitable for solitary life near Thessalonica the region of Bereia. Soon he gathered here a small community of solitary monks and guided it for five years. 1331 the saint withdrew to Mount Athos and lived in solitude at the skete of Saint Savva, near the Lavra of Saint Athanasius. 1333 he was appointed Igumen of the Esphigmenou monastery in the northern part of the Holy Mountain. 1336 the saint returned to the skete of Saint Savva, where he devoted himself to theological works, continuing with this until the end of his life. the 1330s events took place in the life of the Eastern Church which put Saint Gregory among the most significant universal apologists of Orthodoxy, and brought him great renown as a teacher of hesychasm. the year 1330 the learned monk Barlaam had arrived in Constantinople from Calabria, in Italy. He was the author of treatises on logic and astronomy, a skilled and sharp-witted orator, and he received a university chair in the capital city and began to expound on the works of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite (October 3), whose “apophatic” (“negative”, in contrast to “kataphatic” or “positive”) theology was acclaimed in equal measure in both the Eastern and the Western Churches. Barlaam journeyed to Mt Athos, where he became acquainted with the spiritual life of the hesychasts. Saying that it was impossible to know the essence of God, he declared mental prayer a heretical error. from Mount Athos to Thessalonica, and from there to Constantinople, and later again to Thessalonica, Barlaam entered into disputes with the monks and attempted to demonstrate the created, material nature of the light of Tabor (i.e. at the Transfiguration). He ridiculed the teachings of the monks about the methods of prayer and about the uncreated light seen by the hesychasts. Gregory, at the request of the Athonite monks, replied with verbal admonitions at first. But seeing the futility of such efforts, he put his theological arguments in writing. Thus appeared the “Triads in Defense of the Holy Hesychasts” (1338). the year 1340 the Athonite ascetics, with the assistance of the saint, compiled a general response to the attacks of Barlaam, the so-called “Hagiorite Tome.” the Constantinople Council of 1341 in the church of Hagia Sophia Saint Gregory Palamas debated with Barlaam, focusing upon the nature of the light of Mount Tabor. May 27, 1341 the Council accepted the position of Saint Gregory Palamas, that God, unapproachable in His Essence, reveals Himself through His energies, which are directed towards the world and are able to be perceived, like the light of Tabor, but which are neither material nor created. teachings of Barlaam were condemned as heresy, and he himself was anathemized and fled to Calabria. the dispute between the Palamites and the Barlaamites was far from over. To these latter belonged Barlaam’s disciple, the Bulgarian monk Akyndinos, and also Patriarch John XIV Kalekos (1341-1347); emperor Andronicus III Paleologos (1328-1341) was also inclined toward their opinion. whose name means “one who inflicts no harm,” actually caused great harm by his heretical teaching. Akyndinos wrote a series of tracts in which he declared Saint Gregory and the Athonite monks guilty of causing church disorders. The saint, in turn, wrote a detailed refutation of Akyndinos’ errors. patriarch supported Akyndinos and called Saint Gregory the cause of all disorders and disturbances in the Church (1344) and had him locked up in prison for four years. In 1347, when John the XIV was replaced on the patriarchal throne by Isidore (1347-1349), Saint Gregory Palamas was set free and was made Archbishop of Thessalonica. 1351 the Council of Blachernae solemnly upheld the Orthodoxy of his teachings. the people of Thessalonica did not immediately accept Saint Gregory, and he was compelled to live in various places. one of his travels to Constantinople the Byzantine ship fell into the hands of the Turks. Even in captivity, Saint Gregory preached to Christian prisoners and even to his Moslem captors. The Hagarenes were astonished by the wisdom of his words. Some of the Moslems were unable to endure this, so they beat him and would have killed him if they had not expected to obtain a large ransom for him. A year later, Saint Gregory was ransomed and returned to Thessalonica. Gregory performed many miracles in the three years before his death, healing those afflicted with illness. On the eve of his repose, Saint John Chrysostom appeared to him in a vision. With the words “To the heights! To the heights!” Saint Gregory Palamas fell asleep in the Lord on November 14, 1359. 1368 he was canonized at a Constantinople Council under Patriarch Philotheus (1354-1355, 1364-1376), who compiled the Life and Services to the saint.

Byzantium, 1328-1341, Emperor, Andronikos III Palaiologos, Barlaamite (Anti-Hesychast)
Byzantine Emperor 1328-1341, Andronikos III Palaiologos; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of St Stephen of Dechani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14; Venerable Gennadius of Vatopedi, Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 17; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14;

Constantinople, 1341-1347, Patriarch, John XIV Kalekos, anti-hesychast, with John V's mother in Civil War
Constantinople, 1341-1347, Patriarch, John XIV Kalekos ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14;

Byzantium, 1341-1391, Emperor, John V Paleologos. Civil War, Black Death, Civil War, Serbs, Turks
Byzantine Emperor 1341-1391, John Paleologos ; V Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek: Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος, Iōánnēs Palaiológos; 18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391) was Byzantine emperor from 1341 to 1391. V was the son of Emperor Andronikos III and his wife Anna,[3] the daughter of Count Amadeus V of Savoy by his wife Maria of Brabant. His long reign was marked by the gradual dissolution of imperial power amid numerous civil wars and the continuing ascendancy of the Ottoman Turks. rule and first civil war[edit] V came to the throne at age eight. His reign began with an immediate civil war between his designated regent, his father's friend John VI Kantakouzenos, and a self-proclaimed council of regency composed of his mother Anna, the patriarch John XIV Kalekas, and the megas doux Alexios Apokaukos. During this civil war in 1343 Anna pawned the Byzantine crown jewels for 30,000 Venetian ducats. From 1346 to 1349, the Black Death devastated Constantinople. civil war[edit] in 1347, John VI Kantakouzenos ruled as co-emperor until his son Matthew Kantakouzenos was attacked by John V in 1352, leading to a second civil war. John V asked the ruler of Serbia, Stefan Dusan for help, and Dusan obliged by sending 4,000 Serbian horsemen to his aid. Matthew Kantakouzenos asked his father for help, and 10,000 Ottoman Turks showed up at Demotika (Didymoteicho) in October 1352 and engaged the forces of John V's Serbian allies in an open field battle that resulted in the destruction of the allies and a victory for the more numerous Turks in the service of the Byzantines. The Ottoman Empire thus acquired its first European territory, at Cimpe and Gallipoli. Able to retake Constantinople in 1354, John V removed and tonsured John VI Kantakouzenos; by 1357, he had deposed Matthew as well, who had been captured by the Serbs and was ransomed to John V. and defeats[edit] 1366, John V reached the Hungarian Kingdom, arriving at the Royal city of Buda to meet King Louis I of Hungary. However, the Byzantine emperor offended the king by staying on his horse, while Louis descended and approached him on foot. The Hungarian monarch then offered him help on the condition that John join the Catholic church, or at least achieve recognition by the Patriarch of the Pope's supremacy. The Emperor left the court of Buda with empty hands and continued his trip through Europe searching for assistance against the Ottomans.[4] Ottomans, who had been allied with the Kantakouzenoi, continued to press John. Suleyman Pasa, the son of the Ottoman sultan, led their forces in Europe and was able to take Adrianople and Philippopolis and to exact tribute from the emperor. John V appealed to the West for help, proposing to Pope Urban V in 1367 to end the schism between the Byzantine and Latin churches by submitting the patriarchate to the supremacy of Rome. October 1369 John, having travelled through Naples to Rome, formally converted to Catholicism in St Peter's Basilica and recognized the pope as supreme head of the Church. He was not accompanied by the clergy of the Byzantine Church and the move failed to bring about an end to the Schism.[5] by war, he was detained as a debtor when he visited Venice in 1369 on his way back from Rome and was later captured on his way back through Bulgarian territories. In 1371, he recognized the suzerainty of the Ottoman sultan Murad I. Murad later assisted him against his son Andronikos when the latter deposed him in 1376. and second rule[edit] 1390, his grandson John VII briefly usurped the throne, but was quickly overthrown. The same year, John V ordered the strengthening of the Golden Gate in Constantinople, utilizing marble from the decayed churches in and around the city. Upon completion of this construction, Bayezid I demanded that John raze these new works, threatening war and the blinding of his son Manuel, whom he held in captivity. John V filled the Sultan's order but is said to have suffered from this humiliation and died soon thereafter on 16 February 1391. V was finally succeeded to the imperial throne by his son Manuel. His younger son Theodore had already acceded to the Despotate of Morea in 1383. V married Helena Kantakouzene, daughter of his co-emperor John VI Kantakouzenos and Irene Asanina, on 28 May 1347. They had at least six children -- four sons and at least two daughters.[6] Their known children include: Andronikos IV Palaiologos (2 April 1348 – 28 June 1385); Irene Palaiologina (c. 1349 – after 1362), who married her first cousin Prince Halil of Ottoman Empire, son of Orhan I and Helena's sister Theodora Kantakouzene. The couple had two sons, Princes Gunduz and Omer. Manuel II Palaiologos (27 June 1350 – 21 July 1425); Theodore I Palaiologos, Lord of Morea (c. 1355 – 24 June 1407); Michael Palaiologos (d. 1376/1377), who claimed the throne of the Empire of Trebizond from Alexios III; Maria Palaiologina (d. 1376), who was betrothed to Murad I but died before the marriage could take place; One daughter betrothed to Peter II of Cyprus, who may not be Irene or Maria; Two unnamed daughters reported to have entered a monastery in 1373, who may be different women from the ones listed above. Martyr Marcella of Chios, Commemorated on July 22; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14; Venerable Gennadius of Vatopedi, Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 17; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16; Icon of the Mother of God "œStabbed"Â, Commemorated on January 21; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20;

Constantinople, 1347, Black Death Plague hits Constantinople, began 1332-21 years
Byzantium, 1347, Black Death Plague hits Constantinople, began 1332 and lasted 21 years;

Constantinople, 1347-1350, Patriarch, Isadore, Hesychast, Palamite, restored Gregory Palamas
Constantinople, 1347-1350, Patriarch, Isadore, restored Gregory Palamas; Byzantine Emperor 1347-1354, John Cantacuzene, John Kantakouzenos ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14;

Byzantium, 1347-1354, Co-Emperor, general, John Cantacuzene, John Kantakouzenos, regent deposed by his ward, historian
Byzantine Emperor 1347-1354, John Cantacuzene, John Kantakouzenos ; VI Kantakouzenos, Cantacuzenus, or Cantacuzene[1] (c. 1292 - 15 June 1383[4]) was a Greek nobleman, statesman, and general. He served as grand domestic under Andronikos III Palaiologos and regent for John V Palaiologos before reigning as Byzantine emperor in his own right from 1347 to 1354. Deposed by his former ward, he was made to retire to a monastery under the name Joasaph Christodoulos and spent the remainder of his life as a monk and historian. At age 90 or 91 at his death, he was the most aged of the Roman emperors. life[edit] in Constantinople,[3] John Kantakouzenos was the son of Michael Kantakouzenos, governor of the Morea; Donald Nicol speculates that he may have been born after his father's death and raised as an only child.[5] Through his mother Theodora Palaiologina Angelina, he was related to the then-reigning house of Palaiologos.[6] He was also related to the imperial dynasty through his wife Irene Asanina, a second cousin of Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos.[7] Kantakouzenos became a close friend to Andronikos III and was one of his principal supporters in Andronikos's struggle against his grandfather, Andronikos II Palaiologos. On the accession of Andronikos III in 1328, he was entrusted with the supreme administration of affairs and served as grand domestic throughout his reign. He was named regent to Andronikos's successor, the 9-year-old John V, upon the emperor's death in June 1341.[3] apparently began with no imperial ambitions of his own, having refused several times to be crowned co-emperor by Andronikos III. After the death of the emperor, Kantakouzenos again refused to take the throne, insisting on the legitimacy of John V's claim and contenting himself with overseeing the empire's administration until the boy came of age: according to the history written by John VI himself. Whether he would have remained loyal is unknowable but, despite his professed devotion to John V and his mother Anna, she came to suspect him of treason.[3] His close friendship with the late emperor and power over his successor had aroused the jealousy of his former protégés, Patriarch John XIV of Constantinople and Alexios Apokaukos;[citation needed] after a series of failed attempts, they succeeded in overthrowing his regency in September 1341 while he was out of the capital readying an army against the Crusader principalities that still held parts of the Peloponnesus. He attempted to negotiate with the usurpers, but this was rebuffed and his army was ordered to disband. Further, his relatives in Constantinople were driven into exile or imprisoned, with their property confiscated by the new regents. His mother Theodora died owing to the mistreatment she suffered while under house arrest.[8]} His army ignored the new regents' orders and proclaimed Kantakouzenos emperor at Didymoteichon in Thrace as John VI.[9] He accepted this, while continuing to style himself as the junior ruler to John V. War[edit] article: Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 ensuing civil war lasted six years; calling in foreign allies and mercenaries of every description, the two sides completely disrupted and almost ruined the empire.[3] At first, John VI marched to Thessalonica, which the ruling families planned to hand over to him. Apokaukos anticipated this move and sent a fleet to reinforce the city, obliging John to flee to Serbia, where Stefan Dusan sheltered him and lent him military support. This proved largely ineffectual, and only the intervention of John's old friend and ally Umur of Aydin broke the regency's siege of his headquarters at Didymoteichon. another attempt on Thessalonica the following year, the Serbians switched sides to support the regency, leaving John stranded once more before that city. Yet again, Umur came to his rescue, and their combined forces broke out of Macedonia to return to Didymoteichon. The war dragged on another four years as neither side could dislodge the other, although time was on John VI's side. He struck a bargain with the Ottoman Turks, giving Orhan Bey his daughter, Theodora, for his harem and permitting him to take Greek Christians as slaves. The Greco-Turkish force prevailed and John VI entered Constantinople in triumph on 8 February 1347.[10][9][a] Empress Anna and John VI agreed that the latter would rule as senior emperor for ten years, after which John V would reach seniority and share power as an equal to Kantakouzenos. The formal coronation of John VI took place on 21 May.[10][11] VI as emperor (left) and monk (right) John's reign, the empire—already fragmented, impoverished, and weakened—continued to be assailed on every side.[3] Genoese, disregarding the terms of the treaty which permitted their colony at Galata, began fortifying and arming it. Their customs dues undercut the Byzantines and meant that as much as 87% of the revenue from control of the Bosphorus went to them instead of the empire. John VI attempted to rebuild the shattered Byzantine navy in preparation for the war he expected to follow a reduction of Constantinople's own customs dues. He was able to borrow enough to construct 9 fair-sized ships and about 100 smaller ones before he lowered the rates and began siphoning off Genoa's income. When they did declare war, however, they were able to sink or capture his fleet by early 1349. The Genovese were forced to negotiate after major areas of Galata were burnt, including its wharves and warehouses, but the Byzantine Empire thenceforth was forced to turn to an alliance with the Republic of Venice for naval protection. This led to their involvement in Venice's 1350 war against Genoa, but Paganino Doria was able to force John VI (and the twelve ships he had fielded) out of the war by a Pyrrhic victory off Constantinople the next year.[citation needed] 1351, Kantakouzenos oversaw the Fifth Council of Constantinople, wherein Gregory Palamas' mystical hesychastic theology was declared Orthodox over the objections of Barlaam of Calabria and other Byzantine philosophers.[12] this time, Stefan Dusan had taken Albania, Macedonia, and Epirus. John VI secured help against further incursions by again allying with the Turks. Following an earthquake, they annexed Callipolis (Gallipoli)—their first foothold in Europe—in partial payment of his many debts in 1354.[3] made his son Matthew Kantakouzenos another co-emperor in 1353,[13] but John VI's attempts to expand taxation to repay the government's debts had long been displeasing. He was removed from power by John V at the end of 1354.[3][b] retired to a monastery, where he assumed the name of Joasaph Christodoulos and occupied himself with literary labors, which have been called eloquent.[3] His 4-volume History of the years 1320-1356 served as an apologia for his actions. They are therefore not always trustworthy, including defects in matters where he was not personally involved, but are supplemented by the contemporary work of Nicephorus Gregoras.[9] It is nevertheless remarkable for being the only surviving account any Byzantine emperor gave of his own reign. 1367 Joasaph was appointed the representative of the Eastern Orthodox Church to negotiate with the Latin Patriarch Paul to attempt a reconciliation of the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches. They agreed to call a grand ecumenical council to be attended by the pope and all the patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops of both the eastern and western churches.[17] This plan was subsequently refused by Pope Urban V and eventually nothing came of it.[citation needed] died in the Peloponnese and was buried by his sons at Mistra in Laconia.[3] his wife Irene Asanina, a daughter of Andronikos Asan (son of Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria by Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria, herself daughter of Michael VIII Palaiologos), John VI Kantakouzenos had several children, including: Matthew Kantakouzenos, co-emperor 1353–1357, later Despot of the Morea Manuel Kantakouzenos, Despot of the Morea Andronikos Kantakouzenos (died of the Bubonic Plague (specifically the Black Death) in 1347) Maria Kantakouzene, who married Nikephoros II Orsini of Epirus Theodora Kantakouzene, who married Sultan Orhan of the Ottoman Empire[18] Helena Kantakouzene, who married John V Palaiologos Kantakouzenos's 4-volume History was published by J. Pontanus in 1603, by Ludwig Schopen at Bonn as part of the Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae c. 1830; and by J.-P. Migne at Paris.[19] He also wrote a commentary on the first five books of Aristotle's Ethics and several controversial theological treatises, including a defense of Hesychasm and a work Against Mohammedanism printed in Migne.[20][9] Martyr Marcella of Chios, Commemorated on July 22; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 8; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14;

Constantinople, 1350-1353, 1355-63, Patriarch, Callistus, Hesychast, PHILOKALIA
Constantinople, 1350-1353, 1355-63, Patriarch, Callistus, Hesychast, ; Byzantine Emperor 1347-1354, John Cantacuzene, John Kantakouzenos ; Saint Callistus, Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; Callistus I, Patriarch of Constantinople, at first struggled on Athos under the spiritual guidance of Saint Gregory of Sinai (August 8), whose Life he wrote. In 1350, he was elected as Patriarch of Constantinople, serving in that position during the reign of the emperors John Kantakuzenos (1341-1355) and John Paleologos (1341-1376). 1354, he withdrew to live in silence at the monastery he had built in honor of Saint Mamas at Tenedos. Later, he was elevated to the Patriarchal throne once again (1355-1363). The holy Patriarch Callistus reposed in the year 1363 in Serbia, where he had travelled with an embassy of Emperor John Paleologos. Saint Callistus is also known as a spiritual writer, and his edifying works appear in the PHILOKALIA with the writings of his close friend Ignatius of Xanthopoulos.

Constantinople, 1354-55, 1364-76, Patriarch, Philotheus I of Constantinople, Liturgical and Hesychast writer
Constantinople Patriarch, 1354-55, 1364-76, Philotheus I of Constantinople; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 8; Philotheus was a native of Thessalonica, and received the monastic tonsure at an early age. After living for a time at Mt Sinai, he went to Mt Athos and became the igumen of the Great Lavra. 1347 he became Metropolitan of Heraclea, Thrace. Later, he served as Patriarch of Constantinople from 1354-1355, and again from 1364-1376. living on the Holy Mountain and even after he left there, Saint Philotheus wrote religious books which reveal his great learning and spirituality. Many of his works are directed against the anti-hesychasts, and he also wrote on liturgical and hagiographical themes. Philotheus ordained that Saint Gregory Palamas (November 14) be commemorated on the second Sunday of Great Lent, presided at his glorification as a saint, and even composed the Service in his honor. Philotheus fell asleep in the Lord in 1379. St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25;

Byzantium, 1354-1391, Emperor, John V Palaiologos. Civil War, Black Death, Civil War, Serbs, Turks
Byzantine Emperor 1354-1391, John V Palaiologos; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 8; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; Martyr Marcella of Chios, Commemorated on July 22; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Byzantium, 1360, Ephesus, Saint Markella, Chios Monastery of Agia Markella, spring of holy water
Ephesus, 1360, Saint Markella, Chios Monastery of Agia Markella; Markella (also Marcella) was an inhabitant of fourteenth-century Chios who was canonized by the Greek Orthodox Church. Her feast day is celebrated on July 22. Markella rocks today, Chios. Markella was born and lived in Volissos, Chios, Greece. She was raised as a devout Christian by her mother. However, her father (in some accounts) was a pagan. lived during the fourteenth century - during most of which Chios was under Genoese rule. At a young age, her mother died and Markella continued to study her Bible, pray to God and live a life according to what she was taught. the time of her eighteenth birthday, the virtuous Markella had to flee the fury of her violent father. There are variant accounts given about the reasons for that. In one version, while Markella's late mother had been a Christian, her father was an idolater and he tried very hard to force his daughter to become an idolater, too; this seems anachronistic, since by the 14th Century paganism was long since extinct in Greece. By another version, the problem was that Markella's father was consumed with incestuous lust for her, and she fled in horror when he declared his intentions.[1] her reason for being afraid of her father, Saint Markella fled to nearby mountains and hid in a bush. Her father found her with the help of a local herdsmen, and they set fire to the bush to force her to show. ran to the sea to escape but her father aimed an arrow at her and wounded her. As believed by the local people, the blood of the saint dyed the rocks and to this very day, during the festivities for her feast day, at a specific time, her blood becomes visible on these rocks for all the faithful who bear witness to this miracle. is further believed that as she was injured, she prayed to Jesus - her final moments spent in prayer requesting that the rocks would open for her to hide from her father and this happened. However, the opened rock enabled her to hide all of her body inside, but not her head. Her father decapitated her and threw the head into the sea. Her head floated to the nearby beach of Komi. many years, the locals could not locate the head until one day an Italian (presumably Genoese) warship was in the area. In the evening, the Italians could see a bright light coming from the distance and when they got closer they witnessed a head, floating in the water, lit by upright floating candles. Immediately, they realized that this was a sacred miracle they were witness to and they took the head of the Saint back to their homeland. tradition also has it that holy water springs from the rocks that mark her martyrdom. Many pilgrims visit this location and every year on 22 July, during the commemoration services for the Saint, the holy sea water in the rock pool boils during the entire Paraklisis Service; this phenomenon only occurs in the presence of a priest. If a pilgrim's faith is strong, a local tradition is that the water in the rock-pool will feel extremely warm to touch. significance[edit] Today there is a church on the cave of Saint Markella. The rock in which she was killed is said to spring holy water. Her nameday is on July 22 [2] and on that day the sea is said to boil. The icon of Saint Markella is one of the most revered and is said to be miraculous. Chios Monastery of Agia Markella; Martyr Marcella of Chios, Commemorated on July 22; ’s father changed in his behavior toward her. He became moody and depressed, forbidding her to go into the garden or to speak with the neighbors. Unable to understand the reason for this change, the saint went to her room and wept. She prayed before an icon of the Mother of God, asking Her to help her father. Soon she fell asleep, only to be awakened by her father’s shouting. unfortunate man had spent a long time struggling against his lust, but finally he gave in to it. At times he would speak to his daughter roughly, then later he would appear to be gentle. He wanted to be near her, and to stroke her hair. Unaware of her father’s intentions, Saint Markella was happy to see him emerge from his melancholy state, thinking that her prayer had been answered. day, her father openly declared the nature of his feelings for her. Horrified, the saint tried to avoid him as much as she could. Even the neighbors realized that there was something wrong with the man, so they stopped speaking to him. shepherd was tending his sheep near the beach one morning, and was leading them into the shade of a plane tree to avoid the hot July sun. Just as he was about to lie down, he heard a noise and looked up. He saw a young woman with a torn dress running down the hill. She hid in a nearby bush, ignoring its thorns. shepherd wondered who was chasing her, and how she had come to this spot. Then he heard the sound of a horse approaching, and recognized the mayor of the village. He asked the shepherd if he had seen his daughter. He said that he had not seen her, but pointed to her hiding place with his finger. mayor ordered Markella to come out of the bush, but she refused. Therefore, he set fire to the bush in order to force her out. She emerged on the side opposite her father, and ran toward the rocky shore, calling out to the Mother of God for help. continued to run, even though blood was flowing from her face and hands. Feeling a sharp pain in her leg, she saw that she had been shot with an arrow. She paused to pull it out, then took to flight once more. She scrambled over the rocks, staining them with her blood. Hearing her father getting closer, she prayed that the earth would open up and swallow her. saint sank to her knees, her strength all gone, and then a miracle took place. The rock split open and received her body up to the waist. Her father drew near with wild-eyed joy shouting, “I have caught you. Now where will you go? his sword, he began to butcher his helpless daughter, cutting off pieces of her body. Finally, he seized her by the hair and cut off her head, throwing it into the sea. At once the calm sea became stormy, and large waves crashed to the shore near the murderer’s feet. Thinking that the sea was going to drown him because of his crime, he turned and fled. His ultimate fate has not been recorded. later years, pious Christians built a church on the spot where Saint Markella hid in the bush. The spot where she was killed became known as “The Martyrdom of Saint Markella,” and the rock that opened to receive her is still there. The rock appears to be a large stone that broke off from a mountain and rolled into the sea. Soil from the mountain covers the spot on the side facing the land. On the side facing the ocean is a small hole, about the size of a finger. A healing water flows from the opening, which cures every illness. flow of water is not due to the movements of the tide, because when the tide is out, there would be no water. This, however, is not the case. The water is clear, but some of the nearby rocks have been stained with a reddish-yellow color. According to tradition, the lower extremities of Saint Markella’s body are concealed in the rock. most astonishing thing about the rock is not the warmth of the water, nor the discoloration of the other rocks, but what happens when a priest performs the Blessing of Water. A sort of steam rises up from the water near the rock, and the entire area is covered with a mist. The sea returns to normal as soon as the service is over. Many miracles have occurred at the spot, and pilgrims flock there from all over the world.

Constantinople, 1362-1389, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Murad I, Kosovo Field Battle, Turks
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1362-1389, Murad I; I (29 June 1326 - 15 June 1389) was the Ottoman Sultan from 1362 to 1389. He was a son of Orhan Gazi and Nilufer Hatun. Murad I came into the throne after his elder brother Suleyman Pasha's death. I conquered Adrianople, renamed it to Edirne,[2] and in 1363 made it the new capital of the Ottoman Sultanate.[3] Then he further expanded the Ottoman realm in Southern Europe by bringing most of the Balkans under Ottoman rule, and forced the princes of Serbia and Bulgaria as well as the East Roman emperor John V Palaiologos to pay him tribute.[2] Murad I administratively divided his sultanate into the two provinces of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Rumelia (the Balkans). to the Ottoman sources, Murad I's titles includes Bey, Emir - a zam (Great Emir), Ghazi, Hudavendigar, Khan, Padishah, Sultan-selatin (Sultan of sultans), Melikul-muluk (Malik of maliks), while in Bulgarian and Serbian sources he was referred to as Tsar. In a Genoese document, he was referred to as dominus armiratorum Turchie (Master lord of Turks).[4] I was illiterate and could not even sign his own name. In 1353, Murad I signed a treaty by dipping his hand in ink and impressing it with his finger marks.[5] of the conquests of Murad I century miniature depicting Murad I fought against the powerful beylik of Karaman in Anatolia and against the Serbs, Albanians, Bulgarians and Hungarians in Europe. In particular, a Serb expedition to expel the Turks from Adrianople led by the Serbian brothers King Vukasin and Despot Ugljesia, was defeated on September 26, 1371, by Murad's capable second lieutenant Lala Sahin Pasa, the first governor (beylerbey) of Rumeli. In 1385, Sofia fell to the Ottomans. In 1386 Prince Lazar Hrebeljanovic defeated an Ottoman force at the Battle of Plocnik. The Ottoman army suffered heavy casualties, and was unable to capture Nis on the way back. of Kosovo[edit] of Sultan Murad on Kosovo field of Sultan Murad 1389, Murad's army defeated the Serbian Army and its allies under the leadership of Lazar at the Battle of Kosovo. There are different accounts from different sources about when and how Murad I was assassinated. The contemporary sources mainly noted that the battle took place and that both Prince Lazar and the Sultan lost their lives in the battle. The existing evidence of the additional stories and speculations as to how Murad I died were disseminated and recorded in the 15th century and later, decades after the actual event. One Western source states that during first hours of the battle, Murad I was assassinated by Serbian nobleman and knight MiloÅ¡ ObiliÄ‡ by knife.[6][7] Most Ottoman chroniclers[citation needed] (including Dimitrie Cantemir)[8] state that he was assassinated after the finish of the battle while going around the battlefield. His older son Bayezid, who was in charge of the left wing of the Ottoman forces, took charge after that. His other son, Yakub Bey, who was in charge of the other wing, was called to the Sultan's command center tent by Bayezid, but when Yakub Bey arrived he was strangled, leaving Bayezid as the sole claimant to the throne. a letter from the Florentine senate (written by Coluccio Salutati) to the King Tvrtko I of Bosnia, dated 20 October 1389, Murad I's (and Jakub Bey's) killing was described. A party of twelve Serbian lords slashed their way through the Ottoman lines defending Murad I. One of them, allegedly Milos Obilic, had managed to get through to the Sultan's tent and kill him with sword stabs to the throat and belly.[9][page needed] Murad's internal organs were buried in Kosovo field and remains to this day on a corner of the battlefield in a location called Meshed-i Hudavendigar which has gained a religious significance by the local Muslims. It has been vandalized between 1999–2006 and renovated recently. His other remains were carried to Bursa, his Anatolian capital city, and were buried in a tomb at the complex built in his name.[10] of sultanate[edit] established the sultanate by building up a society and government in the newly conquered city of Adrianople (Edirne in Turkish) and by expanding the realm in Europe, bringing most of the Balkans under Ottoman rule and forcing the Byzantine emperor to pay him tribute. It was Murad who established the former Osmanli tribe into an sultanate. He established the title of sultan in 1363 and the corps of the janissaries and the devÅŸirme recruiting system. He also organised the government of the Divan, the system of timars and timar-holders (timariots) and the military judge, the kazasker. He also established the two provinces of Anadolu (Anatolia) and Rumeli (Europe). was the son of Orhan and the Valide Hatun Nilüfer Hatun, daughter of the Lord of Yarhisar, who was of ethnic Greek descent.[11] St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30;

Constantinople, 1380-1388, Patriarch, Nilus, Hesychast, chose H Cyprian for Moscow M
Constantinople, 1380-1388, Patriarch, Nilus of Constantinople, Hesychast Saint Theodore, Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28;

Constantinople, 1389-1403, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Bayezid I
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1389-1403, Bayezid I; I (c. 1360 - 8 March 1403)[2] was the Ottoman Sultan from 1389 to 1402. He was the son of Murad I[3][4] and Gulcicek Hatun. built one of the largest armies in the known world at the time and unsuccessfully besieged Constantinople. He adopted the title of Sultan-Rum being an old Islamic name for the Roman Empire.[5] decisively defeated the Crusaders at Nicopolis (in modern Bulgaria) in 1396, and was himself defeated and captured by Timur at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 and died in captivity in March 1403, triggering the Ottoman Interregnum.

Byzantium, 1391-1425, Emperor, Manuel II Palaiologos, help from R of Venice, later England and Europe, letters
Byzantine Emperor, 1391-1425, Manuel II Palaiologos; II Palaiologos or Palaeologus (27 June 1350 - 21 July 1425) was Byzantine emperor from 1391 to 1425. Shortly before his death he was tonsured a monk and received the name Matthew. His wife Helena Dragas saw to it that their sons, John VIII Palaiologos and Constantine XI Palaiologos, become emperors. II retook Thessaloniki and the coastline of Thrace. Manuel was also commemorated[by whom?] on July 21.[1] double-headed eagle with the Palaiologos family cypher. II Palaiologos was the second son of Emperor John V Palaiologos and his wife Helena Kantakouzene.[2] Granted the title of despotēs by his father, the future Manuel II traveled west to seek support for the Byzantine Empire in 1365 and in 1370, serving as governor in Thessalonica from 1369. failed attempt at usurpation by his older brother Andronikos IV Palaiologos in 1373 led to Manuel's being proclaimed heir and co-emperor of his father. In 1376–1379 and again in 1390, they were supplanted by Andronikos IV and then his son John VII, but Manuel personally defeated his nephew with help from the Republic of Venice in 1390. Although John V had been restored, Manuel was forced to go as an honorary hostage to the court of the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I at Prousa (Bursa). During his stay, Manuel was forced to participate in the Ottoman campaign that reduced Philadelpheia, the last Byzantine enclave in Anatolia. of Constantinople and letters to European courts[edit] heard of his father's death in February 1391, Manuel II Palaiologos fled the Ottoman court and secured the capital against any potential claim by his nephew John VII.[3] Although relations with John VII improved, Sultan Bayezid I blockaded Constantinople from 1394 to 1402. In the meantime, an anti-Ottoman crusade led by the Hungarian King Sigismund of Luxemburg failed at the Battle of Nicopolis on 25 September 1396. Manuel II had sent 10 ships to help in that Crusade. In October 1397, Theodore Kantakouzenos, Manuel's uncle, alongside John of Natala arrived at the court of Charles VI of France, bearing the Emperor's letters (dated 1 July 1397) requesting the French king's military aid. In addition, Charles also provided funds for the two nobles to treat with King Richard II of England in April 1398, with the aim of soliciting further aid.[4] Though the latter was preoccupied by domestic troubles at this point to provide any support.[a] the two nobles returned home with the Marshal of France Jean II Le Maingre who was sent from Aigues-Mortes with six ships carrying 1,200 men to assist Manuel II. The Marshal encouraged the latter to go personally to seek assistance against the Ottoman Empire from the courts of western Europe. After some five years of siege, Manuel II entrusted the city to his nephew, aided by a French garrison of 300 men led by Seigneur Jean de Châteaumorand and embarked (along with a suite of 40 people) on a long trip abroad along with the Marshal.[5] trip to Europe[edit] 10 December 1399, Manuel II sailed to the Morea, where he left his wife and children with his brother Theodore I Palaiologos to be protected from his nephew's intentions. He later landed in Venice in April 1400, then he went to Padua, Vicenza and Pavia, until he reached Milan, where he met Duke Gian Galeazzo Visconti, and his close friend Manuel Chrysoloras. Afterwards, he met Charles VI of France at Charenton on 3 June 1400.[6] During his stay in France, Manuel II continued to contact European monarchs.[7] to Michel Pintoin who chronicled the visit to Paris: the king raised his hat, and the emperor raised his imperial cap – he had no hat – and both greeted one another in the most honourable way. When he had welcomed [the emperor], the king accompanied him into Paris, riding side by side. They were followed by the Princes of the Blood who, once the banquet in the royal palace finished, escorted [the emperor] to the lodgings which had been prepared for him in the Louvre castle]. — [8] II Palaiologos (left) with Henry IV of England in London, December 1400.[9] December 1400, he embarked to England to meet Henry IV of England who received him at Blackheath on the 21st of that month,[7] making him the only Byzantine emperor ever to visit England, where he stayed at Eltham Palace until mid-February 1401, and a joust took place in his honour.[10] In addition, he received £2,000, in which he acknowledged receipt of the funds in a Latin document and sealed it with his own golden bull.[11][b] Walsingham wrote about Manuel II's visit to England: the same time the Emperor of Constantinople visited England to ask for help against the Turks. The king with an imposing retinue, met him at Blackheath on the feast of St Thomas [21 December], gave so great a hero an appropriate welcome and escorted him to London. He entertained him there royally for many days, paying the expenses of the emperor's stay, and by grand presents showing respect for a person of such eminence. — [12] Moreover, Adam of Usk reported: the feast of St Thomas the apostle [21 December], the emperor of the Greeks visited the king of England in London to seek help against the Saracens, and was honourably received by him, staying with him for two whole months at enormous expense to the king, and being showered with gifts at his departure. This emperor and his men always went about dressed uniformly in long robes cut like tabards which were all of one colour, namely white, and disapproved greatly of the fashions and varieties of dress worn by the English, declaring that they signified inconstancy and fickleness of heart. No razor ever touched the heads or beards of his priests. These Greeks were extremely devout in their religious services, having them chanted variously by knights or by clerics, for they were sung in their native tongue. I thought to myself how sad it was that this great Christian leader from the remote east had been driven by the power of the infidels to visit distant islands in the west in order to seek help against them. — [13] Manuel II sent a letter to his friend Manuel Chrysoloras, describing his visit to England: what is the reason for the present letter? A large number of letters have come to us from all over bearing excellent and wonderful promises, but most important is the ruler with whom we are now staying, the king of Britain the Great, of a second civilized world, you might say, who abounds in so many good qualities and is adorned with all sorts of virtues. His reputation earns him the admiration of people who have not met him, while for those who have once seen him, he proves brilliantly that Fame is not really a goddess, since she is unable to show the man to be as great as does actual experience. This ruler, then, is most illustrious because of his position, most illustrious too, because of his intelligence; his might amazes everyone, and his understanding wins him friends; he extends his hand to all and in every way he places himself at the service of those who need help. And now, in accord with his nature, he has made himself a virtual haven for us in the midst of a twofold tempest, that of the season and that of fortune, and we have found refuge in the man himself and his character. His conversation is quite charming; he pleases us in every way; he honours us to the greatest extent and loves us no less. Although he has gone to extremes in all he has done for us, he seems almost to blush in the belief—in this he is alone—that he might have fallen considerably short of what he should have done. This is how magnanimous the man is. — [14] II later returned to France with high hopes of substantial help and funds for Constantinople. In the meantime, he sent delegations with relics including pieces of the tunic of Christ and a piece of the Holy Sponge to Pope Boniface IX and Antipope Benedict XIII, Queen Margaret I of Denmark, king Martin of Aragon and king Charles III of Navarre to seek further assistance.[15][16] He eventually left France on 23 November 1402,[17] and finally returned to Constantinople in June 1403. Ottoman sieges[edit] Ottomans were themselves crushingly defeated by Timur at the Battle of Ankara in 1402. As the sons of Bayezid I struggled with each other over the succession in the Ottoman Interregnum, John VII was able to secure the return of the European coast of the Sea of Marmara and of Thessalonica to the Byzantine Empire in the Treaty of Gallipoli. When Manuel II returned home in 1403, his nephew duly surrendered control of Constantinople and received as a reward the governorship of newly recovered Thessalonica. The treaty also regained from the Ottomans Mesembria (1403–1453), Varna (1403–1415), and the Marmara coast from Scutari to Nicomedia (between 1403–1421). of the southern Balkans and western Anatolia in 1410, following the Treaty of Gallipoli stavraton coin by Manuel. On the reverse, Manuel's bust. Manuel II kept contact with Venice, Genoa, Paris and Aragon, by sending envoy Manuel Chrysoloras in 1407–8, pursuing to form a coalition against the Ottomans.[18] 25 July 1414, with a fleet consisting of four galleys and two other vessels carrying contingents of infantry and cavalry, departed Constantinople for Thessalonica. The purpose of this force soon became clear when he made an unannounced stop at Thasos, a normally unimportant island which was then under threat from a son of the lord of Lesbos, Francesco Gattilusio. It took Manuel three months to reassert imperial authority on the island. Only then did he continue on to Thessalonica, where he was warmly met by his son Andronicus, who then governed the city. the spring of 1415, he and his soldiers left for the Peloponnese, arriving at the little port of Kenchreai on Good Friday, 29 March. Manuel II Palaiologos used his time there to bolster the defences of the Despotate of Morea, where the Byzantine Empire was actually expanding at the expense of the remnants of the Latin Empire. Here Manuel supervised the building of the Hexamilion (six-mile wall) across the Isthmus of Corinth, intended to defend the Peloponnese from the Ottomans. II stood on friendly terms with the victor in the Ottoman civil war, Mehmed I (1402–1421), but his attempts to meddle in the next contested succession led to a new assault on Constantinople by Murad II (1421–1451) in 1422. During the last years of his life, Manuel II relinquished most official duties to his son and heir John VIII Palaiologos, and went back to Europe searching for assistance against the Ottomans, this time to the King Sigismund of Hungary, staying for two months in his court of Buda. Sigismund (after suffering a defeat against the Turks in the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396) never rejected the possibility of fighting against the Ottoman Empire. However, with the Hussite wars in Bohemia, it was impossible to count on the Czech or German armies, and the Hungarian ones were needed to protect the Kingdom and control the religious conflicts.[19] Unhappily Manuel returned home with empty hands from the Hungarian Kingdom, and in 1424 he and his son were forced to sign an unfavourable peace treaty with the Ottoman Turks, whereby the Byzantine Empire had to pay tribute to the sultan. II who had been paralyzed by a stroke since October 1, 1422, and lived his last months as a monk called "Matthew", died on 21 July 1425, aged 75.[20] II was the author of numerous works of varied character, including letters, poems, a Saint's Life, treatises on theology and rhetoric, and an epitaph for his brother Theodore I Palaiologos and a mirror of princes for his son and heir John. This mirror of princes has special value, because it is the last sample of this literary genre bequeathed to us by Byzantines. miniature from the Louvre MS. Ivoires 100 manuscript, depicting Manuel II, Helena and three of their sons - the co-emperor John VIII and the Despots Theodore and Andronikos. his wife Helena Dragas, the daughter of the Serbian prince Constantine Dragas, Manuel II Palaiologos had several children, including: A daughter. Mentioned as the eldest daughter but not named. Possibly confused with Isabella Palaiologina, an illegitimate daughter of Manuel II known to have married Ilario Doria. Constantine Palaiologos. Born ca. 1393/8, died before 1405 in Monemvasia.[21] John VIII Palaiologos (18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448). Byzantine emperor, 1425–1448. Andronikos Palaiologos, Lord of Thessalonica (d. 1429). A second daughter. Also not named in the text. Theodore II Palaiologos, Lord of Morea (d. 1448). Michael Palaiologos. Born 1406/7, died 1409/10 of the plague.[22] Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos (8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453). Despotēs in the Morea and subsequently the last Byzantine emperor, 1448–1453. Demetrios Palaiologos (c. 1407–1470). Despotēs in the Morea. Thomas Palaiologos (c. 1409 – 12 May 1465). Despotēs in the Morea. Venerable Callistus Xanthopoulos of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 22 ; Venerable Gregory the Founder of Grigoriou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 7; Venerable Macarius of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on January 6; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2;

Byzantium, 1397-1405, Patriarch, Matthew I of Constantinople
Byzantine Patriarch, 1397-1405, Matthew I of Constantinople; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2;

Constantinople, 1397, part of The Robe was transferred from C to Rus by St Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal
Blachernae; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae; Placing of the Venerable Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae: the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Great (457-474), the brothers Galbius and Candidus, associates of the emperor, set out from Constantinople to Palestine to venerate the holy places. a small settlement near Nazareth they stayed in the home of a certain old Jewish woman. In her house they noticed a room where many lamps were lit, incense burned, and sick people were gathered. When they asked her what the room contained, the pious woman did not want to give an answer for a long time. persistent requests, she said that she had a very precious sacred item: the Robe of the Mother of God, which performed many miracles and healings. Her Dormition the Most Holy Virgin bequeathed one of her garments to a pious Jewish maiden, an ancestor of the old woman, instructing her to leave it to another virgin after her death. the Robe of the Mother of God was preserved in this family from generation to generation. jewelled chest, containing the sacred Robe, was transferred to Constantinople. Saint Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople (August 31), and the emperor Leo, having learned of the sacred treasure, were convinced of the incorrupt state of the holy Robe, and they certified its authenticity. Blachernae, near the seacoast, a new church in honor of the Mother of God was constructed. On June 2, 458 Saint Gennadius transferred the sacred Robe into the Blachernae church with appropriate solemnity, placing it within a new reliquary. the maphorion (i.e., the outer robe) of the Mother of God, and part of Her belt were also put into the reliquary with Her Robe. This circumstance also influenced the Orthodox iconography of the Feast, in connecting the two events: the Placing of the Robe, and the Placing of the Belt of the Mother of God in Blachernae. The Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, visiting Constantinople in about the year 1350, testifies: “We arrived at Blachernae, where the Robe lies upon an altar in a sealed reliquary.â€ than once, during the invasion of enemies, the Most Holy Theotokos saved the city to which She had given Her holy Robe. Thus it happened during the time of a siege of Constantinople by the Avars in 626, by the Persians in 677, and by the Arabs in the year 717. Especially relevant for us are events of the year 860, intimately connected with the history of the Russian Church. June 18, 860 the Russian fleet of Prince Askold, a force comprising more than 200 ships, laid waste the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, then entered into the Golden Horn and threatened Constantinople. The Russian ships sailed within sight of the city, setting ashore troops who “proceeded before the city, stretching forth their swords.â€ The emperor Michael III (842-867), interrupted his campaign against the Arabs and returned to the capital. All night he prayed prostrated upon the stone tiles of the church of the Mother of God at Blachernae. The holy Patriarch Photius spoke to his flock, calling for tears of repentance to wash away sins, and to seek the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos with fervent prayer. danger grew with each passing hour. “The city was barely able to stand against a spear,â€ says Patriarch Photius in another of his homilies. Under these conditions the decision was made to save the church’s sacred objects, especially the holy Robe of the Mother of God, which was kept in the Blachernae church, not far from the shore. serving an all-night Vigil, and taking it out from the Blachernae church, they carried the sacred Robe of the Mother of God in a procession around the city walls. They dipped its edge into the waters of the Bosphorus, and then they transported it to the center of Constantinople into the church of Hagia Sophia. The Mother of God protected the city and quelled the fury of the Russian warriors. An honorable truce was concluded, and Askold lifted the siege of Constantinople. June 25 the Russian army began to leave, taking with them a large tribute payment. A week afterwards, on July 2, the wonderworking Robe of the Mother of God was solemnly returned to its place in the reliquary of the Blachernae church. In remembrance of these events an annual feastday of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God was established on July 2 by holy Patriarch Photius. in October-November of the year 860, a Russian delegation arrived in Constantinople to conclude a treaty “in love and peace.â€ Some of the conditions of the peace treaty included articles concerning the Baptism of Kievan Rus, the payment of an annual tribute by the Byzantines to the Russians, permission for them to serve with the Byzantine army, an agreement to trade in the territory of the Empire (primarily in Constantinople), and to send a diplomatic mission to Byzantium. important was the point about the Baptism of Rus. The continuator of the Byzantine “Theophanes Chroniclesâ€ relates that “their delegation arrived in Constantinople with a request for them to receive holy Baptism, which also was fulfilled.â€ An Orthodox mission was sent to Kiev to fulfill this mutual wish of the Russians and the Greeks. Not very long before this (in 855) Saint Cyril the Philosopher (February 14 and May 11) had created a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel. Saint Cyril was sent with his brother, Saint Methodius (April 6 and May 11), on a mission to Kiev with books translated into Slavonic. This was at the initiative of Saint Photius, whose student Saint Cyril was. The brothers spent the winter of 860/861 at Cherson, and in the spring of 861 they were at the River Dniepr, with Prince Askold. Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith. But under the influence of Saint Cyril, the prince chose Orthodoxy. At the end of the year 861, Saints Cyril and Methodius returned to Constantinople and carried letters with them from Prince Askold to Emperor Michael III. Askold thanked the emperor for sending him “such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy.â€ “Persuaded that this is the true Faith,â€ Askold further wrote, “we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity. We are all friends of the Kingdom and prepared to be of service to you, as requested.â€ accepted holy Baptism with the name Nicholas, and many of his retinue were also baptized. Directly from Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, through the efforts of the holy Apostles to the Slavs both the Slavonic divine services and the Slavonic written language arrived in Rus. Photius appointed Metropolitan Michael to Kiev, and the Russian metropolitan district was entered into the lists of dioceses of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius in an encyclical of the year 867 called the Baptism of the Bulgarians and the Russians as among the chief accomplishments of his archpastoral service. “The Russians, who lifted their hand against the Roman might,â€ he wrote, almost quoting literally from the missive of Askold, “have now replaced the impious teaching which they held to formerly, with the pure and genuine Christian Faith, and with love having established themselves in the array of our friends and subjects.â€ (The Byzantines counted as “subjectsâ€ all accepting Baptism from Constantinople and entering into military alliance with the Empire.) “The desire and zeal of faith has flared up within them to such an extent, that they have accepted bishops and pastors, and they embrace Christian sanctity with great zeal and fervor.â€ Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos in Blachernae also marks the canonical establishment of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate in Kiev. By the blessing of the Mother of God and by the miracle from Her holy Robe not only was the deliverence of Constantinople from the most terrible siege in all its history accomplished, but also the liberation of the Russians from the darkness of pagan superstition to life eternal. Together with this, the year 860 brought recognition to Kievan Rus from Byzantium, and signified the emergence of the young Russian realm into the arena of history. attempt of Prince Askold to renew the Christian evangelization begun by the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he intended as a religious and state reform, ended unsuccessfully. time for the spread of Christianity in the Russian Land had not yet come. The adherents of the old paganism were too strong, and the princely power was too weak. In the clash of Askold with the pagan Oleg in 882 the Kievans betrayed their prince. Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr’s death at the hand of hired killers. the deed of Blessed Askold (the Ioakimov Chronicle calls him such) was not extinguished in the Russian Church. Oleg the Sage, who killed Askold, occupied the Kiev princedom after him, and called Kiev the “Mother of Russian Cities.â€ most ancient chronicles of Kiev preserved the grateful memory of the first Kievan Christian prince: the church of the Prophet of God Elias, built by Askold and later mentioned in Igor’s Treaty with the Greeks (in 944), is on the site where the present church of this name now stands, and there is also the church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in the 950s by Saint Olga over Askold’s grave. most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their apostolic activity among the Slavs began in Kiev at the court of Askold in 861, and continued afterwards in Moravia and Bulgaria. Following Blessed Askold, in the words of the ancient Alphabetic Prayers, “the Slavonic tribe now soars in flight, all striving toward Baptism.â€ outstanding works of Byzantine Church hymnology and homiletics are connected with the miracle of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae. There are two homilies of Saint Photius, one of which he preached within days of the siege of Constantinople, and the other soon after the departure of the Russian forces. Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable “Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos,â€ which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photius. This Akathist forms an integral part of the services of Praise to the Most Holy Theotokos (i.e., the “Saturday of the Akathist,â€ Fifth Saturday of Great Lent). is not only Byzantine sources that relate the events of the year 860, but also Russian historical chronicles. Saint Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time “it was begun to be called the Russian Land.â€ Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople. The popular commemoration of this event is firmly associated with the names of the Kievan princes Askold and Dir, although in the opinion of historians, Dir was prince of Kiev somewhat earlier than Askold. veneration of the feast of the Placing of the Robe was long known in the Russian Church. Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4) built a church in honor of this feastday in the city of Vladimir at the Golden Gates. the end of the fourteenth century, part of the Robe of the Mother of God was transferred from Constantinople to Rus by Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal (June 26). holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. In memory of the miraculous deliverance of Moscow, Saint Jonah built the church of the Placing of the Robe in the Kremlin, making it his primary church. It burned, but in its place in the years 1484-1486 a new church, also dedicated to the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God, was built thirty years later. This temple, standing at present, continued to serve as the primary church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs until the cathedral of the Twelve Apostles was built under Patriarch Nikon. Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-SingerÂ, Commemorated on October 1 ; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectressÂ Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated October 2 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unbreakable WallÂ, Commemorated on May 28; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia, Commemorated July 7 ;

Constantinople, 1400-1453, Folder, 15th Century, Ottoman Civil War, C. of Florence

Constantinople, 1402-1413, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Ottoman Interregnum, or Ottoman Civil War
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1402-1413, Ottoman Interregnum, or Ottoman Civil War; Venerable Gregory the Founder of Grigoriou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 7;

Byzantine Patriarch, 1405-1410, N/A
Byzantine Patriarch, 1405-1410, N/A Byzantine Patriarch, 1397-1405, Matthew I of Constantinople; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2;

Byzantium, 1405-1463, Isidore of Kiev, Metropolitan, Became Uniate
Russia, Kiev, 1405-1463, Isidore of Kiev, Metropolitan, Became Catholic; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31 ;

Byzantine Patriarch, 1410-1416, Euthymius II of Constantinople
Byzantine Patriarch, 1410-1416, Euthymius II of Constantinople; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2;

Constantinople, 1413-1421, Sultan, Mehmed I, restorer, Anatolia, conquest of Wallacia, Venice destroyed fleet
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1413-1421, Mehmed I; I (1389 – 26 May 1421), also known as Mehmed Çelebi or Krisci,[3] was the Ottoman sultan from 1413 to 1421. fourth son of Sultan Bayezid I and Devlet Hatun, he fought with his brothers over control of the Ottoman realm in the Ottoman Interregnum (1402–1413). Starting from the province of Rum he managed to bring first Anatolia and then the European territories (Rumelia) under his control, reuniting the Ottoman state by 1413, and ruling it until his death in 1421. The Restorer, he reestablished central authority in Anatolia, and expanded the Ottoman presence in Europe by the conquest of Wallachia in 1415. Venice destroyed his fleet off Gallipoli in 1416, as the Ottomans lost a naval war.[4] St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19;

Byzantium, 1412-1444, Byzantine Saint, Mark of Ephesus
Byzantine Saint, 1412-1444, Mark of Ephesus; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19;

Constantinople, 1416-1439, Patriarch, Joseph II of Constantinople
Byzantine Patriarch, 1416-1439, Joseph II of Constantinople; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Constantinople, 1421-1451, Ottoman Empire, Sultan Murat II, economic development, could have invaded Europe
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1421-1451, Murat II; II (Ottoman Turkish: Ù…Ø±Ø§Ø¯ ثانى‎, romanized: MurÄd-Ä± sÄnÄ«, Turkish: II. Murad, 16 June 1404[1][2] – 3 February 1451) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1444 and again from 1446 to 1451. II's reign was a period of important economic development. Trade increased and Ottoman cities expanded considerably. In 1432, the traveller Bertrandon de la Broquière noted that Ottoman annual revenue had risen to 2,500,000 ducats, and that if Murad II had used all available resources he could easily have invaded Europe.[4] St Stephen of Serbia, "œthe blind one"Â, Commemorated on October 9; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19;

Byzantium, 1425-1448, Emperor, John VIII Palaiologos, consented to union with Roman Church
Byzantine Emperor, 1425-1448, John VIII Palaiologos; Venerable Macarius of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on January 6; Icon of the Mother of God "œStabbed"Â, Commemorated on January 21; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Byzantium, 1431-1449, Byzantine and Holy Roman Council, Council of Florence
Byzantine Council, 1431-1449, Council of Florence; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19;

Constantinople, 1439-1450, Patriarch, Gregory III of Constantinople
Constantinople, 1439-1450, Patriarch, Gregory III of Constantinople ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Constantinople, 1444-1481, Ottoman Empire, Sultan, Mehmed the Conqueror, Muslim Caesar of the Roman Empire
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1444-1481, Mehmed the Conqueror; II (30 March 1432 - 3 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror ( lit. The Father of Conquest; Turkish: Fatih Sultan Mehmed), was an Ottoman sultan who ruled from August 1444 to September 1446, and then later from February 1451 to May 1481. In Mehmed II's first reign, he defeated the crusade led by John Hunyadi after the Hungarian incursions into his country broke the conditions of the truce Peace of Szeged. When Mehmed II ascended the throne again in 1451 he strengthened the Ottoman navy and made preparations to attack Constantinople. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire. the conquest Mehmed claimed the title "Caesar" of the Roman Empire, based on the fact that Constantinople had been the seat and capital of the surviving Eastern Roman Empire since its consecration in 330 AD by Emperor Constantine I.[4] The claim was only recognized by the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Nonetheless, Mehmed II viewed the Ottoman state as a continuation of the Roman Empire for the remainder of his life, seeing himself as continuing the Empire rather than replacing it. continued his conquests in Anatolia with its reunification and in Southeast Europe as far west as Bosnia. At home he made many political and social reforms, encouraged the arts and sciences, and by the end of his reign, his rebuilding program had changed Constantinople into a thriving imperial capital. He is considered a hero in modern-day Turkey and parts of the wider Muslim world. Among other things, Istanbul's Fatih district, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge and Fatih Mosque are named after him. Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; St Stephen of Serbia, "œthe blind one"Â, Commemorated on October 9; Venerable Matrona of Chios, Commemorated on October 20; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated on December 18; St Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18; Righteous Theodora, wife of the Emperor Theophilus, the Iconoclast, Commemorated on February 11; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Eleni (who was also called Susanna), New martyr of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1; Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1; St Stephen the Great, Commemorated on July 2;

Byzantium, 1449-1453, Emperor, Constantine XI Palaiologos, died at fall of C
Byzantine Emperor, 1449-1453, Constantine XI Palaiologos; Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated on October 2;

Constantinople, 1453-1922, Folder, Ottoman Period, The Turks

Constantinople, 1453-1499, 15th Century Folder, Ottoman E., Fall of Constantinople

Constantinople, 1453, Fall of Constantinople
Constantinople, Fall of Constantinople (1453); Ottoman Empire; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1;

Constantinople, 1481-1521, Bayezid II, Ottoman Empire, Sultan, resettled Jews, consolidated E, thwarted Safavid rebellion
Constantinople, 1481-1521, Ottoman Empire, Sultan, Bayezid II; Bayezid II ( December 1447 -26 May 1512, Turkish: II. Bayezid) was the eldest son and successor of Mehmed II, ruling as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512. During his reign, Bayezid II consolidated the Ottoman Empire and thwarted a Safavid rebellion soon before abdicating his throne to his son, Selim I. He is most notable for evacuating Sephardi Jews from Spain after the proclamation of the Alhambra Decree, and resettling them throughout Ottoman lands, especially in Salonica. St. Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12;

Constantinople, 1486-1502, Nephon II, Patriarch of Constantinople, Romania, Athos
Byzantine Patriarch, 1486-1502, Nephon II of Constantinople; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; Nḗphon II, the Patriarch of Constantinople, was from the Peloponnesos. His parents were named Manuel and Maria, and he was named Nicholas in Holy Baptism. Later, he was tonsured as a monk at Epidauros, receiving the new name Nephon. the death of his Elder Anthony, he went to Mount Athos, where he occupied himself by copying books. Afterward, he was chosen as Metropolitan of Thessaloniki. In 1486 he occupied the Patriarchal throne of Constantinople. in 1488, the Saint went to the Holy Mountain, at first to Vatopedi Monastery, and then to the monastery of Saint John the Forerunner (Dionysiou). He concealed his rank and occupied the lowliest position. By God’s providence, his rank was revealed to the brethren of the monastery. Once, when the Saint was returning from the forest where he had gone for firewood, all the brethren went out to meet him, greeting him as Patriarch. But even after this, the Saint continued to share various tasks with the brethren. all, he served three times as Patriarch of Constantinople: 1486-1488; 1497-1498; and 1502. Nephon reposed on September 3, 1508 at the age of 90. Immediately after his death, he was honored as a Saint in many places. On August 16, 1517, in the newly-established monastery of Curtea de Argeş, Patriarch Theoleptos of Constantinople, together with the Synod of the Romanian Lands, and the Igoumens of the Athonite monasteries, performed the solemn glorification of Saint Nḗphon, decreeing that his Feast Day be celebrated on August 11th. relics are kept in a shrine at the Monastery of Dionysiou, where there is also a chapel dedicated to him. In gratitude, the Athonite monks gave the Saint's head and hand to Nyagoe Basarab, who placed them in the Monastery he built at Curtea de Argeş in what is now Romania. In the XVIII century, these relics were placed in a silver reliquary. the behest of the Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church, they were brought to Craiova, to the church of Saint Demetrios, the Metropolitan cathedral of Oltenia on October 25, 1949. In 2009, the relics of Saint Nephon were moved to the Cathedral of the Ascension of the Lord at Targoviste. Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

Constantinople, 1490-1510, Discovery of Phanourius' Icon, Rhodes, looked painted that day
Ephesus, 1490-1510, Discovery of Phanourius' Icon, Rhodes, looked painted that day working on the fortress, the Moslems uncovered the ruins of a beautiful church. Several icons, most of them badly damaged, were found on the floor. One icon, of Saint Phanourius, looked as if it had been painted that very day. The local bishop, whose name was Nilus, was called to see the icon. It said, “Saint Phanourius.” saint is depicted as a young soldier holding a cross in his right hand. On the upper part of the cross is a lighted taper. Twelve scenes from his life are shown around the border of the icon. These scenes show him being questioned by an official, being beaten with stones by soldiers, stretched out on the ground while soldiers whip him, then having his sides raked with iron hooks. He is also shown locked up in prison, standing before the official again, being burned with candles, tied to a rack, thrown to the wild animals, and being crushed by a large rock. The remaining scenes depict him standing before idols holding burning coals in his hands, while a demon stands by lamenting his defeat by the saint, and finally, the saint stands in the midst of a fire with his arms raised in prayer. Rhodes; knights of Rhodes; St Phanourius, Commemorated on August 27 ; know nothing for certain about the background of Saint Phanourius, nor exactly when he lived. Tradition says that when the island of Rhodes had been conquered by Moslems, the new ruler of the island wished to rebuild the walls of the city, which had been damaged in previous wars. Several ruined buildings were near the fortress, and stone from these buildings was used to repair the walls at the end of the fifteenth century, or the beginning of the sixteenth. working on the fortress, the Moslems uncovered the ruins of a beautiful church. Several icons, most of them badly damaged, were found on the floor. One icon, of Saint Phanourius, looked as if it had been painted that very day. The local bishop, whose name was Nilus, was called to see the icon. It said, “Saint Phanourius.” saint is depicted as a young soldier holding a cross in his right hand. On the upper part of the cross is a lighted taper. Twelve scenes from his life are shown around the border of the icon. These scenes show him being questioned by an official, being beaten with stones by soldiers, stretched out on the ground while soldiers whip him, then having his sides raked with iron hooks. He is also shown locked up in prison, standing before the official again, being burned with candles, tied to a rack, thrown to the wild animals, and being crushed by a large rock. The remaining scenes depict him standing before idols holding burning coals in his hands, while a demon stands by lamenting his defeat by the saint, and finally, the saint stands in the midst of a fire with his arms raised in prayer. scenes clearly revealed that the saint was a martyr. Bishop Nilus sent representatives to the Moslem ruler, asking that he be permitted to restore the church. Permission was denied, so the bishop went to Constantinople and there he obtained a decree allowing him to rebuild the church. that time, there was no Orthodox bishop on the island of Crete. Since Crete was under the control of Venice, there was a Latin bishop. The Venetians refused to allow a successor to be consecrated when an Orthodox bishop died, or for new priests to be ordained, hoping that in time they would be able to convert the Orthodox population to Catholicism. Those seeking ordination were obliged to go to the island of Kythera. so happened that three young deacons had traveled from Crete to Kythera to be ordained to the holy priesthood. On their way back, they were captured at sea by Moslems who brought them to Rhodes to be sold as slaves. Lamenting their fate, the three new priests wept day and night. in Rhodes the priests heard of the miracles performed by the holy Great Martyr Phanourius. They began to pray to him with tears, asking to be freed from their captivity. Each of the three had been sold to a different master, and so remained unaware of what the others were doing. the mercy of God, each of the priests was allowed by his master to pray at the restored church of Saint Phanourius. All three arrived at the same time and prostrated themselves before the icon of the saint, asking to be delivered from the hands of the Hagarenes (Moslems, descendents of Hagar). Somewhat consoled, the priests left the church and returned to their masters. night Saint Phanourius appeared to the three masters and ordered them to set the priests free so that they could serve the Church, or he would punish them. The Moslems ignored the saint’s warning, believing the vision to be the result of sorcery. The cruel masters bound the priests with chains and treated them even worse than before. Saint Phanourius went to the priests and freed them from their shackles, promising that they would be freed the next day. Appearing once more to the Moslems, the holy martyr told them severely, “If you do not release your slaves by tomorrow, you shall witness the power of God!” next morning, all the inhabitants of the homes where the priests were held awoke to find themselves blind, paralyzed, and in great pain. They considered what they were to do, and so decided to send for the priests. When the three priests arrived, they asked them whether they could heal them. The priests replied, “We will pray to God. May His will be done!” more Saint Phanourius appeared to the Hagarenes, ordering them to send to the church a document granting the priests their freedom. He told them that if they refused to do this, they would never recover their sight or health. All three masters wrote letters releasing the priests, and sent the documents to the church, where they were placed before the icon of Saint Phanourius. the messengers returned from the church, all those who had been blind and paralyzed were healed. The priests joyfully returned to Crete, carrying with them a copy of the icon of Saint Phanourius. Every year they celebrated the Feast of Saint Phanourius with deep gratitude for their miraculous deliverance. saint’s name sounds similar to the Greek verb “phanerono,” which means “to reveal” or “to disclose.” For this reason, people pray to Saint Phanourius to help them find lost objects. When the object is recovered, they bake a sweet bread and share it with the poor, offering prayers for the salvation of saint’s mother. Her name is not known, but according to tradition, she was a sinful woman during her life. Saint Phanourius has promised to help those who pray for his mother in this way.

Constantinople, 1490-1510, Appearances of St Phanourius to free the priests,
Ephesus, 1490-1510, Appearances of St Phanourius to free the priests so happened that three young deacons had traveled from Crete to Kythera to be ordained to the holy priesthood. On their way back, they were captured at sea by Moslems who brought them to Rhodes to be sold as slaves. Lamenting their fate, the three new priests wept day and night. in Rhodes the priests heard of the miracles performed by the holy Great Martyr Phanourius. They began to pray to him with tears, asking to be freed from their captivity. Each of the three had been sold to a different master, and so remained unaware of what the others were doing. the mercy of God, each of the priests was allowed by his master to pray at the restored church of Saint Phanourius. All three arrived at the same time and prostrated themselves before the icon of the saint, asking to be delivered from the hands of the Hagarenes (Moslems, descendents of Hagar). Somewhat consoled, the priests left the church and returned to their masters. night Saint Phanourius appeared to the three masters and ordered them to set the priests free so that they could serve the Church, or he would punish them. The Moslems ignored the saint’s warning, believing the vision to be the result of sorcery. The cruel masters bound the priests with chains and treated them even worse than before. Saint Phanourius went to the priests and freed them from their shackles, promising that they would be freed the next day. Appearing once more to the Moslems, the holy martyr told them severely, “If you do not release your slaves by tomorrow, you shall witness the power of God!” next morning, all the inhabitants of the homes where the priests were held awoke to find themselves blind, paralyzed, and in great pain. They considered what they were to do, and so decided to send for the priests. When the three priests arrived, they asked them whether they could heal them. The priests replied, “We will pray to God. May His will be done!” more Saint Phanourius appeared to the Hagarenes, ordering them to send to the church a document granting the priests their freedom. He told them that if they refused to do this, they would never recover their sight or health. All three masters wrote letters releasing the priests, and sent the documents to the church, where they were placed before the icon of Saint Phanourius. the messengers returned from the church, all those who had been blind and paralyzed were healed. The priests joyfully returned to Crete, carrying with them a copy of the icon of Saint Phanourius. Every year they celebrated the Feast of Saint Phanourius with deep gratitude for their miraculous deliverance. Rhodes; knights of Rhodes; St Phanourius, Commemorated on August 27 ; know nothing for certain about the background of Saint Phanourius, nor exactly when he lived. Tradition says that when the island of Rhodes had been conquered by Moslems, the new ruler of the island wished to rebuild the walls of the city, which had been damaged in previous wars. Several ruined buildings were near the fortress, and stone from these buildings was used to repair the walls at the end of the fifteenth century, or the beginning of the sixteenth. working on the fortress, the Moslems uncovered the ruins of a beautiful church. Several icons, most of them badly damaged, were found on the floor. One icon, of Saint Phanourius, looked as if it had been painted that very day. The local bishop, whose name was Nilus, was called to see the icon. It said, “Saint Phanourius.” saint is depicted as a young soldier holding a cross in his right hand. On the upper part of the cross is a lighted taper. Twelve scenes from his life are shown around the border of the icon. These scenes show him being questioned by an official, being beaten with stones by soldiers, stretched out on the ground while soldiers whip him, then having his sides raked with iron hooks. He is also shown locked up in prison, standing before the official again, being burned with candles, tied to a rack, thrown to the wild animals, and being crushed by a large rock. The remaining scenes depict him standing before idols holding burning coals in his hands, while a demon stands by lamenting his defeat by the saint, and finally, the saint stands in the midst of a fire with his arms raised in prayer. scenes clearly revealed that the saint was a martyr. Bishop Nilus sent representatives to the Moslem ruler, asking that he be permitted to restore the church. Permission was denied, so the bishop went to Constantinople and there he obtained a decree allowing him to rebuild the church. that time, there was no Orthodox bishop on the island of Crete. Since Crete was under the control of Venice, there was a Latin bishop. The Venetians refused to allow a successor to be consecrated when an Orthodox bishop died, or for new priests to be ordained, hoping that in time they would be able to convert the Orthodox population to Catholicism. Those seeking ordination were obliged to go to the island of Kythera. so happened that three young deacons had traveled from Crete to Kythera to be ordained to the holy priesthood. On their way back, they were captured at sea by Moslems who brought them to Rhodes to be sold as slaves. Lamenting their fate, the three new priests wept day and night. in Rhodes the priests heard of the miracles performed by the holy Great Martyr Phanourius. They began to pray to him with tears, asking to be freed from their captivity. Each of the three had been sold to a different master, and so remained unaware of what the others were doing. the mercy of God, each of the priests was allowed by his master to pray at the restored church of Saint Phanourius. All three arrived at the same time and prostrated themselves before the icon of the saint, asking to be delivered from the hands of the Hagarenes (Moslems, descendents of Hagar). Somewhat consoled, the priests left the church and returned to their masters. night Saint Phanourius appeared to the three masters and ordered them to set the priests free so that they could serve the Church, or he would punish them. The Moslems ignored the saint’s warning, believing the vision to be the result of sorcery. The cruel masters bound the priests with chains and treated them even worse than before. Saint Phanourius went to the priests and freed them from their shackles, promising that they would be freed the next day. Appearing once more to the Moslems, the holy martyr told them severely, “If you do not release your slaves by tomorrow, you shall witness the power of God!” next morning, all the inhabitants of the homes where the priests were held awoke to find themselves blind, paralyzed, and in great pain. They considered what they were to do, and so decided to send for the priests. When the three priests arrived, they asked them whether they could heal them. The priests replied, “We will pray to God. May His will be done!” more Saint Phanourius appeared to the Hagarenes, ordering them to send to the church a document granting the priests their freedom. He told them that if they refused to do this, they would never recover their sight or health. All three masters wrote letters releasing the priests, and sent the documents to the church, where they were placed before the icon of Saint Phanourius. the messengers returned from the church, all those who had been blind and paralyzed were healed. The priests joyfully returned to Crete, carrying with them a copy of the icon of Saint Phanourius. Every year they celebrated the Feast of Saint Phanourius with deep gratitude for their miraculous deliverance. saint’s name sounds similar to the Greek verb “phanerono,” which means “to reveal” or “to disclose.” For this reason, people pray to Saint Phanourius to help them find lost objects. When the object is recovered, they bake a sweet bread and share it with the poor, offering prayers for the salvation of saint’s mother. Her name is not known, but according to tradition, she was a sinful woman during her life. Saint Phanourius has promised to help those who pray for his mother in this way. St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Translation of the Filersk Icon of the Mother of God; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9

Constantinople, 1500-1599, 16th Century Folder, Ottoman E., Suleiman the Magnificent

Constantinople, 1512-1520, Selim I, Ottoman Sultan, Calif, e expansion, including Egypt Mamluk's, guardian p routes
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1512-1520, Selim I, Islam Calif; I (10 October 1470 - 22 September 1520), known as Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute[3], was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520.[4] lasting only eight years, his reign is notable for the enormous expansion of the Empire, particularly his conquest between 1516 and 1517 of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, which included all of the Levant, Hejaz, Tihamah, and Egypt itself. the eve of his death in 1520, the Ottoman Empire spanned about 576,900 sq mi (1,494,000 km2), having grown by seventy percent during Selim's reign.[4] conquest of the Middle Eastern heartlands of the Muslim world, and particularly his assumption of the role of guardian of the pilgrimage routes to Mecca and Medina, established the Ottoman Empire as the most prestigious of all Muslim states. conquests dramatically shifted the empire's geographical and cultural center of gravity away from the Balkans and toward the Middle East. the eighteenth century, Selim's conquest of the Mamluk Sultanate had come to be romanticized as the moment when the Ottomans seized leadership over the rest of the Muslim world, and consequently Selim is popularly remembered as the first legitimate Ottoman Caliph, although stories of an official transfer of the caliphal office from the Mamluk Abbasid dynasty to the Ottomans were a later invention.[5] Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 19; St Stephen Stiljianovitch of Serbia, Commemorated on October 4; Monkmartyr James of Prodromou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 1 ; St Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Dionysius of Olympus, Commemorated on January 24; New Martyr John the New of Epirus, Commemorated on April 18; New Martyr John the New of Epirus, Commemorated on April 18; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26;

Constantinople, 1520-1566, Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman Empire, Sultan, Islam Calif, Lawgiver, apex of power
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1520-1566, Suleiman the Magnificent, Islam Calif ; I (6 November 1494 – 6 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in the West and Suleiman the Lawgiver in his realm, was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566.[2]:541–45 Under his administration, the Ottoman caliphate ruled over at least 25 million people. succeeded his father as sultan in September 1520 and began his reign with campaigns against the Christian powers in central Europe and the Mediterranean. fell to him in 1521 and the island of Rhodes in 1522–23. At Mohács, in August 1526, Suleiman broke the military strength of Hungary. became a prominent monarch of 16th-century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's economic, military and political power. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies in conquering the Christian strongholds of Belgrade and Rhodes as well as most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the Siege of Vienna in 1529. annexed much of the Middle East in his conflict with the Safavids and large areas of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and through the Persian Gulf.[3]:61 the helm of an expanding empire, Suleiman personally instituted major judicial changes relating to society, education, taxation and criminal law. His reforms, carried out in conjunction with the empire's chief judicial official Ebussuud Efendi, harmonized the relationship between the two forms of Ottoman law: sultanic (Kanun) and religious (Sharia).[4] was a distinguished poet and goldsmith; he also became a great patron of culture, overseeing the "Golden" age of the Ottoman Empire in its artistic, literary and architectural development.[5] with Ottoman tradition, Suleiman married Hürrem Sultan, a woman from his harem, an Orthodox Christian of Ruthenian origin who converted to Islam, and who became famous in the West by the name Roxelana, due to her red hair. son Selim II succeeded Suleiman following his death in 1566 after 46 years of rule. other potential heirs, Mehmed and Mustafa, had died; the former had died from smallpox, and the latter had been strangled to death 13 years earlier at the sultan's order. His other son Bayezid was executed in 1561 on Suleiman's orders, along with Bayezid's four sons, after a rebellion. scholars prefer "crisis and adaptation" rather than decline after his death,[6][7][8] the end of Suleiman's reign was a watershed in Ottoman history. the decades after Suleiman, the empire began to experience significant political, institutional, and economic changes, a phenomenon often referred to as the Transformation of the Ottoman Empire.[9]:11 [10] Hieromartyr Nicodemus of Meteora, Commemorated August 16 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16; New Martyr John the New of Epirus, Commemorated on April 18 ; Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated September 8 ; St Bessarion, Archbishop of Larissa, Commemorated on September 15; Monkmartyr James of Prodromou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 1 ; Venerable Dionysius of Olympus, Commemorated on January 24; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18; Martyr Philothea the Monastic, Commemorated on February 19; Monkmartyr Damian of Philotheou, Commemorated on February 23; New Martyr John the New of Epirus, Commemorated on April 18; St Basil the Bishop of Ostrog in Montenegro, Serbia, Commemorated on April 29; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Leontius the Hagiorite, Commemorated on June 18 ;

Constantinople, 1559-1602, Neophytus, Metropolitan of Constantinople, pro western to get them to Crusade
Constantinople Patriarch, 1559-1602, Metropolitan Neophytus of Constantinople; II was Patriarch of Constantinople twice, in 1602–03 and in 1607–12. Athenian, he served as Metropolitan of Athens from 1597 until 3 April 1602, when he was elected as Patriarch in the place of his rival, Matthew II. His tenure was cut short a year later, when he was deposed amid accusations of various scandals. He was initially exiled to Rhodes, and thence to Saint Catherine's Monastery in the Sinai.[1] was restored to the patriarchal throne on 15 October 1607, and held it for five years. his second tenure he took care of aligning church administrative practice and canon law with the contemporary needs, and took measures to replenish the patriarchal coffers.[1] was also in contact with Western potentates, including Pope Paul V and King Philip III of Spain, whom he urged to engage in a crusade to liberate the Orthodox Christians from the Ottoman Empire, going as far as to make considerable concessions to the doctrine of the Catholic Church, including recognizing papal primacy.[1] pro-Western policy and financial exactions made him many enemies, including Cyril Lucaris, who succeeded in securing his deposition in October 1612. Originally slated to be exiled to Rhodes again, he was protected by his successor, Timothy II, who had been his protégé.[1] Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on September 8;

Constantinople, 1566-1574, Selim II, Sultan, Viser controlled, HRE & Rus Treaties, Don Canal war, Lepanto loss to HRE
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1566-1574, Selim II; II (30 May 1524 – 15 December 1574), also known as SarÄ± Selim (Selim the Blond) or SarhoÅŸ Selim (Selim the Drunk),[3] was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1566 until his death in 1574. was a son of Suleiman the Magnificent and his wife Hurrem Sultan. Selim had been an unlikely candidate for the throne until his brother Mehmed died of smallpox, his half-brother Mustafa was strangled to death by the order of his father, his brother Cihangir died of grief at the news of this latter execution, and his brother Bayezid was killed on the order of his father after a rebellion against Selim. died on 15 December 1574 and was buried in Hagia Sophia. life[edit] was born in Constantinople (Istanbul), on 30 May 1524,[1] during the reign of his father Suleiman the Magnificent. His mother was Hurrem Sultan, a slave and concubine who was born an Orthodox priest's daughter in contemporary Ukraine,[4] and later was freed and became Suleiman's legal wife.[5] 1545, at Konya, Selim married[citation needed] Nurbanu Sultan, whose background is disputed. It is said that she was originally named Cecelia Venier Baffo, or Rachel, or Kale Katenou. She was the mother of Murad III, Selim's successor. Hatun, a famous poet of the sixteenth century, was a lady-in-waiting to him. ascends the throne. II gained the throne after palace intrigue and fraternal dispute, succeeding as sultan on the 7th of September 1566. Grand Vizier, Mehmed Sokollu and wife, Nurbanu Sultan, a native of what is now Bosnia and Herzegovina, controlled much of state affairs, two years after Selim's accession succeeded in concluding at Constantinople a treaty (17 February 1568) with the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian II, whereby the Emperor agreed to pay an annual present of 30,000 ducats and granted the Ottomans authority in Moldavia and Walachia.[citation needed] Agha (d. 1602), a friend to Selim and to the writer Mustafa Ali, was castrated so he could serve in Selim's harem. (Gazanfer's younger brother Cafer was also castrated, but did not survive.)[6] plan had been prepared in Constantinople for uniting the Volga and Don by a canal in order to counter Russian expansion toward the Ottomans' northern frontier. the summer of 1569 a large force of Janissaries and cavalry were sent to lay siege to Astrakhan and begin the canal works, while an Ottoman fleet besieged Azov. However, a sortie from the Astrakhan garrison drove back the besiegers. A Russian relief army of 15,000 attacked and scattered the workmen and the Tatar force sent for their protection. The Ottoman fleet was then destroyed by a storm. in 1570 the ambassadors of Ivan IV of Russia concluded at Istanbul a treaty that restored friendly relations between the Sultan and the Tsar.[citation needed] in the Hejaz and Yemen were more successful,[further explanation needed] the conquest of Cyprus in 1571,[7] led to the naval defeat[how?] against Spain and Italian states in the Battle of Lepanto in the same year. the historic Battle of Naupaktos or Battle of Lepanto, on 7 October 1571, the Holy League defeated the Ottoman navy decisively; the Holy League sank or destroyed 50 Ottoman ships and captured 117 galleys and 20 galliots, 30,000 Turks were lost in battle, 10,000 Turks were taken prisoners, and many thousands of Christian slaves were rescued. The Holy League lost about 7,500 men. Empire's shattered fleets were soon restored (in just six months, it consisted of about 150 galleys and eight galleasses), and the Ottomans maintained control of the eastern Mediterranean (1573). In August 1574, months before Selim's death, the Ottomans regained control of Tunis from Spain, which had captured it in 1572. is known for restoring to Mahidevran Sultan her status and her wealth. He also built the tomb of his eldest brother, Åžehzade Mustafa, who was executed in 1553. the famine of 1573, due to severe cold the farmers of that time did not provide good for the people. Selim gave people food and vegetables in the food kitchen. [8] In April 1574, a fire broke in the printing house of Topkapi Palace and burned many rooms including the cooks and maids were burned and the kitchen was also burned. [8] A few days later the captain, the Janissary, Istanbul lord and Mimar Sinan determined the location and size of the new kitchens to come to the fire. Mimar Sinan AÄŸa cleaned the fireplace of the building of the official building (design) of Üsub-ı ahar. The construction of the new MatbalÄ±- Amir, which is broader and longer than the previous one, was taken from Divan-Ä± Ali Square. [8] Selim II receiving the Safavid ambassador in the palace at Edirne in 1567. century copy of the 1569 Capitulations between Charles IX and Selim II. is introduced as a generous monarch who is fond of pleasure and entertainment in the sources of the period, who is fond of drink councils, enjoys the presence of scholars and poets around him, as well as musicians, wrestlers, and connoisseurs, who do not want to break the hearts of anyone. it is stated that he did not appear much in public, that his father often went to Friday and he went public and he neglected this and spent time in the palace.[1] St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Venerable Dionysius of Aegina, Commemorated on December 17; Venerable Dionysius of Olympus, Commemorated on January 24; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18; Martyr Philothea the Monastic, Commemorated on February 19; Monkmartyr Damian of Philotheou, Commemorated on February 23; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Leontius the Hagiorite, Commemorated on June 18 ;

Constantinople, 1574-1595, Murad III, Ottoman Empire, Sultan , strangled 5 brothers, wars 2 fronts, financial stress
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1574-1595, Murad III; III (4 July 1546 – 16 January 1595) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death in 1595. life[edit] in Manisa on 4 July 1546,[1] Åžehzade Murad was the oldest son of Åžehzade Selim and his powerful wife Nurbanu Sultan. He received a good education and learned Arabic and Persian language. After his ceremonial circumcision in 1557, Murad's grandfather, the Sultan Suleiman I, appointed him sancakbeyi (governor) of AkÅŸehir in 1558. the age of 18 he was appointed sancakbeyi of Saruhan. Suleiman died (1566) when Murad was 20, and his father became the new sultan, Selim II. Selim II broke with tradition by sending only his oldest son out of the palace to govern a province, assigning Murad to Manisa.[2]:21–22 died in 1574 and was succeeded by Murad, who began his reign by having his five younger brothers strangled.[3] authority was undermined by harem influences – more specifically, those of his mother and later of his favorite wife Safiye Sultan, often to the detriment of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha's influence on the court.[4] Selim II power had only been maintained by the genius of the powerful Grand Vizier, Mehmed Sokollu, who remained in office until his assassination in October 1579. Murad's reign the northern borders with the Habsburg Monarchy were defended by the Bosnian governor Hasan PredojeviÄ‡. The reign of Murad III was marked by exhausting wars on the empire's western and eastern fronts. The Ottomans also suffered defeats in battles such as the Battle of Sisak. with the Safavids[edit] Ottoman Empire reached its greatest extent in the Middle East under Murad III. Ottomans had been at peace with the neighbouring rivaling Safavid Empire since 1555, per the Treaty of Amasya, that for some time had settled border disputes. in 1577 Murad declared war, starting the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–90), seeking to take advantage of the chaos in the Safavid court after the death of Shah Tahmasp I. also tried to explore North America and make the ideas of colonizing America be more possible. However, he later abandoned all of these ideas after the Spanish navy responded by a naval attack on the Ottoman ships trying to explore North America.[citation needed] was influenced by viziers Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha and Sinan Pasha and disregarded the opposing counsel of Grand Vizier Sokollu. Murad also fought the Safavids which would drag on for 12 years, ending with the Treaty of Constantinople (1590), which resulted in temporary significant territorial gains for the Ottomans.[2]:198–199 Affairs[edit] reign was a time of financial stress for the Ottoman state. To keep up with changing military techniques, the Ottomans trained infantrymen in the use of firearms, paying them directly from the treasury. By 1580 an influx of silver from the New World had caused high inflation and social unrest, especially among Janissaries and government officials who were paid in debased currency. from the resulting rebellions, coupled with the pressure of over-population, was especially felt in Anatolia.[2]:24 Competition for positions within the government grew fierce, leading to bribery and corruption. and Habsburg sources accuse Murad himself of accepting enormous bribes, including 20,000 ducats from a statesman in exchange for the governorship of Tripoli and Tunisia, thus outbidding a rival who had tried bribing the Grand Vizier.[2]:35 his period, excessive inflation was experienced, the value of silver money was constantly played, food prices increased. 400 dirhams should be cut from 600 dirhams of silver, while 800 was cut, which meant 100 percent inflation. For the same reason, the purchasing power of wage earners was halved, and the consequence was an uprising. [5] Pact[edit] envoys and letters were exchanged between Elizabeth I and Sultan Murad III.[6]:39 In one correspondence, Murad entertained the notion that Islam and Protestantism had "much more in common than either did with Roman Catholicism, as both rejected the worship of idols", and argued for an alliance between England and the Ottoman Empire.[6]:40 To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead (for cannon-casting) and ammunition from the Ottoman Empire, and Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as Francis Walsingham was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy.[6]:41 This diplomacy would be continued under Murad's successor Mehmed III, by both the sultan and Safiye Sultan alike. life[edit] the example of his father Selim II, Murad was the second Ottoman sultan who never went on campaign during his reign, instead spending it entirely in Constantinople. During the final years of his reign, he did not even leave TopkapÄ± Palace. For two consecutive years he did not attend the Friday procession to the imperial mosque—an unprecedented breaking of custom. The Ottoman historian Mustafa Selaniki wrote that whenever Murad planned to go out to Friday prayer, he changed his mind after hearing of alleged plots by the Janissaries to dethrone him once he left the palace.[7] Murad withdrew from his subjects and spent the majority of his reign keeping to the company of few people and abiding by a daily routine structured by the five daily Islamic prayers. Murad's personal physician Domenico Hierosolimitano described a typical day in the life of the sultan: the morning he rises at dawn to say his prayer for half an hour, then for another half-hour he writes. Then he is given something pleasant as a collation, and afterwards sets himself to read for another hour. Then he begins to give audience to the members of the Divan on the four days of the week that this occurs, as had been said above. Then he goes for a walk through the garden, taking pleasure in the delight of fountains and animals for another hour, taking with him the dwarves, buffoons and others to entertain him. Then he goes back once again to studying until he considers the time for lunch has arrived. He stays at table only half an hour, and rises (to go) once again into the garden for as long as he pleases. Then he goes to say his midday prayer. Then he stops to pass the time and amuse himself with the women, and he will stay one or two hours with them, when it is time to say the evening prayer. Then he returns to his apartments or, if it pleases him more, he stays in the garden reading or passing the time until evening with the dwarfs and buffoons, and then he returns to say his prayers, that is at nightfall. Then he dines and takes more time over dinner than over lunch, making conversation until two hours after dark, until it is time for prayer [...] He never fails to observe this schedule every day.[2]:29–30 sedentary lifestyle and lack of participation in military campaigns earned him the disapproval of Mustafa Âlî and Mustafa Selaniki, the major Ottoman historians who lived during his reign. Their negative portrayals of Murad influenced later historians.[2]:17–19 Both historians also accused Murad of sexual excess. St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Venerable Dionysius of Aegina, Commemorated on December 17; Venerable Dionysius of Olympus, Commemorated on January 24; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18; Martyr Philothea the Monastic, Commemorated on February 19; New Martyr John Kalphes, the Apprentice, Commemorated on February 26;

Constantinople, 1595-1603, Mehmed III, Ottoman, Sultan , k 19 brothers, cruel, war Austria, a England
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1595-1603, Mehmed III ; Mehmed III ( 26 May 1566-“ 22 December 1603) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1595 until his death in 1603. Early life[edit] Mehmed was born at the Manisa Palace in 1566, during the reign of his great-grandfather, Suleiman the Magnificent. He was the son of Murad III, himself the son of Selim II, who was the son of Sultan Suleiman and Hurrem Sultan. His mother was Safiye Sultan, an Albanian from the Dukagjin highlands.[1] His great-grandfather died the year he was born and his grandfather became the new sultan, Selim II. His grandfather Selim II died when Mehmed was eight, and Mehmed's father, Murad III, became sultan in 1574. Murad died in 1595, when Mehmed was 28 years old. Mehmed spent most of his time in Manisa with his father Murad and mother Safiye, his first teacher Ibrahim Efendi. His circumcision took place on 29 May 1582 when he was 16 years old.[2] Reign[edit] Fratricide[edit] Upon ascending to the throne, Mehmed III ordered that all of his nineteen brothers be executed.[3][4] They were strangled by his royal executioners, many of whom were deaf, mute or 'half-witted' to ensure absolute loyalty.[5] Fratricidal successions were not unprecedented, as sultans would often have dozens of children with their concubines. Mehmed III remains notorious even in Ottoman history for his cruelty. Power struggle in Constantinople[edit] Mehmed III was an idle ruler, leaving government to his mother Safiye Sultan, the valide sultan.[6][unreliable source] His first major problem was the rivalry between two of his viziers, Serdar Ferhad Pasha and Koca Sinan Pasha, and their supporters. His mother and her son-in-law Damat Ibrahim Pasha supported Koca Sinan Pasha and prevented Mehmed III from taking control of the issue himself. The issue grew to cause major disturbances by janissaries. On 7 July 1595, Mehmed III finally sacked Serdar Ferhad Pasha from the position of Grand Vizier due to his failure in Wallachia and replaced him with Sinan.[7] Austro-Hungarian War[edit] Mehmed III accepting the surrender of Eger, 1596 The major event of his reign was the Austro-Ottoman War in Hungary (1593-“1606). Ottoman defeats in the war caused Mehmed III to take personal command of the army, the first sultan to do so since Suleiman I in 1566. Accompanied by the Sultan, the Ottomans conquered Eger in 1596. Upon hearing of the Habsburg army's approach, Mehmed wanted to dismiss the army and return to Istanbul.[8] However, the Ottomans eventually decided to face the enemy and defeated the Habsburg and Transylvanian forces at the Battle of Keresztes[9] (known in Turkish as the Battle of Hasova), during which the Sultan had to be dissuaded from fleeing the field halfway through the battle. Upon returning to Istanbul in victory, Mehmed told his viziers that he would campaign again.[10] The next year the Venetian Bailo in Istanbul noted, "the doctors declared that the Sultan cannot leave for a war on account of his bad health, produced by excesses of eating and drinking".[11][unreliable source?] In reward for his services at the war, Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha was made Grand Vizier in 1596. However, with pressure from the court and his mother, Mehmed reinstated Damat Ibrahim Pasha to this position shortly afterward.[7] However, the victory at the Battle of Keresztes was soon set back by some important losses, including the loss of Gyr (Turkish: Yankale) to the Austrians and the defeat of the Ottoman forces led by Hafhmet Pasha by the Wallachian forces under Michael the Brave in Nikopol in 1599. In 1600, Ottoman forces under Tiryaki Hasan Pasha captured Nagykanizsa after a 40-day siege and later successfully held it against a much greater attacking force in the Siege of Nagykanizsa.[12] Jelali revolts[edit] Another major event of his reign was the Jelali revolts in Anatolia. Karayazlhalim, a former Ottoman official, captured the city of Urfa and declared himself a sultan in 1600. The rumors of his claim to the throne spread to Constantinople and Mehmed ordered the rebels to be treated harshly to dispel the rumors, among these, was the execution of Hseyin Pasha, whom Karayaz Abdlhalim styled as Grand Vizier. In 1601, Abdlhalim fled to the vicinity of Samsun after being defeated by the forces under Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha, the governor of Baghdad. However, his brother, Deli Hasan, killed Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha and defeated troops under the command of Had Hsrev Pasha. He then marched on to Kahya, captured and burned the city.[7][12] Relationship with England[edit] In 1599, the fourth year of Mehmed III's reign, Queen Elizabeth I sent a convoy of gifts to the Ottoman court. These gifts were originally intended for the sultan's predecessor, Murad III, who had died before they had arrived. Included in these gifts was a large jewel-studded clockwork organ that was assembled on the slope of the Royal Private Garden by a team of engineers including Thomas Dallam. The organ took many weeks to complete and featured dancing sculptures such as a flock of blackbirds that sung and shook their wings at the end of the music.[13][14] Also among the English gifts was a ceremonial coach, accompanied by a letter from the Queen to Mehmed's mother, Safiye Sultan. These gifts were intended to cement relations between the two countries, building on the trade agreement signed in 1581 that gave English merchants priority in the Ottoman region.[15] Under the looming threat of Spanish military presence, England was eager to secure an alliance with the Ottomans, the two nations together having the capability to divide the power. Elizabeth's gifts arrived in a large 27-gun merchantman ship that Mehmed personally inspected, a clear display of English maritime strength that would prompt him to build up his fleet over the following years of his reign. The Anglo-Ottoman alliance would never be consummated, however, as relations between the nations grew stagnant due to anti-European sentiments reaped from the worsening Austro-Ottoman War and the deaths of Safiye Sultan's interpreter and the pro-English chief Hasan Pasha.[15][16] Death[edit] Mehmed died on 22 December 1603 at the age of 37. According to one source, the cause of his death was the distress caused by the death of his son, žehzade Mahmud.[17] According to another source, he died either of plague or of stroke.[18] He was buried in Hagia Sophia Mosque. He was succeeded by his son Ahmed I as the new sultan. St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated on December 4; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Leontius the Hagiorite, Commemorated on June 18 ;

Constantinople, 1600-1699, 17th Century Folder, Ottoman E., Sunni Shia (Ottoman Sarafid) War

Constantinople, 1603-1617, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Ahmed I, ended royal fratricide, didn't execute brothers, c Blue Mosque
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1603-1617, Ahmed I ; I (April 1590 - 22 November 1617) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1603 until his death in 1617. reign is noteworthy for marking the first breach in the Ottoman tradition of royal fratricide; henceforth Ottoman rulers would no longer systematically execute their brothers upon accession to the throne.[2] He is also well known for his construction of the Blue Mosque, one of the most famous mosques in Turkey. Hieromartyr Kozman, Commemorated on July 18; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Hieromartyr Theodore of Kvelta, Commemorated on June 8; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21 ; Venerable Dionysius the Orator of St Anne Skete of Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 9; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Constantinople, 1612-1638, Partiarch, Cyril 1, protestant support, anti Jesuit, anti Calvinist, defender of Orthodoxy
Constantinople Partiarch, 1612-1638, Cyril 1 ; Lucaris or Loukaris (13 November 1572 - 27 June 1638), born Constantine Lucaris, was a Greek prelate and theologian, and a native of Candia, Crete (then under the Republic of Venice). He later became the Greek Patriarch of Alexandria as Cyril III and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as Cyril I. contemporaries, and some modern Calvinist writers as well, have claimed that he strove for a reform of the Eastern Orthodox Church along Protestant, Calvinist lines.[1] Attempts to bring Calvinism into the Orthodox Church were rejected, and Cyril's actions, motivations, and specific viewpoints remain a matter of debate among scholars. the Orthodox Church recognizes him as a hieromartyr and defender of the Orthodox faith against both the Jesuit Catholics and Calvinist Protestants. official glorification of Cyril Loukaris took place by decision of the Holy Synod of the Patriarchate of Alexandria on 6 October 2009, and his memory is commemorated on 27 June.[2][3] Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2;

Constantinople, 1617-1618 and 1622 - 1623, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Mustafa I, the Mad, Mother was regent
Constantinople, 1617-1618 and 1622 - 1623, Mustafa I; I (c. 1591 - 20 January 1639), called Mustafa the Saint (Veli Mustafa) during his second reign and often called Mustafa the Mad (Deli Mustafa) by modern historians, was the son of Mehmed III and was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1617 to 1618 and from 1622 to 1623. 1 Early life 2 First reign (1617–1618) 3 Deposition 4 Alleged mental instability 5 Second reign (1622–1623) 6 Deposition and last years 7 Death 8 See also 9 Notes 10 External links life[edit] was born in the Manisa Palace, as the younger brother of Ahmed I (1603–1617). His mother was Halime Sultan, an Abkhazian lady.[1] 1603 it was customary for an Ottoman Sultan to have his brothers executed shortly after he gained the throne (Mustafa's father Mehmed III had executed 19 of his own brothers). But when the thirteen-year-old Ahmed I was enthroned in 1603, he spared the life of the twelve-year-old Mustafa.[2] factor in Mustafa's survival is the influence of Kosem Sultan (Ahmed's favorite consort), who may have wished to preempt the succession of Osman, Ahmed’s first-born son from another concubine. Osman became Sultan, he would likely try to execute his half-brothers, the sons of Ahmed and Kosem. (This scenario later became a reality when Osman II executed his brother Mehmed in 1621.[3]) However, the reports of foreign ambassadors suggest that Ahmed actually liked his brother.[4] Ahmed's death in 1617, Mustafa lived in the Old Palace, along with his mother, and grandmother Safiye Sultan.[5] reign (1617–1618)[edit] death created a dilemma never before experienced by the Ottoman Empire. Multiple princes were now eligible for the Sultanate, and all of them lived in TopkapÄ± Palace.[3] court faction headed by the Şeyhülislam Esad Efendi and Sofu Mehmed Pasha (who represented the Grand Vizier when he was away from Constantinople) decided to enthrone Mustafa instead of Ahmed's son Osman. Mehmed argued that Osman was too young to be enthroned without causing adverse comment among the populace. The Chief Black Eunuch Mustafa Agha objected, citing Mustafa's mental problems, but he was overruled.[6] Mustafa's rise created a new succession principle of seniority that would last until the end of the Empire. It was the first time an Ottoman Sultan was succeeded by his brother instead of his son. His mother Halime Sultan became the Valide Sultan as well as a regent and wielded great power. Due to Mustafa's mental conditions, she acted as a regent and exercised power more directly. was hoped that regular social contact would improve Mustafa's mental health, but his behavior remained eccentric. He pulled off the turbans of his viziers and yanked their beards. Others observed him throwing coins to birds and fish. The Ottoman historian Ä°brahim Peçevi wrote "this situation was seen by all men of state and the people, and they understood that he was psychologically disturbed."[7] was never more than a tool of court cliques at the TopkapÄ± Palace.[8] In 1618, after a short rule, another palace faction deposed him in favour of his young nephew Osman II (1618–1622), and Mustafa was sent back to the Old Palace. conflict between the Janissaries and Osman II presented him with a second chance. After a Janissary rebellion led to the deposition and assassination of Osman II in 1622, Mustafa was restored to the throne and held it for another year.[9] mental instability[edit] according to Baki Tezcan, there is not enough evidence to properly establish that Mustafa was mentally imbalanced when he came to the throne. Mustafa "made a number of excursions to the arsenal and the navy docks, examining various sorts of arms and taking an active interest in the munitions supply of the army and the navy." One of the dispatches of Baron de Sancy, the French ambassador, "suggested that Mustafa was interested in leading the Safavid campaign himself and was entertaining the idea of wintering in Konya for that purpose."[10] one contemporary observer provides an explanation of the coup which does not mention the incapacity of Mustafa. Baron de Sancy ascribes the deposition to a political conspiracy between the grand admiral Ali Pasha and Chief Black Eunuch Mustafa Agha, who were angered by the former's removal from office upon Sultan Mustafa's accession. They may have circulated rumors of the sultan's mental instability subsequent to the coup in order to legitimize it.[11] reign (1622–1623)[edit] commenced his reign by executing all those who had taken any share in the murder of Sultan Osman. Hoca Ömer Efendi, the chief of the rebels, the kÄ±zlar Agha Suleiman Agha, the vizier Dilaver Pasha, the Kaim-makam Ahmed Pasha, the defterdar Baki Pasha, the segban-bashi Nasuh Agha, and the general of the janissaries Ali Agha, were cut into pieces.[12][non-primary source needed] epithet "Veli" (meaning "saint") was used in reference to him during his reign.[13] mental condition unimproved, Mustafa was a puppet controlled by his mother and brother-in-law, the grand vizier Kara Davud Pasha. He believed that Osman II was still alive and was seen searching for him throughout the palace, knocking on doors and crying out to his nephew to relieve him from the burden of sovereignty.[14] "The present emperor being a fool" (according to English Ambassador Sir Thomas Roe), he was compared unfavorably with his predecessor.[7] In fact, it was his mother Halime Sultan the de facto-co-ruler as Valide Sultan of the Ottoman empire. and last years[edit] instability was generated by conflict between the Janissaries and the sipahis (Ottoman cavalry), followed by the Abaza rebellion, which occurred when the governor-general of Erzurum, Abaza Mehmed Pasha, decided to march to Istanbul to avenge the murder of Osman II. The regime tried to end the conflict by executing Kara Davud Pasha, but Abaza Mehmed continued his advance. Clerics and the new Grand Vizier (KemankeÅŸ Kara Ali Pasha) prevailed upon Mustafa's mother to allow the deposition of her son. She agreed, on condition that Mustafa's life would be spared.[3][15] 11-year-old Murad IV, son of Ahmed I and Kösem, was enthroned on 10 September 1623. In return for her consent to his deposition, the request of Mustafa's mother that he be spared execution was granted.[16] Mustafa was sent along with his mother to the Eski (old) Palace.[17] source states that Mustafa was executed by the orders of his nephew, Sultan Murad IV on 20 January 1640 in order to end the Ottoman dynasty and prevented to give power to his mother Kösem Sultan. Another source states that he died of epilepsy which was caused by being imprisoned for 34 years out of his 48 years of life. He is buried in the courtyard of the Haghia Sophia.[18]

Constantinople, 1618-1622, Ottoman Sultan, Osman II. educated, polish c, g winter, Janissari coffee houses, Killed by Js
Constantinople, 1618-1622, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Osman II; II (3 November 1604 - 20 May 1622), also known as Osman the Young, was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1618 until his regicide on 20 May 1622. life[edit] II was born at TopkapÄ± Palace, Constantinople, the son of Sultan Ahmed I (1603–17) and one of his consorts Mahfiruz Hatun. According to later traditions, at a young age, his mother had paid a great deal of attention to Osman's education, as a result of which Osman II became a known poet and would have mastered many languages, including Arabic, Persian, Greek, Latin, and Italian; this has been refuted since.[2] was born eleven months after his father Ahmed Ahmed's transition to the throne. He was trained in the palace. According to foreign observers, he was one of the most cultured of Ottoman princes. [3] failure to capture the throne at the death of his father Ahmed may have been caused by the absence of a mother to lobby in his favour; his own mother was probably already dead or in exile. Ottoman Empire in 1622, the year of the regicide of Osman II II ascended the throne at the age of 14 as the result of a coup d' etat against his uncle Mustafa I the Intestable (1617–18, 1622–23). his youth, Osman II soon sought to assert himself as a ruler, and after securing the empire's eastern border by signing a peace treaty (Treaty of Serav) with Safavid Persia, he personally led the Ottoman campaign against Poland and king Sigismund III during the Moldavian Magnate Wars.[4] to sign a humiliating peace treaty with the Poles after the Battle of Khotyn (Chocim) in September- October, 1621, Osman II returned home to Constantinople in shame, blaming the cowardice of the Janissaries and the insufficiency of his statesmen for his humiliation.[5] basic and exceptional weakness from which Osman II suffered was the conspicuous absence of a female power basis in the harem. From 1620 until Osman's death, a governess (daye hatun, lit. wet-nurse) was appointed as a stand-in valide, and she could not counterbalance the contriving of Mustafa I's mother in the Old Palace. he did have a loyal chief black eunuch at his side, this could not compensate for the absence of what in the politics of that period was a winning combination, valide sultan–chief black eunuch, especially in the case of a young and very ambitious ruler.[6] According to Piterberg, Osman II did not have haseki sultan, opposite with Peirce who claim that Ayse was Osman's haseki. But it is clear that Ayse could not take valide's role during her spouse's reign.[citation needed] the autumn of 1620, Ozi Beylerbeyi Iskender Pasha seized the secret letter sent by Transylvanian Prince Bethlen Gabor to Istanbul and sent it to Poland, and Osman also became a veteran of the people around him. decided to embark on a Polish expedition. [7] Continuing preparations for the Polish campaign, neither cold nor famine nor the British ambassador John Eyre could deter Osman. The ambassador of Sigismund III, the King of Poland, was brought into Istanbul despite the severe colds. The janissaries and army were not willing to go on a campaign, regardless of their conditions.[8] winter of 1621[edit] II on horseback the murder of Sehzade Mehmed on 12 January 1621, a severe snow started in Istanbul. The people of Istanbul were drastically affected by the cold, which increased local violence on 24 January 1621, more so than the palace murder. This is the biggest natural disaster that concerns the capital in Osman's four-year short reign. Bostanzade Yahya Efendi, one of those who lived through this cold, tells that the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus were covered with ice in the end of January-beginning of February: Between Uskudar and Besiktas, the men walk around and go to Uskudar. [8] They came from Istanbul on foot. And the year became a gala (famine).[8] was snowing for 15 days, that the frosts were frozen from the severity of the cold, but that the river was open between Sarayburnu and Uskudar.[8] For this natural disaster, froze in thirty thousand froze between Uskudar and Istanbul from the cold, Hasimi Celebii, The road became Uskudar, the Mediterranean froze a thousand thirty. As a result of the inconvenience of the Zahire ships, there was a complete famine in Istanbul, and 75 dirhams of bread jumped to one akche, and the oak of the meat to 15 akches.[8] Osman the Young was strangled in Yedikule Zindans in 1622 Fortress in 1685 of the entrances of the Yedikule Fortress in Istanbul, where Osman II was strangled to death by revolting Janissaries Fortress in 1827 a counterweight to Janissary influence, Osman II closed their coffee shops (the gathering points for conspiracies against the throne) and started planning to create a new and more loyal army consisting of Anatolian sekbans.[9] result was a palace uprising by the Janissaries, who promptly imprisoned the young sultan in Yedikule Fortress in Istanbul, where Osman II was strangled to death. Osman's death, his ear was cut off and represented to Halime Sultan and Sultan Mustafa I to confirm his death and Mustafa would no longer need to fear his nephew. It was the first time in the Ottoman history that a Sultan was executed by the Janissaries.[10] This disaster is one of the most discussed topics in Ottoman history. Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29;

Constantinople, 1622 - 1623, Mustafa I, 2nd reign, the Mad, Mother as regent
Constantinople, 1617-1618 and 1622 - 1623, Mustafa I; I (c. 1591 - 20 January 1639), called Mustafa the Saint (Veli Mustafa) during his second reign and often called Mustafa the Mad (Deli Mustafa) by modern historians, was the son of Mehmed III and was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1617 to 1618 and from 1622 to 1623. 1 Early life 2 First reign (1617–1618) 3 Deposition 4 Alleged mental instability 5 Second reign (1622–1623) 6 Deposition and last years 7 Death 8 See also 9 Notes 10 External links life[edit] was born in the Manisa Palace, as the younger brother of Ahmed I (1603–1617). His mother was Halime Sultan, an Abkhazian lady.[1] 1603 it was customary for an Ottoman Sultan to have his brothers executed shortly after he gained the throne (Mustafa's father Mehmed III had executed 19 of his own brothers). But when the thirteen-year-old Ahmed I was enthroned in 1603, he spared the life of the twelve-year-old Mustafa.[2] factor in Mustafa's survival is the influence of Kosem Sultan (Ahmed's favorite consort), who may have wished to preempt the succession of Osman, Ahmed’s first-born son from another concubine. Osman became Sultan, he would likely try to execute his half-brothers, the sons of Ahmed and Kosem. (This scenario later became a reality when Osman II executed his brother Mehmed in 1621.[3]) However, the reports of foreign ambassadors suggest that Ahmed actually liked his brother.[4] Ahmed's death in 1617, Mustafa lived in the Old Palace, along with his mother, and grandmother Safiye Sultan.[5] reign (1617–1618)[edit] death created a dilemma never before experienced by the Ottoman Empire. Multiple princes were now eligible for the Sultanate, and all of them lived in TopkapÄ± Palace.[3] court faction headed by the Şeyhülislam Esad Efendi and Sofu Mehmed Pasha (who represented the Grand Vizier when he was away from Constantinople) decided to enthrone Mustafa instead of Ahmed's son Osman. Mehmed argued that Osman was too young to be enthroned without causing adverse comment among the populace. The Chief Black Eunuch Mustafa Agha objected, citing Mustafa's mental problems, but he was overruled.[6] Mustafa's rise created a new succession principle of seniority that would last until the end of the Empire. It was the first time an Ottoman Sultan was succeeded by his brother instead of his son. His mother Halime Sultan became the Valide Sultan as well as a regent and wielded great power. Due to Mustafa's mental conditions, she acted as a regent and exercised power more directly. was hoped that regular social contact would improve Mustafa's mental health, but his behavior remained eccentric. He pulled off the turbans of his viziers and yanked their beards. Others observed him throwing coins to birds and fish. The Ottoman historian Ä°brahim Peçevi wrote "this situation was seen by all men of state and the people, and they understood that he was psychologically disturbed."[7] was never more than a tool of court cliques at the TopkapÄ± Palace.[8] In 1618, after a short rule, another palace faction deposed him in favour of his young nephew Osman II (1618–1622), and Mustafa was sent back to the Old Palace. conflict between the Janissaries and Osman II presented him with a second chance. After a Janissary rebellion led to the deposition and assassination of Osman II in 1622, Mustafa was restored to the throne and held it for another year.[9] mental instability[edit] according to Baki Tezcan, there is not enough evidence to properly establish that Mustafa was mentally imbalanced when he came to the throne. Mustafa "made a number of excursions to the arsenal and the navy docks, examining various sorts of arms and taking an active interest in the munitions supply of the army and the navy." One of the dispatches of Baron de Sancy, the French ambassador, "suggested that Mustafa was interested in leading the Safavid campaign himself and was entertaining the idea of wintering in Konya for that purpose."[10] one contemporary observer provides an explanation of the coup which does not mention the incapacity of Mustafa. Baron de Sancy ascribes the deposition to a political conspiracy between the grand admiral Ali Pasha and Chief Black Eunuch Mustafa Agha, who were angered by the former's removal from office upon Sultan Mustafa's accession. They may have circulated rumors of the sultan's mental instability subsequent to the coup in order to legitimize it.[11] reign (1622–1623)[edit] commenced his reign by executing all those who had taken any share in the murder of Sultan Osman. Hoca Ömer Efendi, the chief of the rebels, the kÄ±zlar Agha Suleiman Agha, the vizier Dilaver Pasha, the Kaim-makam Ahmed Pasha, the defterdar Baki Pasha, the segban-bashi Nasuh Agha, and the general of the janissaries Ali Agha, were cut into pieces.[12][non-primary source needed] epithet "Veli" (meaning "saint") was used in reference to him during his reign.[13] mental condition unimproved, Mustafa was a puppet controlled by his mother and brother-in-law, the grand vizier Kara Davud Pasha. He believed that Osman II was still alive and was seen searching for him throughout the palace, knocking on doors and crying out to his nephew to relieve him from the burden of sovereignty.[14] "The present emperor being a fool" (according to English Ambassador Sir Thomas Roe), he was compared unfavorably with his predecessor.[7] In fact, it was his mother Halime Sultan the de facto-co-ruler as Valide Sultan of the Ottoman empire. and last years[edit] instability was generated by conflict between the Janissaries and the sipahis (Ottoman cavalry), followed by the Abaza rebellion, which occurred when the governor-general of Erzurum, Abaza Mehmed Pasha, decided to march to Istanbul to avenge the murder of Osman II. The regime tried to end the conflict by executing Kara Davud Pasha, but Abaza Mehmed continued his advance. Clerics and the new Grand Vizier (KemankeÅŸ Kara Ali Pasha) prevailed upon Mustafa's mother to allow the deposition of her son. She agreed, on condition that Mustafa's life would be spared.[3][15] 11-year-old Murad IV, son of Ahmed I and Kösem, was enthroned on 10 September 1623. In return for her consent to his deposition, the request of Mustafa's mother that he be spared execution was granted.[16] Mustafa was sent along with his mother to the Eski (old) Palace.[17] source states that Mustafa was executed by the orders of his nephew, Sultan Murad IV on 20 January 1640 in order to end the Ottoman dynasty and prevented to give power to his mother Kösem Sultan. Another source states that he died of epilepsy which was caused by being imprisoned for 34 years out of his 48 years of life. He is buried in the courtyard of the Haghia Sophia.[18]

Constantinople, 1623-1640, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Murad IV, Ottoman Safavid War (1623-1639)
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1623-1640, Murad IV; IV (Turkish: IV. Murad, 27 July 1612 - 8 February 1640) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods. IV was born in Constantinople, the son of Sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603–17) and Kosem Sultan.[2] He was brought to power by a palace conspiracy in 1623, and he succeeded his uncle Mustafa I (r. 1617–18, 1622–23). was only 11 when he ascended the throne. His reign is most notable for the Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639), of which the outcome would partition the Caucasus between the two Imperial powers for around two centuries, while it also roughly laid the foundation for the current Turkey–Iran–Iraq borders. The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Hieromartyr Kozman, Commemorated on July 18; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Constantinople, 1623, Partiarch, Anthimus II, catholic support, Orthodox, false credit instruments 20,000 L, deposed by Cyril
Constantinople Partiarch, 1623, Anthimus II ; II was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople for a few months in 1623. was born in Constantinople to a noble and rich family. Before he was elected as Patriarch of Constantinople he was Metropolitan of Adrianople.[1] short reign has to be considered in the context of the clash between the pro-Calvinist Patriarch Cyril Lucaris, supported by the Dutch and English ambassadors, and his opponents supported by the French, Austrian and Venetian ambassadors to the Ottoman capital. latter were successful at persuading the Grand Vizier to depose Cyril Lucaris on 12 April 1623 and to appoint in his place the blind and old Gregory IV. The Metropolitans and the bishops were unsatisfied with Gregory IV because he had not been canonically elected by the Holy Synod. Thus on 18 June 1623 the Holy Synod deposed Gregory IV and formally elected Anthimus II as Patriarch of Constantinople.[2] II, even if politically supported by the Catholic governments, remained a strong and good Orthodox.[3] sent metropolitans to Rhodes, where Lucaris was temporarily exiled, to persuade him to retire to Mount Athos, but without success. On the contrary, Lucaris, thanks to the Calvinist Dutch ambassador, returned to Constantinople and produced false instruments of credit for 20,000 Livres on the Patriarchate.[3] could not find such large amount and was forced to abdicate on 22 September 1623.[3] Subsequently, Lucaris returned on the patriarchal throne for the third time. his resignation, Anthimus retired on Mount Athos where he died in 1628.[1] Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2;

Constantinople, 1634-1652, Athanasius III, St. Athanasius of Lubensk, writer, urged Tsar unite with Cossack's
Constantinople, 1634-1652, Athanasius III of Constantinople, St. Athanasius of Lubensk; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; At the request of Patriarch Nikon, Athanasius wrote The Ordo of the Episcopal Liturgy in the East, which underlined the Muscovian edited Archieratikon of the Episcopal Service, which is used by the Russian Church to date.[2] Athanasius delivered the Tsar a notebook in which he stated his main reason for his visit to Moscow; that is, to arouse the Tsar unite with Moldavia and the Cossack Hetmanate for a future war with the Turks, after which the Tsar should become the new Roman Emperor, and the Moscow Patriarch “ the new Ecumenical Patriarch.

Constantinople, 1640-1648, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire, the Mad, incompetent
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1640-1648, Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire; (5 November 1615 - 18 August 1648) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1640 until 1648. He was born in İstanbul, the son of Ahmed I by Valide Kösem Sultan, an ethnic Greek originally named Anastasia.[1][2][3] was called "Deli Ibrahim" ("Ibrahim the Mad") due to his mental condition and behavior.[4] However Scott Rank notes that his opponents spread rumors of the sultan's insanity, and some historians suggest he was more incompetent than mad.[5] New-martyr John of Thasos, Commemorated on December 20; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12;

Constantinople, 1648-1687, Sultan, Mehmed IV, long reign, empire reached height of European territorial expansion
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1648-1687, Mehmed IV; IV (2 January 1642 -6 January 1693) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687. He came to the throne at the age of six after his father was overthrown in a coup. Mehmed went on to become the second longest reigning sultan in Ottoman history after Suleiman the Magnificent.[1] While the initial and final years of his reign were characterized by military defeat and political instability, during his middle years he oversaw the revival of the empire's fortunes associated with the K era. Mehmed IV was known by contemporaries as a particularly pious ruler, and was referred to as gazi, or "holy warrior" for his role in the many conquests carried out during his long reign.[2] his reign the empire reached the height of its territorial expansion in Europe. From a young age he developed a keen interest in hunting, for which he is known as the hunter.[1] In 1687 Mehmed was overthrown by soldiers disenchanted by the course of the ongoing War of the Holy League. He subsequently retired to Edirne, where he resided until his natural death in 1693.[1] Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks Pochaev Icon of the Mother of God is among the most revered sacred objects of the Orthodox Church. Located in the Dormition Cathedral at Pochaev, Ukraine, the Icon is reknowned throughout the entire Slavic world, and is venerated in Russia, Bosnia, Serbia, Bulgaria, and in other places. Christians of other confessions also venerate the Pochaev Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos. The wonderworking Icon has been treasured at the Pochaev Lavra for over 400 years. miracles have taken place before the holy Icon, and these are recorded in special books at the monastery. The books contain the personal testimonies of people who prayed before the Pochaev Icon and were healed of their illnesses, delivered from unclean spirits, or freed from captivity. Many sinners were also brought to repentance. Feast Day in honor of the Pochaev Icon of the Mother of God was appointed to commemorate the deliverance of the Dormition Lavra from a siege by the Turks on July 20-23, 1675. the summer of 1675 during the Zbarazhsk War with the Turks, in the reign of the Polish King Jan Sobesski (1674-1696), regiments composed of Tatars under the command of Khan Nurredin via Vishnevets fell upon the Pochaev monastery, surrounding it on three sides. The weak monastery walls and its stone buildings did not offer much protection against a siege. Igoumen Joseph Dobromirsky urged the brethren and laypeople to pray to their heavenly intercessors, the Most Holy Theotokos and Saint Job of Pochaev (October 28). monks and the people prayed fervently, prostrating themselves before the wonderworking Icon of the Mother of God, and the reliquary containing the relics of Saint Job. At sunrise on the morning of July 23, as the Tatars prepared to attack the monastery, the Igoumen ordered an Akathist to the Theotokos to be sung. At the opening words, “O Queen of the Heavenly Hosts,” the Mother of God suddenly appeared over the church, in “an unfurled radiant white omaphorion,” with angels holding unsheathed swords. Saint Job stood beside the Mother of God, bowing to her and beseeching her to defend the monastery. Tatars believed that the heavenly army was a vision, and in their confusion they started shooting arrows at the Most Holy Theotokos and Saint Job, but the arrows turned backwards and wounded those who shot them. The enemy, gripped by terror, fled in panic, trampling upon and killing each other. The defenders of the monastery pursued them and took many prisoners. Later, some of the prisoners converted to the Orthodox Faith and remained at the monastery thereafter. the year 1721, Pochaev was occupied by the Uniates. Even during this difficult time for the Lavra, the monastery Chronicle lists 539 miracles of the Pochaev Icon. In the second half of the eighteenth century, a Uniate nobleman, Count Nicholas Pototski, became a benefactor of the Pochaev Lavra through the following miraculous circumstance. After accusing his coachman of overturning the carriage with runaway horses, the Count took out a pistol to shoot him. The coachman, turning towards the mountain of Pochaev, stretched out his hands and cried: "Mother of God, depicted in the Pochaev Icon, save me!” times Pototski tried to shoot the pistol, which had never failed him, but the weapon misfired and the coachman remained alive. Pototski went at once to the wonderworking Icon and resolved to devote himself and all his property to building up the monastery. With the money he contributed, the Dormition cathedral was built, as well as other buildings for the brethren. return of the Pochaev Monastery to the Orthodox Church in 1832 was marked by the miraculous healing of the blind maiden Anna Akimchukova, who had come on pilgrimage to the holy shrine along with her seventy-year-old grandmother from Kremenets-Podolsk, 200 versts away. In memory of this event, the Archbishop of Volhynia and Archimandrite Innocent of the Lavra (1832-1840) appointed that an Akathist be read on Saturdays before the wonderworking Icon. During the time of Archimandrite Agathangelus, Archbishop of Volhynia (1866-1876), a separate chapel was built in the galleries of the Holy Trinity church, which was dedicated on July 23, 1875 in memory of the victory over the Tatars. wonderworking Pochaev Icon is also commemorated on Friday of Bright Week, and on September 8. New Martyr Triandaphyllus of Stara Zagora, Commemorated on August 8 ; New Martyr Stamatius of Volos, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Gabriel I the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on October 1 ; St Demetrius of Basarabov, Commemorated on October 27; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœQuick to HearÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on November 9; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra, Commemorated on November 13; New-martyr John of Thasos, Commemorated on December 20; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Romanus the Martyr, Commemorated on January 5; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12;

Constantinople, 1657, Gabriel II, Patriarch, Serb, alms from Romania& Russia, service books for Russia, Jesuit slander, martyred
Constantinople Patriarch, 1657, Gabriel II of Constantinople; St Gabriel I the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Gabriel I, Patriarch of Serbia (family name Raicha), occupied the cathedra in the mid-seventeenth century, a time when the Moslem fanaticism had become intense. In the urgent need for both cathedral and country the saint went to collect alms at Walachia, and from there to Moscow. Moscow in 1655, he was present with the Patriarch of Antioch at a Church Council which sought to correct various aspects of church service books in accord with the Greek and Old Slavonic texts. The saint brought several manuscripts and three liturgies printed in the south as gifts to the Russian Church. saint returned to Serbia with generous alms for his Church and country. His cathedra had been given to another occupant, and moreover, Austrian Jesuits had slandered him with treason before the vizier. The saint’s innocence was obvious, because the vizier pretended he would spare his life and grant him an important official position, if the saint would betray his faith in the Savior. “I am completely innocent of state crimes,” said Saint Gabriel, “this you admit yourself. I shall never agree to save my life by betraying the Christian Faith while I remain of sound mind. Keep your riches and honors, for I don’t need them.” After harsh torture, Saint Gabriel was hanged in October 1659. the general service of the Serblyak (collective services to Serbian saints) on August 30 are also remembered: Saint Iakov, Archbishop of Serbia (February 3, 1292), the holy Bishop Gregory (a descendant of the renowned Nehemanicha lineage), and also the saints: Archbishop Savva III (1305-1316), and the Patriarchs Cyril, Nikon, John, Maximus.

Constantinople, 1664, Quick to Hear Icon, Docheiariou monastery, Mt Athos, smoke darkening, blinded, MOG quick to hear
Docheiariou monastery; Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated August 19 ; Monkmartyr James of Prodromou on Mt Athos, Commemorated November 1 ; Venerable Euthymius the Co-Founder of Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Quick to Hear", Commemorated November 9 ; wonderworking "Quick to Hear" Icon of the Mother of God is kept at Dokheiarίou Monastery on Mount Athos, and is believed to date from the XI century, during the time of Saint Neophytos, the Igoumen of the Monastery. the wonderworking Portaitissa Icon, the most famous Icon on Mount Athos is an ancient fresco of the Panagia located outside on the east wall of the trapeza, and to the right of the entrance. 1664 the Monk Neilos, the steward of the trapeza, often passed before the Icon holding a lit torch in his hand so he could carry out his duties in the trapeza. One day, he heard a voice say to him: "Do not come this way again with your torches, darkening my Icon with smoke." did not pay much attention to the voice, thinking that someone was playing a joke on him. It was not long before he heard the voice again saying, "O monk, unworthy of the name, how long will you continue to darken my Icon with smoke?" hearing the voice, Neilos was struck blind. Then he remembered that he had heard the voice before, and realized that he deserved this punishment, for he did not heed the command of the Mother of God, but had ignored it in his ignorance. next morning, the brethren found him laying on the floor of the corridor before the Icon, unable to see them. When they learned why Neilos had been punished, the monks were terrified. From that time on, they passed by the Icon with great reverence, and hung an unsleeping lamp before it. however, did not want to return to his cell. He remained before the Icon in a stasidi, calling upon the Theotokos with tears and lamentations to forgive him for the sin he had committed. He begged her to restore his sight, as a sign of her forgiveness, so that he might gaze upon her Icon and glorify her. was not disappointed in his hopes, for the Mother of God heard the prayers of her repentant servant. He heard her voice a third time, saying, "Monk, your prayer has been heard. You are forgiven, and you shall receive your sight again. Declare to the other Fathers and brethren who struggle here that I am the Mother of God, and that after God, I am the shelter and help and mighty protector of this Monastery of the Archangels, providing for it as its defender and guide. From now on, let the monks come to me for all their needs, and I will hear them quickly, as well as all Orthodox Christians who come to me with reverence, for I am called Quick to Hear." soon this miracle and the promise of the Theotokos became known throughout the Holy Mountain, and monks from the other Monasteries came to Dokheiarίou to venerate the Icon, and to see the monk who had regained his sight. The corridor was closed off and a chapel was built to house the "Quick to Hear" Icon. One of the most devout and accomplished Hieromonks is appointed to be present in the chapel. He is known as the prosmonarios, and he is there most of the time to chant Canons of Supplication before the Icon, which he censes every evening and morning, tending the chapel, and trimming the oil lamps. "Quick to Hear" Icon venerated not only on the Holy Mountain, but also by Orthodox Christians all over the world. Countless miracles of healing are worked by the Mother of God through her Holy Icon. The blind receive their sight, paralytics are healed, barren women conceive children, and captives are set free when they approach the Theotokos with faith and reverence. copy of the "Quick to Hear Icon" was painted on Mount Athos and was sent as a gift from the Russian and other devout monks of the Holy Mountain to Archbishop Tikhon (later Patriarch of Moscow) of the Aleutian Islands and North America. May of 1906 that copy of the famous "Quick to Hear” Icon at Dokheiarίou Monastery was carried to Saint Tikhon's Monastery (in Walmart, PA) in a solemn Cross Procession, along with several others, including one of the Holy Great Martyr and Healer Panteleimon. relics of several saints were placed in the Icon. These include the Holy Great Martyr Theodore Stratēlátēs (Feb. 8), Saints Cosmas and Damian the Unmercenary Physicians, Saint Gregory Palamas, Archbishop of Thessaloniki (Nov. 14), and the Holy New Martyr Constantine of Mount Athos, who was born on the island of Hydra and suffered at the hands of the Turks on the island of Rhodes on November 14, 1800. "Quick to Hear" Icon is now on the iconostasis of Saint Tikhon's Monastery church.

Constantinople, 1671-1704, Crimean Khan, Selim I Giray, 4 times Khan, first time lost to Pochaev Icon
Mongol, Crimea, 1671-1704, Crimean Khan, Selim I Giray; I Giray, Selim Khan Girai (Crimean Tatar: I Selim Geray, Turkish: 1. Selim Giray) was four times khan of the Crimean Khanate in the period from 1671 to 1704. During this time Crimean khans were regularly appointed and replaced by the Ottomans. The main events of the period were the continuing conflicts in Ukraine, the Russian capture of Azov and the Great Turkish War during which the Turks were pushed back from Vienna to about the line of Belgrade. Unlike other khans of the period, he ruled well and had no conflicts with his nobles. He was born in 1631. khans were the direct descendants of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Emperor. After the death of Genghis Khan (1227) the empire was partitioned and the part in East Europe and Northwest Asia was named Golden Horde. The Golden Horde khans embraced Islam. region which was also called Desht-i Qipchaq was the home of Kypchak Turks and the khanate was Turkified. the early 15th century Golden Horde was further partitioned. One of the parts was the Crimean Khanate founded in and around the Crimean Peninsula, modern Ukraine in 1441. 1478, Giray was the name of the dynasty of khans. However, after partitioning, the parts of the khanate were no longer the major powers in the East Europe and in 1478 after an Ottoman campaign to Cremea, the Crimean Khanate had to accept the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire. Being the main Moslem vassal of the empire, Crimean Khanate had a privileged status in the Ottoman Empire. father Bahadır I Giray (1637) was one of the many sons of Selâmet I Giray (1608). Selyamet was the ancestor of most subsequent khans. He had 10 daughters and either 10 or 13 sons, five of whom were khans. Among his sons were Devlet II Giray (1699, 1709), Gazi III Giray (1704), Qaplan I Giray (1707, 1713, 1730), Saadet IV Giray (1717), Meñli II Giray (1724, 1737) and Selâmet II Giray (1740) and Azamet, Adil, Muhamed, Shabaz, Maksud, Sahib and Safa. Most subsequent khans were descended from Devlet II, except for the sons of Saadet and Selyamet and the son and grandson of Qaplan. reign (1671-1678)[edit] was appointed as the khan in 1671 while he was in retirement at 'Cholmek' near Yambol in modern in Bulgaria. It is said that he obtained the khanship by bribing vizier Kologi.[1] His kalga and nureddin were his brother Selyamet and his cousin Safa. He was immediately called to fight in the Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76). Howorth[2] says that he and his two sons contributed to the capture of Kamianets-Podilskyi. He captured many prisoners in Pokutia and Volhynia but was forced to abandon them by Jan Sobieski. When the Nogais near Akkerman revolted against the Porte Selim forced them to move to Crimea, but they drifted back. 1676 the pro-Turkish Doroshenko was defeated at Chyhyryn by the Russians and forced to abdicate. In 1677 Turkish and Crimean troops were sent to re-take Chyryhin. The Russians barely won the siege, Selim received part of the blame and was removed. See Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681). He spent the winter in Kaffa and retired to Rhodes. was followed by Murad Giray and then Haci II Giray. In 1683 Murad was removed for his part in the Turkish defeat at Vienna. Haci was soon driven out by the Crimean nobles. reign (1684-1691)[edit] Turkish disaster at Vienna led to the so-called Great Turkish War (1683-1699) in which all the neighboring powers ganged up to push the Turks south. Russia’s role was to send two expeditions against Crimea (Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689). Both failed due to supply problems, but they kept Crimean troops away from the main fighting in the west. In 1688 Selim defeated some Austrians. In 1689 he was again successful near Belgrade, but his son was killed. He chose to resign the khanship and make the pilgrimage to Mecca. On his return he settled at an estate called ‘Kazikui near Silivri’. [3] was followed by Saadet III Giray who was removed after less than a year. The next khan, Safa Giray of Crimea, was replaced by Selim at Crimean request. Saadet failed the Turks militarily and Safa was accused of drunkenness, among other things, Reign (1692-1699)[edit] kalga was his son Devlet. His nureddin was Shahin, the son of his nephew Selyamet. His reign was dominated by three problems: fighting in the Balkans, raiding and fighting in Ukraine and the Russian capture of Azov. 1692 he was immediately called to fight in the Balkans. In September 1695 he was again called west and took part in the battle of Lippa or Lugos. (see de:Friedrich von Veterani) the Azov campaigns (1695–96) Peter the Great tried to capture Azov, the second campaign being successful. Russia held Azov until 1711. Crimeans raided Domanchov (1692), Poltava (1692,1693) and Pereiaslav (1694). In return the Cossacks raided Ochakov and Perekop. Following the Azov campaigns the Cossacks built forts near the mouth of the Don and Crimeans raided toward Lemburg (1697). Crimeans fought Poles at the Battle of Podhajce (1698). is not clear why Selim chose to leave the throne. He retired to an esate near Silivri. His departure roughly coincided with the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) which ended the Great Turkish War and the Treaty of Constantinople (1700) which ended Russian involvement in the same war. this time Selim suffered from gout and moved to various places near Istanbul in hope of a cure. Selim was followed by his son Devlet II Giray. Devlet was removed and replaced by his father (fourth reign) because of conflicts with his brothers and because of his provocative hostility to Russia. reign (1702–1704)[edit] 71-year old Selim appointed his sons Gazi and Qaplan as kalga and nureddin. In 1704 Selim warned the Porte of Russian expansionism, just as his son had done. He died in Bahçesaray, Crimea and was buried in the tomb of the mosque named after him (22 July 1704). He was followed by Gazi III Giray (1704), Qaplan I Giray (1707) and Devlet II Giray again (1709). a war hero, Selim is also known for his talent as a poet and a musician. As a poet, he wrote the zafername (book of victories) about his victories against Russians at Perekop. During his frequent stays in İstanbul, he supported musicians like Hafız Post (1630–1694). Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks Pochaev Icon of the Mother of God is among the most revered sacred objects of the Orthodox Church. Located in the Dormition Cathedral at Pochaev, Ukraine, the Icon is reknowned throughout the entire Slavic world, and is venerated in Russia, Bosnia, Serbia, Bulgaria, and in other places. Christians of other confessions also venerate the Pochaev Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos. The wonderworking Icon has been treasured at the Pochaev Lavra for over 400 years. miracles have taken place before the holy Icon, and these are recorded in special books at the monastery. The books contain the personal testimonies of people who prayed before the Pochaev Icon and were healed of their illnesses, delivered from unclean spirits, or freed from captivity. Many sinners were also brought to repentance. Feast Day in honor of the Pochaev Icon of the Mother of God was appointed to commemorate the deliverance of the Dormition Lavra from a siege by the Turks on July 20-23, 1675. the summer of 1675 during the Zbarazhsk War with the Turks, in the reign of the Polish King Jan Sobesski (1674-1696), regiments composed of Tatars under the command of Khan Nurredin via Vishnevets fell upon the Pochaev monastery, surrounding it on three sides. The weak monastery walls and its stone buildings did not offer much protection against a siege. Igoumen Joseph Dobromirsky urged the brethren and laypeople to pray to their heavenly intercessors, the Most Holy Theotokos and Saint Job of Pochaev (October 28). monks and the people prayed fervently, prostrating themselves before the wonderworking Icon of the Mother of God, and the reliquary containing the relics of Saint Job. At sunrise on the morning of July 23, as the Tatars prepared to attack the monastery, the Igoumen ordered an Akathist to the Theotokos to be sung. At the opening words, “O Queen of the Heavenly Hosts,” the Mother of God suddenly appeared over the church, in “an unfurled radiant white omaphorion,” with angels holding unsheathed swords. Saint Job stood beside the Mother of God, bowing to her and beseeching her to defend the monastery. Tatars believed that the heavenly army was a vision, and in their confusion they started shooting arrows at the Most Holy Theotokos and Saint Job, but the arrows turned backwards and wounded those who shot them. The enemy, gripped by terror, fled in panic, trampling upon and killing each other. The defenders of the monastery pursued them and took many prisoners. Later, some of the prisoners converted to the Orthodox Faith and remained at the monastery thereafter. the year 1721, Pochaev was occupied by the Uniates. Even during this difficult time for the Lavra, the monastery Chronicle lists 539 miracles of the Pochaev Icon. In the second half of the eighteenth century, a Uniate nobleman, Count Nicholas Pototski, became a benefactor of the Pochaev Lavra through the following miraculous circumstance. After accusing his coachman of overturning the carriage with runaway horses, the Count took out a pistol to shoot him. The coachman, turning towards the mountain of Pochaev, stretched out his hands and cried: "Mother of God, depicted in the Pochaev Icon, save me!” times Pototski tried to shoot the pistol, which had never failed him, but the weapon misfired and the coachman remained alive. Pototski went at once to the wonderworking Icon and resolved to devote himself and all his property to building up the monastery. With the money he contributed, the Dormition cathedral was built, as well as other buildings for the brethren. return of the Pochaev Monastery to the Orthodox Church in 1832 was marked by the miraculous healing of the blind maiden Anna Akimchukova, who had come on pilgrimage to the holy shrine along with her seventy-year-old grandmother from Kremenets-Podolsk, 200 versts away. In memory of this event, the Archbishop of Volhynia and Archimandrite Innocent of the Lavra (1832-1840) appointed that an Akathist be read on Saturdays before the wonderworking Icon. During the time of Archimandrite Agathangelus, Archbishop of Volhynia (1866-1876), a separate chapel was built in the galleries of the Holy Trinity church, which was dedicated on July 23, 1875 in memory of the victory over the Tatars. wonderworking Pochaev Icon is also commemorated on Friday of Bright Week, and on September 8.

Constantinople, 1675, Zbarazhsk War with the Turks, Zbarazh Castle, H R Source, Volhynia, W Ukraine
Zbarazhsk Castle; Zbarazhsk War with the Turks 1675; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23;

Constantinople, 1675, Turkish siege Pochaev on July 20-23, 1675
Volynia, Turkish siege on July 20-23, 1675; Crimean-Nogai Raids; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23;

Constantinople, 1675, Pochaev Icon saves Pochaev Monastery from Tartars and Turks
Pochaev; Pochayiv Lavra; Uniates; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks Pochaev Icon of the Mother of God is among the most revered sacred objects of the Orthodox Church. Located in the Dormition Cathedral at Pochaev, Ukraine, the Icon is reknowned throughout the entire Slavic world, and is venerated in Russia, Bosnia, Serbia, Bulgaria, and in other places. Christians of other confessions also venerate the Pochaev Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos. The wonderworking Icon has been treasured at the Pochaev Lavra for over 400 years. miracles have taken place before the holy Icon, and these are recorded in special books at the monastery. The books contain the personal testimonies of people who prayed before the Pochaev Icon and were healed of their illnesses, delivered from unclean spirits, or freed from captivity. Many sinners were also brought to repentance. Feast Day in honor of the Pochaev Icon of the Mother of God was appointed to commemorate the deliverance of the Dormition Lavra from a siege by the Turks on July 20-23, 1675. the summer of 1675 during the Zbarazhsk War with the Turks, in the reign of the Polish King Jan Sobesski (1674-1696), regiments composed of Tatars under the command of Khan Nurredin via Vishnevets fell upon the Pochaev monastery, surrounding it on three sides. The weak monastery walls and its stone buildings did not offer much protection against a siege. Igoumen Joseph Dobromirsky urged the brethren and laypeople to pray to their heavenly intercessors, the Most Holy Theotokos and Saint Job of Pochaev (October 28). monks and the people prayed fervently, prostrating themselves before the wonderworking Icon of the Mother of God, and the reliquary containing the relics of Saint Job. At sunrise on the morning of July 23, as the Tatars prepared to attack the monastery, the Igoumen ordered an Akathist to the Theotokos to be sung. At the opening words, “O Queen of the Heavenly Hosts,” the Mother of God suddenly appeared over the church, in “an unfurled radiant white omaphorion,” with angels holding unsheathed swords. Saint Job stood beside the Mother of God, bowing to her and beseeching her to defend the monastery. Tatars believed that the heavenly army was a vision, and in their confusion they started shooting arrows at the Most Holy Theotokos and Saint Job, but the arrows turned backwards and wounded those who shot them. The enemy, gripped by terror, fled in panic, trampling upon and killing each other. The defenders of the monastery pursued them and took many prisoners. Later, some of the prisoners converted to the Orthodox Faith and remained at the monastery thereafter. the year 1721, Pochaev was occupied by the Uniates. Even during this difficult time for the Lavra, the monastery Chronicle lists 539 miracles of the Pochaev Icon. In the second half of the eighteenth century, a Uniate nobleman, Count Nicholas Pototski, became a benefactor of the Pochaev Lavra through the following miraculous circumstance. After accusing his coachman of overturning the carriage with runaway horses, the Count took out a pistol to shoot him. The coachman, turning towards the mountain of Pochaev, stretched out his hands and cried: "Mother of God, depicted in the Pochaev Icon, save me!” times Pototski tried to shoot the pistol, which had never failed him, but the weapon misfired and the coachman remained alive. Pototski went at once to the wonderworking Icon and resolved to devote himself and all his property to building up the monastery. With the money he contributed, the Dormition cathedral was built, as well as other buildings for the brethren. return of the Pochaev Monastery to the Orthodox Church in 1832 was marked by the miraculous healing of the blind maiden Anna Akimchukova, who had come on pilgrimage to the holy shrine along with her seventy-year-old grandmother from Kremenets-Podolsk, 200 versts away. In memory of this event, the Archbishop of Volhynia and Archimandrite Innocent of the Lavra (1832-1840) appointed that an Akathist be read on Saturdays before the wonderworking Icon. During the time of Archimandrite Agathangelus, Archbishop of Volhynia (1866-1876), a separate chapel was built in the galleries of the Holy Trinity church, which was dedicated on July 23, 1875 in memory of the victory over the Tatars. wonderworking Pochaev Icon is also commemorated on Friday of Bright Week, and on September 8. Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated August 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated September 8 ; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated October 10 ; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28;

Constantinople, 1687-1691, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Suleiman II
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1687-1691, Suleiman II; St Demetrius of Basarabov, Commemorated on October 27; Venerable Romanus the Martyr, Commemorated on January 5; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12;

Constantinople, 1691-1695, Ottoman Empire, Sultan Ahmed II, before reign in prison 43 years, grand vizier Pasha, executed previous officials, recap Belgrade, then lost Transyl and Romania
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1691-1695, Ahmed II; II (25 February 1643 or 1 August 1642[1] – 6 February 1695) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1691 to 1695. 1 Early life 2 Reign 3 Family 4 References 4.1 Works cited 5 Further reading 6 External links life[edit] II was born on 25 February 1643 or 1 August 1642, the son of Sultan Ibrahim and Muazzez Sultan. On 21 October 1649, Ahmed along with his brothers Mehmed and Suleiman were circumcised. [2] the reigns of his older brothers, Ahmed was imprisoned in Kafes, and he stayed there almost 43 years. mausoleum of Ahmed II is located inside the türbe of Suleiman the Magnificent. (In the above picture, his tomb is seen side by side with Suleiman II and Suleiman the Magnificent). section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) his reign, Sultan Ahmed II devoted most of his attention to the wars against the Habsburgs and related foreign policy, governmental and economic issues. Of these, the most important were the tax reforms and the introduction of the lifelong tax farm system (malikane) (see tax farming). Following the recovery of Belgrade under his predecessor, Suleiman II, the military frontier reached a rough stalemate on the Danube, with the Habsburgs no longer able to advance south of it, and the Ottomans attempting, ultimately unsuccessfully, to regain the initiative north of it. the most important features of Ahmed's reign was his reliance on Köprülüzade FazÄ±l Mustafa Pasha. Following his accession to the throne, Sultan Ahmed II confirmed Köprülüzade FazÄ±l Mustafa Pasha in his office as grand vizier. In office from 1689, FazÄ±l Mustafa Pasha was from the Köprülü family of grand viziers, and like most of his Köprülü predecessors in the same office, was an able administrator and military commander. Like his father Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (grand vizier 1656–61) before him, he ordered the removal and execution of dozens of corrupt state officials of the previous regime and replaced them with men loyal to himself. He overhauled the tax system by adjusting it to the capabilities of the taxpayers affected by the latest wars. He also reformed troop mobilization and increased the pool of conscripts available for the army by drafting tribesmen in the Balkans and Anatolia. In October 1690 he recaptured Belgrade, a key fortress that commanded the confluence of the rivers Danube and Sava; in Ottoman hands since 1521, the fortress had been conquered by the Habsburgs in 1688. Ä±l Mustafa Pasha's victory at Belgrade was a major military achievement that gave the Ottomans hope that the military debacles of the 1680s—which had led to the loss of Hungary and Transylvania, an Ottoman vassal principality ruled by pro-Istanbul Hungarian princes— could be reversed. However, the Ottoman success proved ephemeral. On 19 August 1691, FazÄ±l Mustafa Pasha suffered a devastating defeat at the Battle of Slankamen at the hands of Ludwig Wilhelm von Baden, the Habsburg commander in chief in Hungary, nicknamed “Türkenlouisâ€ (Louis the Turk) for his victories against the Ottomans. In the confrontation, recognized by contemporaries as “the bloodiest battle of the century,â€ the Ottomans suffered heavy losses: 20,000 men, including the grand vizier. With him, the sultan lost his most capable military commander and the last member of the Köprülü family, who for the previous half century had been instrumental in strengthening the Ottoman military. FazÄ±l Mustafa Pasha's successors, the Ottomans suffered further defeats. In June 1692 the Habsburgs conquered Várad (Oradea, Romania), the seat of an Ottoman governor (beylerbeyi) since 1660. In 1694 they attempted to recapture Várad, but to no avail. On 12 January 1695, they surrendered the fortress of Gyula, the center of an Ottoman sanjak or subprovince since 1566. With the fall of Gyula, the only territory still in Ottoman hands in Hungary was to the east of the River Tisza and to the south of the river Maros, with its center at Temesvár. Three weeks later, on 6 February 1695, Ahmed II died in Edirne Palace. Venerable Romanus the Martyr, Commemorated on January 5; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12;

Constantinople, 1695-1703, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Mustafa II
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1695-1703, Mustafa II; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; New Martyr Argyra, Commemorated on April 30; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1;

Constantinople, 1700-1799, 18th Century Folder, Ottoman E., Alliances with France and Prussia agaiinst Russia

Constantinople, 1703-1730, Ottoma Sultan, Ahmed III, reformer
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1703-1730, Ahmed III; III (Ottoman Turkish:‎, ) (30 December 1673 – 1 July 1736) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of Sultan Mehmed IV (r. 1648–87). His mother was Gülnuş Sultan, originally named Evmenia Voria, who was an ethnic Greek.[1][2][3][4][5] He was born at HacÄ±oÄŸlu PazarcÄ±k, in Dobruja. succeeded to the throne in 1703 on the abdication of his brother Mustafa II (1695–1703).[6] NevÅŸehirli Damat Ä°brahim Pasha and the Sultan's daughter, Fatma Sultan (wife of the former) directed the government from 1718 to 1730, a period referred to as the Tulip Era. first days of Ahmed III's reign passed with efforts to appease the janissaries who were completely disciplined. However, he was not effective against the janissaries who made him sultan. Çorlulu Ali Pasha, who Ahmed brought to the Grand Vizier, tried to help him in administrative matters, made new arrangements for the treasury and Sultan. He supported Ahmed in his fight with his rivals. St Constantine Brancoveanu, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 13; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; New Martyr Auxentius of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; New Martyr Argyra, Commemorated on April 30; Venerable Nicephorus of Chios, Commemorated on May 1; Monkmartyr Pachomius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Constantinople, 1730-1754, Mahmud I, Ottoman, reformer deposed, Hunchback, Took over, good relations w Persia
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1730-1754 , Mahmud I ; I (Ottoman Turkish: Ù…ØÙ…ÙˆØ¯ اول‎, Turkish: I. Mahmud, 2 August 1696 – 13 December 1754), known as The Hunchback, was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1754. He took over the throne after the Patrona Halil rebellion and he kept good relations with Mughal and Safavid Empires. life[edit] was born at Edirne Palace on 2 August 1696, the son of Mustafa II (1664–1703); his mother was Saliha Sabkati Valide Sultan. Mahmud I was the older brother of Osman III (1754–57). He developed a humped back. father Mustafa II mostly lived in Edirne. Mahmud passed his childhood in Edirne. On 18 May 1702 he started his education in Edirne. When his father deposed himself from the throne he was brought to Istanbul and locked up in Kafes where he spent 27 years of his life. [1] is not known what kind of culture he acquired during this time, since he continued to play chess, write poetry, and deal with music. In addition for childhood and youth, there were dangers, especially for the Kafes life. [1] 28 September 1730, Patrona Halil with a small group of fellow Janissaries aroused some of the citizens of Constantinople who opposed the reforms of Ahmed III.[2] Sweeping up more soldiers Halil led the riot to the TopkapÄ± Palace and demanded the death of the grand vizer, NevÅŸehirli Damat Ä°brahim Pasha and the abdication of Ahmed III. Ahmed III acceded to the demands, had Ä°brahim Pasha strangled, and agreed to his nephew, Mahmud, becoming sultan.[2] real reign began on 25 November 1730, after this incident. First of all, Istanbul was taken under strict control. Measures were taken. About two thousand suspicious people were captured, some were executed, some were exiled. [3] ’s rule[edit] I was recognized as sultan by the mutineers as well as by court officials but for some weeks after his accession the empire was in the hands of the insurgents. Halil rode with the new sultan to the Mosque of Eyüb where the ceremony of girding Mahmud I with the Sword of Osman was performed; many of the chief officers were deposed and successors to them appointed at the dictation of the bold rebel who had served in the ranks of the Janissaries and who appeared before the sultan bare-legged and in his old uniform of a common soldier. A Greek butcher, named Yanaki, had formerly given credit to Halil and had lent him money during the three days of the insurrection. Halil showed his gratitude by compelling the Divan to make Yanaki Hospodar of Moldavia. However, Yanaki never took charge of this office. Khan of the Crimea assisted the Grand Vizier, the Mufti and the Aga of the Janissaries in putting down the rebellion. On 24 November 1731, Halil was strangled by the sultan's order[2] and in his presence, after a Divan in which Halil had dictated that war be declared against Russia. His Greek friend, Yanaki, and 7,000 of those who had supported him were also put to death.[citation needed] The jealousy which the officers of the Janissaries felt towards Halil, and their readiness to aid in his destruction, facilitated the exertions of Mahmud I's supporters in putting an end to the rebellion after it had lasted over a year. Austrian ambassador, who came to Istanbul in August 1740, was given a dinner in DavudpaÅŸa. Çavuşbaşı took the ambassador and took him to his mansion prepared in BeyoÄŸlu. On the day of the Ulufe Court, he presented his name to the Sultan. Various demonstrations were held in places where welcome and farewell ceremonies were held for the ambassador from Yeniköy Pier. [4] rest of Mahmud I's reign was dominated by wars in Persia, with the collapsing Safavid dynasty and the ascendance of Nader Shah. Mahmud also faced a notable war in Europe—the Austro-Russian-Turkish War (1735-1739). I entrusted government to his viziers and spent much of his time composing poetry. of 1750[edit] fire that started at the Ayazma gate in January 1750 lasted for 19 hours. Numerous shops, houses, and mansions burned until Vefa. sultan dismissed BoynueÄŸri Abdullah Pasha and appointed Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha on 9 January In the second fire that broke out on 31 March 1750, Bitpazan, AbacÄ±lar, YorgancÄ±lar, YaÄŸlÄ±kcÄ±lar, Haffaflar were completely burned. The fire spread to Fingerkapi and Tatlikuyu. The sultan, with the help of the treasury, repaired the burned down and AÄŸakapÄ±sÄ±. [5] I started the construction of the CaÄŸaloÄŸlu Bath, called Yeni Hamam, in the spring of 1740 on the land of CaÄŸaloÄŸlu Palace, which covers a large Foundation houses were built on the remaining empty lands and a neighborhood was established. The benevolent sultan opened the one in the courtyard of the Hagia Sophia Mosque, the first of the three libraries it established in Istanbul, with a ceremony and made four thousand volumes. the library, Sahih-i Buharf reading of ten inhabitants every day was one of the conditions of the foundation. Mahmud also came to the Rosary Gate of Hagia Sophia several times, sat in the library and listened to the commentary of tafsir. famine, which appeared due to the heavy winter, became heavier and heavier at the end of spring. [6] with the Mughal Empire[edit] Shah's devastating campaign against the Mughal Empire, created a void in the western frontiers of Persia, which was effectively exploited by the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud I, who initiated the Ottoman–Persian War (1743–46), in which the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah closely cooperated with the Ottomans and their ambassador Haji Yusuf Agha, these relations between the two empires continued until Muhammad Shah's death in 1748.[7] with Safavid Empire[edit] March 1741, the ambassador of Nadir Shah from Iranian government, HacÄ± Han, came to Istanbul with three thousand people and his guards unit to prolong the peace in between them. Among his gifts were fabrics embroidered with jewels, ten elephants, and valuable weapons. HacÄ± Han was given a banquet in Fener Bahçesin. It was also a problem to pass the elephants brought by hand to Istanbul, and wide shakes were laid on the barges, and wooden curtains were laid around them so that elephants could not be scared. [8] relations of Iran and Ottoman Empire became increasingly tense, reached a new dimension in February 1743, and Shah Safi, who was one of Shah Hussein's princes and held hostage on Chios Island, was condemned and Nader Shah's inability to complete. Sailor's head of the crest, including the personality crown, was put on destar. He was sent to the Iranian border with the troops that joined him. [9] Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 13; St George of Cernica and Caldarushani, Commemorated on December 3; Icon of the Mother of God "Xenophon Hodigitria"Â, Commemorated on January 21; St Kristo the Gardener of Albania, Commemorated on February 12; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Nicephorus of Chios, Commemorated on May 1; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Constantinople, 1754-1757, Ottoman Sultan, Osman III, prisoner, peculiar, angry, modest
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1754-1757 , Osman III; III (Ottoman Turkish: 2 January 1699-“ 30 October 1757) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1754 to 1757.[3] III lived most of his life as a prisoner in the palace, and as a consequence, he had some behavioural peculiarities when he took the throne. Unlike previous sultans, he hated music, and banished all musicians from the palace. According to Baron de Tott, Osman III was an angry and modest type of ruler.[6] Audience of French ambassador Charles de Vergennes with Sultan Osman III in 1755. III's first activity was to choose government officials to work with. During his reign, the changes he made in high-level government duties, especially Grand Vizier, can be considered as attempts to reduce the extremely weighted role of the charitable authority in the previous sultan's era.[5] the severe storm of March 1756, an Egyptian galleon ran ashore in Kumkapa at dusk. Due to the storm, 600 passengers could not be evacuated. The sultan, who came to the shore, took all the passengers by bringing barges from the shipyard. He ordered the construction of the Lighthouse in Istanbul to prevent such incidents. [7] first procession of his enthronement was held on 14 December 1754. The historians of that time didn'™t write the events happening in the empire because of severe and freezing cold of January 1755. [8] was responsible for a firman in 1757 that preserved the Status Quo of various Holy Land sites for Christians, Muslims, and Jews.[9] the second year of his reign, Osman lost his mother, žehsuvar Sultan, who had been in contact with his religiousness. Afterward, the oldest prince, Mehmed, died of illness on December 22, 1756. According to various sources, the funeral of the prince, controlled by the quarry, grand vizier and sheikh al-Islam, was attended by 5,000 people. Some contemporary sources said that the prince was poisoned and killed on the initiative of Mustafa Pasha, the next sultan of the third sultan, Mustafa Pasha.[5] is noted that, in this period, provisions were sent against banditry in Anatolia and Rumelia, and especially the movements of headless beams, and that the sultan was also interested in these issues. Some measures were taken against the tribes of Bozulus and Cihanbeyli, the Armenians due to the turmoil in Iran, the bandits around Erzurum and Sivas, and the famous leader KaraosmanoŸlu Hac Mustafa. The latter was captured and executed, and his head was brought to Istanbul on 5 December 1755.[5] is famous for building Nuruosmaniye Mosque, whose construction started during the reign of Mahmud I. Nuruosmaniye Complex, also known as Osmaniye for a while, consisted of three schools, madrasahs, a factory, a library, a mausoleum, a temporary room, a mesh house, a fountain, an inn, and shops. Osman built a new neighborhood in 1755-56 where Palace and Garden was located, along with houses and shops. He also built the Ihsaniye Mosque and its masjids, both of which stand today as hsaniye.[5] III built a fountain in his name in 1755-56; it was destroyed 122 years after its construction. [10] III died on the night of 30 October 1757. In the early morning, a ceremony was held and his cousin Mustafa III was placed on the throne. The new sultan ordered Osman to be buried in the New Mosque Mausoleum, not in Nuruosmaniye. [11] Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 19; St George of Cernica and Caldarushani, Commemorated on December 3; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Constantinople, 1757-1761, Partiarch, Seraphim II, pro russian ideals, deposed, exiled to Athos
Constantinople Partiarch, 1757-1761, Seraphim II of Constantinople; II Anina (? – 7 December 1779[1]) was the Greek Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1757 until 1761. II was born in Delvinë, located in modern-day southern Albania in the late 17th century.[2] Before he was elected as Patriarch of Constantinople on 22 July 1757 he was Metropolitan of Philippoupolis.[1] Patriarch in 1759 he introduces the feast of Saint Andrew on 30 November,[3] and in 1760 he gave the first permission to Cosmas of Aetolia to begin missionary tours in the villages of Thrace.[4] 1759 he invited Eugenios Voulgaris to head the reforms in the patriarchal academy and during his tenure in the academy influenced by Seraphim's pro-Russian ideals Voulgaris contributed to the reapproachment of the Russian Empire with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.[5][6] a consequence Seraphim II was deposed on 26 March 1761 and exiled on Mount Athos,[1] and he was replaced by the Ottoman authorities with Joannicius III. On Mount Athos, he rebuilt an old Monastic house, and dedicated it to the Saint Andrew. This house would eventually become the Skete of Saint Andrew.[7] the field of politics, he supported the Russian Empire during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774 and the establishment of an Orthodox pro-Russian state in the Balkans. In 1769 he urged the Greek population to rebel against the Turks.[2] After the failure of the revolution, in 1776 he moved to Ukraine, where he died on 7 December 1779.[1] He was buried in the Mhar Monastery. Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24;

Constantinople, 1757-1774, Ottoman Sultan, Mustafa III, justice, prosperity, aquaducts, a Ger, w Rus
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1757-1774, Mustafa III; III 28 January 1717 -“ 21 January 1774) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1757 to 1774. He was a son of Sultan Ahmed III (1703-“30), and his consort MihrŸah Kadhn. He was succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid I (1774-“89). ascended the throne on 30 October 1757, after the death of his cousin Osman III, the son of Sultan Mustafa II.[5] of Mustafa's rule[edit] after his accession to the throne, Mustafa demonstrated a special care for justice. He took a number of measures to increase prosperity in Istanbul. He regulated coinage, built large grain stores, maintained aqueducts, and established a strict fiscal policy.[6] He traveled frequently and checked whether the laws he had enforced were followed.[7] with Prussia[edit] much admired Frederick the Great's generalship, and in 1761 established a peace treaty with Prussia. Frederick wanted an alliance against the Habsburgs, and Mustafa wanted to modernize his state and army. Mustafa preferred recruiting his officers in Berlin, rather than in Paris and London, to re-organize his army. In 1763, the two countries exchanged their diplomats for the first time.[8] War (1768-“1774)[edit] article: Russo-Turkish War (1768-“1774) Rag Pasha, who remained grand vizier until 1763, pursued a peace policy towards neighboring countries. But the increasing influence of Russia over the Caucasus and its intention to control Poland created tension between the Ottomans and Russia. Rag Pasha's successor Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha also preferred to remain at peace, and Mustafa's insistence on war with Russia led to his resignation in 1768. The Sultan expected to gain an easy victory over the Russians, but in fact the Ottomans were unprepared for a long war. During the war, military reforms were undertaken, with the assistance of French officer Fransois Baron de Tott. They included the modernization of artillery corps and the foundation of the Naval Engineering School in 1773. The war was disastrous for the Ottoman Empire. The Russian armies occupied the Crimea, Romania and parts of Bulgaria.[9] Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Monkmartyr Cosmas of St Anne Skete, Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 3; St George of Cernica and Caldarushani, Commemorated on December 3; New Martyr George of Iberia, Commemorated on January 2; New Martyr Theologia, Commemorated on January 2; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 16; New Martyr Zachariah, Commemorated on January 20; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Constantinople, 1774-1789, Ottoman Sultan, Abdul Hamid I, Pacifist, reformed military, lost Crimea and Ochakov
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1774-1789, Abdul Hamid I; ülhamid I, Abdul Hamid I or Abd Al-Hamid I (20 March 1725 – 7 April 1789)[1] was the 27th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning over the Ottoman Empire from 1774 to 1789. 1 Early life 2 Reign 2.1 Accession 2.2 Rule 2.3 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 2.4 Relations with Tipu Sultan 3 Architecture 4 Character 5 Family 6 Death 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links life[edit] was born on 20 March 1725 in Constantinople, a younger son of Sultan Ahmed III (reigned 1703–1730) and his consort Åžermi KadÄ±n.[3] III abdicated in favor of his nephew Mahmud I, who was succeeded by his brother Osman III, and Osman[3] by Ahmed's elder son Mustafa III. a potential heir to the throne, Abdul Hamid was imprisoned in comfort by his cousins and older brother, as was customary. This lasted until 1767. this period, he received his early education from his mother Rabia Åžermi, who taught him history and calligraphy.[3] the day of Mustafa's death on 21 January 1774 , Abdul Hamid ascended to the throne with a ceremony held in the palace. The next day Mustafa III's funeral procession was held. new sultan sent a letter to the Grand Vizier and Serdar-Ä± Ekrem Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha on the front and informed him to continue his duty. On 27 January 1774, the sword was armed in Eyup Sultan. the time, the Ottoman-Russian front wars continued, the army was at once, and there was a shortage of food in Istanbul. [4] Hamid's long imprisonment had left him indifferent to state affairs and malleable to the designs of his advisors.[citation needed] Yet he was also very religious and a pacifist by nature. his accession the financial straits of the treasury were such that the usual donative could not be given to the Janissary Corps. The new Sultan told the Janissaries "There are no longer gratuities in our treasury, as all of our soldier sons should learn." Ottoman Army advances from Sofia, its largest garrison in Rumelia, in the year 1788. Hamid now sought to reform the Empire's armed forces. He enumerated the Janissary corps and tried to renovate it, and also the navy. He established a new artillery corps. He was also credited with the creation of the Imperial Naval Engineering School.[1] Hamid tried to strengthen Ottoman rule over Syria, Egypt, and Iraq.[1] However, slight successes against rebellions in Syria and the Morea could not compensate for the loss of the Crimean Peninsula, which had become nominally independent in 1774, but was in practice now controlled by Russia. repeatedly exploited its position as protector of Eastern Christians to interfere in the Ottoman Empire, and explicitly. Finally the Ottomans declared war against Russia in 1787. Austria soon joined Russia. Turkey held its own in the conflict, at first, but on 6 December 1788, Ochakov fell to Russia (all of its inhabitants being massacred). It is said that this sad defeat broke Abdul Hamid's spirit, as he died four months later. spite of his failures, Abdul Hamid was regarded as the most gracious Ottoman Sultan.[citation needed] He personally directed the fire brigade during the Constantinople fire of 1782. He was admired by the people for his religious devotion, and was even called a Veli ("saint"). He also outlined a reform policy, supervised the government closely, and worked with statesmen. Hamid I turned to internal affairs after the war with Russia ended in this way. He tried to suppress internal revolts through Algerian Gazi Hasan Pasha, and to regulate the reform works through Silâhdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (Karavezir) and Halil Hamid Pasha. in Syria, the rebellion of Zahir al-Omar, who cooperated with the admirals of the Russian navy in the Mediterranean, benefiting from the confusion caused by the Russian expedition of the 1768 Russian campaign, and suppressed the rebellion in Egypt in 1775, as well as the Kölemen who were in rebellion in Egypt. was brought to the road. On the other hand, the confusion in Peloponnese was ended, and calm was achieved. Kaptanıderyâ Gazi Hasan Pasha and Cezzâr Ahmed Pasha played an important role in suppressing all these events. [5] of Küçük Kaynarca[edit] his pacific inclinations, the Ottoman Empire was forced to renew the ongoing war with Russia almost immediately. This led to complete Turkish defeat at Kozludzha and the humiliating Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, signed on 21 July 1774. The Ottomans ceded territory to Russia, and also the right to intervene on behalf of the Orthodox Christians in the Empire. the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, the territory left, as well as Russia's ambassador at Istanbul level and an authorized representative, this ambassador's participation in other ceremonies at the state ceremonies, the right to pass through the Straits to Russia, as the envoys of the Russian envoy were given immunity. Marketing opportunities for all kinds of commodities in Istanbul and other ports, as well as the full commercial rights of England and France were given. It was also in the treaty that the Russian state had a church built in Ga lata. Under the circumstances, this church would be open to the public, referred to as the Russo-Greek Church, and forever under the protection of Russian ambassadors in Istanbul. [6] with Tipu Sultan[edit] 1789, Tipu Sultan, ruler of the Sultanate of Mysore sent an embassy to Abdul Hamid, urgently requesting assistance against the British East India Company, and proposed an offensive and defensive alliance. Abdul Hamid informed the Mysori ambassadors that the Ottomans were still entangled and exhausted from the ongoing war with Russia and Austria.[citation needed] Hamid I left many architectural works, mostly in Istanbul. The most important of these is the current in Sirkeci in 1777. It is the building built by the VakÄ±f Inn. He built a fountain, an elementary school, a madrasah and a library next to this building. The books in the library are kept in the Süleymaniye Library today and the madrasah is used as a stock exchange building. During the construction of the VakÄ±f Inn, the fountain was removed by construction and the fountain was transferred to the corner of Zeynep Sultan Mosque opposite Gülhane Park. [5] addition to these works, in 1778, he built a mosque with a mosque on the beach of Beylerbeyi on behalf of Râbia Åžermi KadÄ±n, and built fountains in Çamlıca KÄ±sÄ±klÄ± Square, other than places such as Ä°skele Square, Çınarönü, HavuzbaÅŸÄ± and Car Square. In addition, he had the Beylerbeyi Mosque substantially repaired, built a mosque, a fountain and a bath and shops around Emirgi in Emirgân in 1783, and another one for Hümâşah Sultan and his son Mehmed. The fountain has been built more. In addition to these, there is a fountain next to NesliÅŸah Mosque in Istinye, and another fountain on the embankment between Dolmabahçe and KabataÅŸ. [5] wrote down the troubles he saw before, to the grand vizier or to the governor of his empire. He accepted the invitations of the and his grand vizier and went to his mansions, followed by the reading of Quran. He was humble and a religious Sultan.[7] is known that Abdul Hamid I was fond of his children, was interested in family life, spent the summer months in Karaağaç, BeÅŸiktaÅŸ with his consorts, sons and daughters. His daughter Esma Sultan's dressing styles, her passion for entertainment, her journey to the objects with her journeymen and concubines have set an example for Istanbul ladies.[8] St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18; New Martyr Zachariah, Commemorated on January 20; New Martyr Theodore, Commemorated on January 30; St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Constantinople, 1789-1807, Ottoman Sultan, Selim III, poet, musician, education, military
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1789-1807, Selim III; III (24 December 1761 – 28 July 1808) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807. regarded as an enlightened ruler,[1] the Janissaries eventually deposed and imprisoned him, and placed his cousin Mustafa on the throne as Mustafa IV. Selim was subsequently killed by a group of assassins. III was the son of Sultan Mustafa III and his wife MihriÅŸah Sultan. mother MihriÅŸah Sultan originated in Georgia, and when she became the Valide Sultan, she participated in reforming the government schools and establishing political corporations. father Ottoman Sultan Mustafa III was very well educated and believed in the necessity of reforms. Mustafa III attempted to create a powerful army during the peacetime with professional, well-educated soldiers. This was primarily motivated by his fear of a Russian invasion. the Russo-Turkish War, he fell ill and died of a heart attack in 1774. Sultan Mustafa was aware of the fact that a military reform was necessary. He declared new military regulations and opened maritime and artillery academies. Mustafa was very influenced by mysticism. predicted his son Selim would be a world-conqueror, so he organized a joyous feast lasting seven days. was very well educated in the palace. Sultan Mustafa III bequeathed his son as his successor; however, Selim's uncle Abdul Hamid I ascended the throne after Mustafa's death. Sultan Abdul Hamid I took care of Selim and put great emphasis on his education. Abdul Hamid's death, Selim succeeded him on 7 April 1789, not yet 27 years old. Selim III was very fond of literature and calligraphy; many of his works were put on the walls of mosques and convents. He wrote many poems, especially about Crimea's occupation by Russia. He spoke Arabic, Persian and Serb-Bulgar fluently. III showed great importance to patriotism and religion. He demonstrated his skills in poetry, music and was fond of fine arts and the army. St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; New Martyr Chryse (Zlata) of Meglena, Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 13; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated on February 14; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Constantinople, 1800-1899, 19th Century Folder, Ottoman E., Balkan Revolt and Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Constantinople, 1805-1848, Ottoman Sultan Muhammad Ali, founder of modern Egypt, against Sultan after 1831
Egypt, 1805-1848, Ottoman Sultan Muhammad Ali of Egypt; Ali Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha, also known as Muhammad Ali of Egypt and the Sudan (4 March 1769 - 2 August 1849), the Albanian Ottoman governor and the de facto ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848, who is considered the founder of modern Egypt. At the height of his rule, he controlled Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt, Sudan and parts of Arabia and the entire Levant. was a military commander in an Albanian Ottoman force sent to recover Egypt from a French occupation under Napoleon. Following Napoleon's withdrawal, Muhammad Ali rose to power through a series of political maneuvers, and in 1805 he was named Wāli (viceroy) of Egypt and gained the rank of Pasha. Wāli, Muhammad Ali attempted to modernize Egypt by instituting dramatic reforms in the military, economic and cultural spheres. He also initiated a violent purge of the Mamluks, consolidating his rule and permanently ending the Mamluk hold over Egypt. Muhammad Ali recaptured the Arabian territories for the sultan, and conquered Sudan on his own accord. His attempt at suppressing the Greek rebellion failed decisively, however, following an intervention by the European powers at Navarino. 1831, Muhammad Ali waged war against the sultan, capturing Syria, crossing into Anatolia and directly threatening Constantinople, the European powers forced him to retreat. After a failed Ottoman invasion of Syria in 1839, he launched another invasion of the Ottoman Empire in 1840; he defeated the Ottomans again and opened the way towards a capture of Constantinople. Faced with another European intervention, he accepted a brokered peace in 1842 and withdrew from the Levant; in return, he and his descendants were granted hereditary rule over Egypt and Sudan. The dynasty he established would rule Egypt until the revolution of 1952 when King Farouk was overthrown by Mohamed Naguib when he succeeded him as the president of Egypt. WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ;

Constantinople, 1808-1839, Ottoman, Sultan Mahmud II, westernztn, reforms, admin, military, fiscal, revolts
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1808-1839, Mahmud II ; II (20 July 1785 - 1 July 1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms he instituted, which culminated in the Decree of Tanzimat ("reorganization") that was carried out by his sons Abdulmejid I and Abdülaziz. described as "Peter the Great of Turkey",[1] Mahmud's reforms included the 1826 abolition of the conservative Janissary corps, which removed a major obstacle to his and his successors' reforms in the Empire. reforms he instituted were characterized by political and social changes, which would eventually lead to the birth of the modern Turkish Republic.[2] II is the last sultan who used his political (non-judgmental) execution authority.[clarification needed] his domestic reforms, Mahmud's reign was also marked by nationalist uprisings in Ottoman-ruled Serbia and Greece, leading to significant loss of territory for the Empire following the emergence of an independent Greek state. the general structure of the Ottoman Empire, Mahmud's reign was characterized by showing major interest to Westernization; institutions, palace order, daily life, clothing, music and many other areas saw radical reform as the Ottoman Empire opened up to the modernisation.[3] Venerable Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on August 18 ; Monkmartyr Joseph of Dionysiou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 14 ; New Martyr John of Crete, Commemorated September 15 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18; Monkmartyr Joseph of Dionysiou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 26; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17; Icon of the Mother of God œTinosÂ, Commemorated on January 30; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated on January 30; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on January 31; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated on February 17; St Joseph of Dionysiou, Commemorated on February 17; New Martyr Nicetas of Pojani and Serres, Commemorated on April 4; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Nilus the Myrrhgusher of Lavra of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7 ; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Constantinople, 1821-1839, Ottoman Empire, Greek War of Independence
Ottoman, Greek War of Independence, 1821-1839; Icon of the Mother of God, œTinos, Commemorated on January 30; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Nilus the Myrrhgusher of Lavra of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7 ; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on January 31;

Constantinople, 1839-1861, Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdulmecid I, rise of nationalism, non-muslim integration failed
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1839-1861, Abdulmecid I ; I (25 April 1823-25 June 1861), was the 31st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on 2 July 1839.[4] reign was notable for the rise of nationalist movements within the empire's territories. Abdulmejid wanted to encourage Ottomanism among secessionist subject nations and stop rising nationalist movements within the empire, but despite new laws and reforms to integrate non-Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into Ottoman society, his efforts failed. tried to forge alliances with the major powers of Western Europe, namely the United Kingdom and France, who fought alongside the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War against Russia. In the following Congress of Paris on 30 March 1856, the Ottoman Empire was officially included among the European family of nations. biggest achievement was the announcement and application of the Tanzimat (reorganization) reforms which were prepared by his father and effectively started the modernization of the Ottoman Empire in 1839. For this achievement, one of the Imperial anthems of the Ottoman Empire, the March of Abdulmejid, was named after him. Icon of the Mother of God the œDeliveress"Â, Commemorated on October 17 ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Antipas of Valaam Monastery, Commemorated on January 10; Icon of the Mother of God of the Akathist, Commemorated on January 12; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated on January 30; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated on February 14; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Constantinople, 1861-1876, Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdulaziz, admired West, Composer, Deposed and Killed
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1861-1876, Abdulaziz of the Ottoman Empire; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Antipas of Valaam Monastery, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Constantinople, 1876-1876, Ottoman Empire, Sultan Murad V, admired West, so deposed, mentally ill
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1876-1876, Murad V ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Constantinople, 1876-1909, Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, rebellions, period of decline
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1876-1909, Abdul Hamid II ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping œTikhvin on Mt Athos, Commemorated on February 17; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27;

Constantinople, 1900-1922, 20th Century Folder, Ottoman E. Ends in WWI

Constantinople, 1909-1918, Ottoman Empire, Sultan Mehmed V
Sultan Ottoman Empire, 1909-1918, Mehmed V ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE 1915-1923, Commemorated April 24; MARTYRS OF ARMENIA, 24 April 1915 ;

Constantinople, Sea of Marmora Folder

Sea of Marmora, Constantinople
Sea of Marmora; Translation of the Image "Not-Made-By-Hands" of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third "Feast of the Savior in August" ; Monkmartyr and Confessor Stephen the New of Mt St Auxentius, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Gregory of Crete, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6;

Prokonnesos Island, Sea of Marmora
Prokonnesos Island; Martyr Philetairus of Nicomedia, Commemorated December 30 ; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13;

Aphousia Island, Sea of Marmora
Aphousia; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6;

Akrita, Cape of Akrita (Sea of Marmora)
Cape of Akrita (Sea of Marmora), this cape chosen as Akrita by process of elimination (the others are too close to Constantinople and Nicaea). St Emilian the Confessor, Bishop of Cyzicus, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Myron the Presbyter of Cyzicus, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Gregory of Crete, Commemorated January 5 ;

Alona Island (an Island not far from Cyzicus)
Alona Island (an Island not far from Cyzicus); Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21;

Kyzikos (Sea of Marmara, between Constantinople and Troy)
Kyzikos (on the Sea of Marmara); Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 25; the banishment of Saint John Chrysostom, someone set fire to a large church, and after this a large part of the city burned down. the supporters of Saint John Chrysostom came under suspicion of arson, and they were summoned for interrogation. They summoned Saint Olympias to trial, rigorously interrogating her. They fined her a large sum of money for the crime of arson, despite her innocence and a lack of evidence against her. After this the saint left Constantinople and set out to Kyzikos (on the Sea of Marmara). But her enemies did not cease their persecution. In the year 405 they sentenced her to prison at Nicomedia, where the saint underwent much grief and deprivation. Saint John Chrysostom wrote to her from his exile, consoling her in her sorrow. In the year 409 Saint Olympias entered into eternal rest. St Emilian the Confessor, Bishop of Cyzicus, Commemorated on August 8; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated November 20 ; Virginmarty Fausta at Cyzicus, Commemorated February 6 ;

Cyzikus (Sea of Marmara, between Troy and Constantinople)
Cyzicus St Emilian the Confessor, Bishop of Cyzicus, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Myron the Presbyter of Cyzicus, Commemorated on August 17; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; Martyr Sisinius the Bishop of Cyzicus, Commemorated on November 23 ; St Emilian the Confessor, Bishop of Cyzicus, January 8 ; Martyr Tryphaina at Cyzicus, Commemorated January 31; Virginmarty Fausta at Cyzicus, Commemorated February 6 ; St Parthenius the Bishop of Lampsacus on the Hellespont, Commemorated on February 7 ; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12; Martyr Nikon in Sicily, Commemorated on March 23; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12;

Constantinople, Southwest Side, Studion Monastery Folder

Studion Monastery, Constantinople, 462
The Studion Monestary ; Venerable Dionysius the Orator of St Anne Skete of Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 9; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; St Athanasius of Serpukhov, Commemorated September 12 ; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; Venerable Evarestus of the Studion Monastery, Commemorated December 26 ; Venerable Thaddeus the Confessor of the Studion, Commemorated December 29 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; Venerable Nicholas the Confessor the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on February 4 ; St Joseph the Bishop of Thessalonica, and brother of St Theodore of Studion ; Venerable Timothy of Symbola in Bithynia, Commemorated February 21 ; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; St James the Confessor the Bishop of Catania, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of œthe Ladder, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves Monastery, and Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6;

Peribleptos monastery, Constantinople
Peribleptos monastery; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15;

Constantinople, Northwest Side, Blachernae Folder

Blachernae church, Constantinople, 420
Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul); The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated July 2; Placing of the Venerable Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae: the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Great (457-474), the brothers Galbius and Candidus, associates of the emperor, set out from Constantinople to Palestine to venerate the holy places. a small settlement near Nazareth they stayed in the home of a certain old Jewish woman. In her house they noticed a room where many lamps were lit, incense burned, and sick people were gathered. When they asked her what the room contained, the pious woman did not want to give an answer for a long time. persistent requests, she said that she had a very precious sacred item: the Robe of the Mother of God, which performed many miracles and healings. Her Dormition the Most Holy Virgin bequeathed one of her garments to a pious Jewish maiden, an ancestor of the old woman, instructing her to leave it to another virgin after her death. the Robe of the Mother of God was preserved in this family from generation to generation. jewelled chest, containing the sacred Robe, was transferred to Constantinople. Saint Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople (August 31), and the emperor Leo, having learned of the sacred treasure, were convinced of the incorrupt state of the holy Robe, and they certified its authenticity. Blachernae, near the seacoast, a new church in honor of the Mother of God was constructed. On June 2, 458 Saint Gennadius transferred the sacred Robe into the Blachernae church with appropriate solemnity, placing it within a new reliquary. the maphorion (i.e., the outer robe) of the Mother of God, and part of Her belt were also put into the reliquary with Her Robe. This circumstance also influenced the Orthodox iconography of the Feast, in connecting the two events: the Placing of the Robe, and the Placing of the Belt of the Mother of God in Blachernae. The Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, visiting Constantinople in about the year 1350, testifies: “We arrived at Blachernae, where the Robe lies upon an altar in a sealed reliquary.â€ than once, during the invasion of enemies, the Most Holy Theotokos saved the city to which She had given Her holy Robe. Thus it happened during the time of a siege of Constantinople by the Avars in 626, by the Persians in 677, and by the Arabs in the year 717. Especially relevant for us are events of the year 860, intimately connected with the history of the Russian Church. June 18, 860 the Russian fleet of Prince Askold, a force comprising more than 200 ships, laid waste the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, then entered into the Golden Horn and threatened Constantinople. The Russian ships sailed within sight of the city, setting ashore troops who “proceeded before the city, stretching forth their swords.â€ The emperor Michael III (842-867), interrupted his campaign against the Arabs and returned to the capital. All night he prayed prostrated upon the stone tiles of the church of the Mother of God at Blachernae. The holy Patriarch Photius spoke to his flock, calling for tears of repentance to wash away sins, and to seek the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos with fervent prayer. danger grew with each passing hour. “The city was barely able to stand against a spear,â€ says Patriarch Photius in another of his homilies. Under these conditions the decision was made to save the church’s sacred objects, especially the holy Robe of the Mother of God, which was kept in the Blachernae church, not far from the shore. serving an all-night Vigil, and taking it out from the Blachernae church, they carried the sacred Robe of the Mother of God in a procession around the city walls. They dipped its edge into the waters of the Bosphorus, and then they transported it to the center of Constantinople into the church of Hagia Sophia. The Mother of God protected the city and quelled the fury of the Russian warriors. An honorable truce was concluded, and Askold lifted the siege of Constantinople. June 25 the Russian army began to leave, taking with them a large tribute payment. A week afterwards, on July 2, the wonderworking Robe of the Mother of God was solemnly returned to its place in the reliquary of the Blachernae church. In remembrance of these events an annual feastday of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God was established on July 2 by holy Patriarch Photius. in October-November of the year 860, a Russian delegation arrived in Constantinople to conclude a treaty “in love and peace.â€ Some of the conditions of the peace treaty included articles concerning the Baptism of Kievan Rus, the payment of an annual tribute by the Byzantines to the Russians, permission for them to serve with the Byzantine army, an agreement to trade in the territory of the Empire (primarily in Constantinople), and to send a diplomatic mission to Byzantium. important was the point about the Baptism of Rus. The continuator of the Byzantine “Theophanes Chroniclesâ€ relates that “their delegation arrived in Constantinople with a request for them to receive holy Baptism, which also was fulfilled.â€ An Orthodox mission was sent to Kiev to fulfill this mutual wish of the Russians and the Greeks. Not very long before this (in 855) Saint Cyril the Philosopher (February 14 and May 11) had created a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel. Saint Cyril was sent with his brother, Saint Methodius (April 6 and May 11), on a mission to Kiev with books translated into Slavonic. This was at the initiative of Saint Photius, whose student Saint Cyril was. The brothers spent the winter of 860/861 at Cherson, and in the spring of 861 they were at the River Dniepr, with Prince Askold. Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith. But under the influence of Saint Cyril, the prince chose Orthodoxy. At the end of the year 861, Saints Cyril and Methodius returned to Constantinople and carried letters with them from Prince Askold to Emperor Michael III. Askold thanked the emperor for sending him “such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy.â€ “Persuaded that this is the true Faith,â€ Askold further wrote, “we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity. We are all friends of the Kingdom and prepared to be of service to you, as requested.â€ accepted holy Baptism with the name Nicholas, and many of his retinue were also baptized. Directly from Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, through the efforts of the holy Apostles to the Slavs both the Slavonic divine services and the Slavonic written language arrived in Rus. Photius appointed Metropolitan Michael to Kiev, and the Russian metropolitan district was entered into the lists of dioceses of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius in an encyclical of the year 867 called the Baptism of the Bulgarians and the Russians as among the chief accomplishments of his archpastoral service. “The Russians, who lifted their hand against the Roman might,â€ he wrote, almost quoting literally from the missive of Askold, “have now replaced the impious teaching which they held to formerly, with the pure and genuine Christian Faith, and with love having established themselves in the array of our friends and subjects.â€ (The Byzantines counted as “subjectsâ€ all accepting Baptism from Constantinople and entering into military alliance with the Empire.) “The desire and zeal of faith has flared up within them to such an extent, that they have accepted bishops and pastors, and they embrace Christian sanctity with great zeal and fervor.â€ Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos in Blachernae also marks the canonical establishment of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate in Kiev. By the blessing of the Mother of God and by the miracle from Her holy Robe not only was the deliverence of Constantinople from the most terrible siege in all its history accomplished, but also the liberation of the Russians from the darkness of pagan superstition to life eternal. Together with this, the year 860 brought recognition to Kievan Rus from Byzantium, and signified the emergence of the young Russian realm into the arena of history. attempt of Prince Askold to renew the Christian evangelization begun by the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he intended as a religious and state reform, ended unsuccessfully. The time for the spread of Christianity in the Russian Land had not yet come. The adherents of the old paganism were too strong, and the princely power was too weak. In the clash of Askold with the pagan Oleg in 882 the Kievans betrayed their prince. Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr’s death at the hand of hired killers. the deed of Blessed Askold (the Ioakimov Chronicle calls him such) was not extinguished in the Russian Church. Oleg the Sage, who killed Askold, occupied the Kiev princedom after him, and called Kiev the “Mother of Russian Cities.â€ most ancient chronicles of Kiev preserved the grateful memory of the first Kievan Christian prince: the church of the Prophet of God Elias, built by Askold and later mentioned in Igor’s Treaty with the Greeks (in 944), is on the site where the present church of this name now stands, and there is also the church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in the 950s by Saint Olga over Askold’s grave. most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their apostolic activity among the Slavs began in Kiev at the court of Askold in 861, and continued afterwards in Moravia and Bulgaria. Following Blessed Askold, in the words of the ancient Alphabetic Prayers, “the Slavonic tribe now soars in flight, all striving toward Baptism.â€ outstanding works of Byzantine Church hymnology and homiletics are connected with the miracle of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae. There are two homilies of Saint Photius, one of which he preached within days of the siege of Constantinople, and the other soon after the departure of the Russian forces. Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable “Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos,â€ which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photius. This Akathist forms an integral part of the services of Praise to the Most Holy Theotokos (i.e., the “Saturday of the Akathist,â€ Fifth Saturday of Great Lent). is not only Byzantine sources that relate the events of the year 860, but also Russian historical chronicles. Saint Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time “it was begun to be called the Russian Land.â€ Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople. The popular commemoration of this event is firmly associated with the names of the Kievan princes Askold and Dir, although in the opinion of historians, Dir was prince of Kiev somewhat earlier than Askold. veneration of the feast of the Placing of the Robe was long known in the Russian Church. Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4) built a church in honor of this feastday in the city of Vladimir at the Golden Gates. At the end of the fourteenth century, part of the Robe of the Mother of God was transferred from Constantinople to Rus by Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal (June 26). holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. In memory of the miraculous deliverance of Moscow, Saint Jonah built the church of the Placing of the Robe in the Kremlin, making it his primary church. It burned, but in its place in the years 1484-1486 a new church, also dedicated to the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God, was built thirty years later. This temple, standing at present, continued to serve as the primary church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs until the cathedral of the Twelve Apostles was built under Patriarch Nikon. Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectressÂ Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 9; Niketas the Hidden lived at Constantinople and occupied the position of “chartolarium” (“letter-writer”). They call him “the Hidden,” because living in the world amid the bustle of the city, with secret exploits of faith, he attained spiritual perfection and was a great saint of God. His saintly life was revealed through unusual circumstances. friends, a certain priest and the deacon Sozon, had quarreled. The priest died, and the deacon grieved that they had not been able to be reconciled. He told an experienced Elder of the sin that tormented his conscience. He gave Sozon a letter and ordered him to give it to the first person whom he would meet at midnight at the temple of Hagia Sophia, the Wisdom of God. Niketas the Chartolarian appeared before him. Having read the letter, he began weeping and said, that it made him responsible for this, and that it was beyond his strength, but with the prayers of the Elder who had sent Sozon, he would strive to accomplish this. Making a prostration before the church doors, Saint Niketas said: “Lord, open to us the doors of Thy mercy,” and the doors of the temple flew open by themselves. Leaving the deacon at the threshold, Saint Niketas began to pray, and Sozon saw that he shone with a strange light. they went from the church, and the doors again closed. Approaching the church of the Blachernae Mother of God, Saint Nikḗtas again began praying and again the doors opened in front of them. In the church there shone a light, and from the altar came two rows of priests, among whom Deacon Sozon recognized his dead friend. Saint Nikḗtas quietly said: “Father, speak to your brother, and cease the enmity between you.” the priest and Deacon Sozon greeted each other. They embraced one another with love and were reconciled. The priest went back, and the doors closed by themselves. Saint Niketas said to the deacon: “Brother Sozon, save your soul both for your sake, and for my benefit. To the Father who sent you, say that the purity of his holy prayers and his trust in God made possible the return of the dead.” these words Saint Niketas became invisible to Sozon. Having returned to his spiritual Father and Elder, the deacon thanked him with tears, that through his prayers, the great hidden saint of God Niketas the Chartolarian had removed the sin from both the living and the dead. Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated September 10 ; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-SingerÂ, Commemorated on October 1 ; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1; Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos: “Today the Virgin stands in the midst of the Church, and with choirs of Saints she invisibly prays to God for us. Angels and Bishops venerate Her, Apostles and prophets rejoice together, Since for our sake she prays to the Eternal God!” miraculous appearance of the Mother of God occurred in the mid-tenth century in Constantinople, in the Blachernae church where her robe, veil, and part of her belt were preserved after being transferred from Palestine in the fifth century. Sunday, October 1, during the All Night Vigil, when the church was overflowing with those at prayer, the Fool-for-Christ Saint Andrew (October 2), at the fourth hour, lifted up his eyes towards the heavens and beheld our most Holy Lady Theotokos coming through the air, resplendent with heavenly light and surrounded by an assembly of the Saints. Saint John the Baptist and the holy Apostle John the Theologian accompanied the Queen of Heaven. On bended knees the Most Holy Virgin tearfully prayed for Christians for a long time. Then, coming near the Bishop’s Throne, she continued her prayer. completing her prayer she took her veil and spread it over the people praying in church, protecting them from enemies both visible and invisible. The Most Holy Lady Theotokos was resplendent with heavenly glory, and the protecting veil in her hands gleamed “more than the rays of the sun.” Saint Andrew gazed trembling at the miraculous vision and he asked his disciple, the blessed Epiphanius standing beside him, “Do you see, brother, the Holy Theotokos, praying for all the world?” Epiphanius answered, “I do see, holy Father, and I am in awe.” Ever-Blessed Mother of God implored the Lord Jesus Christ to accept the prayers of all the people calling on His Most Holy Name, and to respond speedily to her intercession, “O Heavenly King, accept all those who pray to You and call on my name for help. Do not let them go away from my icon unheard.” Andrew and Epiphanius were worthy to see the Mother of God at prayer, and “for a long time observed the Protecting Veil spread over the people and shining with flashes of glory. As long as the Most Holy Theotokos was there, the Protecting Veil was also visible, but with her departure it also became invisible. After taking it with her, she left behind the grace of her visitation.” the Blachernae church, the memory of the miraculous appearance of the Mother of God was remembered. In the fourteenth century, the Russian pilgrim and clerk Alexander, saw in the church an icon of the Most Holy Theotokos praying for the world, depicting Saint Andrew in contemplation of her. Primary Chronicle of Saint Nestor reflects that the protective intercession of the Mother of God was needed because an attack of a large pagan Russian fleet under the leadership of Askole and Dir. The feast celebrates the divine destruction of the fleet which threatened Constantinople itself, sometime in the years 864-867 or according to the Russian historian Vasiliev, on June 18, 860. Ironically, this Feast is considered important by the Slavic Churches but not by the Greeks. Primary Chronicle of Saint Nestor also notes the miraculous deliverance followed an all-night Vigil and the dipping of the garment of the Mother of God into the waters of the sea at the Blachernae church, but does not mention Saints Andrew and Epiphanius and their vision of the Mother of God at prayer. These latter elements, and the beginnings of the celebrating of the Feast of the Protection, seem to postdate Saint Nestor and the Chronicle. A further historical complication might be noted under (October 2) dating Saint Andrew’s death to the year 936. year of death might not be quite reliable, or the assertion that he survived to a ripe old age after the vision of his youth, or that his vision involved some later pagan Russian raid which met with the same fate. The suggestion that Saint Andrew was a Slav (or a Scythian according to other sources, such as S. V. Bulgakov) is interesting, but not necessarily accurate. The extent of Slavic expansion and repopulation into Greece is the topic of scholarly disputes. the PROLOGUE, a Russian book of the twelfth century, a description of the establishment of the special Feast marking this event states, “For when we heard, we realized how wondrous and merciful was the vision... and it transpired that Your holy Protection should not remain without festal celebration, O Ever-Blessed One!” in the festal celebration of the Protection of the Mother of God, the Russian Church sings, “With the choirs of the Angels, O Sovereign Lady, with the venerable and glorious prophets, with the First-Ranked Apostles and with the Hieromartyrs and Hierarchs, pray for us sinners, glorifying the Feast of your Protection in the Russian Land.” Moreover, it would seem that Saint Andrew, contemplating the miraculous vision was a Slav, was taken captive, and became the slave of the local inhabitant of Constantinople named Theognostus. in honor of the Protection of the Mother of God began to appear in Russia in the twelfth century. Widely known for its architectural merit is the temple of the Protection at Nerl, which was built in the year 1165 by holy Prince Andrew Bogoliubsky. The efforts of this holy prince also established in the Russian Church the Feast of the Protection of the Mother of God, about the year 1164. Novgorod in the twelfth century there was a monastery of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos (the so-called Zverin monastery) In Moscow also under Tsar Ivan the Terrible the cathedral of the Protection of the Mother of God was built at the church of the Holy Trinity (known as the church of Saint Basil the Blessed). the Feast of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos we implore the defense and assistance of the Queen of Heaven, “Remember us in your prayers, O Lady Virgin Mother of God, that we not perish by the increase of our sins. Protect us from every evil and from grievous woes, for in you do we hope, and venerating the Feast of your Protection, we magnify you.” Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Monkmartyr and Confessor Stephen the New of Mt St Auxentius, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated June 11 ; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Anastasia Gate
Anastasia Gate; Virginmartyr Theodosia the Nun of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 29;

Church of Saint Mary of Blachernae, Constantinople, 420
Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul); Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Appearance of the Smolensk ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœDirectressÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 9; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated September 10 ; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœSweet-SingerÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 1 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Monkmartyr and Confessor Stephen the New of Mt St Auxentius, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated June 11 ; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Church of the Holy Theotokos of Blachernae, Constantinople, 420
Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul); Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 9; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated September 10 ; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-Singer, Commemorated on October 1 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Monkmartyr and Confessor Stephen the New of Mt St Auxentius, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated June 11 ; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Prison of Anemas, Blachernae, Constantinople
Prison of Anemas, Blachernae, Constantinople; Prison of Anemas is a large Byzantine building attached to the walls of the city of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, Turkey). is traditionally identified with the prisons named after Michael Anemas, a Byzantine general who rose in unsuccessful revolt against Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) and was the first person to be imprisoned there. prison features prominently in the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire, when four Byzantine emperors were imprisoned there. Martyr John the Soldier at Constantinople, Commemorated on July 30; Holy Martyr John the Soldier served in the Roman army during the reign of Emperor Julian the Apostate (361-363). He was sent with other soldiers to find and kill Christians. Although he seemed to persecute them, Saint John was actually a secret Christian, and provided much help to his fellow Christians. He freed those who had been arrested, warned others of the dangers which threatened them, and helped them to escape. Saint John displayed charity not only to Christians, but to all the destitute, and to those who needed help. He visited the sick, and consoled the grieving. When Emperor Julian the Apostate learned of the Saint's activities he arrested him and sent him to a prison in Constantinople. the year 363 the wicked Emperor who had denied Christ was killed in a war with the Persians. Saint John was set free and devoted his life to serving his neighbor, and living a life of holiness and purity. He reposed at an advanced age, but the exact year of his death is not known. time, Saint John's tomb was gradually forgotten. One day he appeared to a certain devout woman and revealed to her the details of his life. He also showed her the location of his tomb, and this became known throughout the region. His holy relics, which had the power to heal various ailments, were transferred to the church of the Apostle John the Theologian at Constantinople. Through the prayers of Saint John the Soldier, those who suffer grief and sorrow receive comfort. the Russian Orthodox Church, Saint John is revered as the protector of soldiers, and a great intercessor for those who experience sorrow and difficult circumstances. He is also invoked for the recovery of stolen articles and fugitive slaves. iconography, Saint John is usually depicted as a middle-aged man with light brown (or dark) hair, a high forehead, and a short beard. He is dressed in armor and a cloak. In some icons he may hold a cross, a scroll, or military weapons, while in others he is shown in patrician clothing, wearing a cloak over a long chiton. John the Soldier is commemorated on July 29 in Greek usage, and on July 30 in Slavic usage.

Blachernae, Constantinople
Blachernae; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated July 2; Placing of the Venerable Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae: the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Great (457-474), the brothers Galbius and Candidus, associates of the emperor, set out from Constantinople to Palestine to venerate the holy places. a small settlement near Nazareth they stayed in the home of a certain old Jewish woman. In her house they noticed a room where many lamps were lit, incense burned, and sick people were gathered. When they asked her what the room contained, the pious woman did not want to give an answer for a long time. persistent requests, she said that she had a very precious sacred item: the Robe of the Mother of God, which performed many miracles and healings. Her Dormition the Most Holy Virgin bequeathed one of her garments to a pious Jewish maiden, an ancestor of the old woman, instructing her to leave it to another virgin after her death. the Robe of the Mother of God was preserved in this family from generation to generation. jewelled chest, containing the sacred Robe, was transferred to Constantinople. Saint Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople (August 31), and the emperor Leo, having learned of the sacred treasure, were convinced of the incorrupt state of the holy Robe, and they certified its authenticity. Blachernae, near the seacoast, a new church in honor of the Mother of God was constructed. On June 2, 458 Saint Gennadius transferred the sacred Robe into the Blachernae church with appropriate solemnity, placing it within a new reliquary. the maphorion (i.e., the outer robe) of the Mother of God, and part of Her belt were also put into the reliquary with Her Robe. This circumstance also influenced the Orthodox iconography of the Feast, in connecting the two events: the Placing of the Robe, and the Placing of the Belt of the Mother of God in Blachernae. The Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, visiting Constantinople in about the year 1350, testifies: “We arrived at Blachernae, where the Robe lies upon an altar in a sealed reliquary.â€ than once, during the invasion of enemies, the Most Holy Theotokos saved the city to which She had given Her holy Robe. Thus it happened during the time of a siege of Constantinople by the Avars in 626, by the Persians in 677, and by the Arabs in the year 717. Especially relevant for us are events of the year 860, intimately connected with the history of the Russian Church. June 18, 860 the Russian fleet of Prince Askold, a force comprising more than 200 ships, laid waste the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, then entered into the Golden Horn and threatened Constantinople. The Russian ships sailed within sight of the city, setting ashore troops who “proceeded before the city, stretching forth their swords.â€ The emperor Michael III (842-867), interrupted his campaign against the Arabs and returned to the capital. All night he prayed prostrated upon the stone tiles of the church of the Mother of God at Blachernae. The holy Patriarch Photius spoke to his flock, calling for tears of repentance to wash away sins, and to seek the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos with fervent prayer. danger grew with each passing hour. “The city was barely able to stand against a spear,â€ says Patriarch Photius in another of his homilies. Under these conditions the decision was made to save the church’s sacred objects, especially the holy Robe of the Mother of God, which was kept in the Blachernae church, not far from the shore. serving an all-night Vigil, and taking it out from the Blachernae church, they carried the sacred Robe of the Mother of God in a procession around the city walls. They dipped its edge into the waters of the Bosphorus, and then they transported it to the center of Constantinople into the church of Hagia Sophia. The Mother of God protected the city and quelled the fury of the Russian warriors. An honorable truce was concluded, and Askold lifted the siege of Constantinople. June 25 the Russian army began to leave, taking with them a large tribute payment. A week afterwards, on July 2, the wonderworking Robe of the Mother of God was solemnly returned to its place in the reliquary of the Blachernae church. In remembrance of these events an annual feastday of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God was established on July 2 by holy Patriarch Photius. in October-November of the year 860, a Russian delegation arrived in Constantinople to conclude a treaty “in love and peace.â€ Some of the conditions of the peace treaty included articles concerning the Baptism of Kievan Rus, the payment of an annual tribute by the Byzantines to the Russians, permission for them to serve with the Byzantine army, an agreement to trade in the territory of the Empire (primarily in Constantinople), and to send a diplomatic mission to Byzantium. important was the point about the Baptism of Rus. The continuator of the Byzantine “Theophanes Chroniclesâ€ relates that “their delegation arrived in Constantinople with a request for them to receive holy Baptism, which also was fulfilled.â€ An Orthodox mission was sent to Kiev to fulfill this mutual wish of the Russians and the Greeks. Not very long before this (in 855) Saint Cyril the Philosopher (February 14 and May 11) had created a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel. Saint Cyril was sent with his brother, Saint Methodius (April 6 and May 11), on a mission to Kiev with books translated into Slavonic. This was at the initiative of Saint Photius, whose student Saint Cyril was. The brothers spent the winter of 860/861 at Cherson, and in the spring of 861 they were at the River Dniepr, with Prince Askold. Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith. But under the influence of Saint Cyril, the prince chose Orthodoxy. At the end of the year 861, Saints Cyril and Methodius returned to Constantinople and carried letters with them from Prince Askold to Emperor Michael III. Askold thanked the emperor for sending him “such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy.â€ “Persuaded that this is the true Faith,â€ Askold further wrote, “we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity. We are all friends of the Kingdom and prepared to be of service to you, as requested.â€ accepted holy Baptism with the name Nicholas, and many of his retinue were also baptized. Directly from Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, through the efforts of the holy Apostles to the Slavs both the Slavonic divine services and the Slavonic written language arrived in Rus. Photius appointed Metropolitan Michael to Kiev, and the Russian metropolitan district was entered into the lists of dioceses of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius in an encyclical of the year 867 called the Baptism of the Bulgarians and the Russians as among the chief accomplishments of his archpastoral service. “The Russians, who lifted their hand against the Roman might,â€ he wrote, almost quoting literally from the missive of Askold, “have now replaced the impious teaching which they held to formerly, with the pure and genuine Christian Faith, and with love having established themselves in the array of our friends and subjects.â€ (The Byzantines counted as “subjectsâ€ all accepting Baptism from Constantinople and entering into military alliance with the Empire.) “The desire and zeal of faith has flared up within them to such an extent, that they have accepted bishops and pastors, and they embrace Christian sanctity with great zeal and fervor.â€ Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos in Blachernae also marks the canonical establishment of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate in Kiev. By the blessing of the Mother of God and by the miracle from Her holy Robe not only was the deliverence of Constantinople from the most terrible siege in all its history accomplished, but also the liberation of the Russians from the darkness of pagan superstition to life eternal. Together with this, the year 860 brought recognition to Kievan Rus from Byzantium, and signified the emergence of the young Russian realm into the arena of history. attempt of Prince Askold to renew the Christian evangelization begun by the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he intended as a religious and state reform, ended unsuccessfully. The time for the spread of Christianity in the Russian Land had not yet come. The adherents of the old paganism were too strong, and the princely power was too weak. In the clash of Askold with the pagan Oleg in 882 the Kievans betrayed their prince. Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr’s death at the hand of hired killers. the deed of Blessed Askold (the Ioakimov Chronicle calls him such) was not extinguished in the Russian Church. Oleg the Sage, who killed Askold, occupied the Kiev princedom after him, and called Kiev the “Mother of Russian Cities.â€ most ancient chronicles of Kiev preserved the grateful memory of the first Kievan Christian prince: the church of the Prophet of God Elias, built by Askold and later mentioned in Igor’s Treaty with the Greeks (in 944), is on the site where the present church of this name now stands, and there is also the church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in the 950s by Saint Olga over Askold’s grave. most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their apostolic activity among the Slavs began in Kiev at the court of Askold in 861, and continued afterwards in Moravia and Bulgaria. Following Blessed Askold, in the words of the ancient Alphabetic Prayers, “the Slavonic tribe now soars in flight, all striving toward Baptism.â€ outstanding works of Byzantine Church hymnology and homiletics are connected with the miracle of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae. There are two homilies of Saint Photius, one of which he preached within days of the siege of Constantinople, and the other soon after the departure of the Russian forces. Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable “Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos,â€ which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photius. This Akathist forms an integral part of the services of Praise to the Most Holy Theotokos (i.e., the “Saturday of the Akathist,â€ Fifth Saturday of Great Lent). is not only Byzantine sources that relate the events of the year 860, but also Russian historical chronicles. Saint Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time “it was begun to be called the Russian Land.â€ Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople. The popular commemoration of this event is firmly associated with the names of the Kievan princes Askold and Dir, although in the opinion of historians, Dir was prince of Kiev somewhat earlier than Askold. veneration of the feast of the Placing of the Robe was long known in the Russian Church. Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4) built a church in honor of this feastday in the city of Vladimir at the Golden Gates. At the end of the fourteenth century, part of the Robe of the Mother of God was transferred from Constantinople to Rus by Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal (June 26). holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. In memory of the miraculous deliverance of Moscow, Saint Jonah built the church of the Placing of the Robe in the Kremlin, making it his primary church. It burned, but in its place in the years 1484-1486 a new church, also dedicated to the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God, was built thirty years later. This temple, standing at present, continued to serve as the primary church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs until the cathedral of the Twelve Apostles was built under Patriarch Nikon. Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-SingerÂ, Commemorated on October 1 ; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectressÂ Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated October 2 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unbreakable WallÂ, Commemorated on May 28; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia, Commemorated July 7 ;

Blachernae Palace, Constantinople, 500, Emperor's main residence from late 11th century
Blachernae Palace ; Palace of Blachernae [1] was an imperial Byzantine residence in the suburb of Blachernae, located in the northwestern section of Constantinople (today located in the quarter of Ayvansaray in Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey). The area of the palace is now mostly overbuilt, and only literary sources are available as to its description. Palace of Blachernae was constructed on the northern slopes of the Sixth Hill of the city in circa 500.[2] The hill itself was partially remodelled, particularly in later times, and a number of terraces created to support the various buildings comprising the palace complex.[3] Although the main imperial residence during the 4th–11th centuries was the Great Palace at the eastern end of the city, the Blachernae palace was used at times, and is attested in the ceremonial protocols contained in the 10th-century De Ceremoniis, or Explanation of the Order of the Palace, Chapters I.27, I.34, II.9, II.12) of Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos (r. 913–959).[2] that time, it included several structures: the hall (triklinos) of Anastasius or Anastasiakos (Î¤ÏÎ¯ÎºÎ»Î¹Î½Î¿Ï‚ á¼ˆÎ½Î±ÏƒÏ„Î±ÏƒÎ¹Î±ÎºÏŒÏ‚), named after Emperor Anastasius I (r. 491–518) who built it, the hall of the Ocean or Okeanos, the portico of Joseph or Iosephiakos, and the hall of the Danube or Danoubios. The latter communicated with the nearby shrine of the Greek Orthodox Church of St. Mary of Blachernae through a series of staircases.[1][2] was here that in the late 11th century the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) moved his main residence, and he and his grandson Manuel I Komnenos (r. 1143–1180) undertook great works there, fortifying the palace precinct and erecting new halls.[2] Manuel I, in particular, is credited with the construction of an elaborate outer wall,[4] and of several splendid new halls, such as the Hall of Irene (named after Empress Irene of Hungary) and the Polytimos Oikos ("Valuable House"). this time the palace complex became known as the "New Palace".[5] Among the structures of the time, only the so-called Prison of Anemas, which formed part of the palace's substructure, still survives.[6] After the Fourth Crusade, the Latin emperors favoured the Bucoleon Palace, but on the recapture of the city in 1261, the Palaiologan emperors restored the Blachernae complex as their principal residence.[2][7] Palace of the Porphyrogenitus, probably dating to the late 13th century, although a bit further south than the main Blachernae palace complex, is usually related to it. It is the only relatively intact example of Byzantine palace architecture in Constantinople.[8] Blachernae; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated July 2; Placing of the Venerable Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae: the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Great (457-474), the brothers Galbius and Candidus, associates of the emperor, set out from Constantinople to Palestine to venerate the holy places. a small settlement near Nazareth they stayed in the home of a certain old Jewish woman. In her house they noticed a room where many lamps were lit, incense burned, and sick people were gathered. When they asked her what the room contained, the pious woman did not want to give an answer for a long time. persistent requests, she said that she had a very precious sacred item: the Robe of the Mother of God, which performed many miracles and healings. Her Dormition the Most Holy Virgin bequeathed one of her garments to a pious Jewish maiden, an ancestor of the old woman, instructing her to leave it to another virgin after her death. the Robe of the Mother of God was preserved in this family from generation to generation. jewelled chest, containing the sacred Robe, was transferred to Constantinople. Saint Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople (August 31), and the emperor Leo, having learned of the sacred treasure, were convinced of the incorrupt state of the holy Robe, and they certified its authenticity. Blachernae, near the seacoast, a new church in honor of the Mother of God was constructed. On June 2, 458 Saint Gennadius transferred the sacred Robe into the Blachernae church with appropriate solemnity, placing it within a new reliquary. the maphorion (i.e., the outer robe) of the Mother of God, and part of Her belt were also put into the reliquary with Her Robe. This circumstance also influenced the Orthodox iconography of the Feast, in connecting the two events: the Placing of the Robe, and the Placing of the Belt of the Mother of God in Blachernae. The Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, visiting Constantinople in about the year 1350, testifies: “We arrived at Blachernae, where the Robe lies upon an altar in a sealed reliquary.â€ than once, during the invasion of enemies, the Most Holy Theotokos saved the city to which She had given Her holy Robe. Thus it happened during the time of a siege of Constantinople by the Avars in 626, by the Persians in 677, and by the Arabs in the year 717. Especially relevant for us are events of the year 860, intimately connected with the history of the Russian Church. June 18, 860 the Russian fleet of Prince Askold, a force comprising more than 200 ships, laid waste the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, then entered into the Golden Horn and threatened Constantinople. The Russian ships sailed within sight of the city, setting ashore troops who “proceeded before the city, stretching forth their swords.â€ The emperor Michael III (842-867), interrupted his campaign against the Arabs and returned to the capital. All night he prayed prostrated upon the stone tiles of the church of the Mother of God at Blachernae. The holy Patriarch Photius spoke to his flock, calling for tears of repentance to wash away sins, and to seek the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos with fervent prayer. danger grew with each passing hour. “The city was barely able to stand against a spear,â€ says Patriarch Photius in another of his homilies. Under these conditions the decision was made to save the church’s sacred objects, especially the holy Robe of the Mother of God, which was kept in the Blachernae church, not far from the shore. serving an all-night Vigil, and taking it out from the Blachernae church, they carried the sacred Robe of the Mother of God in a procession around the city walls. They dipped its edge into the waters of the Bosphorus, and then they transported it to the center of Constantinople into the church of Hagia Sophia. The Mother of God protected the city and quelled the fury of the Russian warriors. An honorable truce was concluded, and Askold lifted the siege of Constantinople. June 25 the Russian army began to leave, taking with them a large tribute payment. A week afterwards, on July 2, the wonderworking Robe of the Mother of God was solemnly returned to its place in the reliquary of the Blachernae church. In remembrance of these events an annual feastday of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God was established on July 2 by holy Patriarch Photius. in October-November of the year 860, a Russian delegation arrived in Constantinople to conclude a treaty “in love and peace.â€ Some of the conditions of the peace treaty included articles concerning the Baptism of Kievan Rus, the payment of an annual tribute by the Byzantines to the Russians, permission for them to serve with the Byzantine army, an agreement to trade in the territory of the Empire (primarily in Constantinople), and to send a diplomatic mission to Byzantium. important was the point about the Baptism of Rus. The continuator of the Byzantine “Theophanes Chroniclesâ€ relates that “their delegation arrived in Constantinople with a request for them to receive holy Baptism, which also was fulfilled.â€ An Orthodox mission was sent to Kiev to fulfill this mutual wish of the Russians and the Greeks. Not very long before this (in 855) Saint Cyril the Philosopher (February 14 and May 11) had created a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel. Saint Cyril was sent with his brother, Saint Methodius (April 6 and May 11), on a mission to Kiev with books translated into Slavonic. This was at the initiative of Saint Photius, whose student Saint Cyril was. The brothers spent the winter of 860/861 at Cherson, and in the spring of 861 they were at the River Dniepr, with Prince Askold. Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith. But under the influence of Saint Cyril, the prince chose Orthodoxy. At the end of the year 861, Saints Cyril and Methodius returned to Constantinople and carried letters with them from Prince Askold to Emperor Michael III. Askold thanked the emperor for sending him “such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy.â€ “Persuaded that this is the true Faith,â€ Askold further wrote, “we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity. We are all friends of the Kingdom and prepared to be of service to you, as requested.â€ accepted holy Baptism with the name Nicholas, and many of his retinue were also baptized. Directly from Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, through the efforts of the holy Apostles to the Slavs both the Slavonic divine services and the Slavonic written language arrived in Rus. Photius appointed Metropolitan Michael to Kiev, and the Russian metropolitan district was entered into the lists of dioceses of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius in an encyclical of the year 867 called the Baptism of the Bulgarians and the Russians as among the chief accomplishments of his archpastoral service. “The Russians, who lifted their hand against the Roman might,â€ he wrote, almost quoting literally from the missive of Askold, “have now replaced the impious teaching which they held to formerly, with the pure and genuine Christian Faith, and with love having established themselves in the array of our friends and subjects.â€ (The Byzantines counted as “subjectsâ€ all accepting Baptism from Constantinople and entering into military alliance with the Empire.) “The desire and zeal of faith has flared up within them to such an extent, that they have accepted bishops and pastors, and they embrace Christian sanctity with great zeal and fervor.â€ Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos in Blachernae also marks the canonical establishment of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate in Kiev. By the blessing of the Mother of God and by the miracle from Her holy Robe not only was the deliverence of Constantinople from the most terrible siege in all its history accomplished, but also the liberation of the Russians from the darkness of pagan superstition to life eternal. Together with this, the year 860 brought recognition to Kievan Rus from Byzantium, and signified the emergence of the young Russian realm into the arena of history. attempt of Prince Askold to renew the Christian evangelization begun by the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he intended as a religious and state reform, ended unsuccessfully. The time for the spread of Christianity in the Russian Land had not yet come. The adherents of the old paganism were too strong, and the princely power was too weak. In the clash of Askold with the pagan Oleg in 882 the Kievans betrayed their prince. Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr’s death at the hand of hired killers. the deed of Blessed Askold (the Ioakimov Chronicle calls him such) was not extinguished in the Russian Church. Oleg the Sage, who killed Askold, occupied the Kiev princedom after him, and called Kiev the “Mother of Russian Cities.â€ most ancient chronicles of Kiev preserved the grateful memory of the first Kievan Christian prince: the church of the Prophet of God Elias, built by Askold and later mentioned in Igor’s Treaty with the Greeks (in 944), is on the site where the present church of this name now stands, and there is also the church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in the 950s by Saint Olga over Askold’s grave. most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their apostolic activity among the Slavs began in Kiev at the court of Askold in 861, and continued afterwards in Moravia and Bulgaria. Following Blessed Askold, in the words of the ancient Alphabetic Prayers, “the Slavonic tribe now soars in flight, all striving toward Baptism.â€ outstanding works of Byzantine Church hymnology and homiletics are connected with the miracle of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae. There are two homilies of Saint Photius, one of which he preached within days of the siege of Constantinople, and the other soon after the departure of the Russian forces. Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable “Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos,â€ which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photius. This Akathist forms an integral part of the services of Praise to the Most Holy Theotokos (i.e., the “Saturday of the Akathist,â€ Fifth Saturday of Great Lent). is not only Byzantine sources that relate the events of the year 860, but also Russian historical chronicles. Saint Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time “it was begun to be called the Russian Land.â€ Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople. The popular commemoration of this event is firmly associated with the names of the Kievan princes Askold and Dir, although in the opinion of historians, Dir was prince of Kiev somewhat earlier than Askold. veneration of the feast of the Placing of the Robe was long known in the Russian Church. Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4) built a church in honor of this feastday in the city of Vladimir at the Golden Gates. At the end of the fourteenth century, part of the Robe of the Mother of God was transferred from Constantinople to Rus by Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal (June 26). holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. In memory of the miraculous deliverance of Moscow, Saint Jonah built the church of the Placing of the Robe in the Kremlin, making it his primary church. It burned, but in its place in the years 1484-1486 a new church, also dedicated to the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God, was built thirty years later. This temple, standing at present, continued to serve as the primary church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs until the cathedral of the Twelve Apostles was built under Patriarch Nikon. Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectressÂ Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated September 10 ; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated October 2 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unbreakable WallÂ, Commemorated on May 28; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Chora Church and monastery, Blachernae, Constantinople
Chora monastery in Constantinople; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12;

Patriarchal Academy, Constantinople, near Blachernae, 1454
Patriarchal Academy; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated on December 4 ; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1;

Cosmos and Damian Monastery (Kosmidion, Blachernae) 450 approx
Cosmos and Damian Monastery (Kosmidion); St. Elizabeth the Wonderworker of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 24;

Pammakaristos Church and monastery, Center of Greek Orthodox Christiantiy during Ottoman Empire, Blachernae, 1071
Pammakaristos Church;

Constantinople, Phanar Golden Horn Greek Quarter Folder

Phanar, Constantinople (Neighborhood on Golden Horn, Greek Quarter)
Phanar (Greek Quarter of Constantinople); Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated September 14 ; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra, Commemorated on November 13 ; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated on December 4 ; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Phanariots, members of prominent Greek families in Phanar, Wallacian Rulers (Romania and Moldovia)
Phanariots, members of prominent Greek families in Phanar; Phanar (Greek Quarter of Constantinople); Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated September 14 ; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra, Commemorated on November 13 ; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated on December 4 ; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Phanar Greek Orthodox College, Constantinople
Phanar Greek Orthodox College, Constantinople; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated on December 4 ;

Patriarchal Academy, Constantinople, Phanar Greek Neighborhood, 1454
Patriarchal Academy; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated on December 4 ; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1;

Pantocrator Church and monastery, Phanar, Constantinople, Greek Quarter, 1118
Pantocrator monastery in Constantinople ; The Holy Empress Irene, tonsured Xenia; Repose of Saint Stephen of Decani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11; Venerable Macarius of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on January 6 ;

Hesychius Church and monastery, Phanar, Constantinople, Greek Quarter, 1118
Pantocrator monastery in Constantinople ; The Holy Empress Irene, tonsured Xenia; Repose of Saint Stephen of Decani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11; Venerable Macarius of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on January 6 ;

Dalmatian Monastery (Probably at Church of the Holy Apostles, Phanar, 330)
Dalmatian Monastery (Probably at Church of the Holy Apostles); Isaac of Dalmatia, founder of the Dalmatus Monastery, not from Dalmatia; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6 ;

Church of the Holy Apostles, and monastery, Phanar, Constantinople, 330
Church of the Holy Apostles; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated October 20 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated November 25 ; Apostle Timothy of the Seventy, Commemorated January 22 ; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13;

Church of St. Polyeuctus, Constantinople, 524
Church of St. Polyeuctus; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Constantinople, Galata, North Shore of Golden Horn Folder

Golden Horn (waters that define northern boundary of the penninsula)
Golden Horn; Golden Horn is a major urban waterway and the primary inlet of the Bosphorus in Istanbul, Turkey. a natural estuary that connects with the Bosphorus Strait at the point where the strait meets the Sea of Marmara, the waters of the Golden Horn help define the northern boundary of the peninsula constituting "Old Istanbul" (ancient Byzantium and Constantinople), the tip of which is the promontory of Sarayburnu, or Seraglio Point. This estuarial inlet geographically separates the historic center of Istanbul from the rest of the city, and forms a horn-shaped, sheltered harbor that in the course of history has protected Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman and other maritime trade ships for thousands[1] of years. the reference to a "horn" is understood to refer to the inlet's aerial silhouette, the significance of the designation "golden" remains more obscure, with historians believing it to refer to either the riches brought into the city through the bustling historic harbor located along its shores, or to romantic artistic interpretations of the rich yellow light blazing upon the estuary's waters as the sun sets over the city. Its Greek and English names mean the same, while its Turkish name, Haliç, simply means "estuary", and derives from the Arabic word khaleej, meaning "gulf". its history, the Golden Horn has witnessed many tumultuous historical incidents, and has been depicted in numerous works of art. Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unbreakable WallÂ, Commemorated on May 28; “Unbreakable (or “Indestructibleâ€) Wallâ€ Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is commemorated on the Sunday of All Saints. It is an XI century mosaic icon of the Blachernae type, above the main altar of Kiev's Holy Wisdom Cathedral. The Mother of God is depicted against a golden background, standing with upraised hands on a quadrangular gold platform. some Icons of this type [but not in the mosaic Icon], Christ is depicted within a mandorla, an oval or circle, symbolizing the glory of Heaven, or the Divine Light. Icon is called the "Unbreakable Wall" because for ten centuries it has remained intact, in spite of the fact that both Kiev's Holy Wisdom Cathedral and the city have been damaged several times. An ancient description of this Icon has been preserved: "A gigantic full-length portrait of the Theotokos.... She stands upon a gold stone, as an unshakable foundation for all who resort to her protection. Her chiton is blue, and she wears a scarlet belt. Hanging from it is an embroidered cloth with which she wipes away so many tears. are several possible sources for this Icon's title: The Prophet-King David wrote "God is in the midst of her (i. e. the city of God); she shall not be moved: God shall help her with his countenance" (Psalm 45/46:5). "Thus the Lord showed me; and behold, he stood upon a wall of adamant..." (Amos 7:7, LXX). The Akathist to the Mother of God, Ikos 12. "Rejoice, indestructible wall of kingdoms" - Ikos XII). According to Kievan tradition, the wall of the church will not perish while the hands of the Mother of God are extended over it.

Galata, Constantinople (north shore of Golden Horn)
Galata (north shore of the Golden Horn Harbor on the outskirts of Constantinople ; New Martyr John Kalphes, the Apprentice, Commemorated on February 26; Icon of the Mother of God of Galatea, Commemorated July 4 ; Galatea Icon of the Mother of God is found in Galatea (one of the districts of Constantinople), at Perge (in a tower). In honor of the holy icon a monastery was formed, which existed until the seventeenth century. An exact copy of the icon is located in Moscow, in the Church of Saint Tikhon, at the Arbat Gate. Galatea Icon is of the Hodegetria type.

Galata Tower, Constantinople
Galata Tower, Constantinople; Icon of the Mother of God of Galatea, Commemorated July 4 ; Galatea Icon of the Mother of God is found in Galatea (one of the districts of Constantinople), at Perge (in a tower). In honor of the holy icon a monastery was formed, which existed until the seventeenth century. An exact copy of the icon is located in Moscow, in the Church of Saint Tikhon, at the Arbat Gate. Galatea Icon is of the Hodegetria type.

Galatea, Constantinople (north shore of the Golden Horn)
Galatea (Constantinople); Icon of the Mother of God of Galatea, Commemorated July 4 ; Galatea Icon of the Mother of God is found in Galatea (one of the districts of Constantinople), at Perge (in a tower). In honor of the holy icon a monastery was formed, which existed until the seventeenth century. An exact copy of the icon is located in Moscow, in the Church of Saint Tikhon, at the Arbat Gate. Galatea Icon is of the Hodegetria type.

Constantinople, Downtown Folder, Byzantium, Hagia Sophia, Imperial Palace, Sultan's Palace

Byzantium (downtown Constantinople)
Byzantium; Byzantine Empire; Apostle Stachys of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31;

Gate of Eugenius (the Ottoman Yaakosku kapasa)
Gate of Eugenius (the Ottoman Yalkosku kap); Uncovering of the relics of the Holy Martyrs at the Gate of Eugenius at Constantinople, Commemorated on February 22; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ;

Topkap Palace (Sultans Residence, Ottoman Empire, 1465-1856)
Topkap Palace (Sultans Residence, Ottoman Empire, 1465-1856);

Armatia Monastery, 491, Armatian Icon, deliverance from iconoclast heresy 787
Armatian monestary is somewhere in Constantinople. Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on August 17 ; Armatia Icon of the Mother of God was in Constantinople at the Armatian monastery. The place where the monastery was located, was called “Armation” or “of the Armatians” and received its name from the military magister Armatias, nephew of the tyrant Basiliscus, and a contemporary of the emperor Zeno (474-491). celebration of the wonderworking icon was established to commemorate deliverance from the Iconoclast heresy. The Seventh Ecumenical Council of 787 drew up dogmatic definitions about icon veneration based on Holy Scripture and Church Tradition. Armatia Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is commemorated twice during the year, on July 21 and August 17.

Imperial Palace, Constantinople, 330 - 1081, Emperor's Residence
Imperial Palace, Constantinople, 330; Great Palace of Constantinople (Greek: ; Latin: Palatium Magnum, Turkish: Bak Saray), also known as the Sacred Palace (Greek:; Latin: Sacrum Palatium), was the large Imperial Byzantine palace complex located in the south-eastern end of the peninsula now known as Old Istanbul (formerly Constantinople), in modern Turkey. It served as the main royal residence of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine emperors until 1081 and was the centre of imperial administration for over 690 years. Only a few remnants and fragments of its foundations have survived into the present day. Saint Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9;

Daphne Palace, Constantinople, 568
Daphne Palace, Constantinople, 568; Venerable Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on October 9 and November 25;

Daphne Monastery of St Phocus, Constantinople, 568
Daphne Palace, Constantinople, 568; Venerable Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on October 9 and November 25;

Chalke (entrance to the Imperial Palace)
Chalke; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19;

Mangana Monastery, Constantinople, 1050
Mangana Monastery; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated February 6;

Santa Sophia Cathedral, Great Church (Hagia Sophia), Constantinople, 537
Hagia Sophia; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev; Venerable Paul the Founder of the Xeropotamou Monastery On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 28 ; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three œFeasts of the SaviorÂ in August), Commemorated on August 1; St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated August 25 ; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople, Commemorated September 9 ; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-SingerÂ, Commemorated on October 1 ; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra, Commemorated November 13 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated November 14 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated December 27 ; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13 ; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Great Church (Hagia Sophia), Constantinople, 537
Hagia Sophia; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev; Venerable Paul the Founder of the Xeropotamou Monastery On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 28 ; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three œFeasts of the Saviorin August), Commemorated on August 1; St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated August 25 ; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople, Commemorated September 9 ; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-SingerÂ, Commemorated on October 1 ; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra, Commemorated November 13 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated November 14 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated December 27 ; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13 ; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, 537
Hagia Sophia; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated July 2; Placing of the Venerable Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae: the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Great (457-474), the brothers Galbius and Candidus, associates of the emperor, set out from Constantinople to Palestine to venerate the holy places. a small settlement near Nazareth they stayed in the home of a certain old Jewish woman. In her house they noticed a room where many lamps were lit, incense burned, and sick people were gathered. When they asked her what the room contained, the pious woman did not want to give an answer for a long time. persistent requests, she said that she had a very precious sacred item: the Robe of the Mother of God, which performed many miracles and healings. Her Dormition the Most Holy Virgin bequeathed one of her garments to a pious Jewish maiden, an ancestor of the old woman, instructing her to leave it to another virgin after her death. the Robe of the Mother of God was preserved in this family from generation to generation. jewelled chest, containing the sacred Robe, was transferred to Constantinople. Saint Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople (August 31), and the emperor Leo, having learned of the sacred treasure, were convinced of the incorrupt state of the holy Robe, and they certified its authenticity. Blachernae, near the seacoast, a new church in honor of the Mother of God was constructed. On June 2, 458 Saint Gennadius transferred the sacred Robe into the Blachernae church with appropriate solemnity, placing it within a new reliquary. the maphorion (i.e., the outer robe) of the Mother of God, and part of Her belt were also put into the reliquary with Her Robe. This circumstance also influenced the Orthodox iconography of the Feast, in connecting the two events: the Placing of the Robe, and the Placing of the Belt of the Mother of God in Blachernae. The Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, visiting Constantinople in about the year 1350, testifies: “We arrived at Blachernae, where the Robe lies upon an altar in a sealed reliquary.â€ than once, during the invasion of enemies, the Most Holy Theotokos saved the city to which She had given Her holy Robe. Thus it happened during the time of a siege of Constantinople by the Avars in 626, by the Persians in 677, and by the Arabs in the year 717. Especially relevant for us are events of the year 860, intimately connected with the history of the Russian Church. June 18, 860 the Russian fleet of Prince Askold, a force comprising more than 200 ships, laid waste the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, then entered into the Golden Horn and threatened Constantinople. The Russian ships sailed within sight of the city, setting ashore troops who “proceeded before the city, stretching forth their swords.â€ The emperor Michael III (842-867), interrupted his campaign against the Arabs and returned to the capital. All night he prayed prostrated upon the stone tiles of the church of the Mother of God at Blachernae. The holy Patriarch Photius spoke to his flock, calling for tears of repentance to wash away sins, and to seek the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos with fervent prayer. danger grew with each passing hour. “The city was barely able to stand against a spear,â€ says Patriarch Photius in another of his homilies. Under these conditions the decision was made to save the church’s sacred objects, especially the holy Robe of the Mother of God, which was kept in the Blachernae church, not far from the shore. serving an all-night Vigil, and taking it out from the Blachernae church, they carried the sacred Robe of the Mother of God in a procession around the city walls. They dipped its edge into the waters of the Bosphorus, and then they transported it to the center of Constantinople into the church of Hagia Sophia. The Mother of God protected the city and quelled the fury of the Russian warriors. An honorable truce was concluded, and Askold lifted the siege of Constantinople. June 25 the Russian army began to leave, taking with them a large tribute payment. A week afterwards, on July 2, the wonderworking Robe of the Mother of God was solemnly returned to its place in the reliquary of the Blachernae church. In remembrance of these events an annual feastday of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God was established on July 2 by holy Patriarch Photius. in October-November of the year 860, a Russian delegation arrived in Constantinople to conclude a treaty “in love and peace.â€ Some of the conditions of the peace treaty included articles concerning the Baptism of Kievan Rus, the payment of an annual tribute by the Byzantines to the Russians, permission for them to serve with the Byzantine army, an agreement to trade in the territory of the Empire (primarily in Constantinople), and to send a diplomatic mission to Byzantium. important was the point about the Baptism of Rus. The continuator of the Byzantine “Theophanes Chroniclesâ€ relates that “their delegation arrived in Constantinople with a request for them to receive holy Baptism, which also was fulfilled.â€ An Orthodox mission was sent to Kiev to fulfill this mutual wish of the Russians and the Greeks. Not very long before this (in 855) Saint Cyril the Philosopher (February 14 and May 11) had created a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel. Saint Cyril was sent with his brother, Saint Methodius (April 6 and May 11), on a mission to Kiev with books translated into Slavonic. This was at the initiative of Saint Photius, whose student Saint Cyril was. The brothers spent the winter of 860/861 at Cherson, and in the spring of 861 they were at the River Dniepr, with Prince Askold. Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith. But under the influence of Saint Cyril, the prince chose Orthodoxy. At the end of the year 861, Saints Cyril and Methodius returned to Constantinople and carried letters with them from Prince Askold to Emperor Michael III. Askold thanked the emperor for sending him “such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy.â€ “Persuaded that this is the true Faith,â€ Askold further wrote, “we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity. We are all friends of the Kingdom and prepared to be of service to you, as requested.â€ accepted holy Baptism with the name Nicholas, and many of his retinue were also baptized. Directly from Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, through the efforts of the holy Apostles to the Slavs both the Slavonic divine services and the Slavonic written language arrived in Rus. Photius appointed Metropolitan Michael to Kiev, and the Russian metropolitan district was entered into the lists of dioceses of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius in an encyclical of the year 867 called the Baptism of the Bulgarians and the Russians as among the chief accomplishments of his archpastoral service. “The Russians, who lifted their hand against the Roman might,â€ he wrote, almost quoting literally from the missive of Askold, “have now replaced the impious teaching which they held to formerly, with the pure and genuine Christian Faith, and with love having established themselves in the array of our friends and subjects.â€ (The Byzantines counted as “subjectsâ€ all accepting Baptism from Constantinople and entering into military alliance with the Empire.) “The desire and zeal of faith has flared up within them to such an extent, that they have accepted bishops and pastors, and they embrace Christian sanctity with great zeal and fervor.â€ Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos in Blachernae also marks the canonical establishment of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate in Kiev. By the blessing of the Mother of God and by the miracle from Her holy Robe not only was the deliverence of Constantinople from the most terrible siege in all its history accomplished, but also the liberation of the Russians from the darkness of pagan superstition to life eternal. Together with this, the year 860 brought recognition to Kievan Rus from Byzantium, and signified the emergence of the young Russian realm into the arena of history. attempt of Prince Askold to renew the Christian evangelization begun by the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he intended as a religious and state reform, ended unsuccessfully. The time for the spread of Christianity in the Russian Land had not yet come. The adherents of the old paganism were too strong, and the princely power was too weak. In the clash of Askold with the pagan Oleg in 882 the Kievans betrayed their prince. Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr’s death at the hand of hired killers. the deed of Blessed Askold (the Ioakimov Chronicle calls him such) was not extinguished in the Russian Church. Oleg the Sage, who killed Askold, occupied the Kiev princedom after him, and called Kiev the “Mother of Russian Cities.â€ most ancient chronicles of Kiev preserved the grateful memory of the first Kievan Christian prince: the church of the Prophet of God Elias, built by Askold and later mentioned in Igor’s Treaty with the Greeks (in 944), is on the site where the present church of this name now stands, and there is also the church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in the 950s by Saint Olga over Askold’s grave. most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their apostolic activity among the Slavs began in Kiev at the court of Askold in 861, and continued afterwards in Moravia and Bulgaria. Following Blessed Askold, in the words of the ancient Alphabetic Prayers, “the Slavonic tribe now soars in flight, all striving toward Baptism.â€ outstanding works of Byzantine Church hymnology and homiletics are connected with the miracle of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae. There are two homilies of Saint Photius, one of which he preached within days of the siege of Constantinople, and the other soon after the departure of the Russian forces. Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable “Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos,â€ which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photius. This Akathist forms an integral part of the services of Praise to the Most Holy Theotokos (i.e., the “Saturday of the Akathist,â€ Fifth Saturday of Great Lent). is not only Byzantine sources that relate the events of the year 860, but also Russian historical chronicles. Saint Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time “it was begun to be called the Russian Land.â€ Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople. The popular commemoration of this event is firmly associated with the names of the Kievan princes Askold and Dir, although in the opinion of historians, Dir was prince of Kiev somewhat earlier than Askold. veneration of the feast of the Placing of the Robe was long known in the Russian Church. Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4) built a church in honor of this feastday in the city of Vladimir at the Golden Gates. At the end of the fourteenth century, part of the Robe of the Mother of God was transferred from Constantinople to Rus by Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal (June 26). holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. In memory of the miraculous deliverance of Moscow, Saint Jonah built the church of the Placing of the Robe in the Kremlin, making it his primary church. It burned, but in its place in the years 1484-1486 a new church, also dedicated to the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God, was built thirty years later. This temple, standing at present, continued to serve as the primary church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs until the cathedral of the Twelve Apostles was built under Patriarch Nikon. St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev; Venerable Paul the Founder of the Xeropotamou Monastery On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 28 ; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three œFeasts of the Savior" Â in August), Commemorated on August 1; St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated August 25 ; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 9; Niketas the Hidden lived at Constantinople and occupied the position of “chartolarium” (“letter-writer”). They call him “the Hidden,” because living in the world amid the bustle of the city, with secret exploits of faith, he attained spiritual perfection and was a great saint of God. His saintly life was revealed through unusual circumstances. friends, a certain priest and the deacon Sozon, had quarreled. The priest died, and the deacon grieved that they had not been able to be reconciled. He told an experienced Elder of the sin that tormented his conscience. He gave Sozon a letter and ordered him to give it to the first person whom he would meet at midnight at the temple of Hagia Sophia, the Wisdom of God. Niketas the Chartolarian appeared before him. Having read the letter, he began weeping and said, that it made him responsible for this, and that it was beyond his strength, but with the prayers of the Elder who had sent Sozon, he would strive to accomplish this. Making a prostration before the church doors, Saint Niketas said: “Lord, open to us the doors of Thy mercy,” and the doors of the temple flew open by themselves. Leaving the deacon at the threshold, Saint Niketas began to pray, and Sozon saw that he shone with a strange light. they went from the church, and the doors again closed. Approaching the church of the Blachernae Mother of God, Saint Nikḗtas again began praying and again the doors opened in front of them. In the church there shone a light, and from the altar came two rows of priests, among whom Deacon Sozon recognized his dead friend. Saint Nikḗtas quietly said: “Father, speak to your brother, and cease the enmity between you.” the priest and Deacon Sozon greeted each other. They embraced one another with love and were reconciled. The priest went back, and the doors closed by themselves. Saint Niketas said to the deacon: “Brother Sozon, save your soul both for your sake, and for my benefit. To the Father who sent you, say that the purity of his holy prayers and his trust in God made possible the return of the dead.” these words Saint Niketas became invisible to Sozon. Having returned to his spiritual Father and Elder, the deacon thanked him with tears, that through his prayers, the great hidden saint of God Niketas the Chartolarian had removed the sin from both the living and the dead. Venerable Romanus the Melodist, "œSweet-Singer"Â, Commemorated on October 1 ; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra, Commemorated November 13 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated November 14 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated December 27 ; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13 ; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Hagia Sophia, Patriarch's house, Downtown Constantinople
Hagia Sophia; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev; Venerable Paul the Founder of the Xeropotamou Monastery On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 28 ; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three œFeasts of the SaviorÂ in August), Commemorated on August 1; St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated August 25 ; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople, Commemorated September 9 ; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-SingerÂ, Commemorated on October 1 ; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra, Commemorated November 13 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated November 14 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated December 27 ; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13 ; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Constantinople's Chalcoprateia district Church, 100 meters west of Hagia Sophia
Constantinople's Chalcoprateia district Church, 100 meters west of Hagia Sophia; Hagia Sophia; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31;

Pantocrator Monastery (Hagia Sophia), Constantinople, 537
Christ Pantocrator; Hagia Sophia; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev; Venerable Paul the Founder of the Xeropotamou Monastery On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 28 ; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFeasts of the SaviorÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ in August), Commemorated on August 1; St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated August 25 ; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople, Commemorated September 9 ; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœSweet-SingerÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 1 ; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra, Commemorated November 13 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated November 14 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated December 27 ; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13 ; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Hagia Eirene, church of Hagia Eirene, Constantinople
Hagia Eirene; 33 Holy Martyrs of Melitene, Commemorated November 6 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ;

Sublime Porte
Sublime Porte; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Ottoman Porte (Ottoman central government)
Ottoman Porte; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1;

Constantinople, Walls of Constantinople
Walls of Constantinople, Golden Horn Wall: The wall facing towards the Golden Horn; Gate of Eugenius: the last gate of the Golden Horn wall was the Gate of Eugenius;; Uncovering of the relics of the Holy Martyrs at the Gate of Eugenius at Constantinople, Commemorated February 22 ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ;

Constantinople, Gate of Eugenius: the last gate of the Golden Horn wall
Walls of Constantinople, Golden Horn Wall: The wall facing towards the Golden Horn; Gate of Eugenius: the last gate of the Golden Horn wall was the Gate of Eugenius;; Uncovering of the relics of the Holy Martyrs at the Gate of Eugenius at Constantinople, Commemorated February 22 ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ;

monastery of the holy Martyrs Sergius and Bacchus (Little Hagia Sophia)
monastery of the holy Martyrs Sergius and Bacchus (Little Hagia Sophia); Saint Gregory, Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated on November 23;

Armatia Monastery
Armatian monestary is somewhere in Constantinople. Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on August 17 ;

Ergat-Bazara, near the Bedestan, Grand Bazaar, Istanbul, 1455
Ergat-Bazara, near the Bedestan, Grand Bazaar, Istanbul; New Martyr John Kalphes, the Apprentice, Commemorated on February 26;

Chrysovolantou Monastery, Constantinople (somewhere in Constantinople), Saint Irene
monastery Chrysovolantou; St Irene Chrysovolantou, Commemorated July 28 ; Irene was the daughter of a wealthy family from Cappadocia, and was born in the ninth century. the death of her husband Theophilus, the empress Theodora ruled the Byzantine Empire as regent for her young son Michael. Saint Theodora (February 11) helped to defeat the iconoclast heresy, and to restore the holy icons. We commemorate this Triumph of O rthodoxy on the first Sunday of Great Lent. Michael was twelve years of age, Saint Theodora sent messengers throughout the Empire to find a suitably virtuous and refined girl to be his wife. Saint Irene was chosen, and she agreed to the marriage. While passing Mt. Olympus in Asia Minor, Irene asked to stop so she could receive the blessing of Saint Joannicius (November 4), who lived on the mountain. The saint, who showed himself only to the most worthy pilgrims, foresaw the arrival of Saint Irene, and also her future life. holy ascetic welcomed her and told her to proceed to Constantinople, where the women’s monastery of Chrysovalantou had need of her. Amazed at his clairvoyance, Irene fell to the ground and asked Saint Joannicius for his blessing. After blessing her and giving her spiritual counsel, he sent her on her way. the party arrived in Constantinople, Irene’s relatives met her with great ceremony. Since “the steps of a man are rightly ordered by the Lord” (Ps. 36/37:23), God arranged for Michael to marry another girl a few days before, so that Irene might be free to become a bride of Christ. Far from being disappointed, Irene rejoiced at this turn of events. the words of Saint Joannicius, Irene visited the Monastery of Chrysovalantou. She was so impressed by the nuns and their way of life that she freed her slaves and distributed her wealth to the poor. She exchanged her fine clothing for the simple garb of a nun, and served the sisters with great humility and obedience. The abbess was impressed with the way that Irene performed the most menial and disagreeable tasks without complaint. Irene often read the Lives of the Saints in her cell, imitating their virtues to the best of her ability. She often stood in prayer all night with her hands raised like Moses on Mt. Sinai (Exodus 17:11-13). Saint Irene spent the next few years in spiritual struggles defeating the assaults of the demons, and bringing forth the fruits of the Holy Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23). the abbess sensed the approach of death, she told the other nuns that they should not accept anyone but Irene as the new abbess. Irene was not told of the abbess’s instructions, and when she died the community sent representatives to go and seek the advice of the patriarch, Saint Methodius (June 14). He asked them whom they wanted as their superior. They replied that they believed he would be guided by the Holy Spirit. Without knowing of the late abbess’s instructions to the nuns, he asked if there was a humble nun by the name of Irene in their monastery. If so, he said, they should choose her. The nuns rejoiced and gave thanks to God. Saint Methodius elevated Irene to the rank of abbess and advised her how to guide those in her charge. to the monastery, Irene prayed that God would help her to care for those under her, and redoubled her own spiritual efforts. She displayed great wisdom in leading the nuns, and received many revelations from God to assist her in carrying out her duties. She also asked for the gift of clairvoyance so that she would know what trials awaited her nuns. Thus, she was in a better position to give them the proper advice. She never used this knowledge to embarrass others, but only to correct their confessions in a way which let them know that she possessed certain spiritual gifts. Saint Irene performed many miracles during her life, let us mention only one. On great Feasts it was her habit to keep vigil in the monastery courtyard under the starry skies. Once, a nun who was unable to sleep left her cell and went into the courtyard. There she saw Abbess Irene levitating a few feet above the ground, completely absorbed in prayer. The astonished nun also noticed that two cypress trees had bowed their heads to the ground, as if in homage. When she finished praying, Irene blessed the trees and they returned to their upright position. that this might be a temptation from the demons, the nun returned the next night to see if she had been mistaken. Again she saw Irene levitating as she prayed, and the cypress trees bowing down. The nun tied handkerchiefs to the tops of the two trees before they went back to their places. When the other sisters saw the handkerchiefs atop the trees, they began to wonder who had put them there. Then the nun who had witnessed these strange events revealed to the others what she had seen. When Saint Irene learned that the nun had witnessed the miracle and told the others, she was very upset. She warned them not to speak of it to anyone until after her death. Irene observed the Feast of Saint Basil (January 1) with great devotion, since he also came from Cappadocia. One year, after celebrating the feast, Saint Irene heard a voice during the night telling her to welcome the sailor who would come to the door the next day. She was told to rejoice and eat the fruit which the sailor would bring her. During Matins, a sailor did come to the door and remained in church until after Liturgy. He told her that he had come from Patmos, where he boarded a ship. As the ship set sail, he noticed an old man on the shore calling for them to stop. In spite of a good wind, the ship came to a sudden halt. Then the old man walked across the water and entered the ship. He gave the sailor three apples which God was sending to the patriarch “from His beloved disciple John.” Then the old man gave the sailor three more apples for the abbess of Chrysovalantou. He told the sailor that if Irene ate the apples, all that her soul desired would be granted, “for this gift comes from John in Paradise.” Irene fasted for a week, giving thanks to God for this wonderful gift. For forty days, she ate small pieces of the first apple every day. During this time she had nothing else to eat or drink. On Holy Thursday, she told the nuns to receive the Holy Mysteries, then gave each one a piece of the second apple. They noticed an unusual sweetness, and felt as if their very souls were being nourished. angel informed Saint Irene that she would be called to the Lord on the day after Saint Panteleimon’s feast. The monastery’s feast day fell on July 26, so Saint Irene prepared by fasting for a week beforehand. She took only a little water and small pieces of the third apple sent to her by Saint John. The whole monastery was filled with a heavenly fragrance, and all discord disappeared. July 28, Saint Irene called the nuns together in order to bid them farewell. She also told them to select Sister Mary as her successor, for she would keep them on the narrow way which leads to life (Matthew 7:14). After entreating God to protect her flock from the power of the devil, she smiled when she saw the angels who had been sent to receive her soul. Then she closed her eyes and surrendered her soul to God. Irene was more than 101 years old when she died, yet her face appeared young and beautiful. A great crowd of people came for her funeral, and many miracles took place at her tomb. some parishes it is customary to bless apples on the feast of Saint Irene Chrysovalantou.

Basilian monks, Saint, Basil of Caesarea, Armenia, Basil the Great, of the 5
Basilian monks, Saint, Basil of Caesarea, Armenia, Basil the Great, of the 5; Byzantine Saint, 350-379, Basil of Caesarea, Basil the Great; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr John the Soldier at Constantinople, Commemorated on July 30; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on December 10; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated on August 28; Martyr Porphyrius the Actor, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Juventinus at Antioch, Commemorated on October 9 ; St Publia the Confessor and Deaconess of Antioch, Commemorated on October 9; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Melasippus with his wife and son at Ancyra, Commemorated on November 7; Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers, Commemorated on November 8; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); Martyr Elpidius who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on November 15; Martyr Theodore of Antioch, Commemorated on November 23; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Timothy at Tiberiopolis, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); Martyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 1; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29 ; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Theophanes of Antioch, Commemorated on June 10; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or œthe RomanÂ, Commemorated on June 26;

Constantinople, Kagithane River Folder

Kagithane River

Kagithane River Mouth (Golden Horn Estuary)

Bosphorus Strait, Constantinople and Bithynia
Bosphorus;

Thracian Penninsula
Thracian Penninsula, also known as Thracian Italy; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11 ;

Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route 1 (Constantinople)

Dnieper (Varanigan) Trade Route (Varangia to Constantinople)
The chief trade route of Rus, from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, was then called œthe Way from the Varangians to the Greeks

Constantinople, Roman Roads Folder

England, Roman Roads Folder

Ephesus, Roman Roads Folder

Phrygia, Roman Roads Folder

Phrygia - Connecting Rivers Folder (a North South Route dividing Turkey)

Connecting Rivers Route (Akarcay and Sakarya) - Sakarya Mouth

Connecting Rivers Route - Sogut

Connecting River Route - Kotyaeion

Connecting Rivers Route - Synnada

Connecting Rivers Route - Polybotum

Connecting Rivers Route - Antioch, Pisidia

Connecting Rivers Route - Lake Beysehir

Connecting Rivers Route - Seleucia

Connecting Rivers Route - Akarcay River Mouth

Naples, Roman Roads Folder

Naples, Appian Way Folder

Terracina (Appian Way, north of Naples)
Terracina, near Rome ; Martyr Julian the Presbyter at Terracina, Commemorated October 7 ;

Gaeta, Naples (Roman Road Appian Way)
Gaeto or Gaeta, Italy; Hieromartyr Marcian the Bishop of Syracuse, Commemorated on October 30 ; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (œthe RecruitÂ), Commemorated on February 17;

Formia, Naples (on the Appian Way between Rome and Naples)
Formia, Lazio, bordering Campania, half way between Rome and Naples; Hieromartyr Marcian the Bishop of Syracuse, Commemorated on October 30 ; Hieromartyr Erasmus the Bishop of Formia in Campania, Commemorated on May 4;

Sinuessa (on the Appian Way)
Sinuessa (in Campania); Sinuessa was a city on the line of the Via Appia, and was the last place where that great highroad touched on the sea-coast. Hieromartyr Marcellinus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on June 7;

Thracian Italy, Capua Gladiator School, Spartacus the Thracian
Thracian Italy, Capua Gladiator School, Spartacus the Thracian, The Third Servile War 73 BC; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13;

Mount Garganus (north of Appian Way)
Mount Garganus; The Gargano peninsula is partly covered by the remains of an ancient forest, Foresta Umbra, the only remaining part in Italy of the ancient oak and beech forest that once covered much of Central Europe as well as the Apennine deciduous montane forests biome. Horace spoke of the oaks of Garganus in Ode II, ix.; Martyr Potitus at Naples, Commemorated on July 1;

Gargano, Mount Garganus (Adriatic Sea, east northeast of Naples)
Gargano, Mount Garganus; Martyr Potitus at Naples, Commemorated on July 1; Holy Martyr Potitus suffered under the emperor Antoninus Pius (reigned 138-161). Having become familiar with the Christian teaching, the young Potitus believed in the true God and accepted holy Baptism at thirteen years of age. When he learned of this, his pagan father was extremely upset and tried, first by endearments, and then by threats to dissuade his son from his faith in Christ the Savior, but his efforts were in vain. Impressed by the boy’s firmness of faith, the father also came to believe in the Son of God and became a Christian himself. Potitus traveled through many lands preaching about Christ, and by the power of God he worked wondrous miracles. the region of Epiros, lived the illustrious woman Kyriake, the wife of a senator; she was afflicted with leprosy. Hearing of Saint Potitus, she summoned him and asked him to heal her. The saint declared that if she believed in Christ, she would be healed. The woman accepted holy Baptism and was immediately made well. Seeing such a miracle, her husband and all their household believed in Christ and were baptized as well. this, the saint settled on Mount Garganus and lived in solitude, among the animals. He was found there by servants of the emperor Antoninus, whose daughter was possessed by a demon. Through the lips of the maiden, the devil said that he would come out of her only if Potitus should come. They brought the holy youth to the emperor, and through the prayers of Saint Potitus the demon released the girl. But instead of being grateful, the emperor treated the saint with inhuman cruelty. For his firm confession of faith in Christ the Savior, and for his refusal to offer sacrifice to the pagan gods, to whom the emperor imputed the healing of his daughter, he ordered that the saint’s tongue be torn out, and that he be blinded. After lengthy torture, Saint Potitus was finally beheaded.

Aecae, Italy (Appian Way)
Aecae, Italy (Appian Way) ; Martyr Cecilia at Rome, Commemorated on November 22 ;

Brindisi, Italy (Appian Way, K Triangle)
Brindisi; Martyr Cecilia at Rome, Commemorated on November 22 ; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Adriatic Sea
Adriatic Sea; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9;

Appian Way (Bari)
Bari, Italy;

Via Egnatia - Bari, Italy
Bari, Italy;

Bari, Italy ( on Appian Way and Via Egnatia, across Adriatic from K Triangle Via)
Bari, Italy; Arab Muslim Conquest of Southern Italy 827; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ; NICHOLAS OF MYRA, FRIEND OF CHILDREN, GIVER OF GIFTS, CLIMBER OF CHIMNEYS, ETC. (6 DEC 326) ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10: Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10 ; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9;

Trullo, Appian Way east of Naples
Council in Trullo in 692; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25;

Greece, Macedonia, Roman Roads Folder

Armenia, Kizilirmak River Folder, Great Road from Ephesus to Euphrates, Cappadocia

Armenia, Euphrates Kizilirmak Rivers Folder, Great Road, Syria

Armenia, Edessa and Melitene area Folder, Top Left of the Fertile Crescent

Armenia, Edessa and Melitene, Euphrates River Folder, Great Road

Armenia, Silk Road to Great Road and Yerevan Trade Route Folder

Great Road To Yerevan Trade Route Folder - via Upper Euphrates

Serbia, Roman Roads Folder

Bulgaria, Roman Road, Via Militaris Folder, from Belgrade, Serbia to Adrianopolis, Bulgaia

Persia, 312 BC - 240 BC, Seleucid Empire in Seleucia
Messopotamia Babylon History, 312 BC - 240 BC, Seleucid Empire in Seleucia; Seleucia; Hieromartyr Athanasius the Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 22 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11;

Persia, 705 BC - 681 BC, Sennacherib, Assyrian Emperor, Levant campaign, d Babylon, d Nineva
Persia, Assyrian Emperor, 705 BC - 681 BC, Sennacherib ; Sennacherib [6] was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from the death of his father Sargon II in 705 BC to his own death in 681 BC. The second king of the Sargonid dynasty, Sennacherib is one of the most famous Assyrian kings for the role he played in the Old Testament of the Bible, which describes his campaign in the Levant.[7] Other events of his reign include his destruction of the city of Babylon in 689 BC and his construction of the last great Assyrian capital, Nineveh. Although Sennacherib was one of the most powerful and wide-ranging Assyrian kings,[8] he faced considerable difficulty in controlling Babylonia, which formed the southern portion of his empire. Many of Sennacherib's Babylonian troubles stemmed from the Chaldean[9] tribal chief Marduk-apla-iddina II, who had been Babylon's king until Sennacherib's father defeated him. Shortly after Sennacherib inherited the throne in 705 BC, Marduk-apla-iddina retook Babylon and allied with the Elamites. Though Sennacherib reclaimed the south in 700 BC, Marduk-apla-iddina continued to trouble him, probably instigating Assyrian vassals in the Levant to rebel, leading to the Levantine War of 701 BC, and successfully convincing Sennacherib's vassal king in Babylonia, Bel-ibni, to throw off Sennacherib's rule. After the Babylonians and Elamites captured and executed Sennacherib's eldest son Ashur-nadin-shumi, who Sennacherib had proclaimed as his new vassal king in Babylon, Sennacherib campaigned in both regions, successfully subduing Elam. Because Babylon, well within his own territory, had been the target of most of his military campaigns and had caused the death of his son, Sennacherib destroyed the city in 689 BC. The Levantine War of 701 BC was made necessary because several Assyrian vassals in the region had rebelled, either because Marduk-apla-iddina encouraged them or because of the ill omens associated with the battlefield death of Sennacherib's father. Though the northern Levant was subdued relatively quickly, the states in the southern Levant, especially the Kingdom of Judah under King Hezekiah, did not submit as easily. The Assyrians thus invaded Judaea, a campaign recorded not only in Sennacherib's own accounts, but also in the Second Book of Kings in the Hebrew Bible. Though the biblical narrative holds that divine intervention by an angel ended Sennacherib's attack on Jerusalem by destroying the Assyrian army, an outright Assyrian defeat is unlikely as Hezekiah submitted to Sennacherib at the end of the campaign.[10] Contemporary records, even those written by Assyria's enemies, do not mention the Assyrians being defeated at Jerusalem.[11] Sennacherib transferred the capital of Assyria to Nineveh, where he had spent most of his time as crown prince. To transform Nineveh into a capital worthy of his empire, he launched one of the most ambitious building projects in ancient history. He expanded the size of the city, constructed great city walls, numerous temples and a royal garden. His most famous work in the city is the Southwest Palace, which Sennacherib named his "Palace without Rival". After the death of his eldest son and crown prince, Ashur-nadin-shumi, Sennacherib originally designated his second son Arda-Mulissu heir. He later replaced him with a younger son, Esarhaddon, in 684 BC, for unknown reasons. Sennacherib ignored Arda-Mulissu's repeated appeals to be reinstated as heir, and in 681 BC, Arda-Mulissu and another son murdered Sennacherib, hoping to seize power for themselves. Babylonia and the Levant welcomed his death as divine punishment, while the Assyrian heartland probably reacted with resentment and horror. Arda-Mulissu's coronation was postponed, and Esarhaddon raised an army and seized Nineveh, installing himself as king as intended by Sennacherib. Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated on August 28; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated on December 1;

Persia, 681 - 669 BC, Assryan Emperor, Esarhaddon, Conquered Egypt, largest Empire ever
Persia, 681 - 669 BC, Assryan Emperor, Esarhaddon; Tobit Chapter 1: Sennacharib's sons kill him and Esarhaddon becomes King 21 But not forty* days passed before two of SennacheribÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s* sons killed him, and they fled to the mountains of Ararat, and his son Esar-haddon* reigned after him. He appointed Ahikar, the son of my brother Hanael* over all the accounts of his kingdom, and he had authority over the entire administration. 22Ahikar interceded for me, and I returned to Nineveh. Now Ahikar was chief cupbearer, keeper of the signet, and in charge of administration of the accounts under King Sennacherib of Assyria; so Esar-haddon* reappointed him. He was my nephew and so a close relative. ; Esarhaddon, also spelled Essarhaddon,[5] Assarhaddon[6] and Ashurhaddon[7] (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: Rassam cylinder Ansharpapash.jpg, also Esarhaddon (variation).jpg AÃ…Â¡Ã…Â¡ur-aÃ¡Â¸Â«a-iddina,[8][9] meaning "Ashur has given me a brother"),[5] was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from the death of his father Sennacherib in 681 BC to his own death in 669. The third king of the Sargonid dynasty, Esarhaddon is most famous for his conquest of Egypt in 671,[5] which made his empire the largest the world had ever seen, and for his reconstruction of Babylon, which had been destroyed by his father.[10] After Sennacherib's eldest son and heir Ashur-nadin-shumi had been captured and presumably executed in 694, the new heir had originally been the second eldest son, Arda-Mulissu, but in 684, Esarhaddon, a younger son, was appointed instead. Angered by this decision, Arda-Mulissu and another brother, Nabu-shar-usur, murdered their father in 681 and planned to seize the Assyrian throne. The murder, and Arda-Mulissu's aspirations of becoming king himself, made Esarhaddon's rise to the throne difficult and he first had to defeat his brothers in a six-week long civil war. His brothers' attempted coup had been unexpected and troublesome for Esarhaddon and he would be plagued by paranoia and mistrust for his officials, governors and male family members until the end of his reign. As a result of this paranoia, most of the palaces used by Esarhaddon were high-security fortifications located outside of the major population centers of the cities. Also perhaps resulting from his mistrust for his male relatives, Esarhaddon's female relatives, such as his mother Naqi'a and his daughter Serua-eterat, were allowed to wield considerably more influence and political power during his reign than women had been allowed in any previous period of Assyrian history. Despite a relatively short and difficult reign, and being plagued by paranoia, depression and constant illness, Esarhaddon remains recognized as one of the greatest and most successful Assyrian kings. He quickly defeated his brothers in 681, completed ambitious and large-scale building projects in both Assyria and Babylonia, successfully campaigned in Media, the Arabian Peninsula, Anatolia, the Caucasus, and the Levant, defeated and conquered Egypt, and ensured a peaceful transition of power to his two heirs Ashurbanipal and Shamash-shum-ukin after his death.

Persia, Media, 625-585 BC, King Cyaxares of the Medes
Persia, Media, 625-585 BC, King Cyaxares of the Medes; Cyaxares (Ancient Greek: ÃŽÂšÃÂÂÂÂ…ÃŽÂ±ÃŽÂ¾ÃŽÂ¬ÃÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÃŽÂ·ÃÂÂÂÂ‚; Old Persian: ÃÂÂÂÂ Â€ÃÂÂÂÂ¾Â¢ÃÂÂÂÂ Â€ÃÂÂÂÂ¾ÂºÃÂÂÂÂ Â€ÃÂÂÂÂ¾Â§ÃÂÂÂÂ Â€ÃÂÂÂÂ¿ÂÂÂÂÃÂÂÂÂ Â€ÃÂÂÂÂ¾Â«ÃÂÂÂÂ Â€ÃÂÂÂÂ¾Â¼ UvaxÃ…Â¡tra;[3][4] Avestan: HuxÃ…Â¡aÃŽÂ¸ra "Good Ruler"; Akkadian: UmakiÃ…Â¡tar;[5] Old Phrygian: ksuwaksaros;[6] r. 625Ã¢Â€Â“585 BC) was the third and most capable king of Media, according to Herodotus, with a far greater military reputation than his father Phraortes or grandfather Deioces. He was the first to divide his troops into separate sections of spearmen, archers, and horsemen.[7] By uniting most of the Iranian tribes of ancient Iran and conquering neighbouring territories, Cyaxares transformed the Median Empire into a regional power.[8] He facilitated the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and according to Herodotus repelled the Scythians from Media.[9] Tobit 14, TobitÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s Final Counsel, and Death of Tobit and Anna;

Persia, 559-530 BC, Archaemenid Emperor, Cyrus the Great
Persian Archaemenid Emperor, 559-530 BC, Cyrus the Great ; II of Persia (Old Persian: ÂÂ¡;[5][6] New Persian: ; c. 600 --“ 530 BC)[7] commonly known as Cyrus the Great,[8] and also called Cyrus the Elder by the Greeks, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian Empire.[9] his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of the ancient Near East,[9] expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Western Asia and much of Central Asia. From the Mediterranean Sea and Hellespont in the west to the Indus River in the east, Cyrus the Great created the largest empire the world had yet seen.[10] Under his successors, the empire eventually stretched at its maximum extent from parts of the Balkans (Bulgaria-Paeonia and Thrace-Macedonia) and Eastern Europe proper in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east. reign of Cyrus the Great lasted about thirty years. Cyrus built his empire by first conquering the Median Empire, then the Lydian Empire, and eventually the Neo-Babylonian Empire. He led an expedition into Central Asia, which resulted in major campaigns that were described as having brought "into subjection every nation without exception."[11] Cyrus did not venture into Egypt, and was alleged to have died in battle, fighting the Massagetae along the Syr Darya in December 530 BC.[12][13] but Xenophon said Cyrus did not die in battle and he returned to the capital again.[14] He was succeeded by his son, Cambyses II, who managed to conquer Egypt, Nubia, and Cyrenaica during his short rule. Cyrus the Great respected the customs and religions of the lands he conquered.[15] This became a very successful model for centralized administration and establishing a government working to the advantage and profit of its subjects.[9] In fact, the administration of the empire through satraps and the vital principle of forming a government at Pasargadae were the works of Cyrus.[16] What is sometimes referred to as the Edict of Restoration (actually two edicts) described in the Bible as being made by Cyrus the Great left a lasting legacy on the Jewish religion. According to Isaiah 45:1 of the Hebrew Bible,[17] God anointed Cyrus for this task, even referring to him as a messiah (lit. 'anointed one') and he is the only non-Jewish figure in the Bible to be called so.[18] the Great is also well recognized for his achievements in human rights, politics, and military strategy, as well as his influence on both Eastern and Western civilizations. Having originated from Persis, roughly corresponding to the modern Iranian province of Fars, Cyrus has played a crucial role in defining the national identity of modern Iran.[19][20][21] The Achaemenid influence in the ancient world eventually would extend as far as Athens, where upper-class Athenians adopted aspects of the culture of the ruling class of Achaemenid Persia as their own.[22] is a cult figure amongst modern Iranians, with his tomb serving as a spot of reverence for millions of people.[23] In the 1970s, the last Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi identified his famous proclamation inscribed onto the Cyrus Cylinder as the oldest known declaration of human rights,[24] and the Cylinder has since been popularized as such.[25][26][27] This view has been criticized by some historians[28] as a misunderstanding[29] of the Cylinder's generic nature as a traditional statement that new monarchs make at the beginning of their reign.[26][27][30] Persian Achaemenid Empire, 550-330 BC, Medo-Persian Empire; Persian Emperor, 522-486 BC, Darius I, Achaemenid Empire; Daniel 6:16-28, Daniel saved from the lions, then Daniel prospered during the reigns of Darius and Cyrus the Persian; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9;

Persia, 559BC-486BC, Pasargadae, Daniel, Malachi and Haggai Lived Here
King Cyrus the Great - Pasargadae - Daniel Lived Here ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17 ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Persia, 522 BC-522 BC, Archaemenid Emperor, Bardiya, Legitimate Ruler overthrown by Darius with a lie
Persia, 522 BC-522 BC, Archaemenid Emperor, Bardiya; (Old Persian: ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾²ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾¼ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾®ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾¡ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾¹[1] Bardiya),[2] also known as Smerdis among the Greeks[3](Ancient Greek: Î£Î¼ÎÂÂÂÃÂÂÂÂÂÎ´Î¹ÃÂÂÂ‚ Smerdis) (possibly died 522 BC), was a son of Cyrus the Great and the younger brother of Cambyses II, both Persian kings. There are sharply divided views on his life. Bardiya either ruled the Achaemenid Empire for a few months in 522 BC, or was impersonated by a magus called GaumÄÂÂÂta (Old Persian: ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾¥ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾¢ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾¶ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾ ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾«), until he was toppled by Darius the Great.[4][5]

Persia, 522BC-486BC, Archaemenid Emperor, Darius I Hystaspis (The Great) Lied, Marathon, Organizer
Persian Archaemenid Emperor, 522BC-486 BC, Darius I Hystaspis (The Great); I (Old Persian: ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾ÂÂÂÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾ ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾¼ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾¹ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾ºÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾¢ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¿ÂÂÂ, romanized: DÄÂÂÂrayava(h)uÅ¡; New Persian: Ø¯Ø§Ø±ÛŒÙˆØ´â€Ž; Hebrew: ×“Ö¸Ö¼×¨Ö°×™Ö¸×•Ö¶×©×ÂÂÂâ€Ž, Modern: DarÉ™yaveÅ¡, Tiberian: DÄÂÂÂrÇÂÂÂyÄÂÂÂweÅ¡; c. 550 â€“ 486 BCE), commonly known as Darius the Great, was the third Persian King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE. He ruled the empire at its peak, when it included much of West Asia, parts of the Caucasus, parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia, and Paeonia), most of the Black Sea coastal regions, Central Asia, as far as the Indus Valley in the far east and portions of north and northeast Africa including Egypt (MudrÃ¢ya), eastern Libya, and coastal Sudan.[2][3] Darius ascended the throne by overthrowing the legitimate Achaemenid monarch Bardiya, whom he later fabricated to be an imposter named Gaumata. The new king met with rebellions throughout his kingdom and quelled them each time. A major event in Darius's life was his expedition to punish Athens and Eretria for their aid in the Ionian Revolt and subjugate Greece. Although ultimately ending in failure at the Battle of Marathon, Darius succeeded in the re-subjugation of Thrace, expansion of the empire through the conquest of Macedon, the Cyclades and the island of Naxos and the sacking of the city of Eretria. Darius organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it. He organized Achaemenid coinage as a new uniform monetary system, along with making Aramaic the official language of the empire. He also put the empire in better standing by building roads and introducing standard weights and measures. Through these changes, the empire was centralized and unified.[4] Darius also worked on construction projects throughout the empire, focusing on Susa, Pasargadae, Persepolis, Babylon, and Egypt. He had the cliff-face Behistun Inscription carved to record his conquests, an important testimony of the Old Persian language. Darius is mentioned in the biblical books of Haggai, Zechariah, and Ezraâ€“Nehemiah. Persian Achaemenid Empire, 550-330 BC, Medo-Persian Empire; Persian Emperor, 559-530 BC, Cyrus the Great, Achaemenid Empire ; Daniel 6:16-28, Daniel saved from the lions, then Daniel prospered during the reigns of Darius and Cyrus the Persian; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Persia, 5BC-41, Emperor, Artabanus II of Media and Parthia, Jesus time caalled Artabanus III
Persia, 10-40, Emperor, Artabanus II of Media and Parthia, Jesus time caalled Artabanus III; II incorrectly known in older scholarship as Artabanus III,[1] was King of Kings of the Parthian Empire from 12 to 38/41, with a one-year interruption. He was the nephew and successor of Vonones I (r. 8–12). His father was a Dahae prince, whilst his mother was a daughter of the Parthian King of Kings Phraates IV (r. 37–2 BC) his ascension to the Parthian crown, Artabanus had ruled as king of Media Atropatene, which later served as his base of attacks against the Roman-supported Parthian king Vonones I. Artabanus eventually defeated Vonones I, who fled to Armenia and became its king. Artabanus' efforts to replace Vonones I with his son were blocked by the Romans, who eventually reached an agreement with the Parthians to appoint Artaxias III the new king of Armenia and renounce their support of Vonones I. and kingship of Media Atropatene was not from the ruling branch of the Arsacid royal family; his father was a Dahae prince, who was most likely descended from the former Parthian monarch Mithridates II (r. 124-88 BC),[3][4] whilst his mother was a daughter of the incumbent Parthian King of Kings Phraates IV (r. 37-2 BC).[4] between 30–25 BC, Artabanus was raised amongst the Dahae in Central Asia.[5] When he reached adulthood, he became the ruler of Media Atropatene, which occurred sometime during the late reign of Phraates IV or during the reign of the latters son and successor Phraates V (r. 4 BC -2 AD).[5] factor behind Artabanus' rise to kingship of Media Atropatene is unclear.[5] The kingdom served as Artabanus' headquarters of his attacks against the Parthian king Vonones I (r. 8-12 AD), with whom he fought against over the crown.[5] I, who had originally resided in Rome, had been placed on the Parthian throne by a faction led by the Karin and Suren clans.[6][7] His rule was supported by the Romans.[1] However, the Parthian nobility was quickly alienated by Vonones I, who had become Romanized during his stay in Rome.[7][1] increased Artabanus' odds—after years of fighting—to finally defeat Vonones I, who fled to Armenia and became its king.[7] now the monarch of the Parthian Empire, attempted to depose Vonones I from the Armenian throne and appoint his own son instead.[7] This attempt was instantly opposed by the Romans, who regarded this as posing a danger to their interests.[7] As a result, the Roman emperor Tiberius (r. 14–37 AD) sent his stepson Germanicus to prevent this from happening.[7] However, the Roman general met no resistance from the Parthians. Instead, Germanicus reached an agreement with Artabanus to appoint Artaxias III the new king of Armenia and renounce their support of Vonones I.[7][8] The Romans thus acknowledged Artabanus as the legitimate Parthian ruler.[8] In order to ratify the friendly relationship between the two empires, Artabanus and Germanicus met on an island in the Euphrates in 18 AD.[7] in Greek of the Parthian king Artabanus II to the inhabitants of Susa in the 1st century CE, requesting the appointment of Hecataeus as treasurer. Louvre Museum.[9] Romans moved Vonones I to Cilicia, where he was killed the following year after attempting to flee.[1] His death and the now unchallenged dominance of Artabanus split the Parthian nobility, since not all of them supported a new branch of the Arsacid family taking over the empire.[3] In 19/20 AD, the Parthian satrap of Sakastan, Drangiana and Arachosia, named Gondophares, declared independence from Artabanus and founded the Indo-Parthian Kingdom.[10][3] He assumed the titles of "Great King of Kings" and "Autokrator", demonstrating his new-found independence.[3] Nevertheless, Artabanus and Gondophares most likely reached an agreement that the Indo-Parthians would not intervene in the affairs of the Arsacids.[10] spent the following years increasing his authority.[1] To the north-east, he was victorious in his efforts to have a new dynasty established in Khwarazm, thus starting a new era in the history of the country.[11] Artabanus most likely operated in western Bactria as well, which had been part of the Parthian domains for centuries.[10] 35 AD, Artabanus tried again to conquer Armenia and to establish his son Arsaces I as Armenia's king. A war with Rome seemed inevitable. The faction among the Parthian magnates which was hostile to Artabanus II applied to Tiberius for a king who was a descendant of Phraates IV. Tiberius sent Phraates IV's grandson, Tiridates III, and ordered Lucius Vitellius the Elder (the father of the Roman emperor Vitellius) to restore Roman authority in the East. By very dexterous military and diplomatic operations Vitellius succeeded completely. Artabanus II was deserted by his followers and fled to the East. III, who was proclaimed King, could not keep control of the Parthian throne, because he appeared to his subjects to be a vassal of the Romans. In the meantime, Artabanus II returned from Hyrcania with a strong army of Scythian (Dahae) auxiliaries and was again acknowledged by the Parthians. Tiridates III left Seleucia and fled to Syria. Artabanus II wasn’t strong enough for a war with Rome. He therefore concluded a treaty with Vitellius in 37 AD, in which he gave up all further pretensions towards Armenia. A short time afterwards Artabanus II was deposed again, and Cinnamus was proclaimed king. Artabanus II took refuge with his vassal, the King Izates bar Monobaz. Izates, by negotiations and the promise of a complete pardon, persuaded the Parthians to restore Artabanus II once more to the throne. Shortly afterwards Artabanus II died and was succeeded by his son, Vardanes I, whose reign was still more turbulent than that of his father. II had four sons: Arsaces I, Orodes, Artabanus, Vardanes I and an adopted son named Gotarzes II. Persia, 10-40, Emperor, Jesus' Time, Artabanus III of Parthia ; III, incorrectly known in older scholarship as Artabanus IV,[1] was a Parthian prince who competed against his brother Pacorus II (r. 78-110) for the Parthian crown from 79/80 to 81.[1] III's claim to the throne seems to have little support in the Parthian Empire, with the exception of Babylonia.[1] III's most notable action was to give refuge to a Pseudo-Nero named Terentius Maximus.[2][1] Artabanus III initially agreed to lend military aid to Terentius Maximus to capture Rome, until he found about the real identity of the impostor.[2] mints of Artabanus III disappear after 81, which suggests that Pacorus II had defeated him.[1] Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28); THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 2 BC - 4 AD, Parthian Emperor, Phraates V, son of slave girl Musa, peace over A and M, fled to Rome
Persian Parthian Emperor, 2 BC - 4 AD, Phraates V; V (Parthian: , also known by the diminutive version of his name, Phraataces (also spelled Phraatakes), was the King of Kings of the Parthian Empire from 2 BC to 4 AD. He was the younger son of Phraates IV (r. 37 BC – 2 BC) and Musa, who ruled with him. Under Phraates V, a war threatened to break out between the Parthian and Roman empires over the control of Armenia and Mesopotamia. Although Augustus (r. 27 BC – 14 AD) had sent his adopted son Gaius Caesar to invade Iran, in 1 AD the two sides agreed a peace treaty, by which once again Armenia was recognized as being in the Roman sphere. Phraates V was in return acknowledged as the rightful Parthian king, which was of high importance to him, due to his insecure position in the country. In 4 AD, Phraates V and his mother fled to Rome after being expelled by the Parthian nobility, who crowned Orodes III as king. Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January);

Persia, 2 BC - 4 AD, Parthian Emperor, Musa of Parthia (Empress), Roman Slave, Killed husband
Persian Parthian Emperor, 2 BC - 4 AD, Musa of Parthia (Empress); (also spelled Mousa), also known as Thea Musa, was queen of the Parthian Empire from 2 BC to 4 AD. Originally an Italian slave-girl, she was given as a gift to the Parthian monarch Phraates IV (r. 37 BC -2 BC) by the Roman Emperor Augustus (r. 27 BC -“ 14 AD). She quickly became queen and a favourite of Phraates IV, giving birth to Phraataces (Phraates V). In 2 BC, she had Phraates IV poisoned and made herself, along with Phraates V, the co-rulers of the empire. Their reign was shortlived; they were forced to flee to Rome after being deposed by the Parthian nobility, who crowned Orodes III as king. Musa is the first of only three women to rule in Iranian history, the others being the two 7th-century Sasanian sisters Boran (r. 630-“630, 631-“632) and Azarmidokht (r. 630-“631). Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January);

Persia, 4-6, Parthian Emperor, Orodes III of Parthia, info lacking, killed after 2 yrs
Persian Parthian Emperor, 4-6, Orodes III of Parthia; III was king of the Parthian Empire from 4 to 6.[1] Albeit he was an Arsacid, his lineage is unknown.[2] He was raised to the throne by the nobility two years after the death of the previous co-rulers, Phraates V and Musa (r. 2 BC - 4 AD).[1] Information regarding the brief reign of Orodes III is lacking.[3] He was killed after a reign of 2 years.[1] He was succeeded by Vonones I.[1] Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January);

Persia, 8-12, Parthian Emperor, Vonones I, King of Armenia 12-18, Roman Stooge in 8, d by Artabanus II, Media, in 12
Persian Parthian Emperor, 8-12, Vonones I ; I was an Arsacid prince, who ruled as King of Kings of Parthian Empire from 8 to 12, and then subsequently as king of Armenia from 12 to 18. He was the eldest son of Phraates IV (r. 37–2 BC) and was sent to Rome as a hostage in 10/9 BC in order to prevent conflict over the succession of Phraates IV's youngest son, Phraataces. and early life[edit] was the eldest son of Phraates IV.[1] According to the classical Roman historian Tacitus, Vonones was related to the Scythian king.[2] IV had previously in his reign been aided by the Scythians to retake his throne from the usurper Tiridates in c. 30 BC, and thus Vonones could possibly be the result of a marriage alliance between Phraates IV and a Scythian tribal chief, who agreed to help him in return.[3] was along with three of his brothers (Phraates, Seraspandes and Rhodaspes) sent to Rome in 10/9 BC, in order to prevent conflict over the succession of Phraates IV's youngest son, Phraataces.[4] Roman emperor Augustus used this as propaganda depicting the submission of Parthia to Rome, listing it as a great accomplishment in his Res Gestae Divi Augusti.[5] the assassination of Orodes III in about 6 AD, the Parthians applied to Augustus for a new king from the house of Arsaces.[6] sent them Vonones I, but he could not maintain himself as king; he had been educated as a Roman, and was despised by the Parthian nobility as a Roman stooge.[6][7] member of the Arsacid house, Artabanus II, who ruled Media Atropatene, was invited to the throne. In a civil war he defeated and expelled Vonones I.[7] I fled into Armenia and became king there in 12.[8] Artabanus II, now the monarch of the Parthian Empire, attempted to depose Vonones I from the Armenian throne and appoint his own son instead.[9] This was opposed by the Romans, who regarded this as posing a danger to their interests.[9] As a result, the Roman emperor Tiberius (r. 14–37) sent his stepson Germanicus to prevent this from happening.[9] However, the Roman general was met with no resistance by the Parthians, and reached an agreement with Artabanus II to appoint Artaxias III the new King of Armenia and renounce their support of Vonones I.[9][10] The Romans thus acknowledged Artabanus II as the legitimate Parthian ruler.[10] In order to ratify the friendly relationship between the two empires, Artabanus and Germanicus met on an island in the Euphrates in 18.[9] The Romans moved Vonones I into Syria, where he was kept in custody, though in a kingly style.[11] Later he was moved to Cilicia,[12] and when he tried to escape in about 19, he was killed by his guards.[13][7] death and the now unchallenged dominance of Artabanus II split the Parthian nobility, since not all of them supported a new branch of the Arsacid family taking over the empire.[14] The Parthian satrap of Sakastan, Drangiana and Arachosia, named Gondophares, declared independence from Artabanus II and founded the Indo-Parthian Kingdom.[15][14] He assumed the titles of "Great King of Kings" and "Autokrator", demonstrating his new-found independence.[14] Nevertheless, Artabanus and Gondophares most likely reached an agreement that the Indo-Parthians would not intervene in the affairs of the Arsacids.[15] Vonones was survived by his son Meherdates, who attempted to take the Parthian throne in 49–51.[16] Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January);

Persia, 15-116, Adiabene Kingdom, northwestern Assyria, or northern Mesopotamia, inside crecent of the Zargos mts
Assyrian Adiabene Kingdom, 15-116 ; was an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia, corresponding to the northwestern part of ancient Assyria.[5] The size of the kingdom varied over time; initially encompassing an area between the Zab Rivers, it eventually gained control of Nineveh, and starting at least with the rule of Monobazos I (late 1st-century BC), Gordyene became an Adiabenian dependency.[6] It reached its zenith under Izates II, who was granted the district of Nisibis by the Parthian king Artabanus II (r. 12–40) as a reward for helping him regain his throne.[7][8] Adiabene's eastern borders stopped at the Zagros Mountains, adjacent to the region of Media.[9] Arbela served as the capital of Adiabene.[10] formation of the kingdom is obscure. The first instance of a recorded Adiabenian ruler is in 69 BC, when an unnamed king of Adiabene participated in the battle of Tigranocerta as an ally of the Armenian king Tigranes the Great (r. 95–55 BC).[11] However, coinage implies the establishment of a kingdom in Adiabene around 164 BC, following the disintegration of Greek Seleucid rule in the Near East.[12][13] Adiabene was conquered by the Parthian king Mithridates I (r. 171–132 BC) in ca. 145–141 BC, and by at least from the reign of Mithridates II (r. 124–91 BC) served as an integral part of the Parthian realm.[14] rulers converted to Judaism from paganism in the 1st century AD.[15] Queen Helena of Adiabene (known in Jewish sources as Heleni HaMalka, meaning Helene the Queen) moved to Jerusalem, where she built palaces for herself and her sons, Izates bar Monobaz and Monobaz II at the northern part of the city of David, south of the Temple Mount, and aided the Jews in their war with Rome.[16] According to the Talmud, both Helena and Monobaz donated large funds for the Temple of Jerusalem. After 115 CE, there are no historic traces of Jewish royalty in Adiabene. Parthians were overthrown by the Sasanian Empire in 224, who by the time of Shapur I (r. 240–270) had established their rule in Adiabene.[7] Ardashir II is the last figure to be recorded as king of Adiabene, which implies that the kingdom was after his tenure in c. 379 transformed into a province (shahr), governed by a non-royal delegate (marzban or shahrab) of the Sasanian king.[17] Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ;

Persia, 30-70, Lucius of the Seventy, Apostle, Laodicia, Syria, which belonged to Parthia for Med China Trade
Laodicea in Syria; Apostle Lucius of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 10; Apostle Lucius of the Seventy, Commemorated September 10; Saint Luke (or Loukias) Luke, or Loukias (not the Evangelist), lived during the first century. Some lists of these Saints identify him as the Evangelist Luke, who was also one of the 70 Apostles, but Greek sources say he was someone other than the Evangelist Luke. However, Saint Demetrios of Rostov, and Slavic Tradition say that he was the Evangelist Luke (See his Life on October 18). Saint was consecrated as the Bishop of Laodikeia in Syria, and completed the course of his life spreading the Gospel and caring for his flock, as a faithful servant of Jesus Christ. Apostle Lucius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; ----------- Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13;

Persia, 30-54, Adiabene Emperor, Assyrian emperor Nerses (Izates II), convert, son of Edessa Queen
Persia, Adiabene Emperor, 31-55, Assyrian emperor Nerses (Izates II); II (ca. 1-54 CE) was king of the Parthian client kingdom of Adiabene from approximately 30 to 54.[1] is notable for converting to Judaism. He was the son of Queen Helena of Adiabene and Monobaz I of Adiabene. Queen Helena was also said to be the wife of King Abgarus of Edessa and thus the queen of Edessa too.[2] his youth Izates was sent by his father to the court of King Abinergaos I of Characene in Charax Spasinu. in Charax Izates became acquainted with a Jewish merchant named Ananias, who familiarized him with the tenets of the Jewish religion, in which he became deeply interested. married King Abinergaos' daughter Symacho who had been converted to Judaism through the efforts of Ananias. His mother had been previously won over to Judaism without his knowledge. On returning home and ascending the throne on the death of his father (c. 31 CE), Izates discovered the conversion of his mother; and he himself intended to adopt Judaism, and even to submit to circumcision. was, however, dissuaded from this step both by his teacher Ananias and by his mother, but was ultimately persuaded thereto by another Jew, Eleazar.[3][4] some time Izates enjoyed peace; and he was so highly respected that he was chosen as arbitrator between the Parthian king Artabanus II and his rebellious nobles (c. 39 CE). when several of Izates' relatives openly acknowledged their conversion to Judaism, some of the nobles of Adiabene secretly induced Abia, an Arab king, to declare war against him. defeated his enemy, who in despair committed suicide. The nobles then conspired with Vologases, King of Parthia, but the latter was at the last moment prevented from carrying out his plans, and Izates continued to reign undisturbed for a total of twenty-four years. died around 54 CE. His mother Helena survived him for only a short time. He left twenty-four sons and twenty-four daughters. Izates was succeeded by his older brother Monobaz II, who sent Izates' remains and those of Queen Helena to Jerusalem for burial. Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ;

Persia, 31-44, Apostle Thaddeus of the seventy, from Edessa, Abgar wrote of him to Nerses
Persia, 31-55, Adiabene Emperor, Assyrian emperor Nerses (Izates II) ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Thaddeus, Apostle of the Seventy, was by descent a Hebrew, and he was born in the Syrian city of Edessa. The holy Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy must be distinguished from Saint Jude, also called Thaddeus or Levi (June 19), who was one of the Twelve Apostles. he came to Jerusalem for a feastday, he heard the preaching of John the Forerunner. After being baptized by him in the Jordan, he remained in Palestine. He saw the Savior, and became His follower. He was chosen by the Lord to be one of the Seventy Disciples, whom He sent by twos to preach in the cities and places where He intended to visit (Luke. 10: 1). the Ascension of the Savior to Heaven, Saint Thaddeus preached the good news in Syria and Mesopotamia. He came preaching the Gospel to Edessa and he converted King Abgar, the people and the pagan priests to Christ. He backed up his preaching with many miracles (about which Abgar wrote to the Assyrian emperor Nerses). He established priests there and built up the Edessa Church. Abgar wanted to reward Saint Thaddeus with rich gifts, but he refused and went preaching to other cities, converting many pagans to the Christian Faith. He went to the city of Beirut to preach, and he founded a church there. It was in this city that he peacefully died in the year 44. (The place of his death is indicated as Beirut in the Slavonic MENAION, but according to other sources he died in Edessa. According to an ancient Armenian tradition, Saint Thaddeus, after various tortures, was beheaded by the sword on December 21 in the Artaz region in the year 50).

Persia, 35, Parthia, Apostle Thomas, founded Christian churches in Parthia
Persia, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Thomas; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6; to Church Tradition, the holy Apostle Thomas founded Christian churches in Palestine, Mesopotamia, Parthia, Ethiopia and India. Holy and Glorious Apostle Thomas was born in the Galilean city of Pansada and was a fisherman. Hearing the good tidings of Jesus Christ, he left all and followed after Him. The Apostle Thomas is included in the number of the holy Twelve Apostles of the Savior. According to Holy Scripture, the holy Apostle Thomas did not believe the reports of the other disciples about the Resurrection of Jesus Christ: “Unless I see in His hands the print of the nails, and put my finger into the print of the nails, and thrust my hand into His side, I will not believe” (John 20:25). On the eighth day after the Resurrection, the Lord appeared to the Apostle Thomas and showed him His wounds. “My Lord and my God,” the Apostle cried out (John 20:28). “Thomas, being once weaker in faith than the other apostles,” says Saint John Chrysostom, “toiled through the grace of God more bravely, more zealously and tirelessly than them all, so that he went preaching over nearly all the earth, not fearing to proclaim the Word of God to savage nations.” Some icons depicting this event are inscribed “The Doubting Thomas.” This is incorrect. In Greek, the inscription reads, “The Touching of Thomas.” In Slavonic, it says, “The Belief of Thomas.” When Saint Thomas touched the Life-giving side of the Lord, he no longer had any doubts. to Church Tradition, the holy Apostle Thomas founded Christian churches in Palestine, Mesopotamia, Parthia, Ethiopia and India. the Gospel earned him a martyr’s death. For having converted the wife and son of the prefect of the Indian city of Meliapur [Melipur], the holy apostle was locked up in prison, suffered torture, and finally, pierced with five spears, he departed to the Lord. Part of the relics of the holy Apostle Thomas are in India, in Hungary and on Mt. Athos. The name of the Apostle Thomas is associated with the Arabian (or Arapet) Icon of the Mother of God (September 6).

Persia, 35, Parthia, Apostle Philip, went to Azotus (Ashdod), then in Parthia on Med
Persia, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Philip; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip, Commemorated on November 14; From Greece the Apostle Philip went to Parthia, and then to the city of Azotus, where he healed an eye affliction of the daughter of a local resident named Nikoklides, who had received him into his home, and then baptized his whole family. Holy and All-praised Apostle Philip was a native of the city of Bethsaida in Galilee. He had a profound depth of knowledge of the Holy Scripture, and rightly discerning the meaning of the Old Testament prophecies, he awaited the coming of the Messiah. Through the call of the Savior (John 1:43), Philip followed Him. The Apostle Philip is spoken about several times in the Holy Gospel: he brought to Christ the Apostle Nathaniel (i.e. Bartholomew, April 22, June 30, and August 25. See John. 1:46). The Lord asks him where to buy bread for five thousand men (John. 6: 5-7). He brought certain of the Hellenized Jews wanting to see Jesus (John. 12:21-22); and finally, at the Last Supper he asked Christ to show them the Father (John. 14:8). the Ascension of the Lord, the Apostle Philip preached the Word of God in Galilee, accompanying his preaching with miracles. Thus, he restored to life a dead infant in the arms of its mother. From Galilee he went to Greece, and preached among the Jews that had settled there. Some of them reported the preaching of the Apostle to Jerusalem. In response, some scribes arrived in Greece from Jerusalem, with one of the Jewish chief priests at their head, to interrogate the Apostle Philip. Apostle Philip exposed the lie of the chief priest, who said that the disciples of Christ had stolen away and hidden the body of Christ. Philip told instead how the Pharisees had bribed the soldiers on watch, to deliberately spread this rumor. When the Jewish chief priest and his companions began to insult the Lord and lunged at the Apostle Philip, they suddenly were struck blind. By his prayer the Apostle restored everyone’s sight. Seeing this miracle, many believed in Christ. The Apostle Philip provided a bishop for them, by the name of Narcissus (one of the Seventy Apostles, January 4). From Greece the Apostle Philip went to Parthia, and then to the city of Azotus, where he healed an eye affliction of the daughter of a local resident named Nikoklides, who had received him into his home, and then baptized his whole family. Azotus the Apostle Philip set out to Syrian Hieropolis (there were several cities of this name) where, stirred up by the Pharisees, the Jews burned the house of Heros, who had taken in the Apostle Philip, and they wanted to kill the apostle. The apostle performed several miracles: the healing of the hand of the city official Aristarchus, withered when he attempted to strike the apostle; and restoring a dead child to life. When they saw these marvels, they repented and many accepted holy Baptism. After making Heros the bishop at Hieropolis, the Apostle Philip went on to Syria, Asia Minor, Lydia, Emessa, and everywhere preaching the Gospel and undergoing sufferings. Both he and his sister Mariamne (February 17) were pelted with stones, locked up in prison, and thrown out of villages. the Apostle Philip arrived in the city of Phrygian Hieropolis, where there were many pagan temples. There was also a pagan temple where people worshiped an enormous serpent as a god. The Apostle Philip by the power of prayer killed the serpent and healed many bitten by snakes. those healed was the wife of the city prefect, Amphipatos. Having learned that his wife had accepted Christianity, the prefect Amphipatos gave orders to arrest Saint Philip, his sister, and the Apostle Bartholomew traveling with them. At the urging of the pagan priests of the temple of the serpent, Amphipatos ordered the holy Apostles Philip and Bartholomew to be crucified. an earthquake struck, and it knocked down all those present at the place of judgment. Hanging upon the cross by the pagan temple of the serpent, the Apostle Philip prayed for those who had crucified him, asking God to save them from the ravages of the earthquake. Seeing this happen, the people believed in Christ and began to demand that the apostles be taken down from the crosses. The Apostle Bartholomew was still alive when he was taken down, and he baptized all those believing and established a bishop for them. the Apostle Philip, through whose prayers everyone remained alive, except for Amphipatos and the pagan priests, died on the cross. his sister buried his body, and went with the Apostle Bartholomew to preach in Armenia, where the Apostle Bartholomew was crucified (June 11); Mariamne herself then preached until her own death at Lykaonia. holy Apostle Philip is not to be confused with Saint Philip the Deacon (October 11), one of the Seventy.

Persia, 35, Parthia, Apostles SIMON and JUDE, went together to Persia (Parthia), martyred there
Persia, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostles SIMON and JUDE; ancient Christian writers say that Simon and Jude went together as missionaries to Persia, and were martyred there. If this is true, it explains, to some extent, our lack of historical information on them and also why they are usually put together. SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28);

Persia, 40-51, Emperor Gotarzes II of Parthia, seized throne from b Vardanes I
Persia, 40-51, Emperor Gotarzes II of Parthia ; II was king of the Parthian Empire from 40 to 51. He was an adopted son of Artabanus II. When his father died in 40, his brother Vardanes I was to succeed to the throne. However, the throne was seized by Gotarzes II. Gotarzes II eventually was able to gain control of most of Parthia forcing Vardanes to flee to Bactria. With the death of Vardanes in c. 46, Gotarzes II ruled the Parthian Empire until his death. Gotarzes II was succeeded by his uncle Vonones II. Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 51-78, Emperor Vologases I, Parthia, for long trade route to the Med from India and China, b Tridates, Armenia in 53
Persia, 51-78, Emperor Vologases I of Parthia ; I was the King of Kings of the Parthian Empire from 51 to 78. He was the son and successor of Vonones II (r. 51). He was succeeded by his younger son Pacorus II, who continued his policies. was a son of Vonones II, a Parthian prince who ruled the northern Iranian kingdom of Media Atropatene, and possibly subsequently the whole Parthian Empire for a few months.[2] Vologases' mother was a Greek concubine of the Parthian harem.[3] The name of the Arsacid branch established by Vologases I has been coined by the modern historian Marek Jan Olbrycht as the "Vologasids" or the "House of Vologases I", which ruled the Parthian Empire from 51 till its fall in 224.[4] of Armenia[edit] of Parthian–Roman borders became the new Parthian king in 51.[2] He sought to continue the policies of the prominent former Parthian king Artabanus II (r. 12-38/41), thus, one of his first objectives was to strengthen and bolster the Parthian position in strategically and politically unstable regions which had served for decades as the source of war with the Romans.[5][6] gave the kingship of Media Atropatene to his elder brother Pacorus, while the even more politically important kingship of Armenia was given to Vologases' younger brother Tiridates after a Parthian invasion of the country in 53.[7] felt his invasion was justified due to the recent usurpation of the Armenian throne by the Iberian prince Rhadamistus, which he saw as a violation of the former settlement made between the Parthians and Romans regarding Armenia.[2] of resources and a winter epidemic forced Vologases to withdraw his troops from Armenia, allowing Rhadamistus to come back and punish locals as traitors; they shortly revolted and helped Tiridates restore his authority.[8] himself returned to Iberia and was soon put to death by his father Pharasmanes I for having plotted against the royal power in order to prove his loyalty to Rome.[9] with the Romans[edit] Further information: Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 during the first two years of the war: Corbulo's invasion and conquest of Armenia with the Parthian reconquest of Armenia, in 54 the newly ascended Roman emperor Nero sent his general, Corbulo to restore Roman authority in the country.[10] was unable to aid his brother, due to the rebellion of his son Vardanes II and subsequently a revolt in the eastern Parthian province of Hyrcania.[11] by Vologases, Tiridates sent flying columns to raid the Romans far and wide in 58.[10][12] responded by using the same tactics.[10] He also emboldened the Roman client-kings Antiochus IV of Commagene, Pharasmanes I, and the Moschi tribes to attack outlying areas of Armenia.[10] loyalty of the Armenian population was split up between the Parthians and Romans, although overall they preferred Parthian rule, due to it being more tolerant, and also due to the similarity between Parthian and Armenian culture.[10] conquered the Armenian capital of Artaxata, which he had destroyed.[13][14] The following year (59) he conquered Tigranocerta in southern Armenia, where he wintered.[15] took advantage of this situation to return to northern Armenia from Atropatene. However, by the spring of 60, he was forced to withdraw by the Roman forces once more.[15] during the final years of the war: the raids of Tigranes into Parthian territory provoked a Parthian counterattack, which culminated in the surrender of the Roman army of Pateus Nero appointed a Cappadocian prince named Tigranes on the Armenian throne.[15] The new ruler, protected by a strong Roman force, became bold and started in 61 attacking the border areas of Adiabene, a vassal kingdom of the Parthians.[15][16] Adiabenian king, Monobazos, including Tiridates, protested in front of the entire Parthian court, complaining that Vologases did not do enough to protect his subjects.[17] situation was important and endangered the relations between Vologases and his subjects.[17] a public feast, Vologases supported Tiridates' appeals, and placed the royal diadem on his head.[13] He also appointed a certain nobleman named Monaeses as the commander of a Parthian force that included contingents from Adiabene.[18] Monaeses was sent into Armenia, where he besieged Tigranocerta in 62.[15][16] The city was strongly fortified, and had been further reinforced by two legions. The Parthians attempts to scale the city proved fruitless, with the Adiabenian contingents suffering heavy losses.[15] this point, Corbulo sent an envoy to Vologases, who had encamped with his court at Nisibis, near Tigranocerta and the Roman–Parthian border. The failed siege and a shortage of fodder for his cavalry forced Vologases to agree to withdraw Monaeses from Armenia.[19] the same time, however, the Romans also left Armenia, which, according to the contemporary Roman historian Tacitus, raised suspicions as to Corbulo's motives: some whispered that he had reached an agreement of mutual withdrawal with the Parthians, and that he was unwilling to risk his reputation by renewing hostilities against them.[20] At any rate, a truce was arranged and a Parthian embassy was dispatched to Rome. The negotiations failed to reach an agreement, and war was resumed in the spring of 62.[21] Roman government then sent Lucius Caesennius Paetus, governor of Cappadocia, to settle the question by bringing Armenia under direct Roman administration.[22][23] Paetus was an incapable commander and suffered a humiliating defeat at the Battle of Rhandeia in 62, losing the legions of XII Fulminata commanded by Calvisius Sabinus and IIII Scythica commanded by Lucius Funisulanus Vettonianus. The command of the troops was returned to Corbulo, who, the following year, led a strong army into Melitene and beyond into Armenia, eliminating all of the regional governors he suspected were pro-Parthian. Finally in Rhandeia, Corbulo and Tiridates I met to make a peace agreement. The location of Rhandeia suited both Tiridates I and Corbulo. It appealed to Tiridates I because that is where his army had beaten the Romans and sent them away under a capitulation; on the other hand, it appealed to Corbulo because he was about to wipe out the ill repute earned before in the same location. When Tiridates I arrived at the Roman camp he took off his royal diadem and placed it on the ground near a statue of Nero, agreeing to receive it back only from Nero in Rome.[24] Tiridates I was recognized as the vassal king of Armenia; a Roman garrison would remain in the country permanently, in Sophene while Artaxata would be reconstructed. Corbulo left his son-in-law Lucius Annius Vinicianus to accompany Tiridates I to Rome in order to attest his own fidelity to Nero.[22] Tiridates' visit in Rome, Nero summoned Vologases I to Rome several times, but when the invitations became burdensome to Vologases I, he sent back a dispatch to this effect: "It is far easier for you than for me to traverse so great a body of water. Therefore, if you will come to Asia, we can then arrange to meet each other."[25] life and death[edit] Vologases I was still satisfied with this result and honored the memory of Nero,[26] though he stood in good relations with Vespasian also, to whom he offered an army of 40,000 horse archers during the Jewish Revolt.[27] Soon afterwards the Alans, a great nomadic tribe beyond the Caucasus, invaded Atropatene and Armenia; Vologases I applied in vain for help to Vespasian, but did not achieve any decisive result.[28] The Alans quickly withdrew with a lot of booty after plundering Armenia and Media Atropatene.[29] Vologases I later died in 78, and was succeeded by his son Pacorus II. sought to accomplish the goal of Artabanus II, by attempting to establish a long and structured trade-route that spanned through East Asia, India and the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.[33] This planned long trade-route would greatly improve the economy of the Parthian Empire.[33] In order to accomplish this, Vologases strengthened relations with other powers whom he was able to establish long-distance trade with, most notably Han China.[34] Vologases sought to impose his authority over the trade revenue of Seleucia, and was unrelenting against the Greek elites who questioned his rule.[35] Vologases founded the town of Valashabad in the neighborhood of Ctesiphon and Seleucia, with the intention of breaking the Greek monopoly on trade.[36] is an important figure in Zoroastrianism. According to the 10th-century Middle Persian Zoroastrian document Denkard ("Acts of Religion"), Vologases ordered his subjects to safeguard variants of the Avestan books and schooling, which had been scattered due to raids and plundering by the Macedonian king Alexander the Great (r. 336–323 BC) in the 4th-century BC.[30] Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 55-116, Adiabene Emperor, Meharaspes, defeated by Trajan in 116, creating Roman Messopotamia
Persia, Adiabene Emperor, -116, Meharaspes; was the Parthian client king of Adiabene in the early 2nd century CE. He was defeated by Trajan in 116; Adiabene was incorporated into the short-lived Roman province of Mesopotamia. Martyr Hermione the Daughter of St Philip the Deacon, Commemorated on September 4;

Persia, 70, Parthia, Apostle Jude, later in Syria (Parthia, Persia at that time) , finally in Edessa
Persia, 70, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Jude; the Ascension of the Lord Jesus Christ, Saint Jude traveled about preaching the Gospel. He propagated the faith in Christ at first in Judea, Galilee, Samaria and Idumaia, and later in the lands of Arabia, Syria and Mesopotamia. Finally, he went to the city of Edessa. Here he finished the work that was not completed by his predecessor, Saint Thaddeus, Apostle of the Seventy (August 21). There is a tradition that Saint Jude went to Persia, where he wrote his catholic Epistle in Greek. In the Epistle much profound truth was expressed in a few words. Holy Apostle Jude, one of the twelve apostles of Christ, is descended from King David and Solomon, and was the son of Righteous Joseph the Betrothed (Sunday after the Nativity of the Lord) by his first wife. Holy Apostle John the Theologian writes in his Gospel, neither did his brethren believe in Him (John. 7:5). Saint Theophylact, Archbishop of Bulgaria, explains this passage. He says that at the beginning of the Lord Jesus Christ'™s earthly ministry, Joseph'™s sons, Jude among them, did not believe in His divine nature. Tradition says that when Saint Joseph returned from Egypt, he began to divide his possessions among his sons. He wanted to allot a share to Christ the Savior, born miraculously and incorruptibly from the All-Pure Virgin Mary. The brothers were opposed to this because Jesus was born of another mother. Only James, later called œThe Brother of God, offered to share his portion with Him. came to believe in Christ the Savior as the awaited Messiah, and he followed Him and was chosen as one of the twelve Apostles. Mindful of his sin, the Apostle Jude considered himself unworthy to be called the Lord'™s brother, and in his Epistle he calls himself merely the brother of James. Holy Apostle Jude also had other names: the Evangelist Matthew terms him œLebbaeus, whose surname was Thaddeus (Mt. 10:3). The Holy Evangelist Mark also calls him Thaddeus (Mark 3:18), and in the Acts of the Holy Apostles he is called Barsabas (Acts 15: 22). This was customary at that time. the Ascension of the Lord Jesus Christ, Saint Jude traveled about preaching the Gospel. He propagated the faith in Christ at first in Judea, Galilee, Samaria and Idumaia, and later in the lands of Arabia, Syria and Mesopotamia. Finally, he went to the city of Edessa. Here he finished the work that was not completed by his predecessor, Saint Thaddeus, Apostle of the Seventy (August 21). There is a tradition that Saint Jude went to Persia, where he wrote his catholic Epistle in Greek. In the Epistle much profound truth was expressed in a few words. Jude'™s Epistle speaks about the Holy Trinity, about the Incarnation of the Lord Jesus Christ, about the good and bad angels, and about the dread Last Judgment. The Apostle urges believers to guard themselves against fleshly impurity, to be diligent in prayer, faith and love, to convert the lost to the path of salvation, and to guard themselves from the teachings of heretics. He also says that it is not enough just to be converted to Christianity, but faith must be demonstrated by good works. He cites the rebellious angels and men punished by God (verse 6) to support this. Holy Apostle Jude died as a martyr around the year 80 near Mt. Ararat in Armenia, where he was crucified and pierced by arrows. Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 79-81, Emperor, Artabanus III of Parthia, gave refuge to a Pseudo-Nero (imposter) named Terentius Maximus
Persia, 10-40, Emperor, Jesus' Time, Artabanus III of Parthia ; III, incorrectly known in older scholarship as Artabanus IV,[1] was a Parthian prince who competed against his brother Pacorus II (r. 78-110) for the Parthian crown from 79/80 to 81.[1] III's claim to the throne seems to have little support in the Parthian Empire, with the exception of Babylonia.[1] III's most notable action was to give refuge to a Pseudo-Nero named Terentius Maximus.[2][1] Artabanus III initially agreed to lend military aid to Terentius Maximus to capture Rome, until he found about the real identity of the impostor.[2] mints of Artabanus III disappear after 81, which suggests that Pacorus II had defeated him.[1] Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28); THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 200-252, Armenian Parthian Prince, Anak the Parthian, Illuminatory Gregory's father, but killed Tridates father
Armenian Parthian Prince, 3rd Century-252, Anak the Parthian; the Parthian,[1] also known as Anak Pahlavi[2] (flourished 3rd century, died 258[3]), was a Parthian noble who lived during the time of Arsacid Armenia.[4] was an Armenian Parthian nobleman,[5] who was a prince[6] said to be related to the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia[7] or was from the House of Suren,[8][9] one of the seven branches of the ruling Arsacid dynasty[10] of Sakastan.[11] is known of the life of Anak. He married a Parthian noblewoman called Okohe, who bore him sons. Among their children was Gregory.[12] I and his son, Shapur I, incited Anak[13] to murder King Khosrov II of Armenia, promising to return his own domain as a reward.[14] Ardashir I was alarmed by the military victories that Khosrov II with his late father, Tiridates II of Armenia had won against him,[15] as he wanted to expand the Sassanid Empire and to annex Armenia. had won the trust of Khosrov II and had travelled to Vagharshapat.[16] When Anak arrived in Vagharshapat he pretended to take refuge in the Armenian dominions from the persecution of Ardashir I.[17] Anak was hospitably received in Vagharshapat by Khosrov II and then stabbed the king in the heart, also killing Khosrov's wife. Anak was furiously pursued by Armenian soldiers, until he drowned in the Aras River.[18] Armenian army and nobles were outraged by the death of the reigning King and in turn wreaked their vengeance on the family of Anak.[19][20] The only child to survive from Anak’s family was his infant son Gregory,[21] who was taken to Cappadocia by his former caretakers Sopia and Yevtagh, who had escaped the slaughter of Anak’s family. I took possession of Armenia for himself and it became a part of his empire.[22] Troops loyal to Khosrov II, had his son, Tiridates III, taken to Rome for protection[23] where Tiridates III was raised and his daughter Khosrovidkuht was taken to be raised in Caesarea Mazaca, Cappadocia.[24] The foster parents of Khosrovidukht were Awtay, a nobleman from the family of the Amatuni, and Awtay’s wife, a noblewoman whose name is unknown, who was from the family of the Slkunik.[25] Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30; Hieromartyr Gregory, Enlightener of Greater Armenia, was born in the year 257. was descended from a line of Parthian Arsakid kings. Anak, the father of Saint Gregory, was a Parthian by birth. In his quest for the Armenian throne, Anak and his brother attacked their kinsman, King Kursar with their swords, leaving him mortally wounded. The King's servants found him still alive, and he was able to tell them what had happened. Before he expired, the King ordered the execution of Anak, his brother, and also their wives and children. The murderers were caught by a river, where they were slain and their bodies were thrown into the water. of Anak's relatives saved Gregory and his brother, who were infants, and hid them in his home. There was a revolt in Armenia, and King Artasirus of Persia was able to conquer Armenia and bring it under his rule. As for Arak's sons, one was taken to Persia, and Gregory was sent to the Roman Empire. he reached adulthood, Gregory lived in Caesarea in Cappadocia, where he was converted to the Christian Faith. Gregory married, and had two sons, but soon was left a widower. Gregory raised his sons in piety. One of them, Orthanes, later became a priest, and the other, Arostanes, was tonsured as a monk and went into the wilderness to live in solitude. order to atone for the sin of his father, who had murdered the father of Tiridates, Gregory entered into the latter's service, and was a faithful servant to him. Tiridates, who was serving in the Roman army, loved Gregory like a friend, but when he learned that Gregory was a Christian, he became angry. Saint Gregory, however, ignored his master's unjust wrath. the Goths attacked the Roman Empire, the Prince of the Goths challenged the Emperor to single combat. The Emperor was afraid to fight the Prince, so he had Tiridates put on his armor and take his place. Tiridates defeated his adversary without using his sword, and led him as a captive to the Emperor. Then the entire Gothic army was defeated. In gratitude, the Emperor made Tiridates King of Armenia. When Tiridates offered sacrifice to his "gods" for his new position, he wanted Gregory to sacrifice with him. Gregory refused, and so Tiridates ordered that he be tortured. Saint was suspended head downward, with a stone about his neck, and for several days they choked him with a foul-smelling smoke, they beat and ridiculed him, and forced him to walk in iron sandals inset with nails. these torments, Saint Gregory sang Psalms. In prison the Lord healed all his wounds. When Gregory stood before the King cheerful and unharmed, he was astonished and ordered that the torments be repeated. Saint Gregory endured them, not wavering, with his former determination and bearing. They then poured hot tin over him and threw him into a pit filled with snakes, scorpions, and other poisonous creatures. The Lord, however, spared His chosen one, and he was left unharmed. pious women kept him alive for fourteen years by feeding him with bread, secretly lowering it into the pit. A holy angel appeared to the martyr, strengthening and encouraging him. During this time King Tiridates killed the holy virgin Saint Ripsimia, the Eldress Gaiane, and 32 other Virgin Martyrs (some sources say 35) from Asia Minor. Tiridates, who seemed to have lost his mind after this, recovered six days later. Then the wrath of God struck King Tiridates, his associates, and the soldiers who had participated in the execution of the virgins. Beset by demons, their appearance resembled wild boars, as once happened to Nebuchadnezzar (Daniel 4:30). Running through forests and fields, they tore their clothes and devoured their own flesh. Gregory was taken from from the pit, and then he was washed, dressed in clean clothes, and fed. Then he was led to the King. Everyone bowed before him, begging him to ask God to heal the King as well as the others responsible for killing the Holy Virgin Martyrs. First, the Saint asked about their relics, which remained unburied for nine days. Saint Gregory buried the bodies, and then began preaching to the people, urging them to turn away from the darkness of idolatry and toward Christ. The people came to believe in Christ, and wanted to build a large church. When it was completed, Saint Gregory had the relics of the holy nuns brought into it. Then he led King Tiridates to the church before the bodies of the Saints whom he had slain, so that they might pray to Christ for him. He repented, and at once his face was restored to its original appearance once more. all of Armenia was converted to Christ. The temples of the idols were destroyed, and churches for the worship of the only true God were built. Saint Gregory ordained priests, established schools, founded monasteries, and provided for the good order of the Church. this, Saint Gregory went into the wilderness, where he ended his earthly life in a manner pleasing to the Lord. His son Aristanes was made a bishop in Cappadocia, and was one of the 318 Holy Fathers of. the Council of Nicea.

Persia, 224-226, Sasanian Empire First Capital Estakhr or Istakhr
Persian Sasanian Empire First Capital Estakhr, 224-226; Sasanian first Emperor, 224-242, Ardashir I; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30;

Persia, 224-242, Sedekias or Ardashir I, First Sasanian Emperor
Great Martyr Irene, Commemorated on May 5; was deposed by his son Sapor, who persecuted Christians with an even greater zeal than his father had done. Saint Irene went to her home town of Magedon in Persia to meet Sapor and his army, and ask him to end the persecution. When he refused, Saint Irene prayed and his entire army was blinded. She prayed again and they received their sight once more. In spite of this, Sapor refused to recognize the power of God. Because of his insolence, he was struck and killed by a bolt of lightning. Persian Sasanian Emperor, 224-242, Ardashir I, First Sasanian Emperor; Sasanian Empire First Capital Estakhr, 224-226; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

Persia, 236-274, Parthian Manichaeus, Mani, Prophet of Gnostic Manichaeism
Egypt, 236-274, Parthian Manichaeus, Mani, Prophet of Gnostic Manichaeism; (c. April AD 216-2 March AD 274 or 26 February AD 277), of Iranian origin,[3][4][5][6] the prophet and the founder of Manichaeism, a religion of late antiquity strongly influenced by Gnosticism which was once widespread but is no longer prevalent by name. was born in or near Seleucia-Ctesiphon in Babylonia,[1] at the time still part of the Parthian Empire. Seven of his major works were written in Syriac, and the eighth, dedicated to the Sasanian emperor Shapur I, was written in Middle Persian.[7] He died in Gundeshapur. exact meaning of the name is a question still unsolved.[8] It may have derived from Babylonian-Aramaic Mânâ [luminescence]. Mandaeans used the term, mânâ rabba meaning the "Enlightened Lord/King.".[9] Ancient Greek interpretations were skeuos and homilia,[clarification needed] same slightly contemptuous "a certain" (Manes quidam) also appears in Hegemonius' Acta Archelai (4th century), however, Hegemonius contributes a detailed description of Mani's looks. Mani’s names became the object of uplifting transformation (Greek, Coptic Mannichaios, Latin Mannichaeus, i.e., Mannam fundens "pouring out Manna".[10][11] 1969 in Upper Egypt a Greek parchment codex dating to c. AD 400 was discovered. It is now designated Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis because it is conserved at the University of Cologne. Combining a hagiographic account of Mani's career and spiritual development with information about Mani's religious teachings, and containing fragments of his writings, it is now considered the most reliable source of information about the historical Mani. other medieval and pre-medieval accounts of his life are either legendary or hagiographical, such as the account in Fihrist by Ibn al-Nadim, purportedly by al-Biruni, or were anti-Manichaean polemics, such as the 4th-century Acta Archelai. Among these medieval accounts, Ibn al-Nadim's account of Mani's life and teachings is generally speaking the most reliable and exhaustive. Notably, the (in other accounts prominent) image of the "Third Ambassador" is only represented through a brief mention of the name bašīr, "messenger of good news", and the topos of "Mani the Painter" (which in other Islamic accounts almost completely replaces that of "the founder of a religion") is completely absent.[12] Parents, a 14th/15th-century silk painting depicts Mani's parents sitting in a palatial building. of Mani's Birth, showing the newborn emerged from the chest of his mother. execution of Mani as depicted in a 14th century illustration of the Shahnameh work and other evidence discovered in the 20th century establishes Mani as a historical individual.[13] life was born near Seleucia-Ctesiphon, perhaps in the town Mardinu in the Babylonian district of Nahr Kutha; according to other accounts in the town Abrumya. Mani's father Pātik (Middle Persian Pattūg;[14] Koinē Greek: Παττικιος, Arabic: Futtuq‎), a native of Ecbatana[15] (now Hamadan, Iran), was a member of the Jewish Christian sect of the Elcesaites. His mother was of Parthian descent[16][17] (from "the Armenian Arsacid family of Kamsarakan"[18]); her name is reported variously, among others Maryam. was raised in a heterodox environment in Babylon. The Elcesaite community was ostensibly Jewish Christian, though with some Gnostic features due to their Ebionite heritage, such as the belief in recurring incarnations of heavenly apostles, one of whom was a docetic Christ. At ages 12 and 24 Mani had visionary experiences of a "heavenly twin" of his (syzygos), calling him to leave his father's sect and preach the true message of Jesus in a new gospel.[19][20] to India then travelled to India (Sakas in present day Afghanistan), where he studied Hinduism and its various extant philosophies, including Buddhism.[5] Al-Biruni says Mani only traveled to India after being banished from Persia,[21] but this might be an error or a second journey.[5] It is believed that his Christian roots might have been influenced by Marcion and Bardaisan.[22] from India in 242, Mani presented himself to Shapur I, to whom he dedicated his only work written in Persian, known as the Shabuhragan. Shapur was not converted to Manichaeism and remained Zoroastrian, but he favored Mani's teachings, which mixed Christianity, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism, and took him into his court.[5][23] Mani is said to have performed miracles, including levitation, teleporting and healing, which helped him to gain converts in the Iranian elite. He was also famed as a painter.[5] and martyrdom successor Hormizd I, who reigned only for one year, continued to patronize Mani, but his successor Bahram I, a follower of the intolerant Zoroastrian reformer Kartir, began to persecute the Manichaeans. He incarcerated Mani, who died in prison within a month, in 274.[24] According to sources, he passed his last days comforting his visiting disciples, teaching that his death would have no other consequence than the return of his soul to the realm of light.[5] followers depicted Mani's death as a crucifixion in a conscious analogy to the crucifixion of Jesus; al-Biruni says that Bahram ordered the execution of Mani. There is a story which claims that he was flayed, and his corpse suspended over the main gate of the great city of Gundeshapur;[25] however, there is no historical basis for this account.[26] It is more plausible that his body was mutilated via post-mortem decapitation, and his head put on display, which may be the original source of the embellishment.[27] canon of Mani included six works originally written in Syriac, and one in Persian, the Shapuragan. While none of his books have survived in complete form, there are numerous fragments and quotations of them, including a long Syriac quotation from one of his works, as well as a large amount of material in Middle Persian, Coptic, and numerous other languages. Examples of surviving portions of his works include: the Shabuhragan (Middle Persian), the Book of Giants (numerous fragments in many languages), the Fundamental Epistle (quoted in length by Saint Augustine), a number of fragments of his Living Gospel (or Great Gospel), a Syriac excerpt quoted by Theodore Bar Konai, and his Letter to Edessa contained in the Cologne Mani-Codex. Mani also wrote the book Arzhang, a holy book of Manichaeism unique in that it contained many drawings and paintings to express and explain the Manichaeist creation and history of the world. Main article: Manichaeism Detail of Mani's Community Established, depicting seven lay people bring offerings to shrine with statue of Mani and three elects. teaching was intended to succeed and surpass the teachings of Christianity, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. It is based on a rigid dualism of good and evil, locked in eternal struggle. his mid-twenties, Mani decided that salvation was possible through education, self-denial, fasting and chastity. According to Al-Biruni, a 10th-century Iranian scholar, Mani claimed to be the Paraclete promised in the New Testament, and the Last Prophet.[28] However according to Lodewijk J. R. Ort, the term last prophet may "in all probability derived from the Quran by Al-Buruni in order to formulate Mani's pretensions and religious claims".[29] Therefore Lodewijk J. R. Ort concludes that a definitive pronouncement about the final character of Mani's appearance is not mentioned in Manichaeistic scriptures.[30] his religion was not strictly a movement of Christian Gnosticism in the earlier mode, Mani did declare himself to be an "apostle of Jesus Christ", and extant Manichaean poetry frequently extols Jesus and his mother, Mary, with the highest reverence. Manichaean tradition is also noted to have claimed that Mani was the reincarnation of different religious figures including Zoroaster, the historical Buddha, as well as Jesus. followers were organized in a church structure, divided into a class of "elects" (electi) and "auditors" (auditores). Only the electi are required to follow the laws strictly, while the auditores care for them, hoping to become electi in their turn after reincarnation. and Islamic tradition Late Antique Christian accounts in the West section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Western Christian tradition of Mani is based on Socrates of Constantinople, a historian writing in the 5th century. According to this account, one Scythianos, a Saracen, husband of an Egyptian woman, "introduced the doctrine of Empedocles and Pythagoras into Christianity"; that he had a disciple, "Buddas, formerly named Terebinthus," who travelled in Persia, where he alleged that he had been born of a virgin, and afterwards wrote four books, one of Mysteries, a second The Gospel, a third The Treasure, and a fourth Heads. While performing some mystic rites, he was hurled down a precipice by a daimon, and killed. A woman at whose house he lodged buried him, took over his property, and bought a boy of seven, named Cubricus. This boy she freed and educated, leaving him the property and books of Buddas-Terebinthus. Cubricus then travelled into Persia, where he took the name of Manes and gave forth the doctrines of Buddas Terebinthus as his own. The king of Persia, hearing that he worked miracles, sent for him to heal his sick son, and on the child's dying put Manes in prison. Thence he escaped, flying into Mesopotamia, but was traced, captured, and flayed alive by the Persian king's orders, the skin being then stuffed with chaff and hung up before the gate of the city. to Jerome, Archelaus wrote his account of his disputation with "Manichæus" in Syriac, whence it was translated into Greek. The Greek is lost, and the work, apart from extracts, subsists only in a Latin translation from the Greek, of doubtful age and fidelity, probably made after the 5th century. By Photius it is stated that Heraclean, bishop of Chalcedon, in his book against the Manichæans, said the Disputation of Archelaus was written by one Hegemonius, an author not otherwise traceable, and of unknown date. the Latin narrative, "Manes" is said to have come, after his flight from court, from Arabion, a frontier fortress, to Caschar or Carchar, a town said to be in Roman Mesopotamia, in the hope of converting an eminent Christian there, named Marcellus, to whom he had sent a letter beginning: "Manichæus apostle of Jesus Christ, and all the saints and virgins with me, send peace to Marcellus." In his train he brought twenty-two (or twelve) youths and virgins. At the request of Marcellus, he debated on religion with bishop Archelaus, by whom he was vanquished; whereupon he set out to return to Persia. On his way he proposed to debate with a priest at the town of Diodorides; but Archelaus came to take the priest's place, and again defeated him; whereupon, fearing to be given up to the Persians by the Christians, he returned to Arabion. this stage Archelaus introduces in a discourse to the people his history of "this Manes," very much to the effect of the recapitulation in Socrates. Among the further details are these: that Scythianus lived "in the time of the Apostles"; that Terebinthus said the name of Buddas had been imposed on him; that in the mountains he had been brought up by an angel; that he had been convicted of imposture by a Persian prophet named Parcus, and by Labdacus, son of Mithra; that in the disputation he taught concerning the sphere, the two luminaries, the transmigration of souls, and the war of the Principia against God; that "Corbicius" or Corbicus, about the age of sixty, translated the books of Terebinthus; that he made three chief disciples, Thomas, Addas, and Hermas, of whom he sent the first to Egypt, and the second to Scythia, keeping the third with him; that the two former returned when he was in prison, and that he sent them to procure for him the books of the Christians, which he then studied. According to the Latin narrative, finally, Manes on his return to Arabion was seized and taken to the Persian king, by whose orders he was flayed, his body being left to the birds, and his skin, filled with air, hung at the city gate.[31] Islamic accounts Painter Mani presenting king Bukhram-Gur (Bahram) with his drawing. 16th-century painting by Ali-Shir Nava'i, Shakrukhia (Tashkent). is described as a painter who set up a sectarian movement in opposition to Zoroastrianism. He was persecuted by Shapur I and fled to Central Asia, where he made disciples and embellished with paintings a Tchighil (or picturarum domus Chinensis) and another temple called Ghalbita. Provisioning in advance a cave which had a spring, he told his disciples he was going to heaven, and would not return for a year, after which time they were to seek him in the cave in question. They then came back there after a year and found him, whereupon he showed them an illustrated book, called Ergenk, or Estenk Arzhang, which he said he had brought from heaven: whereafter he had many followers, with whom he returned to Persia at the death of Shapur. The new king, Hormisdas, joined and protected the sect; and built Mani a castle. The next king, Bahram or Varanes, at first favoured Mani; but, after getting him to debate with certain Zoroastrian teachers, caused him to be flayed alive, and the skin to be stuffed and hung up. Thereupon most of his followers fled to India and China.[31] Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9;

Persia, 240-270, Sasanian Emperor, Shapur I, refused power of God, k by Lightning
Great Martyr Irene, Commemorated on May 5; was deposed by his son Sapor, who persecuted Christians with an even greater zeal than his father had done. Saint Irene went to her home town of Magedon in Persia to meet Sapor and his army, and ask him to end the persecution. When he refused, Saint Irene prayed and his entire army was blinded. She prayed again and they received their sight once more. In spite of this, Sapor refused to recognize the power of God. Because of his insolence, he was struck and killed by a bolt of lightning. Persian Sasanian Emperor, 240-270, Shapur I; Hieromartyr Polychronius the Bishop of Babylon, Commemorated July 30 ; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on October 19; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Simeon of Persia, Commemorated on May 18; Martyr Marinus and his wife and children and those with them at Rome, Commemorated on July 6;

Persia, 240-270, Bishop Akepsimas, Presbyter Joseph, Deacon Aeithalas, windstorm, lightning k guard, healing tree
Persia, 240-270, Akepsimas the Bishop, Joseph the Presbyter and Aeithalas the Deacon, Arbela, Persia ; Arbela in Assyria; Martyr Akepsimas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; Akepsimas the Bishop, Joseph the Presbyter and Aeithalás the Deacon of Persia were leaders of the Christian Church in the Persian city of Naesson. His flock devotedly loved their hierarch for his ascetic life and tireless pastoral work. emperor Sapor ordered his men to seek out and kill Christian clergy. Saint Akepsimas also was arrested, even though he was already an eighty-year-old man. They took him to the city of Arbela, where he came before the judge Ardarkh, a pagan priest of the sun god. The holy Elder refused to offer sacrifice to the Persian gods. For this he was fiercely beaten and thrown into prison, where on the following day the seventy-year-old priest Joseph and the deacon Aeithalás were severely beaten and thrown into jail with him. For three years the saints were held in confinement, and suffered from hunger and thirst. Sapor came to the temple of the god of fire, located not far from Arbela, and wanted to take a look at the three holy martyrs. Exhausted and covered with festering wounds, the saints were brought before the emperor. When he asked them to worship the pagan gods they firmly refused, confessing their faith in Christ instead. holy bishop was beheaded, but the presbyter and deacon were taken into the city to be stoned. execution of the presbyter Joseph was prolonged for several hours. A guard was placed near the place of execution, so that Christians would not take the body of the holy martyr. On the fourth night a strong windstorm raged near the city, lightning killed the guard, the wind tossed stones about, and the body of Saint Joseph disappeared. Aeithalás was taken to the village of Patrias, where he was stoned. Christians secretly buried his body. A tree grew on the saint’s grave, and its fruit brought healings.

Persia, 240-270, Snandulia, tended to Bishop Akepsimas, Presbyter Joseph, Deacon Aeithalas
Persia, 240-270, SNandulia, tended to Bishop Akepsimas, Presbyter Joseph, Deacon Aeithalas; Saint Snandulia of Persia, Commemorated on November 3; Snandulia of Persia is mentioned in the account of the martyrdom of Saints Joseph the priest and Aethalas the deacon. The historian Sozomen also describes their sufferings in his Church History (Book 2, ch. 13). was a devout Christian of the city of Arbela who visited those who suffered in prison for the sake of Christ. When she learned that Saints Joseph and Aethalas were in the prison, she went with her servants by night and bribed the guards with gold. They allowed her to take the saints to her home until daybreak. They were barely alive and unable to speak. She took them home and put them to bed, tending their wounds, and kissing their shattered hands and feet. Joseph recovered consciousness and saw Snandulia weeping. He told her that the compassion she had shown for him and for Aethalas was pleasing to God, but he thought that her bitter lamentations were contrary to Christian hope. replied, “When one is moved by compassion, it is natural to weep.” “Nevertheless,” Saint Joseph said, “you should not weep for us, for tortures borne for the sake of Christ are followed by eternal joy.” two saints were returned to prison the next morning, as promised. After six months their wounds had healed to some extent. They could stand and walk a little, but Aethalas’s hands hung at his side limp and useless. was appointed as a judge, and he entered the city offering sacrifice to the gods in the various temples. Some of the priests told him about Saints Joseph and Aethalas, who had been tortured on the orders of Prince Ardasabor, the head of all the Magi of Persia. They explained to Zerothus that their execution was being delayed until they recovered from their wounds. he heard this, Zerothus ordered that the martyrs be brought before him. He used flattery and then threats in an attempt to persuade them to offer sacrifice to the pagan gods. When this proved unsuccessful, the judge had them beaten for a long time. they were brought before the judge again, Zerothus tried to get the saints to eat food which had been offered to the idols, but they refused. Then the judge had them beaten again, and ordered other Christians to stone them. Soldiers went to the homes of the Christians to force them to come to the judgment hall. They dug a hole and placed Saint Joseph in it, then put stones in the hands of the Christians and compelled them to stone him. Snandulia was among these Christians, but she refused to throw stones at the aged priest. Then they gave her a lance and told her to kill Saint Joseph. She said that she would rather drive the lance into her own heart than to wound the saint with it. Joseph was eventually killed by all the stones that were thrown at him, and the holy deacon Aethalas was also stoned in the same way. Snandulia stretched forth her arms to needful works and opened her hands to the needy (Proverbs 31:19-20), but she refused to lift her hands to do evil against Saint Joseph. Persia, 240-270, Akepsimas the Bishop, Joseph the Presbyter and Aeithalas the Deacon, Arbela, Persia ; Arbela in Assyria; Martyr Akepsimas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; Akepsimas the Bishop, Joseph the Presbyter and Aeithalás the Deacon of Persia were leaders of the Christian Church in the Persian city of Naesson. His flock devotedly loved their hierarch for his ascetic life and tireless pastoral work. emperor Sapor ordered his men to seek out and kill Christian clergy. Saint Akepsimas also was arrested, even though he was already an eighty-year-old man. They took him to the city of Arbela, where he came before the judge Ardarkh, a pagan priest of the sun god. The holy Elder refused to offer sacrifice to the Persian gods. For this he was fiercely beaten and thrown into prison, where on the following day the seventy-year-old priest Joseph and the deacon Aeithalás were severely beaten and thrown into jail with him. For three years the saints were held in confinement, and suffered from hunger and thirst. Sapor came to the temple of the god of fire, located not far from Arbela, and wanted to take a look at the three holy martyrs. Exhausted and covered with festering wounds, the saints were brought before the emperor. When he asked them to worship the pagan gods they firmly refused, confessing their faith in Christ instead. holy bishop was beheaded, but the presbyter and deacon were taken into the city to be stoned. execution of the presbyter Joseph was prolonged for several hours. A guard was placed near the place of execution, so that Christians would not take the body of the holy martyr. On the fourth night a strong windstorm raged near the city, lightning killed the guard, the wind tossed stones about, and the body of Saint Joseph disappeared. Aeithalás was taken to the village of Patrias, where he was stoned. Christians secretly buried his body. A tree grew on the saint’s grave, and its fruit brought healings.

Persia, 274-293, Bahram II, rebellions, brother, cousin, 283 Roman invasion, lightning, R withdrew, Georgia control
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 274-293, Bahram II ; II (also spelled Wahram II or Warahran II was the fifth Sasanian King of Kings of Iran, from 274 to 293. He was the son and successor of Bahram I (r. 271–274). Bahram II, while still in his teens, ascended the throne with the aid of the powerful Zoroastrian priest Kartir, just like his father had done. was met with considerable challenges during his reign, facing a rebellion in the east led by his brother, the Kushano-Sasanian dynast Hormizd I Kushanshah, who also assumed the title of King of Kings and possibly laid claims to the Sasanian throne. rebellion, led by Bahram II's cousin Hormizd of Sakastan in Sakastan, also occurred around this period. Khuzestan, a Zoroastrian factional revolt led by a high-priest (mowbed) occurred. Roman emperor Carus exploited the turbulent situation of Iran by lanching a campaign into its holdings in Mesopotamia in 283. Bahram II, who was in the east, was unable to mount an effective coordinated defense at the time, possibly losing his capital of Ctesiphon to the Roman emperor. Carus died soon afterwards, reportedly being struck by lightning. As a result, the Roman army withdrew, and Mesopotamia was reclaimed by the Sasanians. the end of his reign, Bahram II had made peace with the Roman emperor Diocletian and put an end to the disturbances in Khuzestan and the east. the Caucasus, Bahram II strengthened Sasanian authority by securing the Iberian throne for Mirian III, an Iranian nobleman from the House of Mihran. II has been suggested by scholars to be the first Sasanian ruler to have coins minted of his family. He also ordered the carving of several rock reliefs that unambiguously emphasize distinguished representations of his family and members of the high nobility. was succeeded by his son Bahram III, who after only four months of reign, was overthrown by Narseh, a son of the second Sasanian ruler, Shapur I (r. 240–270). Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Persia, 293, Sasanian Emperor, Bahram III, very short reign, overthrown by son of Shapur I, to be over Armenia
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 293, Bahram III; Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13 ; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Persia, 293-302, Sasanian Emperor, 293-302, Narseh, son of Shapur I, lost to Romans, religious tolerance
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 293-302, Narseh; (also spelled Narses or Narseus) was the seventh Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 293 to 303. youngest son of Shapur I (r. 240–270), Narseh served as the governor of Sakastan, Hind and Turan under his father. Shapur I was eventually succeeded by his son Hormizd I (r. 270–271), who died after a reign of one year. I's eldest son Bahram I, who had never been considered as a candidate for succession to the throne by his father, ascended the throne with the aid of the powerful Zoroastrian priest Kartir. then made a settlement with Narseh to give up his entitlement to the throne in return for the governorship of the important frontier province of Armenia, which was a persistent cause for war between the Roman and Sasanian Empires. Narseh held the title of Vazurg sah Arminān ("Great King of Armenia"), which was used by the heir to the throne in the early Sasanian times. Nevertheless, Narseh most likely still viewed Bahram I as a usurper. succession of Bahram I's son, Bahram II (r. 274–293) seemingly occurred without any issues. However, after Bahram II's death in 293, the noble Wahnam had the latters son Bahram III unwillingly crowned. The nobility did not support Bahram III's kingship, and asked Narseh to rule instead. Ultimately, Bahram III abdicated as shah, while Wahnam was executed. Narseh's accession to the throne makes him the first Sasanian shah to not ascend the throne as a crown prince. The circumstances of Narseh's rise to power are detailed in the Paikuli inscription, which he made as his own Res Gestae Divi Augusti and to legitimize his rule.[1] years after his accession, war erupted between the Sasanians and Romans once again. In the spring of 297, Narseh's forces inflicted a heavy defeat on the forces of Galerius. The following year, however, Narseh was to suffer a heavy defeat at Satala; his wives, children, and many Iranian nobles were taken as prisoners of war. Due to this ignominious defeat, Narseh was forced to accept a peace treaty prescribed by the Romans, ceding them several areas at the Sasanian-Roman border. is notable for returning to the religious tolerance policy of his father.[2] Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; Martyr Athenodorus of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on December 7; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Persia, 309-379, Sasanian Emperor, Alamundar, Saphor II the Great, Bishapur
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 309-379, Saphor II the Great, Bishapur ; Kerman, Persia; Bishapur, Persia (Eslamabad); Sapor II (310-331), Sasanian Persian Empire ; Martyr Eudokia of Persia, Commemorated August 4 ; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Heliodorus of Persia, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Aithalas of Persia, Commemorated on September 1 ; Martyr Ia of Persia, Commemorated on September 11 ; Martyr Memelchtha of Persia, Commemorated on October 5 ; Martyr Memelchtha of Persia was, before her conversion to the Christian Faith, a pagan priestess of the goddess Artemis. saint’s sister convinced her to accept Baptism. When the pagans saw Memelchtha in her white baptismal robe, they stoned her. The saint suffered in the year 344. Later, a church was dedicated to her on the site of the temple of Artemis. Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Hieromartyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on November 1 ; Hieromartyr John the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 1; 7,000 Martyrs who suffered in Persia, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Acindynus of Persia, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Akepsimas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 3; St Snandulia of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; Hieromartyr Milus the Bishop in Persia, Commemorated on November 10; Hieromartyr Nerses of Persia, Commemorated on November 20; Martyr Ananias of Persia, Commemorated on December 1; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28; Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28 ; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; Martyr Desan the Bishop and 272 others in Persia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Monkmartyr Bademus (Vadim) of Persia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on April 10; Martyr Azades (Azat) the Eunuch of Persia, Commemorated on April 14; Hieromartyr Simeon the Bishop in Persia, and those with him in Persia, Commemorated on April 17; Martyr Ananias the Presbyter in Persia, Commemorated on April 17; Martyr Bata the Persian, Commemorated on May 1; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; Hieromartyr Helladius the Bishop in the East, Commemorated on May 28; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; 5 Martyred Nuns beheaded in Persia, Commemorated on June 9; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Persia, 344, Martyr Memelchtha, Pagan Priestess, Bishapur
Persia, 344, Martyr Memelchtha, Pagan Priestess of Persia, Bishapur; Martyr Memelchtha of Persia, Commemorated on October 5 ; Martyr Memelchtha of Persia was, before her conversion to the Christian Faith, a pagan priestess of the goddess Artemis. saint’s sister convinced her to accept Baptism. When the pagans saw Memelchtha in her white baptismal robe, they stoned her. The saint suffered in the year 344. Later, a church was dedicated to her on the site of the temple of Artemis.

Persia, 363, Battle of Samarra, Julian the Apostate's death
Battle of Samarra, 363, Julian the Apostate's death; Julian left Antioch for a war with the Persians. Near the Persian city of Ctesiphon, Julian came upon an elderly Persian, who agreed to betray his countrymen and guide Julian'™s army. The old man deceived Julian and led his army into the Karmanite wilderness, where there was neither food nor water. Tired from hunger and thirst, Julian'™s army battled against fresh Persian forces. ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Persia, 380-383, Sasanian Emperor, Ardashir II, S II's brother, appointed to rule till Saphor III
Persia, 380-383, Sasanian Emperor, Ardashir II, brother, appointed to rule till Saphor III Persian Sasanian Emperor, 309-379, Saphor II the Great, Bishapur ; Kerman, Persia; Bishapur, Persia (Eslamabad); Sapor II (310-331), Sasanian Persian Empire ; Martyr Heliodorus of Persia, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyrs Heliodorus and Dosa suffered for Christ in Persia under the emperor Sapor II, in the year 380.

Persia, 399-420, Persian Sasanian Emperor, Izdegerd I, friend to Jews and Christians, Zoros Nobles killed him
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 399-420, Izdegerd I ; Martyr Abdias (Abidas) of Persia, Commemorated on September 5 ; Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31; Royal Martyr Mirdat, King of Kartli, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Persia, 418-420, Sapor IV, King of Persian Armenia, Sasanian
Persian Emperor, 420, Sapor IV, Sasanian; IV, was king of Persian Armenia from 415 to 420, who briefly ruled the Sasanian Empire in 420. IV was the son of Yazdegerd I and Shushandukht, and had two brothers named Bahram V and Narse. At the death of the Arsacid Armenian king Khosrov IV, Yazdegerd I decided to give the royal crown of Armenia to his eldest son Shapur IV, instead of giving it to Khosrov's nephew, Artaxias IV. During Shapur's reign in Armenia, he concentrated on reconciliation and established friendly relations with the nobles. He made every effort to convert the Christian Armenians to Zoroastrianism, but was largely unsuccessful.[1] 420, Yazdegerd I was murdered by the Sasanian nobles at Hyrcania,[2] which made Shapur quickly leave Armenia and arrive at Ctesiphon to claim the Sasanian throne. However, he only managed to reign during a short time, until he was murdered by the nobles and the clergy, who sought to expel all the sons of Yazdegerd I.[3] After the murder of Shapur, the nobles elected another Sasanian prince, Khosrau, the son of Bahram IV, as king of the Sasanian Empire. Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Royal Martyr Mirdat, King of Kartli, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Persia, 420-438, Bahram V, Emperor, Barakhranes, raised by eastern Arabs, Lakhmid kings
Persian Emperor, 420-438, Bahram V; Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27; Royal Martyr Mirdat, King of Kartli, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Persia, 457-459, Hormizd III, Emperor, killed by younger brother Peroz
Persian Emperor, 457-459, Hormizd III, Sasanian; III ( was the seventeenth king (shah) of the Sasanian Empire, ruling briefly from 457 to 459. He was the son and successor of Yazdegerd II (r. 438-457). reign was marked by the rebellion of his younger brother Peroz I, who with the aid of one of the Seven Great Houses of Iran, the House of Mihran, and the eastern neighbours of the Sasanians, the Hephthalites, had him captured and executed. Martyr Razhden of Persia the Georgian, Commemorated on August 3; Martyr Anthony of Apamea, Commemorated on November 9;

Persia, 450, Martyr Benjamin the Deacon, Converted many to Christianity
Persia, 450, Martyr Benjamin the Deacon; Martyr Benjamin the Deacon of Persia, Commemorated on October 13; Martyr Benjamin the Deacon of Persia converted many pagan Persians to Christianity, and for his zeal and evangelic preaching he suffered in Persia during the fifth century.

Persia, 459-494, Peroz I, Emperor, Sasanian, killed brother, war, famine, foolish war w allies, Nestorian
Persia, 459-494, Emperor, Peroz I, Sasanian ; I was the Sasanian King of Kings (shahanshah) of Iran from 459 to 484. A son of Yazdegerd II (r. 438-457), he disputed the rule of his elder brother and incumbent king Hormizd III (r. 457-459), eventually seizing the throne after a two-year struggle. reign was marked by war and famine. Early in his reign, he successfully quelled a rebellion in Caucasian Albania in the west, and put an end to the Kidarites in the east, briefly expanding Sasanian rule into Tokharistan, where he issued gold coins with his likeness at Balkh. Simultaneously, Iran was suffering from a seven-year famine. soon clashed with the former subjects of the Kidarites, the Hephthalites, who possibly had previously helped him to gain his throne. He was defeated and captured twice by the Hephthalites and lost his recently acquired possessions. 482, revolts broke out in the western provinces of Armenia and Iberia, led by Vahan Mamikonian and Vakhtang I respectively. Peroz could quell the unrest there, he was defeated and killed in his third war with the Hephthalites in 484, who seized the main Sasanian cities of the eastern region of Khorasan-Nishapur, Herat and Marw. advantage of the weakened Sasanian authority in the east, the Nezak Huns subsequently seized the region of Zabulistan. was the last shahanshah to mint unique gold coins in the Indian region of Sindh, which indicates that the region was lost around the same period. a devout Zoroastrian, Peroz supported the newly established Christian sect of Nestorianism, and just before his death, it was declared the official doctrine of the Iranian church. wars against the Hephthalites have been described as "foolhardy" in both contemporary and modern historiography. defeat and death introduced a period of political, social and religious tumult. The empire reached its lowest ebb; the shahanshah was now a client of the Hephthalites and was compelled to pay tribute, while the nobility and clergy exerted great influence and authority over the nation, being able to act as king-makers. magnates—most notably Sukhra and Shapur Mihran—elected Peroz's brother, Balash, as the new shahanshah. Order would first be restored under Peroz's son Kavad I (r. 488-496, 498/9-531), who reformed the empire and defeated the Hephthalites, reconquering Khorasan. By 560, Peroz had been avenged by his grandson Khosrow I (r. 531-579), who in collaboration with the First Turkic Khaganate, destroyed the Hephthalites. Martyr Razhden of Persia the Georgian, Commemorated on August 3; Martyr Susanna the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on August 28; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30;

Persia, 470-482, Varsken, Viceroy, Christian, then fire worshiper, Shushanik's husband, killed by Vakhtang
Persian Viceroy, 470-482, Varsken, Sasanian, Zoroastrian fire worshiper; (Middle Persian: VazgÄ“n) was an Iranian prince from the Mihranid family of Gugark, who served as the bidaxsh (margrave) of the region from 470 to 482. He was the son and successor of Arshusha II. the death of his father, Varsken went to the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon and was received by the shahanshah Peroz I (r. 459-484), converting to the family's former religion, Zoroastrianism. As a reward for his conversion, he was given the viceroyalty of Caucasian Albania and a daughter of Peroz in marriage. his pro-Iranian position, Varsken attempted to force his family to convert to Zoroastrianism, including his first wife Shushanik, which eventually resulted in her martyrdom, dying from the violence inflicted by her husband. policies were unacceptable to the Iberian king Vakhtang I (r. 447/49-502/22), who had him killed and then revolted against Iran in 482. Varsken was succeeded by Arshusha III. Martyr Susanna the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on August 28;

Persia, 488-531, Kavadh I, Emperor, Successful, Chosroes Father, BEwar&peace
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 488-531, Kavadh I ; I (473 - 13 September 531) was the Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 488 to 531, with a two or three-year interruption. A son of Peroz I (r. 459-484), he was crowned by the nobles to replace his deposed and unpopular uncle Balash (r. 484-488). a declining empire where the authority and status of the Sasanian kings had largely ended, Kavad tried to reorganize his empire by introducing many reforms whose implementation was completed by his son and successor Khosrow I. They were made possible by Kavad's use of the Mazdakite preacher Mazdak leading to a social revolution that weakened the authority of the nobility and the clergy. Because of this, and the execution of the powerful king-maker Sukhra, Kavad was imprisoned in the Castle of Oblivion ending his reign. He was replaced by his brother Jamasp. However, with the aid of his sister and an officer named Siyawush, Kavad and some of his followers fled east to the territory of the Hephthalite king who provided him with an army. This enabled Kavad to restore himself to the throne in 498/9. by this hiatus, Kavad applied for subsidies from the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I. The Byzantines had originally paid the Iranians voluntarily to maintain the defense of the Caucasus against attacks from the north. refused the subsidies, which led Kavad to invade his domains, thus starting the Anastasian War. Kavad first seized Theodosiopolis and Martyropolis respectively, and then Amida after holding the city under siege for three months. two empires made peace in 506, with the Byzantines agreeing to pay subsidies to Kavad for the maintenance of the fortifications on the Caucasus in return for Amida. Around this time, Kavad also fought a lengthy war against his former allies, the Hephthalites; by 513 he had re-taken the region of Khorasan from them. 528, war between the Sasanians and Byzantines erupted again, because of the Byzantines refusal to acknowledge Khosrow as Kavad's heir, and a dispute over Lazica. Although Kavad's forces suffered two notable losses at Dara and Satala, the war was largely indecisive, with both sides suffering heavy losses. 531, while the Iranian army was besieging Martyropolis, Kavad died from an illness. He was succeeded by Khosrow I, who inherited a reinvigorated and mighty empire that equaled that of the Byzantines. of the many challenges and issues Kavad successfully overcame, he is considered one of the most effective and successful kings to rule the Sasanian Empire. In the words of the Iranologist Nikolaus Schindel, he was "a genius in his own right, even if of a somewhat Machiavellian type."[1] Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30;

Persia, 500, 6th Century Folder, Sasanian E Failing, Chosroes 1 war with Byzantium after Antioch Earthquake

Persia, 502, War with Georgia, Vakhtang I killed, 7ft10in
Georgia, 502, War with Iran, Vakhtang I killed; Peter accompanied Holy King Vakhtang Gorgasali to war with the Persians in 502. It is written that œthe fatally wounded king Vakhtang summoned the catholicos, the queen, his sons and all the nobility.Saint Peter heard the king'™s last confession, granted the remission of his sins, presided at his funeral service, and blessed the prince Dachi (502-514) to succeed him as king of Kartli. with Iran[edit] of Ujarma, once an Iberian stronghold under Vakhtang espousing pro-Roman policy, Vakhtang further alienated his nobles, who sought Iranian support against the king's encroachments on their autonomy. In 482, Vakhtang put to death his most influential vassal, Varsken, vitaxa of Gogarene, a convert to Zoroastrianism and a champion of Iran's influence in the Caucasus, who had executed his Christian wife, Shushanik, daughter of the Armenian Mamikonid prince Vardan II and a hero of the earliest surviving piece of Georgian literature. By this act, Vakhtang placed himself in open confrontation with his Iranian suzerain. Vakhtang called on the Armenian princes and the Huns for co-operation. After some hesitation, the Armenians under Vardan's nephew Vahan Mamikonian, joined forces with Vakhtang. The allies were routed and Iberia was ravaged by Iranian punitive expeditions in 483 and 484, forcing Vakhtang into flight to Roman-controlled Lazica (modern western Georgia). After Peroz's death in the war with the Hephthalites in 484, his successor Balash reestablished peace in the Caucasus. Vakhtang was able to resume his reign in Iberia, but did not betray his pro-Roman line.[9][10] the Hundred Years Peace between Iran and Rome collapsed, Kavadh I of the Sassanids summoned Vakhtang as a vassal to join in a new campaign against Rome. Vakhtang refused, provoking an Iranian invasion of his kingdom. Then about 60, he had to spend the last years of his life in war and exile, fruitlessly appealing for the Roman aid. The chronology of this period is confused, but by 518 an Iranian viceroy had been installed at the Iberian town of Tiflis, founded (”according to Georgian tradition)”by Vakhtang and designated as the country's future capital. According to the LVG, Vakhtang died fighting an Iranian invading army at the hands of his renegade slave who shot him through an armpit defect of his armor. The wounded king was transported to his castle at Ujarma where he died and was interred at the cathedral in Mtskheta. Javakhishvili puts Vakhtang's death at c. 502. Georgia, 449-502, Georgian King, Vakhtang I of Iberia; Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30;

Persia, 531-579, Emperor, Chosroes I the Elder, allied with Italian Ostrogoths, violated peace
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 531-579, Chosroes I the Elder; Martyr Golinduc, in Holy Baptism Mary, of Persia, Commemorated on July 12; Martyr Eustathius of Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on July 29; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Translation of the Image Â of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third "œFeast of the Savior in August"Â, Commemorated on August 16; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Ignatius, the Godbearer and Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on January 29;

Persia, 540-562, Chosroes I war with Byzantine Empire after Antioch Earthquake, bathed in Med
Persia, 540-562, Chosroes I war with Byzantine Empire after Antioch Earthquake; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Ignatius, the Godbearer and Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on January 29;

Persia, 579-590, Sasanian Emperor, Hormizd IV, constant warfare west and east
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 579-590, Hormizd IV ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29;

Persia, 590-628, Chosroes II home, Ctesiphon - last King of Sasanian Empire
Chosroes home, Ctesiphon 590-628 - last King of Sasanian Empire Persia, In the year 614 military forces of the Persian ruler Chosroes fell upon Syria and Palestine, killing ninety thousand Christians and destroying Christian churches; Martyr Golinduc, in Holy Baptism Mary, of Persia, Commemorated on July 12; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on December 18 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22 ; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21;

Persia, 590-628, Sasanian Emperor, Khosrau (Chosroes) II, Cross in J, def by M, then a with M
Persian, Sasanian Emperor, 590-628, Khosrau (Chosroes) II; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on September 16 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on December 18 ; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on January 10; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22; Translation of the relics of St Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 24; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21;

Persia, 614, Chosroes II ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia
Persia, 614, ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia; Byzantine-“Sasanian War of 602-“628; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22;

Persia, 650, Urbnisi, Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Persian, Omar, vision St Shio w angels, converted, stoned
Georgia, 650, Urbnisi, Martyr Neophytus of Urbin; Urbnisi; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated October 28 ; holy hieromartyr Neophytus of Urbnisi descended from a line of Persian fire-worshippers. the 7th century, by order of the Saracen emir Mumni, the military leader Ahmad attacked Georgia with an enormous army. After overrunning the central part of Shida (Inner) Kartli, Ahmad dispatched two of his commanders, Omar and Burul, to the capital city of Mtskheta. At the confluence of the Mtkvari and Aragvi rivers, across from the village of Tsikhedidi in the rocky Sarkineti region, the invaders discovered a group of caves and plotted to occupy them. They tried to cross the Mtkvari but were unable. suffered a setback, the enemies asked their captives what was located in those caves. They were told that this was the Shio-Mgvime Monastery, where dwelt God’s chosen, who had deprived themselves of every earthly blessing. at this reply, the commanders decided to pass this information on to Ahmad. Then, as though it were commonplace, Ahmad sent Omar to the monastery to ask the monks to pray for him and remember him at the grave of their abbot, Saint Shio. “Pray for me, O slaves of God, and accept these gifts of aloe and incense. Offer these as a sacrifice to your abbot,” he told them. the monastery caves, Omar sent a messenger to inform the monks that he was coming to them in peace and bearing gifts. Drawing near to the monastery gates, the commander saw an army of incorporeal hosts descending from the heavens and among them an elder, radiant with a great light. meek and modest behavior of the monks left a great impression on Omar. He soon understood that the strange armies he had seen on the steps of the monastery were angels of God and that the elder was Saint Shio of Mgvime, abbot of the monastery. He related his vision to the monks and vowed to return to them, receive the sacrament of Holy Baptism, be tonsured a monk, and remain there to join in their holy labors. Omar abandoned all his possessions, his military rank, and his wealth and was baptized in the Christian Faith at the Shio-Mgvime Monastery as he had promised. of his slaves were baptized with him as well. Omar received the new name Neophytus (Newly Planted / From the Greek word neophytos, which in I Tim. 3:6 refers to a new convert), and his slaves became Christodoulus (Christ’s Slave) and Christopher (Christ-bearer). to God’s will, Saint Neophytus was consecrated bishop of Urbnisi, and all were amazed at his wisdom and steadfastness. He was a true father to his flock: “He strengthened the weak, healed the sick, raised the fallen, cleansed the possessed, directed the lost and sought out those who were perishing, protecting them, and forbidding them to wander off again.” the enemy could not tolerate the native Persian’s apostolic activity, and he convinced the fire-worshippers to kill the Christian shepherd. So the unbelievers devised an ambush and attacked Neophytus’ isolated cell, then tied him up and began to mock, curse, and revile him. They knew that Saint Neophytus longed to become like the holy protomartyr Stephen, and they plotted to stone him to death. his time to depart this world had arrived, Saint Neophytus turned to his persecutors with a tender voice, saying, “Sweet is death to me, O unbelievers! Sweet it is to me. I desire to sunder the link between my mortal and immortal nature.... With my own blood I will confirm the Holy Church, which is founded upon the Precious Blood of the Son and Word of God, Whom I preach. May that which was foreordained for me by the Providence of God be fulfilled, for He has called me to His light from the depths of ungodliness!” furious pagans stoned the saint to death. With his last breath Holy Hieromartyr Neophytus cried out, “Lord Jesus Christ receive my soul!”

Persia, 642-709, Arab Muslim Conquest of North Africa 642-709
Arab Muslim Conquest of North Africa 665; Muslim conquest of the Maghreb continued the century of rapid Muslim conquests following the death of Muhammad in 632 and into the Byzantine-controlled territories of Northern Africa. In a series of three stages, the conquest of the Maghreb commenced in 647 and concluded in 709 with the Byzantine Empire losing its last remaining strongholds to the then-Umayyad Caliphate under Caliph Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān. 642 AD, under Caliph Umar, Arab Muslim forces had laid control of Mesopotamia (638 AD), Syria (641 AD), Egypt (642 AD), and had invaded Armenia (642 AD), all territories previously split between the warring Byzantine and Sasanian empires, and were concluding their conquest of the Persian Empire with their defeat of the Persian army at the Battle of Nahāvand. It was at this point that Arab military expeditions into North African regions west of Egypt were first launched, continuing for years and furthering the spread of Islam. 644 at Medina, Umar was succeeded by Uthman, during whose twelve-year rule Armenia, Cyprus, and all of modern-day Iran, would be added to the expanding Rashidun Caliphate. With Afghanistan and North Africa being targets of major invasions and Muslim sea raids ranging from Rhodes to the southern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula, the Byzantine navy was defeated in the eastern Mediterranean. Battle of Nahavand;

Persia, 644-656, Rashidun Caliph, Uthman, 3rd Rashidun Caliph, Sunni and Shia
Arab Rashidun Caliph, 644-656, Uthman, 3rd Rashidun Caliph; ibn Affan, also spelled by the Turkish and Persian rendering Osman, was a second cousin, son-in-law and notable companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, as well as the third of the Rāshidun, or "Rightly Guided Caliphs". into a prominent Meccan clan, Banu Umayya of the Quraysh tribe, he played a major role in early Islamic history, and is known for having ordered the compilation of the standard version of the Quran.[6] Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab died in office aged 59/60 years, Uthman, aged 64/65 years, succeeded him and was the second-oldest to rule as Caliph. Uthman's leadership, the Islamic empire expanded into Fars (present-day Iran) in 650, and some areas of Khorāsān (present-day Afghanistan) in 651. The conquest of Armenia had begun by the 640s.[7] His reign also saw widespread protests and unrest that eventually led to armed revolt and his assassination. was married to Ruqayyah, and upon her death, married Umm Kulthum. Both his wives having been elder daughters of Muhammad and Khadija earned him the honorific title Dhū al-Nurayn ("The Possessor of Two Lights").[8] Thus, he was also brother-in-law of the fourth Rāshidun Caliph Ali whose own wife, Fātimah, was Muhammad's youngest daughter. Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated on October 28;

Persia, 650, Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Persian, Omar, vision St Shio w angels, converted, stoned
Georgia, 650, Urbnisi, Martyr Neophytus of Urbin; Urbnisi; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated October 28 ; holy hieromartyr Neophytus of Urbnisi descended from a line of Persian fire-worshippers. the 7th century, by order of the Saracen emir Mumni, the military leader Ahmad attacked Georgia with an enormous army. After overrunning the central part of Shida (Inner) Kartli, Ahmad dispatched two of his commanders, Omar and Burul, to the capital city of Mtskheta. At the confluence of the Mtkvari and Aragvi rivers, across from the village of Tsikhedidi in the rocky Sarkineti region, the invaders discovered a group of caves and plotted to occupy them. They tried to cross the Mtkvari but were unable. suffered a setback, the enemies asked their captives what was located in those caves. They were told that this was the Shio-Mgvime Monastery, where dwelt God’s chosen, who had deprived themselves of every earthly blessing. at this reply, the commanders decided to pass this information on to Ahmad. Then, as though it were commonplace, Ahmad sent Omar to the monastery to ask the monks to pray for him and remember him at the grave of their abbot, Saint Shio. “Pray for me, O slaves of God, and accept these gifts of aloe and incense. Offer these as a sacrifice to your abbot,” he told them. the monastery caves, Omar sent a messenger to inform the monks that he was coming to them in peace and bearing gifts. Drawing near to the monastery gates, the commander saw an army of incorporeal hosts descending from the heavens and among them an elder, radiant with a great light. meek and modest behavior of the monks left a great impression on Omar. He soon understood that the strange armies he had seen on the steps of the monastery were angels of God and that the elder was Saint Shio of Mgvime, abbot of the monastery. He related his vision to the monks and vowed to return to them, receive the sacrament of Holy Baptism, be tonsured a monk, and remain there to join in their holy labors. Omar abandoned all his possessions, his military rank, and his wealth and was baptized in the Christian Faith at the Shio-Mgvime Monastery as he had promised. of his slaves were baptized with him as well. Omar received the new name Neophytus (Newly Planted / From the Greek word neophytos, which in I Tim. 3:6 refers to a new convert), and his slaves became Christodoulus (Christ’s Slave) and Christopher (Christ-bearer). to God’s will, Saint Neophytus was consecrated bishop of Urbnisi, and all were amazed at his wisdom and steadfastness. He was a true father to his flock: “He strengthened the weak, healed the sick, raised the fallen, cleansed the possessed, directed the lost and sought out those who were perishing, protecting them, and forbidding them to wander off again.” the enemy could not tolerate the native Persian’s apostolic activity, and he convinced the fire-worshippers to kill the Christian shepherd. So the unbelievers devised an ambush and attacked Neophytus’ isolated cell, then tied him up and began to mock, curse, and revile him. They knew that Saint Neophytus longed to become like the holy protomartyr Stephen, and they plotted to stone him to death. his time to depart this world had arrived, Saint Neophytus turned to his persecutors with a tender voice, saying, “Sweet is death to me, O unbelievers! Sweet it is to me. I desire to sunder the link between my mortal and immortal nature.... With my own blood I will confirm the Holy Church, which is founded upon the Precious Blood of the Son and Word of God, Whom I preach. May that which was foreordained for me by the Providence of God be fulfilled, for He has called me to His light from the depths of ungodliness!” furious pagans stoned the saint to death. With his last breath Holy Hieromartyr Neophytus cried out, “Lord Jesus Christ receive my soul!”

Persia, 656-661, Rashidun Caliph, Ali, 4rd Rashidun Caliph, first civil wars, Shia
Persia, 656-661, Rashidun Caliph, Ali, 4rd Rashidun Caliph, Shia; ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (c. 600 - c. 28 January 661)[2][1][3] was a cousin, son-in-law and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. ruled as the fourth rightly guided caliph from 656 until his assassination in 661. is also one of the central figures in Shia Islam, being regarded as the rightful immediate successor to Muhammad and the first Imam by all branches of Shia Muslims.[1] is the son of Abu Talib and Fatimah bint Asad, the husband of Fatima, and the father of Hasan, Husayn and Zaynab.[2] a child, Muhammad took care of him. After Muhammad's invitation of his close relatives, Ali became one of the first believers in Islam at the age of about 9 to 11.[3] He then publicly accepted his invitation on Yawm al-Inzar[4] and Muhammad called him his brother, guardian and successor.[3] helped Muhammad emigrate on the night of Laylat al-Mabit, by sleeping in his place.[3] migrating to Medina and establishing a brotherhood pact between the Muslims, Muhammad chose him as his brother.[2] In Medina, he was the flag bearer in most of the wars and became famous for his bravery.[3] issue of his right in the post-Muhammad caliphate caused a major rift between Muslims and divided them into Shia and Sunni groups.[1] his return from the Farewell Pilgrimage, at Ghadir Khumm, Muhammad uttered the phrase, "Whoever I am his Mawla, this Ali is his Mawla." But the meaning of Mawla was disputed by Shias and Sunnis. On this basis, the Shias believe in the establishment of the Imamate and caliphate regarding Ali, and the Sunnis interpret the word as friendship and love.[1][5] Ali was preparing Muhammad's body for burial, a group of Muslims met at Saqifah and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr.[6] Ali pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr, after six months, but did not take part in the wars[7] and political activity, except for the election of the third caliph. However, he advised the three caliphs whenever they wanted, in religious, judicial, and political matters.[1] Uthman was killed, he was elected as the next Caliph, which was coincided with the first civil wars between Muslims. faced two separate opposition forces: a group led by Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr in Mecca, who wanted to convene a council to determine the caliphate; and another group led by Mu'awiya in the Levant, who demanded revenge for Uthman's blood. defeated the first group in the Battle of the Camel; but in the end, Battle of Siffin with Mu'awiya was militarily ineffective, and led to an arbitration which ended politically against him. in the year 38 AH, he fought with the Kharijites - who considered Ali's acceptance of arbitration as heresy, and revolted against him - in Nahrawan and defeated them.[3] was eventually killed in the mosque of Kufa by the sword of one of the Kharijites, Ibn Muljam Moradi, and was buried outside the city of Kufa. Later his shrine and the city of Najaf were built around his tomb.[3] the impact of religious differences on Muslim historiography, sources agree that Ali strictly observed religious duties and avoided worldly possessions. writers accused him of lack of political skill and flexibility.[2] According to Wilferd Madelung, Ali did not want to involve himself in the game of political deception which although deprived him of success in life, but, in the eyes of his admirers, he became an example of the piety of the primary un-corrupted Islam, as well as the chivalry of pre-Islamic Arabia.[8] Several books are dedicated to the hadiths, sermons, and prayers narrated by him, the most famous of which is Nahj al-Balagha.

Persia, 661-709, Arab Muslim Conquest of North Africa continued from 642-709
Arab Muslim Conquest of North Africa 665; Muslim conquest of the Maghreb continued the century of rapid Muslim conquests following the death of Muhammad in 632 and into the Byzantine-controlled territories of Northern Africa. In a series of three stages, the conquest of the Maghreb commenced in 647 and concluded in 709 with the Byzantine Empire losing its last remaining strongholds to the then-Umayyad Caliphate under Caliph Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān. 642 AD, under Caliph Umar, Arab Muslim forces had laid control of Mesopotamia (638 AD), Syria (641 AD), Egypt (642 AD), and had invaded Armenia (642 AD), all territories previously split between the warring Byzantine and Sasanian empires, and were concluding their conquest of the Persian Empire with their defeat of the Persian army at the Battle of Nahāvand. It was at this point that Arab military expeditions into North African regions west of Egypt were first launched, continuing for years and furthering the spread of Islam. 644 at Medina, Umar was succeeded by Uthman, during whose twelve-year rule Armenia, Cyprus, and all of modern-day Iran, would be added to the expanding Rashidun Caliphate. With Afghanistan and North Africa being targets of major invasions and Muslim sea raids ranging from Rhodes to the southern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula, the Byzantine navy was defeated in the eastern Mediterranean. Battle of Nahavand;

Persia, 735-736, Umayyad Caliph, Marwan ibn Muhammad (Marwan the Deaf), fought all across Georgia East to West
Persia, 735-736, Umayyad Caliph, Marwan ibn Muhammad (Marwan the Deaf); ibn Muhammad's invasion of Georgia took place from 735 to 737. It was initiated by the Umayyad Caliphate. The goals of the campaign are disputed among historians. The Georgian historiography insists its main purpose was to finally break the stiff Georgian resistance against Arab rule,[1] however, the western historians such as Cyril Toumanoff,[2] and Ronald Suny,[3] view it as a general campaign directed at both the Byzantine Empire, who exerted dominion over Western Georgia, and the Khazars, whose repeated raids affected not only Iberia (Eastern Georgia) and the whole Caucasus, but had in 730 reached Arab lands all the way to Mosul. invasion[edit] invasion was led by Marwan ibn Muhammad, who later became the last Umayyad caliph Marwan II. He first campaigned in Kartli, after which he led his armies to the west and besieged the fortress of Anakopia, where Archil of Kakheti and his brother Mihr, who were assisted by Leon I of Abkhazia, were stationed. The Arabs failed to take the fortress and were forced to retreat. Fearing an onslaught, large numbers of Georgians fled to the mountainous regions. Marwan later invaded Samtskhe, encamped in Odzrkhe and led his forces against the princes of Argveti, Constantine and David, from whom, upon their capture, he demanded unconditional conversion to Islam, which both refused. He tortured and then killed them for their refusal. After that, Marwan took Tshkumi (modern Sukhumi) and Tsikhegoji and again turned to Anakopia. The Georgians fought fiercely and the Arabs were powerless to take the fortress, especially after heavy rains and floods began. The Arabs retreated with heavy losses. cruelty and ruthlessness was epitomized by the Georgians by naming him Murvan Qru ("Marwan the Deaf"). After his campaign, most major settlements were utterly ruined and people faced starvation. If Georgian historiography insists that Kartli was devastated by the invasion, Toumanoff, relying on local and Arab sources, claims that most of the damage in the Eastern part of the country was actually the result of the previous Khazar raids, and that the local Georgian prince, Guaram III of Iberia, actually sided with the Arabs in order to repeal them beyond the Caucasian range.[4] In any case, the Arab intervention gave them more power over Iberia than they had managed to attain in almost a century of previous conquests. They established the Emirate of Tbilisi to exert direct control over Iberia, even though the Principate of Iberia was not abolished, and local nobility retained most of their power. Because civil instability and foreign enemies were plaguing the caliphate, it was unable to launch another invasion and until 786 settled upon receiving irregular tributes from the Georgian local princes. Arab general Marwan the Deaf; ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam (691 - 6 August 750), usually known simply as Marwan II, was the fourteenth and last caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 744 until he was killed in 750. of his reign was dominated by a civil war, and he was the last Umayyad ruler to rule the united Caliphate before the Abbasid Revolution toppled the Umayyad dynasty. and background[edit] ibn Muhammad was a member of the Marwanid household of the Umayyad Caliphate. His grandmother, named Zaynab. Marwan's father, Muhammad ibn Marwan, who was the son of the fourth Umayyad Caliph Marwan I (r. 684–685), and hence half-brother to fifth Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r. 685–705).[1][2] mother was a woman who's mostly unnamed, however sometimes is called Rayya or Tarubah, and is likely of non-Arab origin (a Kurd according to some accounts). Some have referenced that his mother was already pregnant with Marwan before his legal father, Muhammad, bed her, thus making the child not his.[3] A couple sources report that Muhammad had taken her captive during the suppression of Ibn al-Zubayr's revolt.[4] There is much doubt and dispute on his mother's name but she was most commonly known as Umm Marwan (meaning "Mother of Marwan"). life[edit] 732–733 Caliph Hisham appointed Marwan governor of Armenia. In 735–736 Marwan invaded Georgia, devastated it and then took three fortresses of the Alans and made peace with Tumanshah. In 739-740 he launched further raids and obtained tribute. 744-745, on hearing news of the plot to overthrow al-Walid II, Marwan wrote to his relatives from Armenia strongly discouraging this. He urged them to harmoniously preserve the stability and well-being of the Umayyad house. Yazid III persisted in overthrowing al-Walid II, Marwan at first opposed him, then rendered allegiance to him. On Yazid's early death (Yazid named his brother Ibrahim as his successor. Yazid fell ill of a brain tumour[5]), Marwan renewed his ambitions, ignored Yazid's named successor Ibrahim, and became caliph. Ibrahim initially hid, then requested Marwan give him assurances of personal safety. This Marwan granted and Ibrahim even accompanied the new caliph to Hisham's residence of Rusafah. Old map of western Eurasia and northern Africa showing the expansion of the Caliphate from Arabia to cover most of the Middle East, with the Byzantine Empire outlined in green The expansion of the Muslim Caliphate until 750, from William R. Shepherd's Historical Atlas. Muslim state at the death of Muhammad Expansion under the Rashidun Caliphate Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate Byzantine Empire named his two sons Ubaydallah and Abdullah heirs. He appointed governors and proceeded to assert his authority by force. However, the anti-Umayyad feeling was very prevalent, especially in Iran and Iraq. The Abbasids had gained much support. As such, Marwan's reign as caliph was almost entirely devoted to trying to keep the Umayyad empire together. took Emesa (Homs) after a bitter ten-month siege. Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani led a Kharijite rebellion. He defeated the Syrian forces and took Kufa. Sulayman ibn Hisham turned against Marwan, but suffered a severe defeat. The Kharijites advanced on Mosul and were defeated. Sulayman joined them. Al-Dahhak's successor al-Khaybari was initially successful in pushing back Marwan's center and even took the caliph's camp and sat on his carpet. However, he and those with him fell into fighting in the camp. Shayban succeeded him. Marwan pursued him and Sulayman to Mosul and besieged them there for six months. Then, reinforced, the caliph drove them out. Shayban fled to Bahrayn where he was killed; Sulayman sailed to India. Khurasan there was internal discord, with the Umayyad governor Nasr ibn Sayyar facing opposition from al-Harith and al-Kirmani. They also fought each other. In addition, Abbasid envoys arrived. There had long been religious fervor and a kind of messianic expectation of Abbasid ascendency. During Ramadan of 747 (16 May – 14 June), the Abbasids unfurled the standards of their revolt. Nasr sent his retainer Yazid against them. Yazid, however, was bested, taken, and held captive. He was impressed by the Abbasids and when released told Nasr he wanted to join them, but his obligations to Nasr brought him back. continued throughout Khurasan with the Abbasids gaining increasing ascendency. Finally, Nasr fell sick and died at Rayy on 9 November 748 at the age of eighty-five. campaigned in Egypt in 749 to quell the Bashmuric Revolt and secure his rear, but his campaign was a failure.[6] The Abbasids, meanwhile, achieved success in the Hijaz. Marwan suffered a decisive defeat by Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah on the banks of the Great Zab, called Battle of the Zab. At this battle alone, over 300 members of the Umayyad family died. Marwan fled, leaving Damascus, Jordan and Palestine and reaching Egypt, where he was caught and killed on 6 August 750. His heirs Ubaydallah and Abdallah escaped to modern Eritrea. Abdallah died in fighting there. death signaled the end of Umayyad fortunes in the East and was followed by the mass killing of Umayyads by the Abbasids. Almost the entire Umayyad dynasty was killed, except for the prince Abd ar-Rahman who escaped to Spain and founded an Umayyad dynasty there. In Egypt, Marwan's tongue was fed to a cat.[7] Martyr David the Prince of Georgia, Commemorated on October 2; 8th century was extremely difficult for the Georgian people. Marwan bin Muhammad (called “the Deaf” by the Georgians and “the Blind” by the Armenians), the Persian ruler and military leader for the Arab caliph, invaded eastern parts of the Byzantine Empire, then Armenia and Georgia. fire and the sword he fought his way across Georgia from the east to the city of Tskhumi (now Sokhumi) in the region of Abkhazeti. The princes David and Constantine Mkheidze of Argveti were faithful Christians and skilled military leaders. When they heard about the enemy’s invasion, the brothers prayed to God for protection, assembled their armies, and urged their people to pray fervently for God’s help. Persian warriors approached Argveti from Samtskhe and attacked the Georgians on Persati Mountain. The Georgian army won the battle, with David and Constantine leading the resistance against the fearsome conquerors. before long the enraged Marwan the Deaf gathered an enormous army and marched toward Argveti to take revenge. This time the enemy routed the Georgian army. Many were killed and those who survived were forced to flee to the forests. The commanders David and Constantine were taken captive. Persian soldiers bound David and Constantine and brought them before Marwan the Deaf, who began to mock them. But they reacted with complete composure, saying, “Your laughter and boasting are in vain, since earthly glory is fleeting and soon fades away. It is not your valor that has captured us, but our own sins. For the atonement of these sins have we fallen into the hands of the godless enemy!” furious Marwan ordered that the brothers be beaten without mercy, but they steadfastly endured the suffering. Stunned by the brothers’ resolve, Marwan decided to win them over with flattery instead. Promising him great honors and command of the armies, he turned to the older brother, David, saying, “I have heard of your valor, and I advise you to abandon your erroneous faith and submit yourself to the faith of Muhammad!” David crossed himself and answered, “Let not this disgrace come upon us, that we would depart from the light and draw nearer to the darkness!” Then he condemned the error of the Islamic faith: “Muhammad converted you from the worship of fire, but he could not instill in you the knowledge of the True God. Therefore it appears as though you suffered a shipwreck and saved yourselves from the depths of the sea, but drowned in the shallow waters of the coast.” at this reply, Marwan turned to the younger brother, Constantine, hoping to win him over to his side. But Constantine was also unbending, and he fearlessly glorified the Most Holy Trinity: “My brother David and I believe and follow the one Faith and one doctrine in which we have been instructed. Our faith is in the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, and we will die for the sake of the One True God!” ordered that the brothers be starved to death. After they had suffered for ten days, Marwan sent sorcerers and charmers to arouse in them a desire to convert to Islam, but their efforts were in vain. Finally the holy brothers David and Constantine were led to the riverbank near the Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian. There they were brutally beaten and bound. Heavy rocks were hung from their necks, and they were drowned in the river. night three beams of light descended from the heavens and lit up the place where the brothers had been drowned. According to God’s holy will, the ropes binding the holy martyrs were loosed, and their bodies floated to the surface. A group of faithful Christians carried them out of the river and buried them on the bank of the Tsqaltsitela River, in a church that Marwan the Deaf had devastated. place of their burial remained concealed until the beginning of the 12th century, during the reign of King Bagrat the Great (1072-1117). Then, in fulfillment of King Bagrat’s decree, the Monastery of the Martyrs (Motsameta) was built over that place, and the incorrupt relics of the Great Martyrs are still preserved there. Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ;

Persia, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, from Persia into Geogria
Persia, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, from Persia into Geogria; Sajid dynasty, was an Iranian Muslim dynasty that ruled from 889-890 until 929. The Sajids ruled Azerbaijan and parts of Armenia first from Maragha and Barda and then from Ardabil.[a][1] The Sajids originated from the Central Asian province of Ushrusana and were of Iranian (Sogdian)[2][3][b] descent. Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj Diwdad the son of Diwdad, the first Sajid ruler of Azerbaijan, was appointed as its ruler in 889 or 890. Muhammad's father Abu'l-Saj Devdad had fought under the Ushrusanan prince Afshin Khaydar during the latter's final campaign against the rebel Babak Khorramdin in Azerbaijan, and later served the caliphs. Toward the end of the 9th century, as the central authority of the Abbasid Caliphate weakened, Muhammad was able to form a virtually independent state. Much of the Sajids' energies were spent in attempting to take control of neighboring Armenia. The dynasty ended with the death of Abu'l-Musafir al-Fath in 929. Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Persia, 889-901, Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj, first Sajid Ruler
Persia, 889-901, Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj, first Sajid Ruler; ibn Abi'l-Saj also known as Muhammad al-Afshin (died 901), an Iranian[1] appointed general of al-Mu'tadid, was the first Sajid amir of Azerbaijan, from 889 or 890 until his death. He was the son of Abi'l-Saj Devdad. Early career Like their father, Muhammad and his brother Yusuf had long and active careers. In 879 Muhammad was appointed by the Saffarid Amr ibn al-Layth as his representative in Mecca, and was later appointed by the Abbasids as the governor of Anbar and Rahba. When the amir of Egypt Ahmad ibn Tulun died in 884, Muhammad was presented an opportunity to capture some of his territories in Syria from his inexperienced son and heir, Khumarawayh. He allied himself with another Abbasid general, Ishaq ibn Kundaj, who had received authorization and some troops from al-Muwaffaq.[2][3][4] Ishaq clashed with the Tulunid governor of Raqqa in April 884,[5] and soon after, the Tulunid governor of Damascus defected, bringing with him Antioch, Aleppo and Hims.[4] Khumarawayh responded by sending troops to Syria, who soon succeeded in recovering the lost cities, before both sides settled into winter quarters.[4] In the spring, al-Muwaffaq's son, Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad (the future Caliph al-Mu'tadid), arrived to take control. Ahmad and Ishaq defeated the Tulunids, who were driven back to Palestine, but Ahmad quarrelled with Ishaq and Muhammad, who departed with their troops, and at the Battle of the Mills on 6 April Khumarawayh's general Sa'd al-Aysar routed the Abbasid army.[2][4][6] This signalled the end of the alliance between Muhammad and Ishaq: Muhammad now turned to Khumarawayh, and persuaded him to invade the Jazira. With Egyptian aid, Muhammad crossed the Euphrates, defeated Ishaq's forces in a number of battles in 886â€“887, and forced him to recognize Tulunid control.[2][7][8] The entire Jazira now became a Tulunid province, a fact recognized by the Abbasid government in a treaty in December 886 that confirmed Khumarawayh in his old and new possessions.[7][9] Ishaq remained as governor of Mosul under Tulunid authority. In 887/8 he tried to rebel but was defeated. Although he re-acknowledged Tulunid suzerainty, he was now stripped of Mosul in favor of Muhammad. Ishaq now concentrated his attentions on defeating Muhammad, and soon managed to secure the favor and support of Khumarawayh: in 888â€“889 Ishaq defeated Muhammad at Damascus, who then fled to al-Muwaffaq.[2][10] In 889 or 890 Caliph al-Mu'tamid's brother and regent, al-Muwaffaq, appointed Muhammad as governor of Azerbaijan. His first challenge came in the form of 'Abd-Allah ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Hamdani, a rebel who had taken control of Maragha. Muhammad convinced him to surrender in 893 by promising his safety, but once 'Abd-Allah did so he was executed by the Sajid. Maragha was afterwards made Muhammad's capital, though he usually resided in Bardaa.[11] Conflict over Armenia When the Bagratid Smbat I came to the throne of Armenia in 890, Muhammad had sent him a crown and presents in the name of the caliph, asserting his own authority over Smbat in the process. When Smbat sent envoys to the Byzantine emperor in 892, Muhammad threatened to attack him, but Smbat managed to convince the Sajid not to carry out his threat through diplomatic means. Three years later, however, the Bagratid invaded Georgia and Albania. In response Muhammad seized Nakhchivan and Dvin, but was then defeated and decided to make peace.[12] At some point in his career Muhammad decided to assert his independence from the caliph, probably by refusing to send the revenue due to Baghdad. In 898 he assumed the title al-Afshin, the title previously used by the rulers of Ushrusana in Transoxiana (Muhammad's family was originally from that province). Soon afterwards he decided to restore his loyalty to the caliph, and was confirmed as governor of Azerbaijan and Armenia. Muhammad launched another campaign against Smbat, taking Kars and capturing Smbat's wife and part of his treasury. Dvin was furthermore brought under control. In 899 Muhammad exchanged Smbat's wife for his son Ashot. Shortly after this he forced the Artsrunid ruler of Vaspurakan, Ashot-Sargis Artsruni, to submit to his authority. In the meantime his loyalty to the caliph again became uncertain. In 900 he invaded Vaspurakan again after Ashot-Sargis's brother, whom Muhammad had taken as a hostage the last time he had invaded, escaped. He left a garrison in Vaspurakan after Ashot-Sargis fled and returned to Bardaa. While preparing another campaign against Smbat, he died of an epidemic in 901.[11] He was succeeded by his son Devdad. Persia, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, from Persia into Geogria; Sajid dynasty (Persian: Ø³Ø§Ø¬ÛŒØ§Ù†â€Ž), was an Iranian Muslim dynasty that ruled from 889-890 until 929. The Sajids ruled Azerbaijan and parts of Armenia first from Maragha and Barda and then from Ardabil.[a][1] The Sajids originated from the Central Asian province of Ushrusana and were of Iranian (Sogdian)[2][3][b] descent. Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj Diwdad the son of Diwdad, the first Sajid ruler of Azerbaijan, was appointed as its ruler in 889 or 890. Muhammad's father Abu'l-Saj Devdad had fought under the Ushrusanan prince Afshin Khaydar during the latter's final campaign against the rebel Babak Khorramdin in Azerbaijan, and later served the caliphs. Toward the end of the 9th century, as the central authority of the Abbasid Caliphate weakened, Muhammad was able to form a virtually independent state. Much of the Sajids' energies were spent in attempting to take control of neighboring Armenia. The dynasty ended with the death of Abu'l-Musafir al-Fath in 929. Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Saiid Dynasty in Maragheh, Iran
Saiid Dynasty in Maragheh, Iran;

Saiid Dynasty in Ardabil, Iran
Saiid Dynasty in Ardabil, Iran;

Persia, 1073-1092, Persian-Turk Seljuk Sultan, Jalal al-Dawlah Malik Shah I, established order in Georgia, poisoned
Persia, 1072-1092, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Jalal al-Dawlah Malik Shah I; I son of Alp Arslan ------Jalal al-Dawla Muizz al-Dunya Wal-Din Abu'l-Fath ibn Alp Arslan (8 August 1055 – 19 November 1092, better known by his regnal name of Malik-Shah I, was sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1072 to 1092. his youth, he spent his time participating in the campaigns of his father Alp Arslan, along with the latter's vizier Nizam al-Mulk. During one of such campaigns in 1072, Alp Arslan was fatally wounded and died only a few days later. After that, Malik-Shah was crowned as the new sultan of the empire, but the succession was contested by his uncle Qavurt. Although Malik-Shah was the nominal head of the Seljuk state, Nizam al-Mulk held near absolute power during his reign.[4] Malik-Shah spent the rest of his reign waging war against the Karakhanids on the eastern side, and establishing order in the Caucasus. death to this day remains under dispute; according to some scholars, he was poisoned by Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadi, while others say that he was poisoned by the supporters of Nizam al-Mulk. Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Persia, 1077-1307, Persian-Turk, Seljuk Empire, Sultanate of Rum (Rome), Sunni
Persia, 1077-1307, Persian-Turk, Seljuk Empire, Sultanate of Rum (Rome), Sunni; Sultanate of Rum[a] or Rum Seljuk Sultanate was a Turko-Persian[7][8][9][10] Sunni Muslim ruled state, established over major cities and territories of Anatolia conquered from the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire by the Seljuk Turks following the Battle of Manzikert (1071) and a subsequent temporary collapse of Byzantine power. The name Rûm was a synonym for the Byzantine Empire and its peoples, as it remains in modern Turkish. It derives from the Arabic name for ancient Rome, itself a loan from Koine Greek, "Romans, citizens of the Eastern Roman Empire".[11] Sultanate of Rum seceded from the Great Seljuk Empire under Suleiman ibn Qutalmish in 1077, just six years after the Byzantine provinces of central Anatolia were conquered at the Battle of Manzikert (1071). It had its capital first at İznik and then at Konya. It reached the height of its power during the late 12th and early 13th century, when it succeeded in taking key Byzantine ports on the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts. In the east, the sultanate reached Lake Van. Trade through Anatolia from Iran and Central Asia was developed by a system of caravanserai. Especially strong trade ties with the Genoese formed during this period. The increased wealth allowed the sultanate to absorb other Turkish states that had been established following the conquest of Byzantine Anatolia: Danishmendids, House of Mengüjek, Saltukids, Artuqids. Seljuk sultans bore the brunt of the Crusades and eventually succumbed to the Mongol invasion at the 1243 Battle of Köse Dağ. For the remainder of the 13th century, the Seljuks acted as vassals of the Ilkhanate.[12] Their power disintegrated during the second half of the 13th century. The last of the Seljuk vassal sultans of the Ilkhanate, Mesud II, was murdered in 1308. The dissolution of the Seljuk state left behind many small Anatolian beyliks (Turkish principalities), among them that of the Ottoman dynasty, which eventually conquered the rest and reunited Anatolia to become the Ottoman Empire. St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9;

Persia, 1092-1105, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Barkiyaruq
Persia, 1092-1105, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Barkiyaruq; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Persia, 1152-1153, Seljuk sultan, Malik-Shah III, 600,000 Men to Georgia
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1152-1153, Malik-Shah III; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Persia, 1203, Battle of Bassian, 60 K NE Erzurum, Georgia over Persian Turk Sultan Rukn al-Din
Georgia, 1202, Battle of Bassian, 60 K NE Erzurum; St. Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Persia, 1227, Persian Khwarazms Attack Georgia, Sultan Jalal al-Din, Sunni
Persia, 1227, Persian Khwarazms Attack Georgia, Sultan Jalal al-Din attacked Georgia ; Sultan Jalal al-Din ; In 1227 Sultan Jalal al-Din of Khwarazm and his army of Turkmen attacked Georgia ; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31 ;

Persia, 1256-1353, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire, 1256-1353, Tabriz
Persia, 1256-1353, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire, 1256-1353; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16;

Persia, 1257-1300, 13th Century Folder, Ilkhanate Empire, 1256- , Georgia under these Mongols

Persia, 1257-1265, Ilkhan Emperor, Hulagu, civil wars, over m of western asia, Genghis gs
Persia, 1256-1265, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Hulagu Khan; Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulegu (c. 1215 - 8 February 1265), was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Western Asia. Son of Tolui and the Keraite princess Sorghaghtani Beki, he was a grandson of Genghis Khan and brother of Ariq Böke, Möngke Khan, and Kublai Khan. army greatly expanded the southwestern portion of the Mongol Empire, founding the Ilkhanate of Persia, a precursor to the eventual Safavid dynasty, and then the modern state of Iran. Under Hulagu's leadership, the siege of Baghdad (1258) destroyed Baghdad's standing in the Islamic Golden Age and weakened Damascus, causing a shift of Islamic influence to the Mamluk Sultanate in Cairo and ended the Abbasid Dynasty. St. Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated on February 12;

Persia, 1265-1282, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Abaqa Khan, civil wars with Mongol Empire, invaded Syria unsuccessfully
Persia, 1265-1282, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Abaqa Khan ; Khan (February 1234 - 4 April 1282, paternal uncle, also transliterated Abaġa), was the second Mongol ruler (Ilkhan) of the Ilkhanate. son of Hulagu Khan and Lady Yesünčin. He was the grandson of Tolui and reigned from 1265 to 1282 and was succeeded by his brother Ahmed Tekuder.[1] of Abaqa's reign was consumed with civil wars in the Mongol Empire, such as those between the Ilkhanate and the northern khanate of the Golden Horde. Abaqa also engaged in unsuccessful attempts at military invasion of Syria, including the Second Battle of Homs. was born in Mongolia[1] in February 1234, son of Ilkhanate founder Hulagu Khan. Abaqa was a Buddhist. A favoured son of Hulagu, he was made governor of Turkestan.[2] died from illness in 1265. Before his death, he had been negotiating with the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos to add a daughter of the Byzantine imperial family to Hulagu's number of wives. VIII had selected his illegitimate daughter Maria Palaiologina, who was dispatched in 1265, escorted by the abbot of Pantokrator monastery, Theodosius de Villehardouin.[3] Historian Steven Runciman relates how she was accompanied by the Patriarch Euthymius of Antioch.[2] Hulagu died before she arrived, she was instead married to Hulagu's son, Abaqa. He received her hand in marriage when he was installed as Ilkhan. When Hulagu's wife Doquz Khatun also died in 1265, the role of spiritual leader transferred to Maria, who was called "Despina Khatun" by the Mongols. was Abaqa who decided on the permanent location for the Ilkhanate capital, Tabriz, which was in the northwestern grasslands that the Mongols preferred.[4] took power four months after the death of his father, and then spent the next several months redistributing fiefs and governorships.[2] of the coins from Abaqa's era display the Christian cross, and bear in Arabic the Christian inscription "In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, only one God".[5] campaigns[edit] Horde[edit] Dinar of Abaqa Khan, Isfahan Mint. dirham of Abaqa Khan, struck at the Tiflis (Tbilisi) mint, dated 1265 Hulagu's reign, the Mongols of the Ilkhanate had been at war with the Mongols of the Golden Horde. This continued into Abaqa's reign, and the Golden Horde invaded the Ilkhanate in the Spring after his accession. The invasion was partly due to an alliance between the Golden Horde and the Egyptian Mamluks. As part of this alliance, the Golden Horde would attempt to distract Abaqa through an attack on his territories to keep him from invading Mamluk-held Syria.[2] hostilities continued until the death of the Golden Horde's khan Berke, in 1267. The Great Khan Kublai attempted to intervene to stop the civil war, and due to his influence, the Golden Horde's khan, Möngke Temür did not launch a major invasion into Abaqa's territory.[6] Möngke Temür still established an alliance with the Egyptian Mamluk sultan Baibars promising that he would attack Abaqa and share any conquered territories.[7] However, at the same time, Möngke Temür sent envoys to congratulate Abaqa when the Ilkhan defeated Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq.[8] In 1270, he allowed Mengu-Timur to collect his revenues from workshops in Iran.[9] Ögedei's grandson Kaidu, Batu's grandson Mengu-Timur and Baraq of the Chagatai Khanate formed an alliance against Kublai Khan and Abaqa in Talas. They appointed Kaidu a ruler of Central Asia. The Kaidu–Kublai war lasted for a few decades. 1270, Baraq Khan of the Chagataids tried to annex Iran, which started a new war against Abaqa in the city of Herat, though Abaqa was able to launch a successful defence and, also, defeated Baraq's relative Teguder in Georgia. In the following year, he retaliated by sending an army against the Chagatai Khanate. They plundered Bukhara and surrounding areas. There were small conflicts between Abaqha and Qara'unas under Chagatayd noyans until 1280. Ismailis[edit] Main articles: Mongol campaign against the Nizaris and Gerdkuh of Syria[edit] See also: Mongol invasions of Syria relations with Christians[edit] was one in a long line of Mongol rulers who attempted to secure Western co-operation against the Muslim Mamluks. He corresponded with Pope Clement IV during 1267-1268, and reportedly sent a Mongol ambassador in 1268, trying to form a Franco-Mongol alliance between his forces, those of the West, and those of his father-in-law Michael VIII. He received responses from Rome and from James I of Aragon, though it is unclear if this was what led to James's unsuccessful expedition to Acre in 1269.[10] Abaqa is recorded as having written to the Aragonese king, saying that he was going to send his brother, Aghai, to join the Aragonese when they arrived in Cilicia. Abaqa also sent embassies to Edward I of England, and in 1274 sent a Mongol delegation to Pope Gregory X at the Second Council of Lyons, where Abaqa's secretary Rychaldus read a report to the assembly, reminding them of Hulagu's friendliness towards Christians, and assuring them that Abaqa planned to drive the Muslims from Syria.[11] But neither this diplomatic mission, nor two further embassies to Europe in 1276 and 1277, brought any tangible results. during the Ninth Crusade (1271)[edit] operations (red) under Abaqa's general Samagar during the Ninth Crusade in 1271 also: Ninth Crusade VI of Antioch, under the influence of his father-in-law Hetoum I of Armenia, had voluntarily submitted to Mongol authority in 1260,[12] while Abaqa's father Hulagu was in power, making Antioch and Tripoli vassal states of the Ilkhanate. In 1268, the Mamluk leader Baibars captured Antioch,[13] and Bohemond obtained a truce with Baibars in order to avoid losing Tripoli.[14][15] response to the fall of Antioch, Edward I of England arrived in Acre in 1271, trying to lead a new Crusade. It was ultimately considered a military failure, but Edward was able to eventually secure a truce with the Mamluks before he had to return to England. Edward arrived in Acre, he had sent an embassy to Abaqa, led by Reginald Rossel, Godefroi of Waus and John of Parker, requesting military assistance from the Mongols.[16] Abaqa was occupied by other conflicts in Turkestan but responded positively to Edward's request, sending 10,000 Mongol horsemen under general Samagar from the occupation army in Seljuk Anatolia to Syria: talking over the matter, we have on our account resolved to send to your aid Cemakar (Samagar) at the head of a mighty force; thus, when you discuss among yourselves the other plans involving the aforementioned Cemakar be sure to make explicit arrangements as to the exact month and day on which you will engage the enemy." — Letter from Abaqa to Edward I, 4 September 1271.[17] Mongols, including some auxiliary Seljukid troops, ravaged the land from Aleppo southward. Though the force was relatively small, they triggered an exodus of the Muslim population (who remembered the previous campaigns of the Mongol general Kitbuqa) as far south as Cairo.[18] Edward, for his part, was never able to muster his own forces to coordinate actions with the Mongols or even achieve any military victories, so Abaqa's forces eventually withdrew. When Baibars mounted a counter-offensive from Egypt on 12 November, the Mongols had already retreated beyond the Euphrates. of 1280–1281[edit] Mamluk leader Baibars died in 1277. In 1280–1281, Abaqa promoted new attacks against Syria. In September 1280, the Mongols occupied Baghras and Darbsak, and took Aleppo on October 20. The Mongols sent envoys to Acre to request military support for their campaign, but the Crusaders were still in a 10-year truce with the Mamluks. The Vicar of the Patriarch declined Abaqa's request, saying that the city was suffering from hunger, and that the king of Jerusalem was embroiled in another war. The King of Cyprus Hugues III and Bohemond VII also mobilized their armies, but could not intervene because the Mamluks had already positioned themselves between them and the Mongols.[19] and Leo III urged the Franks to start a new Crusade, but only the Hospitallers and Edward I (who could not come for lack of funds) responded favourably.[20] The Hospitallers of Marqab made combined raids into the Buqaia, and won several engagements against the Sultan,[21] raiding as far as the Krak des Chevaliers in October 1280, and defeating the Mamluk army of the Krak in February 1281.[19] Mongols finally retreated, pledging to come back for the winter of 1281. They informed the Franks that they would bring 50,000 Mongol horsemen and 50,000 Mongol infantry, but the request apparently remained without a response.[21] of Autumn 1281[edit] of the Mongols (left) at the 1281 Battle of Homs. Egyptian Muslims had respected a 10-year truce with the Crusaders which began in 1271. On 3 May 1281, the new Muslim sultan Qalawun signed a new 10-year truce with the Barons of Acre and a second 10-year truce with Bohemond VII of Tripoli, on 16 July 1281.[22] announced Mongol invasion started in September 1281. They were joined by the Armenians under Leo III, and by about 200 Hospitalier knights from the fortress of Marqab,[23][24] who considered they were not bound by the truce with the Mamluks.[25] 30 October 1281, 50,000 Mongol troops, together with 30,000 Armenians, Georgians, Greeks, and the Hospitalier Knights of Marqab fought against the Muslim leader Qalawun at the Second Battle of Homs, but were beaten back.[25] and succession[edit] died at Hamadan on 4 April 1282, probably in a state of delirium tremens. This illness was probably caused by too much consumption of alcohol, a habit common to many Mongol leaders. However, in 1285, his minister of finance Shams ad-Din Juvayni was accused of having had him poisoned.[26] Abaqa's death, his widow Maria fled back to Constantinople where her father, apparently wishing to spare his capital the fate that befell Baghdad, tried to marry her off again to another Mongol khan. Maria would not accept the offer, became a nun, and founded the church of Panagia Mouchliotissa around 1285. was succeeded by his brother Tekuder, who despite his earlier conflicts with the Egyptian Mamluks, had converted to Islam. Tekuder reversed Abaqa's pro-Christian policies and proposed an alliance with the Mamluk Sultan Qalawun, who resumed attacks on Frankish territory, capturing the northern fortress of Margat in 1285, Lattakia in 1287, and Tripoli in 1289.[27] In 1284, Abaqa's son Arghun led a successful revolt, backed by Kublai. Arghun had his uncle Tekuder executed and took power himself, returning to the pro-Christian policies of Abaqa. younger son, Gaykhatu, assumed the throne in 1291.[28][29][30] Martyr Salome the Georgian, Commemorated on July 20; little information has come down to us about the holy martyr Salome of Jerusalem and Kartli, who lived in the XIII century at a women’s monastery in Jerusalem. She was arrested by the Persian Moslems because of her outspoken defense of Christ. Synaxarion of the Monastery of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem, where she was martyred, tells us that at first, she gave in to the threats of the Persians and denied Christ. Later, however, she repented and publicly confessed Christ as the Son of God and the Savior of the world. Salome was tortured by the Persians because of her faith in Christ. Finally, she was beheaded and her holy relics were thrown into the fire. is believed that she was executed after the martyrdom of Saint Luka of Jerusalem, which occurred on February 12, 1277. St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16;

Persia, 1395, Feast of the Dormition, Vladimir Icon sent to Moscow, same hour of meeting at Kuchkov, T's dream

Persia, 1395, Luke's Vladimir Icon, Grace of Jesus and MOG shall be with this Icon

Persia, 1588-1629, Abbas 1, Isfahan, Shia, Great b ghilman system, rid deep state, r lost provinces, Kakheti deportations
Persia, 1588-1629, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas 1, Isfahan; the Great or Abbas I of Persia (27 January 1571 - 19 January 1629) was the 5th Safavid Shah (king) of Iran, and is generally considered as one of the greatest rulers of Iranian history and the Safavid dynasty. He was the third son of Shah Mohammad Khodabanda.[3] Abbas would preside over the apex of Iran's military, political and economic power, he came to the throne during a troubled time for the Safavid Empire. his weak-willed father, the country was riven with discord between the different factions of the Qizilbash army, who killed Abbas' mother and elder brother. Meanwhile, Iran's enemies, the Ottoman Empire (its archrival) and the Uzbeks, exploited this political chaos to seize territory for themselves. 1588, one of the Qizilbash leaders, Murshid Qoli Khan, overthrew Shah Mohammed in a coup and placed the 16-year-old Abbas on the throne. However, Abbas soon seized power for himself. his leadership, Iran developed the ghilman system where thousands of Circassian, Georgian, and Armenian slave-soldiers joined the civil administration and the military. With the help of these newly created layers in Iranian society (initiated by his predecessors but significantly expanded during his rule), Abbas managed to eclipse the power of the Qizilbash in the civil administration, the royal house, and the military. These actions, as well as his reforms of the Iranian army, enabled him to fight the Ottomans and Uzbeks and reconquer Iran's lost provinces, including Kakheti whose people he subjected to widescale massacres and deportations. the end of the 1603–1618 Ottoman War, Abbas had regained possession over Transcaucasia and Dagestan, as well as swaths of Eastern Anatolia and Mesopotamia. He also took back land from the Portuguese and the Mughals and expanded Iranian rule and influence in the North Caucasus, beyond the traditional territories of Dagestan. was a great builder and moved his kingdom's capital from Qazvin to Isfahan, making the city the pinnacle of Safavid architecture. In his later years, following a court intrigue involving several leading Circassians, Abbas became suspicious of his own sons and had them killed or blinded. The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Persian Capture of Tbilisi and G war 1616 Shah Abbas 1 ; Hieromartyr Kozman, Commemorated on July 18; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated on August 3; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated February 18 ; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Persia, 1589-1613, Persian Iman, Allahverdi Khan, ghilman syatem military slave from Georgia
Persia, 1589-1613, Persian Iman, Allahverdi Khan from Georgia Khan (c. 1560 - June 3, 1613) was an Iranian general and statesman of Georgian origin who, initially a gholÄm ("military slave"), rose to high office in the Safavid state. Beg Munshi, the Safavid court historian at the time, describes him as "one of the most powerful statesman to hold office under this dynasty", and a "man of great forbearance, modest and chaste.â€[1] Abbas I demonstrated his genuine respect and affection for him by personally supervising the funeral arrangements, and by going to his house the day after his death to offer his personal condolences to his family.[1] Persian Iman, 1610-1633, Imam-Quli Khan from Georgia ; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18;

Persia, 1605-1639, George III of Georgia, challanged by Levan II, alligned with Teimuraz by a m, defeated by Levan
Georgia, 1605-1639, King George III of Imereti; III (died 1639), of the Bagrationi Dynasty, was a king of Imereti from 1605 to 1639. was a natural half-brother of Rostom of Imereti on whose death he succeeded in 1605, but his authority was seriously challenged by the energetic prince of Mingrelia, Levan II Dadiani, whose increasing influence over the western Georgian polities George tried to restrict without any success. In 1623, Levan, with a combined Mingrelian-Abkhaziann army, inflicted a heavy defeat upon the royal troops. his quest for allies, George established close ties with the influential eastern Georgian noble Giorgi Saakadze who employed an Imeretian force in his struggle against King Teimuraz I of Kakheti. Saakadze's defeat in 1626, George made an alliance with Teimuraz and arranged a marriage between his son, Alexander (III), and Teimuraz's daughter Darejan (1629). This, however, failed to bring the feudal anarchy in Imereti to an end and the unrest continued. in his reign, George III once again campaigned against Levan Dadiani, but was defeated and taken captive. He was ransomed by his son Alexander, but George did not live long and died in 1639. III of Imereti was married to the certain Tamar (died 1639). He had four sons and one daughter: Alexander III (1609–1 March 1660), King of Imereti; Rostom (fl. 1619–1639); Mamuka (died 1654), military commander; Beri, Archbishop of Gelati as Svimeon Genateli (fl. 1639); Khvaramze (fl. 1619–1626), married to Avtandil Saakadze (died 1629), son of Giorgi Saakadze. Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Persia, 1610-1632, Imam-Quli Khan, Georgian, Shia, son of ghilman system military slave
Persia, 1610-1632, Imam-Quli Khan, Georgian, Shia; Khan (died 1632) was an Iranian military and political leader of Georgian origin who served as a governor of Fars, Lar and Bahrain for the shahs Abbas I and Safi. Shiraz; Venerable Christodoulos the Philosopher, Commemorated on August 18; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated September 13 ; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Persia, 1614-1629, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas I, 1614 Tabriz, Persia, had to return Shio's r
Persia, 1614-1629, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas I, 1614 Tabriz, Persia, had to return Shio's r; during one of the Persian invasions, the soldiers of Shah Abbas uncovered the holy father’s relics and carried them back to Persia. In the same year Persia was ravaged by a terrible plague, and the frightened invaders returned the holy relics to the Shio-Mgvime Monastery. Persia, 1588-1629, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas I, Tabriz, Persia, 1614 ; Safavid dynasty ; Tabriz, Persia; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated on August 3; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; Martyr Evdemoz the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on October 4; Repose of the Venerable Shio the Anchorite of Georgia, Commemorated on May 9; St Kaikhosro the Georgian, Commemorated on June 16;

Persia, 1616, Capture of Tbilisi and Gokce war, Resetlement of Georgians to mainland Persia
Shah Abbas 1; Persian Capture of Tbilisi and Gokce war 1616 Shah Abbas 1; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated February 18 ;

Persia, 1622, Georgia Icon to Archangelsk from Persia, via MOG
Russia, Vologda, 1622, Georgia Icon to Archangelsk from Persia, via MOG; 1622, the Persian Shah Abbas I, after the devastating invasion of Orthodox Georgia, took part of the Robe of the Lord, and some especially revered icons. Three years later, when the Russian clerk Stephen Lazarev, who was in Persia to do some trading, a certain person from the Shah's retinue offered to let him purchase one of the stolen Georgian icons: an icon of the Most Holy Theotokos. At the same time, at Yaroslavl, the merchant Gregory Lytkin, by whom Stephen was employed, had a revelation of his clerk's imminent arrival with the precious acquisition. had been instructed by a voice from above to take the Icon from Yaroslavl to Arkhangelsk, near the Pinega River. Here, 16 versts from Kholmogorsk, was the Black Mountain monastery (which took its name from the mountain, on which a church was built in 1603.) Later, it was called Krasnogorsk (Beautiful Mountain). the merchant delivered the Georgian Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos in 1629, during the reign of Tsar Michael. On August 22, with a large contingent of the faithful, the Icon was reverently placed in the monastery. At the same time, the miraculous healing of the blind and deaf monk Pitirim took place. The subsequent manifestations of the Icon's miraculous power prompted Metropolitan Nikon of Novgorod (later the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia) to investigate. Afterward, from 1650, the annual celebration of this Icon took place on August 22, the day of its arrival at Krasnogorsk Monastery. that time, the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God was brought to Arkhangelsk each year with honors. The revered Icon was left for a certain time in the main cathedral of the city, for the sanctification of the city and of the Christ-loving people. During the reign of Tsar Alexei (1645-1676), the miraculous Icon was taken to Vologda, Great Ustyug, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, and Siberia. Archangelsk; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated on August 22; 1622, the Persian Shah Abbas I, after the devastating invasion of Orthodox Georgia, took part of the Robe of the Lord, and some especially revered icons. Three years later, when the Russian clerk Stephen Lazarev, who was in Persia to do some trading, a certain person from the Shah's retinue offered to let him purchase one of the stolen Georgian icons: an icon of the Most Holy Theotokos. At the same time, at Yaroslavl, the merchant Gregory Lytkin, by whom Stephen was employed, had a revelation of his clerk's imminent arrival with the precious acquisition. had been instructed by a voice from above to take the Icon from Yaroslavl to Arkhangelsk, near the Pinega River. Here, 16 versts from Kholmogorsk, was the Black Mountain monastery (which took its name from the mountain, on which a church was built in 1603.) Later, it was called Krasnogorsk (Beautiful Mountain). the merchant delivered the Georgian Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos in 1629, during the reign of Tsar Michael. On August 22, with a large contingent of the faithful, the Icon was reverently placed in the monastery. At the same time, the miraculous healing of the blind and deaf monk Pitirim took place. The subsequent manifestations of the Icon's miraculous power prompted Metropolitan Nikon of Novgorod (later the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia) to investigate. Afterward, from 1650, the annual celebration of this Icon took place on August 22, the day of its arrival at Krasnogorsk Monastery. that time, the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God was brought to Arkhangelsk each year with honors. The revered Icon was left for a certain time in the main cathedral of the city, for the sanctification of the city and of the Christ-loving people. During the reign of Tsar Alexei (1645-1676), the miraculous Icon was taken to Vologda, Great Ustyug, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, and Siberia. 1654, Hieromonk Makarios of Krasnogorsk Monastery brought the Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos (which had been brought from Persia) to Moscow for restoration, and to be covered with a new riza. It was placed in the newly-built church, dedicated to the Life-giving Trinity, at Nikitnikov Lane near the Saint Barbara Gate, where the Kremlin masters carried on their iconographic work. Gregory Nikitnikov had built the church on his property at his own expense (1628-1651). In the church was a chapel dedicated to Saint Nikḗtas (September 15). Members of the Nikitnikov family were also entombed there. that time, a plague or pestilence was raging in Moscow. At the request of the master silversmith Gabriel Evdokimov, whose son was near death, a Moleben was served in his house before the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God from Krasnogorsk Monastery. The patient soon recovered. In gratitude for this miraculous healing, a copy of Georgian Icon was made and placed in Holy Trinity church. From that time, the church was also called Georgian. gracious help of the Most Holy Theotokos continued to be conferred by the aforementioned copy of her Icon. During the plague epidemic of 1654, the Moscow merchant Stephanov prayed continuously to the Queen of Heaven. The Most Holy Virgin appeared to him three times in a dream saying: "Pray to the Georgian Theotokos, on the Glinishchi at the mills, and you will be spared." The Holy Trinity church at Nikitniki was also called the church of the Great Martyr Nikḗtas (one of the chapels) on Glinishchi, near the mills. The merchant did not take his family from Moscow as he intended, but began to pray fervently in the Holy Trinity church. The epidemic did not touch him or his family. Churchwide celebration of the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God was established with the blessing of Patriarch Nikon in 1654. In 1698, the caretaker of the Moscow printing house Theodore Polikarpov compiled a second edition of the Service. the liberation of Moscow from Napoleon's troops, on December 1, 1812 the wonderworking Georgian Icon of the Mother of God, along with other miraculous Icons of the Most Holy Theotokos (Vladimir, Iveron, and Assuage my Sorrows) were carried in solemn procession around the Kremlin. 1904, a chapel was built in Holy Trinity church in honor of the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God. Now this Icon is in the church of the Holy Trinity in Nikitnikov (Razin Street). healings were granted by the Most Holy Theotokos through her wonderworking Icon, which were documented and verified at the end of the XIX century. For example, on June 17, 1887, Lydia Tserkovnitskaya, the wife of a priest in the village of Shuysk, Vologda Province, was critically ill. She recovered after praying before the wonderworking Georgian Icon. There is historical evidence of four more Georgian icons of the Most Holy Theotokos. the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God, which was in Moscow's Alekseevsky Convent, church evidence reports that it is not a copy of the Icons from Krasnogorsk Monastery nor from Holy Trinity church at Nikitnikov, which were brought from Georgia. In the same deadly plague epidemic of 1654, one of the nuns at the Alekseev Convent fell ill. While she addressed long prayers to the Heavenly Healer, the sick woman suddenly remembered the miraculous recovery she had heard about from the Icon of the Mother of God, which is in the church of the Life-giving Trinity by Saint Barbara's Gate. However, there was no one to send there. After some time, an unknown monk came to the Convent. Turning to the sick nun, he said: "Do not be sad that the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God cannot be brought here. You have here exactly the same Icon as the one brought from Georgia. You will find it in the cave, and you shall behold God's mercy." allegorical meaning of these words became clear afterward in the monastery sacristy, which was laid out like caves, when a hitherto unknown Icon of the Mother of God was discovered. After a Moleben, the miraculous Icon was carried to the cells of the nuns who were suffering from the pestilence. All of them were healed. From that time, the epidemic in Moscow began to abate. the prayerful intercession of the Georgian Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos at the Alekseev Convent, the blind Princess Martha Prozorovskaya received miraculous healing in 1662. She gained her sight by the prayers of her parents, after seven years of serious illness. the northwest of Kazan, 18 versts from the city of Sviyazhsk, in the middle of the XVII century was the Raithu communal Hermitage of the Theotokos, which got its name from one of its churches, which was dedicated to the Venerable Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu (January 14). Tradition states that during the construction of the monastery, Metropolitan Laurence of Kazan, by a revelation from above, sent the best local iconographers to Pinega, to the Krasnogorsk Monastery, which was very far from Kazan, in order to make a faithful copy of the wonderworking Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos, which was brought from Persia. 1661, a skillfully executed copy of the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God was delivered from Arkhangelsk. It became highly revered by the local population. Subsequently, this Icon was placed in the cathedral church in honor of the Most Holy Theotokos. the XVIII century, the pious peasants of the village of Klyucharev, Korchev county, Tver Province, presented the caretaker of the Moscow Archangel Cathedral with a copy of the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God, which became highly regarded by the locals, when the rye crop was threatened with destruction in the late 1860s. Vast fields of newly-sprouted crops were being eaten by an unknown worm, and nothing they did was of any use. Then the peasants prayed for help to the Most Holy Theotokos, whose Georgian Icon they revered. After a Cross Procession around the fields with the Icon, a sudden, unprecedented torrential rain fell. Streams of water washed the worms out of the ground, which were eaten by a large flock of birds. See also other revered copies of the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God in the Protection church at Vorontsov Field, and in the Holy Cross Church in the city of Tula. Icon disappeared after the closure of the monastery (1920-1922), and later it was returned to the monastery. In his 1946 report to the Moscow Patriarchate, Bishop Leonty (Smirnov) of Arkhangelsk states that the Georgian Icon was carried in a procession, which took place at Arkhangelsk in 1946. The further fate of the Georgian Icon is unknown. St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated December 20 ; Glorification of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on June 8 ; Venerable Elisha of Suma, Solovki, Commemorated on June 14; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25 ;

Persia, 1625, Battle of Martkopi, Georgia defeats Persia
Martkopi, Georgia; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated August 3 ; the Feast of the Annunciation in the year 1625, the Georgians annihilated the army of the Persian shah Abbas I in the Battle of Martqopi. The victory unified Georgia’s eastern provinces of Kartli and Kakheti. It also instilled hope in other enslaved peoples of the Transcaucasus, and rebellions began to break out everywhere. the enraged Shah Abbas marched his finest and largest army toward Georgia under the leadership of Isa-Khan Qurchibash. A Georgian army of some twenty thousand men encamped near Kojori-Tabakhmela in preparation for the attack, while the enemy’s army, which numbered in excess of fifty thousand men, encamped at Marabda. According to tradition, the Georgian soldiers received Holy Communion at dawn before the battle. Domenti (Avalishvili) of Ruisi prepared to serve the Holy Gifts to the soldiers but they cried out with a single voice: “If you will join us and take up your sword and fight, then do so. We can receive Holy Communion from another!” by these words, the bishop joined in, proclaiming, “Today we will fight a battle for faith and for Christ; therefore my blood must be spilled before yours!” With his vestments as armor, the bishop blessed the soldiers and took his place in the front line. banner of the Georgian army was entrusted to the nine Kherkheulidze brothers. Persians panicked upon coming face-to-face with the courage and fortitude of the Georgian soldiers, but the experienced commander Isa-Khan Qurchibash would not yield in battle. Help arrived from Beglerbeg Shaybani-Khan, and with the extra forces the Persians soon gained the advantage over the Georgian army. The Georgian colonel Teimuraz Mukhranbatoni was fatally wounded, and rumors of his death threw the soldiers into a frenzy, since they erroneously believed that the dead man was King Teimuraz I of Kakheti, the commander of their army. that their leader had fallen, the Georgian soldiers became anxious and their army was enfeebled. Before long they recognized their mistake, but it was too late—the fate of the battle had already been decided. military leaders Davit Jandieri, Aghatang Kherkheulidze and Baadur Tsitsishvili and the bishops of Rustavi and Kharchasho all fell in the battle at Marabda. The nine banner-bearing Kherkheulidze brothers were also killed. When the banner that had led their army through the battles at Didgori and Basiani fell from the hands of the youngest brother, their sister grabbed hold of it immediately, and when she also fell, the banner and symbol of Georgian invincibility was raised up again by their mother. Teimuraz fought until sunset, when every sword he had held in his hands had been broken. Even his rings were broken in the combat. The uniform of the brilliant military leader Giorgi Saakadze was stained with blood from top to bottom. Atabeg Manuchar of Samtskhe and his sons also fought bravely in this battle. exhausted and debilitated by the heat, the Georgians fought heroically to the last moment. But the battle that had begun at dawn finally ended late that night with the defeat of the Georgian army. Nine thousand Georgians gave their lives for Christ and their motherland on the battlefield at Marabda. St Anthony the Founder of Monasticism in Georgia, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Macarius the Stylite of Martkobsk, Georgia, Commemorated on January 19 ;

Persia, 1625, Battle of Marabda, Persia defeats Georgia
Georgia, 1625, Battle of Marabda, Persia defeats Georgia Marabda; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated August 3 ; the Feast of the Annunciation in the year 1625, the Georgians annihilated the army of the Persian shah Abbas I in the Battle of Martqopi. The victory unified Georgia’s eastern provinces of Kartli and Kakheti. It also instilled hope in other enslaved peoples of the Transcaucasus, and rebellions began to break out everywhere. the enraged Shah Abbas marched his finest and largest army toward Georgia under the leadership of Isa-Khan Qurchibash. A Georgian army of some twenty thousand men encamped near Kojori-Tabakhmela in preparation for the attack, while the enemy’s army, which numbered in excess of fifty thousand men, encamped at Marabda. According to tradition, the Georgian soldiers received Holy Communion at dawn before the battle. Domenti (Avalishvili) of Ruisi prepared to serve the Holy Gifts to the soldiers but they cried out with a single voice: “If you will join us and take up your sword and fight, then do so. We can receive Holy Communion from another!” by these words, the bishop joined in, proclaiming, “Today we will fight a battle for faith and for Christ; therefore my blood must be spilled before yours!” With his vestments as armor, the bishop blessed the soldiers and took his place in the front line. banner of the Georgian army was entrusted to the nine Kherkheulidze brothers. Persians panicked upon coming face-to-face with the courage and fortitude of the Georgian soldiers, but the experienced commander Isa-Khan Qurchibash would not yield in battle. Help arrived from Beglerbeg Shaybani-Khan, and with the extra forces the Persians soon gained the advantage over the Georgian army. The Georgian colonel Teimuraz Mukhranbatoni was fatally wounded, and rumors of his death threw the soldiers into a frenzy, since they erroneously believed that the dead man was King Teimuraz I of Kakheti, the commander of their army. that their leader had fallen, the Georgian soldiers became anxious and their army was enfeebled. Before long they recognized their mistake, but it was too late—the fate of the battle had already been decided. military leaders Davit Jandieri, Aghatang Kherkheulidze and Baadur Tsitsishvili and the bishops of Rustavi and Kharchasho all fell in the battle at Marabda. The nine banner-bearing Kherkheulidze brothers were also killed. When the banner that had led their army through the battles at Didgori and Basiani fell from the hands of the youngest brother, their sister grabbed hold of it immediately, and when she also fell, the banner and symbol of Georgian invincibility was raised up again by their mother. Teimuraz fought until sunset, when every sword he had held in his hands had been broken. Even his rings were broken in the combat. The uniform of the brilliant military leader Giorgi Saakadze was stained with blood from top to bottom. Atabeg Manuchar of Samtskhe and his sons also fought bravely in this battle. exhausted and debilitated by the heat, the Georgians fought heroically to the last moment. But the battle that had begun at dawn finally ended late that night with the defeat of the Georgian army. Nine thousand Georgians gave their lives for Christ and their motherland on the battlefield at Marabda.

Persia, 1629-1642, Safi, Safavid Shah, at 18 executed all his foes, uneducated, wine and opium, drinking contest death
Persia, 1629-1642, Persian Safavid Shah, Safi of Persia; Mirza (1611 - 12 May 1642), better known by his dynastic name of Shah Safi, was the sixth Safavid shah (king) of Iran, ruling from 1629 to 1642. life[edit] was given the name Sam Mirza when he was born. He was the son of Mohammad Baqer Mirza, the eldest son of Shah Abbas I, and Dilaram Khanum, a Georgian wife.[1] In 1615, Abbas had Mohammed Baqer killed, fearing he was plotting against his life. Over the next few years, the suspicious Abbas killed or blinded his other sons, leaving his grandson Safi heir to the throne. (also known as Rustam Khan), viceroy of Kartli, eastern Georgia, from 1633 to 1658. was crowned on 28 January 1629 at the age of eighteen.[citation needed] He ruthlessly eliminated anyone he regarded as a threat to his power, executing almost all the Safavid royal princes as well as leading courtiers and generals. He paid little attention to the business of government and had no cultural or intellectual interests (he had never learned to read or write properly), preferring to spend his time drinking wine or indulging in his addiction to opium. Supposedly, however, he abhorred tobacco smoke as much as his grandfather did, going as far as to have those caught smoking tobacco in public killed by pouring molten lead in their mouths.[citation needed] dominant political figure of Safi's reign was Saru Taqi, appointed grand vizier in 1634. Saru Taqi was incorruptible and highly efficient at raising revenues for the state, but he could also be autocratic and arrogant. foreign enemies took the opportunity to exploit Safi's perceived weakness. Despite firm initial Safavid successes and humiliating defeats in the Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639) by Safi's grandfather and predecessor Shah Abbas the Great, the Ottomans, having had their economy and military stabilized and reorganized under Sultan Murad IV made incursions in the west in one year following Safi's ascension to the throne. In 1634 they briefly occupied Yerevan and Tabriz and in 1638 they finally succeeded in recapturing Baghdad Reconquest of Baghdad (1638) and other parts of Mesopotamia (Iraq) which, despite being taken again several times later on in history by the Persians and most notably by Nader Shah, it would all remain in their hands until the aftermath of World War I. Nevertheless, the Treaty of Zuhab which ensued in 1639 put an end to all further wars between the Safavids and the Ottomans. Apart from the Ottoman wars, Iran was troubled by the Uzbeks and Turkmens in the east and briefly lost Kandahar in their easternmost territories to the Mughals in 1638, due to what seems as an act of revenge by their own governor over the region, Ali Mardan Khan, after being dismissed from office.[2] 1636 he received a trade delegation from Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, which included Adam Olearius. Olearius wrote a book about this visit in 1647, which was widely published in Europe. In 1639, Safi sent a return delegation to Holstein-Gottorp, bestowing gifts on the Duke.[3] However, the Duke did not succeed in his ultimate aim - starting a regular trading relationship with Iran (and Russia) and making the Duke's newly founded town of Friedrichstadt into a European trade terminus. died on 12 May 1642 and was buried in Qom. He was succeeded by his son Abbas II. His death was related to heavy drinking. According to one account, found in Archangelo Lamberti's Relation de la Colchide ou Mengrellie (1654), Safi died in a drinking contest with a certain Scedan Cilaze (Chiladze), a renowned Georgian drinking champion invited to Isfahan from Mingrelia.[4] Martyr Evdemoz the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on October 4;

Persia, 1630, Dagestani Raid on David Gareja Monastery
Dagestani Raid on David Gareja Monastery 1630 Abbas I of Persia attack on Georgia (1616) ; Hieromartyr Kozman, Commemorated on July 18; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26;

Persia, 1642-1666, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas II of Persia, capable and energetic
Persia, 1642-1666, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas II of Persia; Abbas II (30 August 1632 – 26 October 1666), was the seventh Safavid king (shah) of Iran, ruling from 1642 to 1666. Born Soltan Mohammad Mirza, he was the eldest son of Safi I with his Circassian wife, Anna Khanum. II was undoubtedly the most capable and energetic Safavid shah after his great-grandfather Shah Abbas I the Great (r. 1588-1629), whom he in many aspects bore resemblance to. Albeit Abbas II ascended the throne at the age of merely 9 years old, he showed considerable toughness and resolve—in 1645, no longer than three years after his succession, the grand vizier Saru Taqi was murdered by a faction of the Qizilbash led by the qurchi-bashi Jani Beg Khan Shamlu, one of the most influential administrators of the country; in the ensuing days, Abbas II had all the perpetrators put to death. to Abbas I, Abbas II possessed a strong dedication for fairness, and objections of misconduct and injustice by civil servants were promptly taken care of, whilst the responsible individuals were strictly penalized. II was also a poet with the pen name Thani, writing in Azerbaijani Turkish.[1] Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18;

Persia, 1666-1694, Persian Safavid Shah, Suleiman I of Persia, language Azerbaijani, raised in harem, raised by eunuchs, refused to attack Ottomans, George XI rebellion 1688
Persia, 1666-1694, Persian Safavid Shah, Suleiman I of Persia; Mirza, later known by his first dynastic name of Safi II, and thereafter known by his more famous second dynastic name of Suleiman I, was the eighth Safavid shah (king) of Iran, ruling from 1 November 1666 to 29 July 1694. youth and accession[edit] Mirza was born in February 1648 (or March); he was the elder son of the previous shah Abbas II and Circassian slave Nakihat Khanum.[1] Sam Mirza had a younger brother named Hamza Mirza, as well as two other brothers named Ismail Mirza and Mirza Ali Naqi. He also had two unnamed sisters. Sam Mirza grew up isolated in the royal harem, where he was cared for by Agha Nazira, a eunuch. Because of this, Sam Mirza's first language was Azerbaijani; it is still not clearly known how much Persian he was able to speak.[2] Furthermore, due to the way Sam Mirza was raised, he was much less experienced and less energetic than his father,[3] which had significant consequences for his reign.[2] II died in Mazandaran on 25 September 1666, without revealing his successor. Five days later, the news spread to Isfahan. The eunuchs, who took care of the palace, now got to name the successor;. Most of them preferred the seven year-old Hamza Mirza, who they could easily control. However, the matter was decided when Hamza Mirza's tutor made a statement in the court supporting Sam Mirza to assume the throne.[2] after first coronation; 1666-1668[edit] of Suleiman I's first coronation in 1666. day later, on 1 October 1666, Sam Mirza was crowned as Safi II.[citation needed] The ceremony took place in the afternoon and was managed by Mohammad-Baqer Sabzavari, the shaykh al-Islam of Isfahan. Safi II was given the heads of some dead Uzbeks, and in turn rewarded those who had given him the heads with money.[2] He also gave money to 300 exiles from the Ottoman Empire who sought refuge in Iran to avoid being enrolled into the Ottoman army. All administrative positions were reconfirmed that same day. The name "Abbas II" was removed from royal stamps, and new coins were minted in Safi II's name. Demonstrating the sleekness of the changeover, the city of Isfahan remained peaceful; "the shops stayed open, and life went on as if nothing had happened, causing foreign residents who, fearing disturbances and looting, had kept their houses locked, to emerge before the day was out."[2] first year of his reign was markedly unsuccessful. A series of natural disasters such as earthquakes (1667 Shamakhi earthquake) in Shirvan, spread of deadly diseases around Iran, combined with devastating raids by the Cossack Stenka Razin on the coast of the Caspian Sea, convinced court astrologers that the coronation had taken place at the wrong time, and the ceremony was repeated on March 20, 1668. The shah took the new name Suleiman I. He had little interest in the business of government, preferring retreat to the harem. after second coronation; 1668-1694[edit] left political decision-making to his grand viziers or to a council of harem eunuchs, whose power increased during the shah's reign. Corruption became widespread in Persia and discipline in the army was dangerously lax. At the same time revenues increased by the imposition of new taxes and higher taxes. This affected the country's economy and spread poverty, which resulted in many rebellions even in Suleiman's capital Isfahan. In 1672, shah Suleiman offered the former vizier Mohammad Beg to become vizier once again, which he agreed to, but while on his way to Isfahan, he died. According to the French traveler Jean Chardin, Mohammad Beg had been poisoned by Suleiman's vizier Shaykh Ali Khan Zangana.[4] In 1676, Suleiman appointed the Georgian prince George XI as the ruler of Kartli. the 1670s, Georgians came to make up an even larger part of the actual Safavid fighting forces, reaching a contested number of 40,000.[5][note 1] made no attempt to exploit the weakness of Safavid Persia's traditional rival, the Ottoman Empire, after the Ottomans suffered a serious defeat at the Battle of Vienna in 1683. He even refused the proposals from the European states to form a coalition against the Ottoman Empire. Persia also suffered raids by the Uzbeks and Kalmyks on the eastern and northern (North Caucasus) borders of the empire respectively. 1688, George XI rebelled against Suleiman, and tried to urge the Ottomans to aid him. However, his request for help was fruitless, and Suleiman appointed another Georgian prince named Heraclius I as the ruler of Kartli, and forced George XI to flee from Kartli. To secure Iranian control over Kartli, he appointed Abbas-Quli Khan as the viceroy of the region. Qizilbash remained an important part of the Safavid executive apparatus, even though ethnic Caucasians had come to largely replace them. For example, even in the 1690s, when ethnic Georgians formed the mainstay of the Safavid military, the Qizilbash still played a significant role in the army.[6] activity[edit] activity had already started decreasing since the reign of Shah Abbas I (r. 1587–1629), but it decreased even more under Suleiman. Although Suleiman had requested King William III of England for adept artisans in 1668/69, he is not known to have been involved in an operating foreign diplomacy.[2]

Persia, 1694-1722, Safavid Shah, Sultan Husayn, Isfahan, Persia, end of Safavid d
Persia, 1694-1722, Safavid Shah, Sultan Husayn, Isfahan, Persia; Husayn (also known as Soltan Hosayn and Soltan Hosein), (October 1668 - November 1726) reigned 1694–1722; was a Safavid Shah of Iran (Persia). ruled from 1694 until he was overthrown in 1722 by rebellious marauder Mahmud Hotaki, an Afghan of Pashtun ethnic background.[1] reign saw the downfall of the Safavid dynasty, which had ruled Persia since the beginning of the 16th century. Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1;

Persia, 1736-1796, Afsharid dynasty, at Mashhad in Northeast, Nadir and Shahrukh, Sunni
Persia, 1736-1796, Persian Afsharid dynasty, at Mashhad, Sunni; Afsharid dynasty was an Iranian[7] dynasty that originated from the Turkoman[8][9] Afshar tribe in Iran's north-eastern province of Khorasan, ruling Iran (Persia) in the mid-eighteenth century. dynasty was founded in 1736 by the brilliant military[10] commander Nader Shah, who deposed the last member of the Safavid dynasty and proclaimed himself as the Shah of Iran. Nader's reign, Iran reached its greatest extent since the Sasanian Empire. At its height it controlled modern-day Iran, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan Republic, parts of the North Caucasus (Dagestan), Afghanistan, Bahrain, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Pakistan, and parts of Iraq, Turkey, United Arab Emirates and Oman. his death, most of his empire was divided between the Zands, Durranis, Georgians, and the Caucasian khanates, while Afsharid rule was confined to a small local state in Khorasan. the Afsharid dynasty was overthrown by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar in 1796, who would establish a new native Iranian empire and restore Iranian suzerainty over several of the aforementioned regions. dynasty was named after the Turcoman Afshar tribe from Khorasan in north-east Iran, to which Nader belonged.[11] The Afshars had originally migrated from Turkestan to Azerbaijan (Iranian Azerbaijan) in the 13th century. In the early 17th century, Abbas the Great moved many Afshars from Azerbaijan to Khorasan to defend the north-eastern borders of his state against the Uzbeks, after which the Afshars settled in those regions. Nader belonged to the Qereqlu branch of the Afshars.[12] Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Persia, 1736-1747, Nadir, Persian Afsharid Shah, Sunni, Napoleon of Persia, destroyed Shio's relics
Persia, 1736-1747, Persian Afsharid Shah, Nadir, Sunni ; Shah Afshar (August 1688[5] - 19 June 1747) was one of the most powerful Iranian[13] rulers in Iranian history, ruling as Shah of Iran (Persia) from 1736 to 1747 when he was assassinated during a rebellion. of his military genius[14] as evidenced in his numerous campaigns throughout Middle East, Caucasus, Central and South Asia, such as the battles of Herat, Mihmandust, Murche-Khort, Kirkuk, Yeghevard, Khyber Pass, Karnal and Kars, some historians have described him as the Napoleon of Persia, Sword of Persia,[15] or the Second Alexander. belonged to the Turkoman[16] Afshar tribe, a semi-nomadic tribe settled in Khorasan in northeastern Iran,[17] which had supplied military power to the Safavid dynasty since the time of Shah Ismail I.[18] rose to power during a period of chaos in Iran after a rebellion by the Hotaki Pashtuns had overthrown the weak Shah Sultan Husayn, the arch-enemy of the Safavids, the Ottomans, as well as the Russians had seized Iranian territory for themselves. reunited the Iranian realm and removed the invaders. He became so powerful that he decided to depose the last members of the Safavid dynasty, which had ruled Iran for over 200 years, and become Shah himself in 1736. numerous campaigns created a great empire that, at its greatest extent, briefly encompassed what is now part of or includes Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the North Caucasus, Iraq, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Bahrain, Pakistan, Oman and the Persian Gulf, his military spending had a ruinous effect on the Iranian economy.[19] idolized Genghis Khan and Timur, the previous conquerors from Central Asia. imitated their military prowess and—especially later in his reign—their cruelty. victories during his campaigns briefly made him West Asia's most powerful sovereign, ruling over what was arguably the most powerful empire in the world,[20] his empire and the Afsharid dynasty he founded quickly disintegrated after he was assassinated in 1747.[21] turning point in his military career started from his second and third campaigns against the by then revolting Lezgians, as well as other ethnic groups of Dagestan in the northwestern parts of his domain. Nader Shah has been described as "the last great Asiatic military conqueror".[22] Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated September 12 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on March 3;

Persia, 1748-1796, Shahrukh, Persian Afsharid Shah, Sunni, Nader's GSon, not massachred, installed by Kurds
Persia, 1748-1796, Persian Afsharid Shah, Shahrukh Afshar, Sunni; Mirza, better known by his dynastic title of Shahrokh Shah was the Afsharid king (shah) of the western part of Khorasan (corresponding to the present-day Khorasan Province)[1] from 1750 to 1796, with a two-month interruption. grandson of the Iranian conqueror Nader Shah (r. 1736–1747), Shahrokh was the son of Reza Qoli Mirza Afshar and his Safavid wife Fatemeh Soltan Begom, who was the sister of Tahmasp II, the penultimate Safavid shah of Iran. half-Safavid descent made him stand out amongst his Afsharid relatives, and was used to bolster the legitimacy of his grandfather. the assassination of Nader Shah in 1747, his nephew Ali-qoli Khan (who assumed the regnal name Adel Shah), ascended the throne in Mashhad and had all of Nader Shah's descendants in fortress of Kalat massacred. Shahrokh was spared in case his Safavid lineage would come to use, and was instead kept in the fortress as a prisoner. Adel Shah was battling his rebellious younger brother Ebrahim Mirza, a party of Turkic, Kurdish and Arab tribal leaders took advantage of his absence and installed Shahrokh on the throne. Adel Shah and Ebrahim were eventually defeated and killed, but Shahrokh was not long afterwards overthrown by a party of dissident tribal leaders, who installed the Safavid pretender Mir Sayyed Mohammad (who assumed the regnal name of Suleiman II) on the throne. was soon blinded at the instigation of Mir Alam Khan Khuzayma and other leading nobles, much against Suleiman II's will. group of conspirators lead by the Turkic tribal leader Yusuf Ali Khan Jalayir eventually deposed Suleiman II and restored Shahrokh to the throne. St Euthymius the Elder of the St John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated on August 8; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated September 12 ;

Persia, 1795-1797, Aga Mohammad, Cruel rapacious Persian Qajar, d Georgia, Battle of Kitsanisi
Persia, 1789-1797, Persian Qajar Shah, Aga Mohammad Khan Qajar ; Mohammad Khan Qajar (14 March 1742 - 17 June 1797), also known by his regnal name of Agha Mohammad Shah, was the founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran, ruling from 1789 to 1797 as king (shah). chieftain of the Qoyunlu branch of the Qajar tribe, Agha Mohammad Khan was enthroned as the king of Iran in 1789, but was not officially crowned until March 1796, having deposed Lotf Ali Khan of the Zand dynasty in 1794. Mohammad Khan Qajar was famously the eunuch Monarch, being castrated as a young adult upon his capture by Adel Shah Afshar, and hence was childless. He was assassinated on 17 June 1797, and was succeeded by his nephew, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. Mohammad Khan's reign is noted for the return of a centralized and unified Iran and for relocating the capital to Tehran, where it still stands today. He is also noted for his cruel and rapacious behavior, particularly during the re-subjugation of Georgia. He sacked the capital Tbilisi, massacred many of its inhabitants, and moved some 15,000 Georgian captives back to mainland Iran. Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Persia, 1789-1797, Aga Mohammad, Persian Qajar Shah, eunuch, dynasty f, Tehran
Persia, 1789-1797, Persian Qajar Shah, Aga Mohammad Khan Qajar ; Mohammad Khan Qajar (14 March 1742 - 17 June 1797), also known by his regnal name of Agha Mohammad Shah, was the founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran, ruling from 1789 to 1797 as king (shah). chieftain of the Qoyunlu branch of the Qajar tribe, Agha Mohammad Khan was enthroned as the king of Iran in 1789, but was not officially crowned until March 1796, having deposed Lotf Ali Khan of the Zand dynasty in 1794. Mohammad Khan Qajar was famously the eunuch Monarch, being castrated as a young adult upon his capture by Adel Shah Afshar, and hence was childless. He was assassinated on 17 June 1797, and was succeeded by his nephew, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. Mohammad Khan's reign is noted for the return of a centralized and unified Iran and for relocating the capital to Tehran, where it still stands today. He is also noted for his cruel and rapacious behavior, particularly during the re-subjugation of Georgia. He sacked the capital Tbilisi, massacred many of its inhabitants, and moved some 15,000 Georgian captives back to mainland Iran. Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Pasargadae,Persia, 559BC-486BC, Daniel, Malachi and Haggai Lived Here
King Cyrus the Great - Pasargadae - Daniel Lived Here ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17 ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Nineveh (Mosul), Assyria, Persia (Tigris River 4)
Nineveh; Jonah 3:1-10,4:1-11, Conversion of Nineveh ; Tobit'™s Youth and Virtuous Life, 3 I, Tobit, walked in the ways of truth and righteousness all the days of my life. I performed many acts of charity for my kindred and my people who had gone with me in exile to Nineveh in the land of the Assyrians. 4When I was in my own country, in the land of Israel, while I was still a young man, the whole tribe of my ancestor Naphtali deserted the house of David and Jerusalem. This city had been chosen from among all the tribes of Israel, where all the tribes of Israel should offer sacrifice and where the temple, the dwelling of God, had been consecrated and established for all generations for ever. Prophet Jonah, Commemorated on September 22 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated November 12 ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated December 1 ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ;

Kaserin, across from Nineveh
Kaserin, across from Nineveh, Tobit Chapter 11: Homeward Journey 11When they came near to Kaserin, which is opposite Nineveh, Raphael said: "˜You are aware of how we left your father. 3Let us run ahead of your wife and prepare the house while they are still on the way." As they went on together Raphael* said to him: "˜Have the gall ready?™ And the dog went along behind them. 5 Meanwhile, Anna sat looking intently down the road by which her son would come. 6When she caught sight of him coming, she said to his father, "˜Look, your son is coming, and the man who went with him" Tobit'™s Sight Restored 7 Raphael said to Tobias, before he had approached his father, " know that his eyes will be opened. 8Smear the gall of the fish on his eyes; the medicine will make the white films shrink and peel off from his eyes, and your father will regain his sight and see the light." 9 Then Anna ran up to her son and threw her arms around him, saying, "˜Now that I have seen you, my child, I am ready to die."™ And she wept. 10Then Tobit got up and came stumbling out through the courtyard door. Tobias went up to him, 11with the gall of the fish in his hand, and holding him firmly, he blew into his eyes, saying, "˜Take courage, father."™ With this he applied the medicine on his eyes, 12and it made them smart.* 13Next, with both his hands he peeled off the white films from the corners of his eyes. Then Tobit* saw his son and* threw his arms around him, 14and he wept and said to him,"˜I see you, my son, the light of my eyes!"™ Then he said, "˜Blessed be God, and blessed be his great name, and blessed be all his holy angels. May his holy name be blessed* throughout all the ages. 15 Though he afflicted me, he has had mercy upon me.* Now I see my son Tobias!"™ So Tobit went in rejoicing and praising God at the top of his voice. Tobias reported to his father that his journey had been successful, that he had brought the money, that he had married Raguel'™s daughter Sarah, and that she was, indeed, on her way there, very near to the gate of Nineveh. 16 Then Tobit, rejoicing and praising God, went out to meet his daughter-in-law at the gate of Nineveh. When the people of Nineveh saw him coming, walking along in full vigour and with no one leading him, they were amazed. 17Before them all, Tobit acknowledged that God had been merciful to him and had restored his sight. When Tobit met Sarah the wife of his son Tobias, he blessed her saying, "˜Come in, my daughter, and welcome. Blessed be your God who has brought you to us, my daughter. Blessed be your father and your mother, blessed be my son Tobias, and blessed be you, my daughter. Come in now to your home, and welcome, with blessing and joy. Come in, my daughter."™ So on that day there was rejoicing among all the Jews who were in Nineveh. 18Ahikar and his nephew Nadab were also present to share Tobit'™s joy. With merriment they celebrated Tobias'™s wedding feast for seven days, and many gifts were given to him.* ;

Arbela, Persia (Tigris River 4)
Arbela, Persia; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Martyr Akepsimas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; Akepsimas the Bishop, Joseph the Presbyter and Aeithalás the Deacon of Persia were leaders of the Christian Church in the Persian city of Naesson. His flock devotedly loved their hierarch for his ascetic life and tireless pastoral work. emperor Sapor ordered his men to seek out and kill Christian clergy. Saint Akepsimas also was arrested, even though he was already an eighty-year-old man. They took him to the city of Arbela, where he came before the judge Ardarkh, a pagan priest of the sun god. The holy Elder refused to offer sacrifice to the Persian gods. For this he was fiercely beaten and thrown into prison, where on the following day the seventy-year-old priest Joseph and the deacon Aeithalás were severely beaten and thrown into jail with him. For three years the saints were held in confinement, and suffered from hunger and thirst. Sapor came to the temple of the god of fire, located not far from Arbela, and wanted to take a look at the three holy martyrs. Exhausted and covered with festering wounds, the saints were brought before the emperor. When he asked them to worship the pagan gods they firmly refused, confessing their faith in Christ instead. holy bishop was beheaded, but the presbyter and deacon were taken into the city to be stoned. execution of the presbyter Joseph was prolonged for several hours. A guard was placed near the place of execution, so that Christians would not take the body of the holy martyr. On the fourth night a strong windstorm raged near the city, lightning killed the guard, the wind tossed stones about, and the body of Saint Joseph disappeared. Aeithalás was taken to the village of Patrias, where he was stoned. Christians secretly buried his body. A tree grew on the saint’s grave, and its fruit brought healings. St Snandulia of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ;

Persia, , Hieromartyrs Akepsimas, Bishop in Persia, Presbyter Joseph, and Deacon Aeithalas, Arbela, Assyria, Persia (Tigris River 4)
Arbela in Assyria; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Martyr Akepsimas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; St Snandulia of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ;

Ctesiphon, Persia (Tigris River 7, Near Bagdad) Sassanian Capitol
Ctesiphon; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch. Commemorated October 20 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22 ;

Magedon, Persia (near Shiraz)
Magedon, Persia ; Great Martyr Irene, Commemorated on May 5; was deposed by his son Sapor, who persecuted Christians with an even greater zeal than his father had done. Saint Irene went to her home town of Magedon in Persia to meet Sapor and his army, and ask him to end the persecution. When he refused, Saint Irene prayed and his entire army was blinded. She prayed again and they received their sight once more. In spite of this, Sapor refused to recognize the power of God. Because of his insolence, he was struck and killed by a bolt of lightning.

Istakhr or Estakhr, Persia, Near Shiraz, Sasanian Empire First Capital
Persian Sasanian Empire First Capital Estakhr, 224-226; Sasanian first Emperor, 224-242, Ardashir I; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30; Great Martyr Irene, Commemorated on May 5; was deposed by his son Sapor, who persecuted Christians with an even greater zeal than his father had done. Saint Irene went to her home town of Magedon in Persia to meet Sapor and his army, and ask him to end the persecution. When he refused, Saint Irene prayed and his entire army was blinded. She prayed again and they received their sight once more. In spite of this, Sapor refused to recognize the power of God. Because of his insolence, he was struck and killed by a bolt of lightning.

Geography - Holy Roman Empire (Belgium, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Poland, Hungary, Austria, Switzerland, Czech Lands)

Czech Lands Folder (Bohemia, Great Moravia, Czech Silesia)

Czech Lands (Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia)
Czech Lands; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated September 16 ; St Procopius, Commemorated September 16 ; Martyr Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 28 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Right-believing Prince Wenceslaus of the Czech Lands, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Martyr Vitus at Lucania, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Czech Lands, Bohemia, Western Czech Republic
Bohemia; Gorazd (Pavlik); St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated September 16 ; St Procopius, Commemorated September 16 ; Martyr Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 28 ; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Czech Lands, Moravia (Morava River, eastern Czech Republic)
Moravia; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 16; St Procopius, Commemorated on September 16; Martyr Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 28 ; Martyr Mercurius of Smolensk, Commemorated November 24 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; John Wesley of JOHN AND CHARLES WESLEY, RENEWERS OF THE CHURCH (3 MAR 1791); Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Czech Lands, Czech Silesia, Northern Czech Republic
Czech Lands, Czech Silesia; St Procopius, Commemorated on September 16;

Czech Lands, Great Moravia (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Serbia) 833-907
Great Moravia; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated September 16 ; Martyr Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 28 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11;

Czech Republic (Bohemia, Moravia, South Eastern Silesia)
Czech Republic; is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. The country has been traditionally divided into lands, namely Bohemia proper in the west, Moravia (Morava) in the southeast, and Czech Silesia (Slezsko; the smaller, south-eastern part of historical Silesia, most of which is located within modern Poland) in the northeast. St Procopius, Commemorated September 16 ; Martyr Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 28 ;

Czech Lands, Western Czech Lands, Vltava and Upper Elbe Rivers Folder (Bohemia, Sudetenland)

Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge Mountains)

Sudetes Mountains (NW Carpathians)
Sudetes Mountains, which later to the southeast become the Carpathian Mountains of Romania; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11 ;

Sudetenland (Upper Elbe River, South Side Sudetes Mts, Czech Republic)
Sudetenland; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11 ; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958 ;

Mravin, Czech Republic (Elbe River 2)
Mravin; Jeni¡ovice (Chrudim District); St Philotheus the Presbyter in Asia Minor, Commemorated September 15 ;

Czech Lands, Western Czech Lands, Elbe River 4, Vltava River Folder, Bohemia, Prague

Bohemia, Western Czech Republic
Bohemia; Gorazd (Pavlik); St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated September 16 ; St Procopius, Commemorated September 16 ; Martyr Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 28 ; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Vltava River

Bohemian Forest (Bohmerwald Mountains, Czech Lands)
Bohemian Forest;

Prague, Bohemia, Czech Lands (Vltava River 3, Elbe River 4)
Prague, Czech Republic (Vltava River 3) ; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 16 ; Martyr Gorazd of Prague, Bohemia and Moravo-Cilezsk, Commemorated August 22 ; Martyr Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 28 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated on October 18; Right-believing Prince Wenceslaus of the Czech Lands, Commemorated on March 4; Martyr Vitus at Lucania, Commemorated on May 16; Johannes Kepler of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Czech Lands, Northern Czech, Oder River Folder ( Selesia, Poland)

Moravo-Cilezsk (Moravian-Selesian) Region
Moravo-Cilezsk (Selesia) Region;

Silesia, Czech Silesia, Northern Czech Republic
Czech Lands, Czech Silesia; St Procopius, Commemorated on September 16;

Czech Lands, Eastern Czech Lands, Morava River Folder (Moravia, Slovakia)

Morava River, Moravia
Morava (river), Moravia;

Moravia (Morava River, Eastern Czech Republic, and Western Carpathian Mts)
Moravia; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 16 ; Martyr Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 28 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Krupa River

Desna River

Oscava River

Becva River

Drevnice River

Velehrad, Czech Lands, Capital of Moravia (Morava River 6.5)
Velehrad, the old capital of Moravia, the capital of Great Moravia; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; CYRIL AND METHODIUS; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11 ;

Dyje (Thaya) River

Moravian Thaya River

German Thaya River

Morava River Mouth (Danube River 5)

Czech Lands, Central Czech Lands, Amber Road Folder

Austria Folder, its rivers and mountains

Austria
Austria; Austria-Hungary; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18 ; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18 ; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ; Johannes Kepler of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936;

Austria, Danube River Folder, Northern AUT

Danube River in Austria

Danube River 3 (Germany Austria border Inn River)

Danube River 4 (Linz, Austria, Enns River Mouth)

Linz, Austria (Danube River 4)
Linz, Austria; Johannes Kepler of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Austria, Danube River 4, Amber Road Folder

Vienna, Austria (Morava River Mouth, Danube River 5, Amber Road 1)
Vienna (Danube River); Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated January 17 ; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Lower Austria
Lower Austria; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Karlstetten, Lower Austria
Karlstetten, Lower Austria; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Eastern Goths (Ostrogoths)
Eastern Goths (Ostrogoths); Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30;

Danube River 5 (Vienna, Austria, Amber Road 5, Morava River, border)

Pottendorf, Austria (outside Vienna)
Pottendorf; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Austria, Inn River Folder (Switzerland, Austria, Germany) Western AUT

Austria, Salzach River Folder, West Central AUT

Austria, Enns River Folder, East Central AUT

River Enns

River Enns Source (Radstadt Tauern Mts, near Flachau)
Radstadt Tauern;

River Enns 1 (Flachau, Austria)

River Enns 1 (Schladming, Austria)

Bavarian Alps
Bavarian Alps;

Celtic People, from Hallstatt, Austria
Celtic People, from Hallstatt, Austria; ALFRED THE GREAT, KING OF THE WEST SAXONS (26 OCT 899);

Totes Gebirge Mountains
Totes Gebirge Mountains ;

River Enns Mouth (Danube River 4)

Austria, Mur River Folder (Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary) Eastern AUT

Mur River Source (Hohe Tauern)
Hohe Tauern (High Pass) Park ;

Frauenberg Cathedral (Mur River 1.9)
Frauenberg Cathedral (Mur River 1.9) ; Johannes Kepler of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;;

Graz, Austria (Mur River 2)
St John of Galesh; Johannes Kepler of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;;

Austria, Drava River Folder (Italy, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary) South Southeastern AUT

Drava River 18 (Hungary)

Drava River 19 (Hungary)

Drava River 20 (border Slovenia (Croatia) and Hungary)

Drava River 21 (Hungary)

Drava River Mouth (Danube River 8)

Austria, Tyrol, Western Austria and Northern Italy

Hungary Folder, Danube 7-9, Tisza rivers and mountains, Transylvania, Slovakia, Pannonia

Hungary (Tisa river drainage and Little Hungarian Plain)
Hungary; Little Hungarian Plain (Pannonia and Sabaria); Great Hungarian Plain; Huns or Hunnic People, Atilla the Hun; THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Raoul Wallenberg and Carl Lutz, Commemorated July 16 ; Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated July 26 ; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30 ; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated October 6 ; MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND (16 NOV 1093) ; ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231) ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated on January 3 ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated January 28 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-ChernigovÂ; Commemorated on February 5; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Monkmartyr Eustratius of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on March 28; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Hungro-Wallachia (Transylvania)
Hungro-Wallachia (Transylvania) all these transylvanian waters end up in today's Hungary). Transylvania Proper; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13 ;

Hunnic Empire (Hungary)
Hunnic Empire; Huns;

Hungary, Pannonia (modern-day Hungary)
Hungary, Pannonia (modern-day Hungary), Pannonia was located over the territory of the present-day western Hungary, eastern Austria, northern Croatia, north-western Serbia, northern Slovenia, western Slovakia and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina.; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Magyars (Hungarians)
Magyars or Hungarians; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ;

Polovetsia (Cumans in Hungary, Cumania)
Polovetsia; Cumania; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves; Monkmartyr Eustratius of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on March 28;

Hungary, Danube River 7-9 Folder

Esztergom, Hungary (Danube River 5.5)
Esztergom, Hungary; Repose of Venerable John, Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Budapest, Hungary (Danube River 7)
Budapest; THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Raoul Wallenberg and Carl Lutz, Commemorated July 16 ;

Danube Mouth (North Black Sea)
Danube Mouth (North Black Sea) Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called;

Hungary, Slovakia Folder

Slovakia (rivers of the Western Carpathians)
Slovakia ; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated December 17 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Slovakia, Land of the Carpatho-Russians (Primarily Slovakia)
Carpatho-Russians or Rusyn or Ruthenians; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

Carpathians - Western Carpathians - Slovakia
Western Carpathians;

Hungary, Slovakia, Sajo River Folder

Sajo River

Sajo River Source (Low Tatras Mountains)

Low Tatras Mountains, Slovakia
Low Tatras Mountains, Slovakia ;

Sajo River Mouth (Tisza River 9)

Hungary, Slovakia, Hornad River Folder

Hornad River

Hornad River 1 (Torysa River)

Hornad River Mouth (Sajo River )

Hornad River Source (King's Bald Mountain)

Hungary, Slovakia, Hornad River 1, Torysa River Folder

Torysa River

Torysa River Soure (Levoca Mountains)

Beskids, Slovakia
Beskids, Slovakia;

Levoca Mountains, Slovakia
Levoca Mountains, Slovakia;

Lesna (Stara Lesna, Slovakia, Hungary)
Lesna (Stara Lesna, Slovakia); Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ;

Torysa River 1 (Lipany)

Torysa River 2 (Sabinov)

Torysa River 3 (Velky Saris)

Torysa River 4 (Presov, Slovakia)

Presov, Slovakia (Torysa River 4)
Presov; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7;

Torysa River Mouth (Hornad River )

Hungary, Slovakia, Ondava River Folder

Ondava River

Ondava River Source (along the border)

Ondava River 1 (Borov, Slovakia)

Borov, Slovakia (Ondava River 1)
Borov; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated October 18 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Kudinovo, Slovakia (Kalinov, Ondava River 1)
Kudinovo, Slovakia (Kalinov); Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1;

Ondava River Mouth (Bodrog River)

Hungary, Slovakia, Western Slovakia Folder, Klinkovo (Danube 5.3)

Klinkovo, Slovakia (Danube River 5.3)
Klinkovo, Slovakia; Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26;

Hungary, Transylvania Folder

Transylvania (Hungro-Wallacia)
Transylvania; Transylvania Proper; Athanaric's "own country"; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania ; St John of Galesh; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœElets-ChernigovÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ; Commemorated on February 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; St Gelasius of Rimet, Commemorated on June 30;

Transylvania (over and between the mountains, Tisa River drainage Hungary, now Romania)
Transylvania; Ardeal; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; St Gelasius of Rimet, Commemorated on June 30;

Ardeal (Transylvania) (between the mountains)
Ardeal, Transylvania (between the mountains); St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Galesh (Galesti), Mures, Transylvania, Hungary (between Mures River 1 and Tarnava Mica River 1)
Galesh (Galesti), Mures, Transylvania, Romania; is a commune in Mures County, Transylvania, Romania composed of seven villages: Adrianu Mare / Nagyadorján Adrianu Mic / Kisadorján Bedeni / Bede Gălești Maiad / Nyomát Sânvăsii / Nyárádszentlászló (established 2004) Troița / Szentháromság commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. According to the 2002 Census it has a population of 2,940 of which 93.61% or 2,752 are Hungarian.[citation needed] Saint John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; John of Galesh was a priest who was consecrated bishop at Bucharest, since there was no bishop for Transylvania. resisted the plans of the Hapsburg authorities to persuade Orthodox Christians to convert to Catholicism. was arrested and thrown into prison at Sibiu in 1756, then Empress Maria Theresa ordered him confined in the prison of Deva Castle until he died. John was transferred to a prison in Graz, Austria at the end of 1757. Later, he was brought to the notorious Kufstein Prison, where many Orthodox from Transylvania ended their lives. 1780, Gennady Vassie, a Serb who was incarcerated there, was able to send a letter to Empress Catherine II of Russia asking her to intervene on behalf of the Orthodox prisoners. In his letter he mentioned a Romanian priest named John, who had been kept there for twenty-four years because of his Orthodox faith. John of Galesh died in prison, and was glorified as a martyr by the Orthodox Church of Romania in 1992.

Dacia (Transylvania and Moldovia)
Dacia; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Maramures depression 1 (Kurst, Ukraine)
Maramures; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Maramures depression 2 (Prislop Pass, Romania)
Maramures; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Carpathians - Southern Carpathians, between Transylvania and Romania
Southern Carpathians;

Hungary, Transylvania History Folder

Hungary, Transylvania, 1500-1699, Protestant

Hungary, Transylvania, 1500-1546, German Clergyman and Scholar, Martin Luther
German Clergyman and Scholar, 1500-1546, Martin Luther; OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant
Germany, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant; Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant ; Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1526, Battle of Mohacs, Turks over Hungary, Turks take Transylvania
Hungary, 1526, Battle of Mohacs, Turks over Hungary, Turks take Transylvania;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1533-1601, Lithuanian and Polish King, Stephen Bathory, Transylvania, Alba
Polish King, 1533-1586, Stephen Bathory, Prince of Transylvania, Alba, King of Poland, Grand Duke Lithuania ; Báthory (Hungarian: Báthory István; Polish: Stefan Batory; Lithuanian: About this soundSteponas Batoras; 27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586) was Voivode of Transylvania (1571–1576), Prince of Transylvania (1576–1586), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576–1586). son of Stephen VIII Báthory and a member of the Hungarian Báthory noble family, Báthory was a ruler of Transylvania in the 1570s, defeating another challenger for that title, Gáspár Bekes. 1576 Báthory became the husband of Queen Anna Jagiellon and the third elected king of Poland. He worked closely with chancellor Jan Zamoyski. The first years of his reign were focused on establishing power, defeating a fellow claimant to the throne, Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, and quelling rebellions, most notably, the Danzig rebellion. reigned only a decade, but is considered one of the most successful kings in Polish history, particularly in the realm of military history. signal achievement was his victorious campaign in Livonia against Russia in the middle part of his reign, in which he repulsed a Russian invasion of Commonwealth borderlands and secured a highly favorable treaty of peace (the Peace of Jam Zapolski). 1 Youth 2 Elected king 3 Establishing power 4 Policies 5 War with Muscovy 6 Final years 7 Remembrance 8 Notes 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Báthory was born on 27 September 1533 in the castle at Somlyó, also known as Szilágysomlyó (today's È˜imleu Silvaniei).[1] He was the son of Stephen VIII Báthory (d. 1534) of the noble Hungarian Báthory family and his wife Catherine Telegdi.[1] He had at least five siblings: two brothers and three sisters.[1] is known about his childhood. Around 1549–1550, he briefly visited Italy and probably spent a few months attending lectures at the Padua University.[1] Upon his return, he joined the army of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, and took part in his military struggle against the Turks. Some time after 1553, Báthory was captured by the Turks, and after Ferdinand I refused to pay his ransom, joined the opposing side, supporting John II Sigismund Zápolya in his struggle for power in the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.[1] Zápolya's supporter, Báthory acted both as a feudal lord, military commander and a diplomat.[1][2] During one of his trips to Vienna he was put under house arrest for two years.[2] During this time he fell out of favor at Zápolya's court, and his position was largely assumed by another Hungarian noble, Gáspár Bekes.[2] Báthory briefly retired from politics, but he still wielded considerable influence and was seen as a possible successor to Zápolya.[2] Zápolya's death in 1571, the Transylvanian estates elected Báthory Voivode of Transylvania.[2] Bekes, supported by the Habsburgs, disputed his election, but by 1573, Báthory emerged victorious in the resulting civil war and drove Bekes out of Transylvania.[2] He subsequently attempted to play the Ottomans and the Holy Roman Empire against one another in an attempt to strengthen the Transylvania position.[3] king[edit] Mannerist crown from about 1584, most probably created for him in GdaÅ„sk after Willem van den Blocke's design[4] 1572, the throne of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, at the time the largest and one of the most populous states in Europe, was vacated when King Sigismund II Augustus died without heirs.[3] The Sejm was given the power to elect a new king, and in the 1573 Polish–Lithuanian royal election chose Henry of France; Henry soon ascended the French throne and forfeited the Polish one by returning to France.[3] Báthory decided to enter into the election; in the meantime he had to defeat another attempt by Bekes to challenge his authority in Transylvania, which he did by defeating Bekes at the Battle of Kerelőszentpál.[3] 12 December 1575, after an interregnum of roughly one and a half years, primate of Poland Jakub UchaÅ„ski, representing a pro-Habsburg faction, declared Emperor Maximilian II as the new monarch.[3] However, chancellor Jan Zamoyski and other opponents of Habsburgs persuaded many of the lesser nobility to demand a "Piast king", a Polish king.[3][5][6] After a heated discussion, it was decided that Anna Jagiellon, sister of the former King Sigismund II Augustus, should be elected king and marry Stephen Báthory.[7] In January 1576 Báthory passed the mantle of voivode of Transylvania to his brother Christopher Báthory and departed for Poland.[7] On 1 May 1576 Báthory married Anna and was crowned king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania.[7] After being chosen as king in the 1576 Polish–Lithuanian royal election, Báthory also began using the title of the prince of Transylvania.[2] Establishing power[edit] of King and Grand Duke Stephen Báthory, circa 1576–1586 áthory's position was at first extremely difficult, as there was still some opposition to his election. Emperor Maximilian, insisting on his earlier election, fostered internal opposition and prepared to enforce his claim by military action.[8] At first the representatives of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania refused to recognize Báthory as grand duke, and demanded concessions - that he return the estates of his wife Anne to the Lithuanian treasury, hold Sejm conventions in both Lithuania and Poland, and reserve the highest governmental official offices in Lithuania for Lithuanians. He accepted the conditions.[9] In June Báthory was recognized as Grand Duke of Lithuania.[a][7][8] Lithuania secure, the other major region refusing to recognize his election was Prussia.[8] Maximilian's sudden death improved Báthory's situation, but the city of Danzig (GdaÅ„sk) still refused to recognize his election without significant concessions.[8] The Hanseatic League city, bolstered by its immense wealth, fortifications, and the secret support of Maximilian, had supported the Emperor's election and decided not to recognize Báthory as legitimate ruler. resulting conflict was known as the Danzig rebellion. Most armed opposition collapsed when the prolonged Siege of Danzig by Báthory's forces was lifted as an agreement was reached.[8][10] The Danzig army was utterly defeated in a field battle on 17 April 1577.[11] However, since Báthory's armies were unable to take the city by force, a compromise was reached.[11][12] exchange for some of Danzig's demands being favorably reviewed, the city recognised Báthory as ruler of Poland and paid the sum of 200,000 zlotys in gold as compensation.[10][12] Tying up administration of the Commonwealth's northern provinces, in February 1578 he acknowledged George Frederick as the ruler of Duchy of Prussia, receiving his feudal tribute.[10] Stephen in Ottoman clothes, 1585 securing control over the Commonwealth, Báthory had a chance to devote himself to strengthening his authority, in which he was supported by his chancellor Jan Zamoyski, who would soon become one of the king's most trusted advisers.[6][12] Báthory reorganised the judiciary by formation of legal tribunals (the Crown Tribunal in 1578 and the Lithuanian Tribunal in 1581).[13] While this somewhat weakened the royal position, it was of little concern to Báthory, as the loss of power was not significant in the short term, and he was more concerned with the hereditary Hungarian throne.[10][13] In exchange, the Sejm allowed him to raise taxes and push a number of reforms strengthening the military, including the establishment of the piechota wybraniecka, an infantry formation composed of peasants.[10] Many of his projects aimed to modernize the Commonwealth army, reforming it in a model of Hungarian troops of Transylvania.[14] He also founded the Academy of Vilnius, the third university in the Commonwealth, transforming what had been a Jesuit college into a major university.[15] He founded several other Jesuit colleges, and was active in propagating Catholicism, while at the same time being respectful of the Commonwealth policy of religious tolerance, issuing a number of decrees offering protection to Polish Jews, and denouncing any religious violence.[14] external relations, Báthory sought peace through strong alliances. Though remaining distrustful of the Habsburgs, he maintained the tradition of good relations that the Commonwealth enjoyed with its Western neighbor and confirmed past treaties between the Commonwealth and Holy Roman Empire with diplomatic missions received by Maximilian's successor, Rudolf II.[16] The troublesome south-eastern border with the Ottoman Empire was temporarily quelled by truces signed in July 1577 and April 1579.[16] The Sejm of January 1578 gathered in Warsaw was persuaded to grant Báthory subsidies for the inevitable war against Muscovy.[10] number of his trusted advisers were Hungarian, and he remained interested in Hungarian politics.[14] Báthory wished to recreate his native country into an independent, strong power, but the unfavorable international situation did not allow him significantly to advance any of his plans in that area.[17] In addition to Hungarian, he was well versed in Latin, and spoke Italian and German; he never learned the Polish language.[14] his personal life, he was described as rather frugal in his personal expenditures, with hunting and reading as his favorite pastimes.[14] with Muscovy[edit] coin with likeness of Báthory Báthory's election to the throne of the Commonwealth, Ivan the Terrible of Russia had begun encroaching on its sphere of interest in the northeast, eventually invading the Commonwealth borderlands in Livonia; the conflict would grow to involve a number of nearby powers (outside Russia and Poland-Lithuania, also Sweden, the Kingdom of Livonia and Denmark-Norway). Each of them was vying for control of Livonia, and the resulting conflict, lasting for several years, became known as the Livonian War.[18] By 1577, Ivan was in control of most of the disputed territory, but his conquest was short-lived.[18] In 1578, Commonwealth forces scored a number of victories in Liviona and begun pushing Ivan's forces back; this marked the turning point in the war.[16] Báthory, together with his chancellor Zamoyski, led the army of the Commonwealth in a series of decisive campaigns taking Polotsk in 1579 and Velikiye Luki in 1580.[16] 1581, Stephen penetrated once again into Russia and, on 22 August, laid siege to the city of Pskov. While the city held, on 13 December 1581 Ivan the Terrible began negotiations that concluded with the Truce of Jam Zapolski on 15 January 1582.[19] The treaty was favorable to the Commonwealth, as Ivan ceded Polatsk, Veliz and most of the Duchy of Livonia in exchange for regaining Velikiye Luki and Nevel.[19] years[edit] tomb monument in the Wawel Cathedral 1584, Báthory allowed Zamoyski to execute Samuel Zborowski, whose death sentence for treason and murder had been pending for roughly a decade.[13][20] This political conflict between Báthory and the Zborowski family, framed as the clash between the monarch and the nobility, would be a major recurring controversy in internal Polish politics for many years.[13][20] In external politics, Báthory was considering another war with Russia, but his plans were delayed to the lack of support from the Sejm, which refused to pass requested tax raises.[20] áthory's health had been declining for several years.[20] He died on 12 December 1586.[21] He had no legitimate children, though contemporary rumours suggested he might have had several illegitimate children. None of these rumours have been confirmed by modern historians.[21] His death was followed by an interregnum of one year. Maximilian II's son, Archduke Maximilian III, was elected king but was contested by the Swedish Sigismund III Vasa, who defeated Maximilian at the Byczyna and succeeded as ruler of the Commonwealth.[22] áthory actively promoted his own legend, sponsoring a number of works about his life and achievements, from historical treatises to poetry.[14] In his lifetime, he was featured in the works of Jan Kochanowski, MikoÅ‚aj SÄ™p SzarzyÅ„ski and many others.[14] He became a recurring character in Polish poetry and literature and featured as a central figure in poems, novels and drama by Jakub JasiÅ„ski, Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, Henryk Rzewuski and others.[23] He has been a subject of numerous paintings, both during his life and posthumously. Among the painters who took him as a subject were Jan Matejko and StanisÅ‚aw WyspiaÅ„ski.[23][24] statue of Báthory by Giovanni Ferrari was raised in 1789 in Padua, Italy, sponsored by the last king of the Commonwealth, StanisÅ‚aw August Poniatowski.[24] Other monuments to him include one in the Åazienki Palace (1795 by Andrzej Le Brun) and one in Sniatyn (1904, destroyed in 1939).[24] He was a patron of the Vilnius University (then known as the Stefan Batory University) and several units in the Polish Army from 1919 to 1939.[24] His name was borne by two 20th-century passenger ships of the Polish Merchant Navy, the MS Batory and TSS Stefan Batory.[24] In modern Poland, he is the namesake of the Batory Steelmill, a nongovernmental Stefan Batory Foundation, the Polish 9th Armored Cavalry Brigade, and numerous Polish streets and schools.[24] One of the districts of the town of Chorzów is named after him.[24] áthory at Pskov, by Jan Matejko after his death, he was not fondly remembered in the Commonwealth. Many nobles took his behavior in the Zborowski affair and his domestic policies as indicating an interest in curtailing the nobility's Golden Freedoms and establishing an absolute monarchy.[21] His contemporaries were also rankled by his favoritism toward Hungarians over nationals of the Commonwealth.[20] He was also remembered, more trivially, for his Hungarian-style cap and saber (szabla batorówka).[23] later resurgence in Polish memory and historiography can be traced to the 19th-century era of partitions of Poland, when the Polish state lost its independence.[23] He was remembered for his military triumphs and praised as an effective ruler by many, including John Baptist Albertrandi, Jerzy Samuel Bandtkie, MichaÅ‚ BobrzyÅ„ski, Józef Szujski and others.[23] Though some historians like Tadeusz Korzon, Joachim Lelewel and JÄ™drzej Moraczewski remained more reserved, in 1887, Wincenty Zakrzewski noted that Báthory is "the darling of both the Polish public opinion and Polish historians".[23] During the interwar period in the Second Polish Republic he was a cult figure, often compared - with the government's approval - to the contemporary dictator of Poland, Józef PiÅ‚sudski.[23] After the Second World War, in the communist People's Republic of Poland, he became more of a controversial figure, with historians more ready to question his internal politics and attachment to Hungary.[23] Nonetheless his good image remained intact, reinforced by the positive views of a popular Polish historian of that period, PaweÅ‚ Jasienica.[23] Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe ProtectionÂ, Commemorated on October 1; Icon of the Mother of God œTendernessÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of TendernessÂ from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God œTendernessÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1586-1601, Transylvanian, Wallacian Prince, Sigismund Bathory
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1586-1601, Sigismund Bathory; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1595, Battle of Cecora (1595), not 1620, Iasi or Jassy Moldovia, Hungarian Transylvania Pol-Lith over Ottoman Crimean Tartars
Poland, 1595, Battle of Cecora (1595); Battle of Cecora (also known as the Battle of Țuțora) took place on October 19–20, 1595, during an expedition of Jan Zamoyski, of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, to Moldavia, as part of the Moldavian Magnate Wars. Hetman Jan Zamoyski, painting by Jan Styka. Khan Gazi II Girej. early 1595 Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania, convinced Ștefan Răzvan, a commander of Hungarian mercenaries in the service of the then Hospodar Aaron the Tyrant to rebel. Ștefan captured Aaron and sent him to Transylvania, then proclaimed himself as the new Hospodar and a vassal of Sigismund. response the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed III, who had been Aaron's protector and sovereign, decided to put an end to the ongoing power struggles in Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania between various magnates. Wallachia was to receive a new Turkish sponsored ruler, Moldavia was to be simply incorporated into the Ottoman Empire as a province. Ottoman intervention aroused alarms in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth which sought to reestablish its influence in the region, having lost sovereignty over Moldavia some hundred years earlier after the Battle of the Cosmin Forest. the summer of 1595 the crown army of the Kingdom of Poland, numbering around 5000 cavalry, 2300 infantry, and a few artillery pieces, led by the Crown Hetman Jan Zamoyski entered into the territory of the Principality of Moldavia and on the 27th of August took Chocim and shortly after, on September 3, the capital of the principality, Iași. then installed Ieremia Movilă, who was amicably disposed towards the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as Hospodar (Prince) of Moldavia.[1] Zamoyski's intent was to create a buffer zone of friendly states around the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, consisting of Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia, in order to protect it from Ottoman Turkey. Ottomans reacted swiftly, although at the time Sultan Mehmed III was engaged in a war against Michael the Brave, the Prince of Wallachia. The Sultan sent the Crimean Tatars, under Khan Ğazı II Girej, supported by regular Ottoman troops, altogether numbering around 25,000 soldiers, to meet the Polish army. hearing that the Tatars were approaching, Zamoyski crossed the Prut river and on September 6 had his troops erect a fortified camp, which was protected on both flanks by the river. The front of the camp in turn was defended by a rampart studded with thirteen bastions. The rampart also possessed four sally ports which could be used for sorties. Khan's army arrived on the 18th of September. That day minor fighting took place among individual skirmishers, during which Prince Kirill Różyński wounded the khan's nephew with a bow. main fighting took place the following day when the khan's troops tried to storm the Polish camp. because the Tatars had few infantry the attempt was unsuccessful, and the attackers were constantly harried by Polish sallies issuing from the camp. After the struggle went no better for the Tartars on the 20th, Ğazı came to the conclusion that he did not have the means to take the camp and agreed to peace talks. October 21 a peace treaty was signed, according to which the Tatars recognized Movilă as Hospodar in Moldavia, and assented to Polish troops being permanently stationed in the Principality. Two days later the Tatar army began its withdrawal.

Hungary, Transylvania, 1601-1605, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1601-1605, Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor ; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1605-1606, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, Stephen Bocskay, Calvinist
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1605-1606, Stephen Bocskay, Calvinist; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1607-1608, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, Sigismund Rakoczi, Calvinist Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1607-1608, Sigismund Rakoczi, Calvinist Protestant; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1608-1613, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, Gabriel Bathory, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1608-1613, Gabriel Bathory, Protestant ; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1613-1629, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, Gabriel Bethlen, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1613-1629, Gabriel Bethlen, Protestant ; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1620, Battle of Cecora, not 1595, Iassi or Jiassi, Pol-Lith w Moldov V Ottomans w Nogali Tartars, Moldov switch sides
Moldovia, 1620, Battle of Cecora (1620) not 1595; Battle of Cecora (also known as the Battle of Țuțora) was a battle during the Polish–Ottoman War (1620–21) between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (aided by rebel Moldavian troops) and Ottoman forces (backed by Nogais),[3]:344 fought from 17 September to 7 October 1620 in Moldavia, near the Prut River.[5]:568 of the failure of Commonwealth diplomatic mission to Constantinople, and violations of the Treaty of Busza by both sides (as Cossacks and Tatars continued their raids across the borders), relations between the Ottomans and the Commonwealth rapidly deteriorated in early 1620. Both sides began preparing for war, as neither was quite ready for it at the time. The Ottomans declared war against Poland in 1620 and planned to attack in the spring of 1621.[3]:341 The Commonwealth Sejm denied most funds the hetmans had asked for. The Senate's secret council finally decided, convinced by the Habsburgs' representative, to contribute the Commonwealth forces in 1620—even though many members of the Sejm thought that Polish–Lithuanian forces were neither sufficient nor fully prepared. Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski, who was by then over 70 years old (as Commonwealth policy didn't allow for a possibility of forced retirement from government offices such as that of hetman), foresaw the coming confrontation with the Ottoman Empire and decided to meet Ottoman troops on foreign soil, Moldavia being the obvious choice.[6] However, the sultan sent Iskender Pasha to Moldavia to remove Hospodar Gaspar Graziani, who had allied himself with Poland.[3]:341 Zółkiewski and Koniecpolski led the army to Țuțora (Cecora in Polish sources), a commune in Iaşi county, Romania), to fight the Horde of Khan Temir (Kantymir). The army numbered between 5,000[3]:342 to 9,000 (2,000 infantry but only about 1600 Cossack cavalry[3]:344), with many regiments being made up of the private forces of magnates Koreckis, Zasławskis, Kazanowskis, Kalinowskis and Potockis. The army entered Moldavia in September. The Moldavian ruler, hospodar Gaspar Graziani, nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, decided to rebel and support the Commonwealth against the Ottomans. Graziani killed the janissaries in Iaşi, imprisoned envoys of Sultan Osman II (who had ordered his removal from power and his transport to Istanbul) and then prepared to flee, but was forced by Żółkiewski to attach his troops to the Polish–Lithuanian camp.[3]:344 However, many of the Moldavian boyars left the camp in order to defend their own estates against pillaging by undisciplined Commonwealth magnates' troops, others decided to wait and see what the outcome appeared to be so they could join the winning side, and others joined the Turks.[3]:344 Consequently, only about 600–1000 rebel Moldavian troops appeared in the Commonwealth camp. Żółkiewski ordered the army to proceed to the fortified camp (standing from previous wars) at Cecora. warriors of the Crimean Khanate during the Battle of Cecora (1620). 10 September, near Ţuţora (close to Iasi, Romania), the Commonwealth army encountered the Tatar and Ottoman forces, with Wallachian contingents (13,000–22,000) under the command of Iskender Pasha, the beylerbey of Ochakiv (Ozi). The Ottoman Sultan's force included Gabriel Bethlen's army.[3]:342 The Tatar forces surprised the Commonwealth defenders, taking many prisoners. During the first day of fighting (the 18th), most of the rebel Moldavians decided to switch sides and quickly attacked the Polish–Lithuanian flank. Mercenaries, private troops and their magnate leaders were lacking in discipline and morale. Stanisław Koniecpolski commanded the right flank of the Commonwealth forces during the ensuing battle. On 19 September it had become clear that the Polish–Lithuanian forces were defeated, although they still managed to hold their positions; Koniecpolski prevented the army from disintegrating on 20/21 September. On 29 September Commonwealth troops had broken through Ottoman ranks with tabor wagon trains and started their retreat. However, after Graziani bribed some magnates, units of private troops begun to flee and some mercenary cavalry panicked and also ran. This was a prelude of things to come. Consecutive attacks during the retreat (including a particularly violent one on 3 October) were repelled, but troop units started disintegrating as soon as soldiers caught sight of the Dniester and the Polish–Lithuanian border. another heavy assault on 6 October, most of the magnates and nobles broke and fled north,[3]:344 leaving infantry and camp, thus sealing the fate of the whole expedition: most of the Polish–Lithuanian troops were killed or captured. In the ensuing battle Żólkiewski died[7] and Koniecpolski[3]:344 and many others (Samuel Korecki, Mikolaj Struś, Mikołaj Potocki, Jan Żółkiewski, Łukasz Żołkiewski), Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki and Bohdan Khmelnytsky were taken captive. Before his death he received the blessing of his confessor, Father Szymon Wybierski (Wybierek) of the Society of Jesus, who stood by his side (7 October).[8] Żółkiewski's head was mounted on a pike and sent to the sultan; Duke Korecki, having often meddled in Moldavian territories, was executed in the Constantinople prison.[citation needed] the face of such an important victory, advised by grand vizier Ali Pasha and Gabriel Bethlen, Osman II decided that he could reinforce his rule or even extend it. Alexandru Iliaş was appointed as the ruler of Moldavia, the rebel Graziani having been killed during his flight on 29 September. between 1,000 and 1,500 of Commonwealth men survived the battles, while the Tatars moved into Podolia, Wołyń and eastern Lesser Poland.[3]:344 1621 an army of 200,000–250,000 Ottoman veterans, led by Osman II, advanced from Edirne towards the Polish frontier. The Ottomans, following their victory in the Battle of Cecora, had high hopes of conquering southern part of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Polish commander Jan Karol Chodkiewicz crossed the Dniester in September with approximately 35,000 Polish troops and Cossack supporters and entrenched himself at the Chocim Fortress, blocking the path of the slow Ottoman march. At Khotyn, for more than a month (2 September – 9 October), the Commonwealth hetman held the sultan at bay until the first autumn snow (Battle of Khotyn). The lateness of the season and the loss of approximately 40,000 men in battle compelled Osman II to initiate negotiations. A few days before the siege was to be lifted, the aged grand hetman died of exhaustion in the fortress (24 September). The battle was a stalemate and the resulting Treaty of Khotyn reflected it, providing some concessions to the Commonwealth but meeting some Ottoman demands. II blamed the stalemate of war on the lack of zeal and the "degeneracy" of the Janissaries. His efforts at modernizing the Ottoman army were not well received by the Janissaries and the conservative "learned" class. A revolt led by Janissaries and the students of the madrases erupted on 18 May 1622 and Osman II was deposed; two days later he was killed by the rebels who deposed him. Battle of Cecora is commemorated on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw, with the inscription "CECORA 18 - 29 IX 1620".

Hungary, Transylvania, 1629-1648, Wallacian Prince, George I Rakoczi, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1629-1648, George I Rakoczi, Protestant; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1648-1660, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, George II Rakoczi, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1648-1660, George II Rakoczi, Protestant; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1661-1662,Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, John Kemeny, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1661-1662, John Kemeny ; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1662-1690, Wallacian Prince, Michael I Apafi, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1662-1690, Michael I Apafi; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1682-1690, Imre Thokoly, Prince of Transylvania (upper Hungary)
Imre Thokoly, Prince of Transylvania (upper Hungary), 1682-1690, Anti-Hapsburg; Battle of Zernest, Transylvania, Romania 1690; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1690-1699, Wallacian Prince, Michael II Apafi, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1690-1699, Michael II Apafi, Protestant; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1732-1778, Rousseau, enlightenment, modern political, social thought, Facism, Naziism, Communism, democracy, progressive
Switzerland, 1732-1778, Rousseau, enlightenment, modern political, social thought, Facism, Naziism, Communism, democracy, progressive; Rousseau; 28 June 1712 - 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic and educational thought.[1] Discourse on Inequality and The Social Contract are cornerstones in modern political and social thought. Rousseau's sentimental novel Julie, or the New Heloise (1761) was important to the development of preromanticism and romanticism in fiction.[2][3] His Emile, or On Education (1762) is an educational treatise on the place of the individual in society. Rousseau's autobiographical writings—the posthumously published Confessions (composed in 1769), which initiated the modern autobiography, and the unfinished Reveries of the Solitary Walker (composed 1776–1778)—exemplified the late-18th-century "Age of Sensibility", and featured an increased focus on subjectivity and introspection that later characterized modern writing. befriended fellow philosopher Denis Diderot in 1742, and would later write about Diderot's romantic troubles in his Confessions. During the period of the French Revolution, Rousseau was the most popular of the philosophers among members of the Jacobin Club. He was interred as a national hero in the Panthéon in Paris, in 1794, 16 years after his death. Absolved From Being Good-Mannered: The Romantic Totalitarianism of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, May 20, 2021 ;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1700-1867, Catholic Austrian Rule

Hungary, Transylvania, 1699, Austrian Rule, Catholic
Transylvania, 1699, Austrian Rule; Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1690-1699, Michael II Apafi; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1740-1780, Maria Theresa, history, S wars, S reform, laws, finance r, standing a, large govt, N tax
Hungary, 1740-1780, Emperess Maria Theresa; Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina (13 May 1717 - 29 November 1780) was the ruler of the Habsburg dominions from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. By marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Holy Roman Empress. Theresa started her 40-year reign when her father, Emperor Charles VI, died in October 1740. VI paved the way for her accession with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and spent his entire reign securing it. He neglected the advice of Prince Eugene of Savoy, who believed that a strong military and a rich treasury were more important than mere signatures. Charles VI left behind a weakened and impoverished state, particularly due to the War of the Polish Succession and the Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739). upon his death, Saxony, Prussia, Bavaria, and France all repudiated the sanction they had recognised during his lifetime. II of Prussia (who became Maria Theresa's greatest rival for most of her reign) promptly invaded and took the affluent Habsburg province of Silesia in the seven-year conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession. defiance of the grave situation, she managed to secure the vital support of the Hungarians for the war effort. During the course of the war, Maria Theresa successfully defended her rule over most of the Habsburg Monarchy, apart from the loss of Silesia and a few minor territories in Italy. Maria Theresa later unsuccessfully tried to recover Silesia during the Seven Years' War. she was expected to cede power to her husband, Emperor Francis I, and her eldest son, Emperor Joseph II, who were officially her co-rulers in Austria and Bohemia, Maria Theresa was the absolute sovereign who ruled with the counsel of her advisers. Theresa promulgated institutional, financial, medical and educational reforms, with the assistance of Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg, Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz and Gerard van Swieten. She also promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganised Austria's ramshackle military, all of which strengthened Austria's international standing. she despised the Jews and the Protestants, and on certain occasions she ordered their expulsion to remote parts of the realm. She also advocated for the state church and refused to allow religious pluralism. Consequently, her regime was criticized as intolerant by some contemporaries. and early life[edit] Painting of three-year-old Maria Theresa in the gardens of Hofburg Palace second and eldest surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Archduchess Maria Theresa was born on 13 May 1717 in Vienna, a year after the death of her elder brother, Archduke Leopold,[1] and was baptised on that same evening. dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg and grandmother Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg, were her godmothers.[2] descriptions of her baptism stress that the infant was carried ahead of her cousins, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia, the daughters of Charles VI's elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, before the eyes of their mother, Wilhelmine Amalia.[3] was clear that Maria Theresa would outrank them,[3] even though their grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, had his sons sign the Mutual Pact of Succession, which gave precedence to the daughters of the elder brother.[4] Her father was the only surviving male member of the House of Habsburg and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a great disappointment to him and the people of Vienna; Charles never managed to overcome this feeling.[4] Theresa replaced Maria Josepha as heir presumptive to the Habsburg realms the moment she was born; Charles VI had issued the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 which had placed his nieces behind his own daughters in the line of succession.[5] sought the other European powers' approval for disinheriting his nieces. They exacted harsh terms: in the Treaty of Vienna (1731), Great Britain demanded that Austria abolish the Ostend Company in return for its recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction.[6] In total, Great Britain, France, Saxony, United Provinces, Spain, Prussia, Russia, Denmark, Sardinia, Bavaria and the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire recognised the sanction.[7] France, Spain, Saxony, Bavaria and Prussia later reneged. Archduchess Maria Theresa, by Andreas Möller more than a year after her birth, Maria Theresa was joined by a sister, Maria Anna, and another one, named Maria Amalia, was born in 1724.[8] portraits of the imperial family show that Maria Theresa resembled Elisabeth Christine and Maria Anna.[9] The Prussian ambassador noted that she had large blue eyes, fair hair with a slight tinge of red, a wide mouth and a notably strong body.[10] many other members of the House of Habsburg, neither Maria Theresa's parents nor her grandparents were closely related to each other.[a] Theresa was a serious and reserved child who enjoyed singing and archery. She was barred from horse riding by her father, but she would later learn the basics for the sake of her Hungarian coronation ceremony. The imperial family staged opera productions, often conducted by Charles VI, in which she relished participating. Her education was overseen by Jesuits. Contemporaries thought her Latin to be quite good, but in all else, the Jesuits did not educate her well.[11] Her spelling and punctuation were unconventional and she lacked the formal manner and speech which had characterised her Habsburg predecessors.[b] Theresa developed a close relationship with Countess Marie Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard, who taught her etiquette. She was educated in drawing, painting, music and dancing – the disciplines which would have prepared her for the role of queen consort.[12] father allowed her to attend meetings of the council from the age of 14 but never discussed the affairs of state with her.[13] Even though he had spent the last decades of his life securing Maria Theresa's inheritance, Charles never prepared his daughter for her future role as sovereign.[14] question of Maria Theresa's marriage was raised early in her childhood. Leopold Clement of Lorraine was first considered to be the appropriate suitor, and he was supposed to visit Vienna and meet the Archduchess in 1723. These plans were forestalled by his death from smallpox.[15] Clement's younger brother, Francis Stephen, was invited to Vienna. Even though Francis Stephen was his favourite candidate for Maria Theresa's hand,[16] the Emperor considered other possibilities. Religious differences prevented him from arranging his daughter's marriage to the Protestant prince Frederick of Prussia.[17] In 1725, he betrothed her to Charles of Spain and her sister, Maria Anna, to Philip of Spain. Other European powers compelled him to renounce the pact he had made with the Queen of Spain, Elisabeth Farnese. Theresa, who had become close to Francis Stephen, was relieved.[18][19] Maria Theresa and Francis Stephen at their wedding breakfast, by Martin van Meytens. Charles VI (in the red-plumed hat) is seated at the center of the table. Francis Stephen remained at the imperial court until 1729, when he ascended the throne of Lorraine,[17] but was not formally promised Maria Theresa's hand until 31 January 1736, during the War of the Polish Succession.[20] XV of France demanded that Maria Theresa's fiancé surrender his ancestral Duchy of Lorraine to accommodate his father-in-law, Stanislaus I, who had been deposed as King of Poland.[c] Francis Stephen was to receive the Grand Duchy of Tuscany upon the death of childless Grand Duke Gian Gastone de' Medici.[21] The couple were married on 12 February 1736.[22] Duchess of Lorraine's love for her husband was strong and possessive.[23] The letters she sent to him shortly before their marriage expressed her eagerness to see him; his letters, on the other hand, were stereotyped and formal.[24][25] She was very jealous of her husband and his infidelity was the greatest problem of their marriage,[26] with Maria Wilhelmina, Princess of Auersperg, as his best-known mistress.[27] Gian Gastone's death on 9 July 1737, Francis Stephen ceded Lorraine and became Grand Duke of Tuscany. In 1738, Charles VI sent the young couple to make their formal entry into Tuscany. A triumphal arch was erected at the Porta Galla in celebration, where it remains today. Their stay in Florence was brief. Charles VI soon recalled them, as he feared he might die while his heiress was miles away in Tuscany.[28] the summer of 1738, Austria suffered defeats during the ongoing Russo-Turkish War. The Turks reversed Austrian gains in Serbia, Wallachia and Bosnia. The Viennese rioted at the cost of the war. Stephen was popularly despised, as he was thought to be a cowardly French spy.[29] The war was concluded the next year with the Treaty of Belgrade.[30] Maria Theresa's procession through the Graben, 22 November 1740. The pregnant queen is on way to hear High Mass at St. Stephen's Cathedral before receiving homage.[31] VI died on 20 October 1740, probably of mushroom poisoning. He had ignored the advice of Prince Eugene of Savoy who had urged him to concentrate on filling the treasury and equipping the army rather than on acquiring signatures of fellow monarchs.[5] The Emperor, who spent his entire reign securing the Pragmatic Sanction, left Austria in an impoverished state, bankrupted by the recent Turkish war and the War of the Polish Succession;[32] the treasury contained only 100,000 gulden, which were claimed by his widow.[33] The army had also been weakened due to these wars; instead of the full number of 160,000, the army had been reduced to about 108,000, and they were scattered in small areas from the Austrian Netherlands to Transylvania, and from Silesia to Tuscany. They were also poorly trained and discipline was lacking. Later Maria Theresa even made a remark: "as for the state in which I found the army, I cannot begin to describe it."[34] Theresa found herself in a difficult situation. She did not know enough about matters of state and she was unaware of the weakness of her father's ministers. She decided to rely on her father's advice to retain his counselors and to defer to her husband, whom she considered to be more experienced, on other matters. Both decisions later gave cause for regret. Ten years later, Maria Theresa recalled in her Political Testament the circumstances under which she had ascended: "I found myself without money, without credit, without army, without experience and knowledge of my own and finally, also without any counsel because each one of them at first wanted to wait and see how things would develop."[14] dismissed the possibility that other countries might try to seize her territories and immediately started ensuring the imperial dignity for herself;[14] since a woman could not be elected Holy Roman Empress, Maria Theresa wanted to secure the imperial office for her husband, but Francis Stephen did not possess enough land or rank within the Holy Roman Empire.[d] order to make him eligible for the imperial throne and to enable him to vote in the imperial elections as elector of Bohemia (which she could not do because of her sex), Maria Theresa made Francis Stephen co-ruler of the Austrian and Bohemian lands on 21 November 1740.[35] It took more than a year for the Diet of Hungary to accept Francis Stephen as co-ruler, since they asserted that the sovereignty of Hungary could not be shared.[36] Despite her love for him and his position as co-ruler, Maria Theresa never allowed her husband to decide matters of state and often dismissed him from council meetings when they disagreed.[37] first display of the new queen's authority was the formal act of homage of the Lower Austrian Estates to her on 22 November 1740. It was an elaborate public event which served as a formal recognition and legitimation of her accession. The oath of fealty to Maria Theresa was taken on the same day in the Ritterstube of the Hofburg.[31] of the Austrian Succession[edit] Main article: War of the Austrian Succession Maria Theresa being crowned Queen of Hungary, St. Martin's Cathedral, Pressburg Theresa as the Queen of Hungary after her accession, a number of European sovereigns who had recognised Maria Theresa as heir broke their promises. Queen Elisabeth of Spain and Elector Charles Albert of Bavaria, married to Maria Theresa's deprived cousin Maria Amalia and supported by Empress Wilhelmine Amalia, coveted portions of her inheritance.[33] Maria Theresa did secure recognition from King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, who had not accepted the Pragmatic Sanction during her father's lifetime, in November 1740.[38] December, Frederick II of Prussia invaded the Duchy of Silesia and requested that Maria Theresa cede it, threatening to join her enemies if she refused. Maria Theresa decided to fight for the mineral-rich province.[39] Frederick even offered a compromise: he would defend Maria Theresa's rights if she agreed to cede to him at least a part of Silesia. Francis Stephen was inclined to consider such an arrangement, but the Queen and her advisers were not, fearing that any violation of the Pragmatic Sanction would invalidate the entire document.[40] Maria Theresa's firmness soon assured Francis Stephen that they should fight for Silesia,[e] and she was confident that she would retain "the jewel of the House of Austria".[41] resulting war with Prussia is known as the First Silesian War. invasion of Silesia by Frederick was the start of a lifelong enmity; she referred to him as "that evil man".[42] Austria was short of experienced military commanders, Maria Theresa released Marshall Neipperg, who had been imprisoned by her father for his poor performance in the Turkish War.[43] Neipperg took command of the Austrian troops in March. The Austrians suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Mollwitz in April 1741.[44] France drew up a plan to partition Austria between Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Spain: Bohemia and Upper Austria would be ceded to Bavaria, and the Elector would become emperor, whereas Moravia and Upper Silesia would be granted to the Electorate of Saxony, Lower Silesia and Glatz to Prussia, and the entire Austrian Lombardy to Spain.[45] Belle-Isle joined Frederick at Olmütz. Vienna was in a panic, as none of Maria Theresa's advisors had expected France to betray them. Francis Stephen urged Maria Theresa to reach a rapprochement with Prussia, as did Great Britain.[46] Maria Theresa reluctantly agreed to negotiations.[47] to all expectations, the young Queen gained significant support from Hungary.[48] Her coronation as Queen of Hungary suo jure took place in St. Martin's Cathedral, Pressburg (today's Bratislava), on 25 June 1741. She had spent months honing the equestrian skills necessary for the ceremony and negotiating with the Diet. To appease those who considered her gender to be a serious obstacle, Maria Theresa assumed masculine titles. Thus, in nomenclature, Maria Theresa was archduke and king; normally, however, she was styled as queen.[49][50] July, attempts at conciliation had completely collapsed. Maria Theresa's ally, the Elector of Saxony, now became her enemy,[51] and George II declared the Electorate of Hanover to be neutral.[52] she needed troops from Hungary in order to support the war effort. Although she had already won the admiration of the Hungarians, the number of volunteers was only in the hundreds. Since she required them in thousands or even tens of thousands, she decided to appear before the Hungarian Diet on 11 September 1741 while wearing the crown of St Stephen. She began addressing the Diet in Latin, and she asserted that "the very existence of the Kingdom of Hungary, of our own person and children, and our crown, are at stake. Forsaken by all, we place our sole reliance in the fidelity and long-tried valor of the Hungarians."[53] response was rather boorish, with the queen being questioned and even heckled by members of the Diet; someone cried that she "better apply to Satan than the Hungarians for help."[54] she managed to show her gift for theatrical displays by holding her son and heir, Joseph, while weeping, and she dramatically consigned the future king to the defense of the "brave Hungarians".[54] This act managed to win the sympathy of the members, and they declared that they would die for Maria Theresa.[54][55] Engraved by Gustav Adolph Müller after Martin van Mytens, the Younger, Maria Theresa of Austria, 1742, engraving, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC 1741, the Austrian authorities informed Maria Theresa that the Bohemian populace would prefer Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria to her as sovereign. Maria Theresa, desperate and burdened by pregnancy, wrote plaintively to her sister: "I don't know if a town will remain to me for my delivery."[56] She bitterly vowed to spare nothing and no one to defend her kingdom when she wrote to the Bohemian chancellor, Count Philip Kinsky: "My mind is made up. We must put everything at stake to save Bohemia."[57][f] 26 October, the Elector of Bavaria captured Prague and declared himself King of Bohemia. Maria Theresa, then in Hungary, wept on learning of the loss of Bohemia.[58] Albert was unanimously elected Holy Roman Emperor on 24 January 1742, which made him the only non-Habsburg to be in that position since 1440.[59] Queen, who regarded the election as a catastrophe,[60] caught her enemies unprepared by insisting on a winter campaign;[61] the same day he was elected emperor, Austrian troops under Ludwig Andreas von Khevenhüller captured Munich, Charles Albert's capital.[62] has, as you well know, a terrible hatred for France, with which nation it is most difficult for her to keep on good terms, but she controls this passion except when she thinks to her advantage to display it. She detests Your Majesty, but acknowledges your ability. She cannot forget the loss of Silesia, nor her grief over the soldiers she lost in wars with you. Prussian ambassador's letter to Frederick the Great[g] Treaty of Breslau of June 1742 ended hostilities between Austria and Prussia. With the First Silesian War at an end, the Queen soon made the recovery of Bohemia her priority.[63] French troops fled Bohemia in the winter of the same year. On 12 May 1743, Maria Theresa was crowned Queen of Bohemia in St. Vitus Cathedral suo jure.[64] became anxious at Austrian advances on the Rhine frontier, and Frederick again invaded Bohemia, beginning a Second Silesian War; Prussian troops sacked Prague in August 1744. The French plans fell apart when Charles Albert died in January 1745. The French overran the Austrian Netherlands in May.[65] Stephen was elected Holy Roman Emperor on 13 September 1745. Prussia recognised Francis as emperor, and Maria Theresa once again recognised the loss of Silesia by the Treaty of Dresden in December 1745, ending the Second Silesian War.[66] wider war dragged on for another three years, with fighting in northern Italy and the Austrian Netherlands; however, the core Habsburg domains of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia remained in Maria Theresa's possession. Treaty of Aachen, which concluded the eight-year conflict, recognised Prussia's possession of Silesia, and Maria Theresa ceded the Duchy of Parma to Philip of Spain.[67] France had successfully conquered the Austrian Netherlands, but Louis XV, wishing to prevent potential future wars with Austria, returned them to Maria Theresa.[68] Years' War[edit] Main article: Seven Years' War battle of Kolin, 1757 of Prussia's invasion of Saxony in August 1756 began a Third Silesian War and sparked the wider Seven Years' War. Theresa and Kaunitz wished to exit the war with possession of Silesia.[69] Before the war started, Kaunitz had been sent as an ambassador to Versailles from 1750–1753 to win over the French. Meanwhile, the British rebuffed requests from Maria Theresa to aid her in reclaiming Silesia, and Frederick II himself managed to secure the Treaty of Westminster (1756) with them. Maria Theresa sent Georg Adam, Prince of Starhemberg to negotiate an agreement with France, and the result was the First Treaty of Versailles of 1 May 1756. the efforts of Kaunitz and Starhemberg managed to pave a way for a Diplomatic Revolution; previously, France was one of Austria's archenemies together with Russia and the Ottoman Empire, but after the agreement, they were united by a common cause against Prussia.[70] historians have blamed this treaty for France's devastating defeats in the war, since Louis XV was required to deploy troops in Germany and to provide subsidies of 25–30 million pounds a year to Maria Theresa that were vital for the Austrian war effort in Bohemia and Silesia.[71] 1 May 1757, the Second Treaty of Versailles was signed, whereby Louis XV promised to provide Austria with 130,000 men in addition to 12 million gulden yearly. They would also continue the war in Continental Europe until Prussia could be compelled to abandon Silesia and Glatz. In return, Austria would cede several towns in the Austrian Netherlands to the son-in-law of Louis XV, Philip of Parma, who in turn would grant his Italian duchies to Maria Theresa.[71] von Browne commanded the Austrian troops. Following the indecisive Battle of Lobositz in 1756, he was replaced by Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, Maria Theresa's brother-in-law.[72] However, he was appointed only because of his familial relations; he turned out to be an incompetent military leader, and he was replaced by Leopold Joseph von Daun, Franz Moritz von Lacy and Ernst Gideon von Laudon.[73] Frederick himself was startled by Lobositz; he eventually re-grouped for another attack in June 1757. Battle of Kolin that followed was a decisive victory for Austria. Frederick lost one third of his troops, and before the battle was over, he had left the scene.[74] Subsequently, Prussia was defeated at Hochkirch in Saxony on 14 October 1758, at Kunersdorf in Brandenburg on 12 August 1759, and at Landeshut near Glatz in June 1760. and Croat light hussars led by Count Hadik raided Berlin in 1757. Austrian and Russian troops even occupied Berlin for several days in August 1760. these victories did not enable the Habsburgs to win the war, as the French and Habsburg armies were destroyed by Frederick at Rossbach in 1757.[73] the defeat in Torgau on 3 November 1760, Maria Theresa realised that she could no longer reclaim Silesia without Russian support, which vanished after the death of Tsaritsa Elizabeth in early 1762. the meantime, France was losing badly in America and India, and thus they had reduced their subsidies by 50%. Since 1761, had tried to organise a diplomatic congress to take advantage of the accession of George III of the United Kingdom, as he did not really care about Germany. the war was concluded by the Treaty of Hubertusburg and Paris in 1763. Austria had to leave the Prussian territories that were occupied.[73] Although Silesia remained under the control of Prussia, a new balance of power was created in Europe, and Austrian position was strengthened by it thanks to its alliance with the Bourbons in Madrid, Parma and Naples. Maria Theresa herself decided to focus on domestic reforms and refrain from undertaking any further military operations.[75] life[edit] Maria Theresa with her family, 1754, by Martin van Meytens the course of twenty years, Maria Theresa gave birth to sixteen children, thirteen of whom survived infancy. The first child, Maria Elisabeth (1737–1740), was born a little less than a year after the wedding. The child's sex caused great disappointment and so would the births of Maria Anna, the eldest surviving child, and Maria Carolina (1740–1741). fighting to preserve her inheritance, Maria Theresa gave birth to a son, Joseph, named after Saint Joseph, to whom she had repeatedly prayed for a male child during the pregnancy. Theresa's favourite child, Maria Christina, was born on her 25th birthday, four days before the defeat of the Austrian army in Chotusitz. Five more children were born during the war: (the second) Maria Elisabeth, Charles, Maria Amalia, Leopold and (the second) Maria Carolina (b. & d. 1748). this period, there was no rest for Maria Theresa during pregnancies or around the births; the war and child-bearing were carried on simultaneously. Five children were born during the peace between the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War: Maria Johanna, Maria Josepha, (the third) Maria Carolina, Ferdinand and Maria Antonia. She delivered her last child, Maximilian Francis, during the Seven Years' War, aged 39.[76][77] Maria Theresa asserted that, had she not been almost always pregnant, she would have gone into battle herself.[42] Illnesses and deaths[edit] Mural by Franz Anton Maulbertsch in the Hofburg, Innsbruck, commissioned by Maria Theresa in remembrance of her daughters who died in childhood: Maria Johanna (1750–1762), Maria Elisabeth (1737–1740), Maria Carolina (1740–1741) and Maria Carolina (1748–1748) Four of Maria Theresa's children died before reaching adolescence. Her eldest daughter Maria Elisabeth died from stomach cramps at the age of three. Her third child, the first of three daughters named Maria Carolina, died shortly after her first birthday. The second Maria Carolina was born feet first in 1748. As it became evident that she would not survive, preparations were hastily made to baptize her while still living; according to traditional Catholic belief, unbaptized infants would be condemned to eternity in limbo. Maria Theresa's physician Gerard van Swieten assured her that the infant was still living when baptized, but many at court doubted this.[78] Maria Theresa's mother, Empress Elisabeth Christine, died in 1750. Four years later, Maria Theresa's governess, Marie Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard, died. She showed her gratitude to Countess Fuchs by having her buried in the Imperial Crypt along with the members of the imperial family.[79] Smallpox was a constant threat to members of the royal family. In July 1749, Maria Christina survived a bout of the disease, followed in January 1757 by Maria Theresa's eldest son Joseph.[80] In January 1761, the disease killed her second son Charles at the age of fifteen.[81] In December 1762, her twelve-year-old daughter Johanna likewise died in agony from the disease.[80] In November 1763, Joseph's first wife Isabella died from the disease.[82] Joseph's second wife Empress Maria Josepha likewise caught the disease in May 1767 and died a week later. Maria Theresa ignored the risk of infection and embraced her daughter-in-law before the sick chamber was sealed to outsiders.[83][84] Maria Theresa in fact contracted smallpox from her daughter-in-law. Throughout the city prayers were made for her recovery, and the sacrament was displayed in all churches. Joseph slept in one of his mother's antechambers and hardly left her bedside. On 1 June, Maria Theresa was given the last rites. When the news came in early June that she had survived the crisis, there was huge rejoicing at the court and amongst the populace of Vienna.[85] In October 1767, Maria Theresa's fifteen-year-old daughter Josepha also showed signs of the disease. It was assumed that she had caught the infection when she went with her mother to pray in the Imperial Crypt next to the unsealed tomb of Empress Maria Josepha (Joseph's wife). Archduchess Josepha started showing smallpox rash two days after visiting the crypt and soon died. Maria Carolina was to replace her as the pre-determined bride of King Ferdinand IV of Naples. Maria Theresa blamed herself for her daughter's death for the rest of her life because, at the time, the concept of an extended incubation period was largely unknown and it was believed that Josepha had caught smallpox from the body of the late empress.[h][86] The last in the family to be infected with the illness was the fourteen-year-old Elisabeth. Although she recovered, she was badly scarred with pock marks from the illness.[86] Maria Theresa's losses to smallpox, especially in the epidemic of 1767, were decisive in her sponsoring trials to prevent the illness through inoculation, and subsequently insisting on members of the royal family receiving inoculation.[87] Dynastic marriage policy[edit] Shortly after giving birth to the younger children, Maria Theresa was confronted with the task of marrying off the elder ones. She led the marriage negotiations along with the campaigns of her wars and the duties of state. She used them as pawns in dynastic games and sacrificed their happiness for the benefit of the state.[88] A devoted but self-conscious mother, she wrote to all of her children at least once a week and believed herself entitled to exercise authority over her children regardless of their age and rank.[89] The dowager empress with family, 1776, by Heinrich Füger In April 1770, Maria Theresa's youngest daughter, Maria Antonia, married Louis, Dauphin of France, by proxy in Vienna. Maria Antonia's education was neglected, and when the French showed an interest in her, her mother went about educating her as best she could about the court of Versailles and the French. Maria Theresa kept up a fortnightly correspondence with Maria Antonia, now called Marie Antoinette, in which she often reproached her for laziness and frivolity and scolded her for failing to conceive a child.[89] Maria Theresa was not just critical of Marie Antoinette. She disliked Leopold's reserve and often blamed him for being cold. She criticized Maria Carolina for her political activities, Ferdinand for his lack of organization, and Maria Amalia for her poor French and haughtiness. The only child she did not constantly scold was Maria Christina, who enjoyed her mother's complete confidence, though she failed to please her mother in one aspect – she did not produce any surviving children.[89] One of Maria Theresa's greatest wishes was to have as many grandchildren as possible, but she had only about two dozen at the time of her death, of which all the eldest surviving daughters were named after her, with the exception of Princess Carolina of Parma, her eldest granddaughter by Maria Amalia.[89][i] Religious views and policies[edit] Maria Theresa and her family celebrating Saint Nicholas, by Archduchess Maria Christina, in 1762 all members of the House of Habsburg, Maria Theresa was a Roman Catholic, and a devout one. She believed that religious unity was necessary for a peaceful public life and explicitly rejected the idea of religious toleration. She even advocated for a state church[j] and contemporary adversary travelers criticized her regime as bigoted, intolerant and superstitious.[90] However, she never allowed the Church to interfere with what she considered to be prerogatives of a monarch and kept Rome at arm's length. She controlled the selection of archbishops, bishops and abbots.[91] Overall, the ecclesiastical policies of Maria Theresa were enacted to ensure the primacy of State control in Church-State relations.[92] She was also influenced by Jansenist ideas. One of the most important aspects of Jansenism was the advocation of maximum freedom of national churches from Rome. Although Austria had always stressed the rights of the state in relation to the church, Jansenism provided new theoretical justification for this.[93] Theresa promoted the Greek Catholics and emphasized their equal status with Latin Church Catholics.[94] Although Maria Theresa was a very pious person, she also enacted policies that suppressed exaggerated display of piety, such as the prohibition of public flagellantism. Furthermore, she significantly reduced the number of religious holidays and monastic orders.[95] relationship with the Jesuits was complex. Members of this order educated her, served as her confessors, and supervised the religious education of her eldest son. The Jesuits were powerful and influential in the early years of Maria Theresa's reign. However, the queen's ministers convinced her that the order posed a danger to her monarchical authority. Not without much hesitation and regret, she issued a decree that removed them from all the institutions of the monarchy, and carried it out thoroughly. She forbade the publication of Pope Clement XIII's bull, which was in favour of the Jesuits, and promptly confiscated their property when Pope Clement XIV suppressed the order.[96] Joseph, Maria Theresa's eldest son and co-ruler, in 1775, by Anton von Maron Theresa regarded both the Jews and Protestants as dangerous to the state and actively tried to suppress them.[97][98] She was probably the most anti-Jewish monarch of her time, having inherited the traditional prejudices of her ancestors and acquired new ones. This was a product of deep religious devotion and was not kept secret in her time. In 1777, she wrote of the Jews: "I know of no greater plague than this race, which on account of its deceit, usury and avarice is driving my subjects into beggary. Therefore as far as possible, the Jews are to be kept away and avoided."[99] Her hatred was so deep that she was willing to tolerate Protestant businessmen and financiers in Vienna, such as the Swiss-born Johann Fries, since she wanted to break free from the Jewish financiers.[100] December 1744, she proposed to her ministers the expulsion of Jews from Austria and Bohemia. Her first intention was to deport all Jews by 1 January, but having accepted the advice of her ministers, who were concerned by the number of future deportees that could reach 50,000, had the deadline postponed to June.[101] The expulsion orders were only retracted in 1748 due to pressures from other countries, including Great Britain.[100] She also ordered the deportation of around 20,000 Jews from Prague amid accusations that they were disloyal at the time of the Bavarian-French occupation during the War of the Austrian Succession. The order was then expanded to all Jews of Bohemia and major cities of Moravia, although the order was later retracted except for Prague Jews that had already been expelled.[102] the third decade of her reign, influenced by her Jewish courtier Abraham Mendel Theben, Maria Theresa issued edicts that offered some state protection to her Jewish subjects. Her actions during the late stages of her reign contrast her early opinions. She forbade the forcible conversion of Jewish children to Christianity in 1762, and in 1763 she forbade Catholic clergy from extracting surplice fees from her Jewish subjects. In 1764, she ordered the release of those Jews who had been jailed for a blood libel in the village of Orkuta.[103] Notwithstanding her strong dislike of Jews, Maria Theresa supported Jewish commercial and industrial activity in Austria.[104] There were also parts of the realm where the Jews were treated better, such as Trieste, Gorizia and Vorarlberg.[105] contrast to Maria Theresa´s efforts to expel the Jews, she aimed to convert the Protestants (whom she regarded as heretics) to Roman Catholicism.[106] Commissions were formed to seek out secret Protestants and intern them in workhouses, where they would be given the chance to subscribe to approved statements of Catholic faith. If they accepted, they were to be allowed to return to their homes. However, any sign of a return to Protestant practice was treated harshly, often by exile.[107] Theresa exiled Protestants from Austria to Transylvania, including 2,600 from Upper Austria in the 1750s.[100] Her son and co-ruler Joseph regarded his mother's religious policies as "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous".[97] her policies, practical, demographic and economic considerations prevented her from expelling the Protestants en masse. 1777, she abandoned the idea of expelling Moravian protestants after Joseph, who was opposed to her intentions, threatened to abdicate as emperor and co-ruler. [105] In February 1780, after a number of Moravians publicly declared their faith, Joseph demanded a general freedom to worship. However, Maria Theresa refused to grant this up until the time of her death. In May 1780, a group of Moravians who had assembled for a worship service on the occasion of her birthday were arrested and deported to Hungary.[108] Freedom of religion was granted only in the Declaration of Tolerance issued by Joseph immediately after Maria Theresa´s death.[109] Orthodox Christians[edit] Confirmation of Serbian Privileges, issued by Maria Theresa in 1743 Further information: Metropolitanate of Karlovci and Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation policies of Maria Theresa's government toward their Eastern Orthodox subjects were marked by special interests, relating not only to complex religious situations in various southern and eastern regions of the Habsburg Monarchy, inhabited by Eastern Orthodox Christians, mainly Serbs and Romanians, but also regarding the political aspirations of the Habsburg court toward several neighbouring lands and regions in Southeastern Europe still held by the declining Ottoman Empire and inhabited by an Eastern Orthodox population.[110] Theresa's government confirmed (1743) and continued to uphold old privileges granted to their Eastern Orthodox subjects by previous Habsburg monarchs (emperors Leopold I, Joseph I and Charles VI), but at the same time, new reforms were enforced, establishing much firmer state control over the Serbian Orthodox Metropolitanate of Karlovci. Those reforms were initiated by royal patents, known as Regulamentum privilegiorum (1770) and Regulamentum Illyricae Nationis (1777), and finalized in 1779 by the Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation, a comprehensive document that regulated all major issues relating to the religious life of their Eastern Orthodox subjects and the administration of the Serbian Metropolitanate of Karlovci. Maria Theresa's Rescript of 1779 was kept in force until 1868.[111][112] Maria Theresa in 1762, by Jean-Étienne Liotard Theresa was as conservative in matters of state as in those of religion, but she implemented significant reforms to strengthen Austria's military and bureaucratic efficiency.[113] She employed Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz, who modernised the empire by creating a standing army of 108,000 men, paid for with 14 million gulden extracted from crown lands. central government was responsible for funding the army, although Haugwitz instituted taxation of the nobility, who had never before had to pay taxes.[114] after Haugwitz was appointed the head of the new central administrative agency, dubbed the Directory, (Directorium in publicis et cameralibus) in 1749, he initiated a radical centralization of state institutions down to the level of the District Office (Kreisamt).[115] Thanks to this effort, by 1760 there was a class of government officials numbering around 10,000. Lombardy, the Austrian Netherlands and Hungary were almost completely untouched by this reform.[115] In the case of Hungary, Maria Theresa was particularly mindful of her promise that she would respect the privileges in the kingdom, including the immunity of nobles from taxation.[116] light of the failure to reclaim Silesia during the Seven Years' War, the governing system was once again reformed to strengthen the state.[117] The Directory was transformed into the United Austrian and Bohemian Chancellery in 1761, which was equipped with a separate, independent judiciary and separate financial bodies.[117] She also refounded the Hofkammer in 1762, which was a ministry of finances that controlled all revenues from the monarchy. In addition to this, the Hofrechenskammer, or exchequer, was tasked with the handling of all financial accounts.[118] in 1760, Maria Theresa created the Council of State (Staatsrat), composed of the state chancellor, three members of the high nobility and three knights, which served as a committee of experienced people who advised her. The council of state lacked executive or legislative authority; nevertheless, it showed the difference between the form of government employed by Maria Theresa and that of Frederick II of Prussia. Unlike the latter, Maria Theresa was not an autocrat who acted as her own minister. Prussia would adopt this form of government only after 1807.[119] Theresa doubled the state revenue from 20 to 40 million gulden between 1754 and 1764, though her attempt to tax clergy and nobility was only partially successful.[113][120] financial reforms greatly improved the economy.[121] After Kaunitz became the head of the new Staatsrat, he pursued a policy of "aristocratic enlightenment" that relied on persuasion to interact with the estates, and he was also willing to retract some of Haugwitz's centralization to curry favour with them. Nonetheless, the governing system remained centralised, and a strong institution made it possible for Kaunitz to increase state revenues substantially. In 1775, the Habsburg Monarchy achieved its first balanced budget, and by 1780, the Habsburg state revenue had reached 50 million gulden.[122] Maria Theresa recruited Gerard van Swieten from the Netherlands, he also employed a fellow Dutchman named Anton de Haen, who founded the Viennese Medicine School (Wiener Medizinische Schule).[123] Maria Theresa also banned the creation of new burial grounds without prior government permission, thus countering wasteful and unhygienic burial customs.[124] the smallpox epidemic of 1767, she promoted inoculation, which she had learned of through her correspondence with Maria Antonia, the Electress of Saxony (who in turn probably knew of it through her own correspondence with the Prussian king Frederick II). After unsuccessfully inviting the Sutton brothers from England to introduce their technique in Austria, Maria Theresa obtained information on current practices of smallpox inoculation in England. overrode the objections of Gerard van Swieten (who doubted the effectiveness of the technique), and ordered that it be tried on thirty-four newborn orphans and sixty-seven orphans between the ages of five and fourteen years. The trial was successful, establishing that inoculation was effective in protecting against smallpox, and safe (in the case of the test subjects). empress therefore ordered the construction of an inoculation centre, and had herself and two of her children inoculated. She promoted inoculation in Austria by hosting a dinner for the first sixty-five inoculated children in Schönbrunn Palace, waiting on the children herself. Maria Theresa was responsible for changing Austrian physicians' negative view of inoculation.[125][126] 1770, she enacted a strict regulation of the sale of poisons, and apothecaries were obliged to keep a poison register recording the quantity and circumstances of every sale. If someone unknown tried to purchase a poison, that person had to provide two character witnesses before a sale could be effectuated. Three years later, she prohibited the use of lead in any eating or drinking vessels; the only permitted material for this purpose was pure tin.[127] is most unusually ambitious and hopes to make the House of Austria more renowned than it has ever been. Prussian ambassador's letter to Frederick II of Prussia[128] centralization of the Habsburg government necessitated the creation of a unified legal system. Previously, various lands in the Habsburg realm had their own laws. These laws were compiled and the resulting Codex Theresianus could be used as a basis for legal unification.[129] 1769, the Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana was published, and this was a codification of the traditional criminal justice system since the Middle Ages. This criminal code allowed the possibility of establishing the truth through torture, and it also criminalised witchcraft and various religious offenses. Although this law came into force in Austria and Bohemia, it was not valid in Hungary.[130] was particularly concerned with the sexual morality of her subjects. Thus, she established a Chastity Commission (Keuschheitskommission) in 1752[131] to clamp down on prostitution, homosexuality, adultery and even sex between members of different religions.[132] This Commission cooperated closely with the police, and the Commission even employed secret agents to investigate private lives of men and women with bad reputation.[133] They were authorised to raid banquets, clubs, and private gatherings, and to arrest those suspected of violating social norms.[134] The punishments included whipping, deportation, or even the death penalty.[132] 1776, Austria outlawed torture, particularly at the behest of Joseph II. Much unlike Joseph, but with the support of religious authorities, Maria Theresa was opposed to the abolition of torture. Born and raised between Baroque and Rococo eras, she found it difficult to fit into the intellectual sphere of the Enlightenment, which is why she only slowly followed humanitarian reforms on the continent.[135] an institutional perspective, in 1749, she founded the Supreme Judiciary as a court of final appeal for all hereditary lands.[118] her reign, Maria Theresa made the promotion of education a priority. Initially this was focused on the wealthier classes. She permitted non-Catholics to attend university and allowed the introduction of secular subjects (such as law), which influenced the decline of theology as the main foundation of university education.[113] educational institutions were created to prepare officials for work in the state bureaucracy: the Theresianum was established in Vienna in 1746 to educate nobles' sons, a military school named the Theresian Military Academy was founded in Wiener Neustadt in 1751, and an Oriental Academy for future diplomats was created in 1754.[136] the 1770s, reform of the schooling system for all levels of society became a major policy. Stollberg-Rilinger notes that the reform of the primary schools in particular was the most long-lasting success of Maria Theresa's later reign, and one of the few policy agendas in which she was not in open conflict with her son and nominal co-ruler Joseph II.[137] The need for the reform became evident after the census of 1770–71, which revealed the widespread illiteracy of the populace. Theresa thereupon wrote to her rival Frederick II of Prussia to request him to allow the Silesian school reformer Johann Ignaz von Felbiger to move to Austria. first proposals were made law by December 1774.[138] Austrian historian Karl Vocelka observed that the educational reforms enacted by Maria Theresa were "really founded on Enlightenment ideas," although the ulterior motive was still to "meet the needs of an absolutist state, as an increasingly sophisticated and complicated society and economy required new administrators, officers, diplomats and specialists in virtually every area."[139] Theresa's reform established secular primary schools, which children of both genders from the ages of six to twelve were required to attend.[140][139] curriculum focused on social responsibility, social discipline, work ethic and the use of reason rather than mere rote learning.[141] was to be multilingual; children were to be instructed first in their mother tongue and then in later years in German.[142] Prizes were given to the most able students to encourage ability. Attention was also given to raising the status and pay of teachers, who were forbidden to take on outside employment. Teacher training colleges were established to train teachers in the latest techniques.[143] education reform was met with considerable opposition. Predictably, some of this came from peasants who wanted the children to work in the fields instead.[141] Theresa crushed the dissent by ordering the arrest of all those opposed.[140] However, much of the opposition came from the royal court, particularly amongst aristocrats who saw their power threatened by the reformers those who feared that that greater literacy would expose the population to Protestant or Enlightenment ideas. Felbiger´s reforms were nevertheless pushed through, as a result of the consistent support of Maria Theresa and her minister Franz Sales Greiner.[144] reform of the primary schools largely met Maria Theresa´s aim of raising literacy standards, as evidenced by the higher proportions of children who attended school; this was particularly the case in the Archdiocese of Vienna, where school attendance increased from 40% in 1780 to a sensational 94% by 1807.[137] high rates of illiteracy persisted in some parts of Austria, half of the population was illiterate well into the 19th century,[139] The teacher training colleges (in particular the Vienna Normal School) produced hundreds of new teachers who spread the new system over the following decades. However, the number of secondary schools decreased, since the quantity of new schools founded failed to make up for the numbers of Jesuit schools abolished. As a result, secondary schooling became more exclusive.[145] regime was also known for institutionalising censorship of publications and learning. author Sir Nathaniel Wraxall once wrote from Vienna: "[T]he injudicious bigotry of the Empress may chiefly be attributed the deficiency [in learning]. It is hardly credible how many books and productions of every species, and in every language, are proscribed by her. Not only Voltaire and Rousseau are included in the list, from the immoral tendency or licentious nature of their writings; but many authors whom we consider as unexceptionable or harmless, experience a similar treatment."[146] censorship particularly affected works that were deemed to be against the Catholic religion. Ironically, for this purpose, she was aided by Gerard van Swieten who was considered to be an "enlightened" man.[146] Maria Theresa endeavoured to increase the living standards of the people, since she could see a causal link between peasant living standards, productivity and state revenue.[147] Habsburg government under her rule also tried to strengthen its industry through government interventions. After the loss of Silesia, they implemented subsidies and trade barriers to encourage the move of Silesian textile industry to northern Bohemia. In addition, they cut back guild privileges, and internal duties on trade were either reformed or removed (such as the case for the Austrian-Bohemian lands in 1775).[141] Maria Theresa depicted on her Thaler the late part of her reign, Maria Theresa undertook reform of the system of serfdom, which was the basis for agriculture in eastern parts of her lands (particularly Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary and Galicia). Maria Theresa had initially been reluctant to meddle in such affairs, government interventions were made possible by the perceived need for economic power and the emergence of a functioning bureaucracy.[148] census of 1770–71 gave the peasants opportunity to express their grievances direct to the royal commissioners and made evident to Maria Theresa the extent to which their poverty was the result of the extreme demands for forced labour (called "robot" in Czech) by the landlords. some estates, the landlords demanded that the peasants work up to seven days per week in tilling the nobles´ land, so that the only time available for the peasants to till their own land was at night.[149] additional prompt to reform was the famine which afflicted the empire in the early 1770s. Bohemia was particularly hard hit. Maria Theresa was increasingly influenced by the reformers Franz Anton von Blanc and Tobias Philipp von Gebler, called for radical changes to the serf system to allow the peasants to make a living.[150] 1771–1778, Maria Theresa issued a series of "Robot Patents" (i.e. regulations regarding forced labour), which regulated and restricted peasant labour only in the German and Bohemian parts of the realm. goal was to ensure that peasants not only could support themselves and their family members, but also help cover the national expenditure in peace or war.[151] late 1772, Maria Theresa had decided on more radical reform. 1773, she entrusted her minister Franz Anton von Raab with a model project on the crown lands in Bohemia: he was tasked to divide up the large estates into small farms, convert the forced labour contracts into leases, and enable the farmers to pass the leaseholds onto their children. Raab pushed the project through so successfully that his name was identified with the program, which became known as Raabisation. the success of the program on the crown lands, Maria Theresa had it also implemented on the former Jesuit lands, as well as crown lands in other parts of her empire.[152] Maria Theresa´s attempts to extend the Raab system to the great estates belonging to the Bohemian nobles were fiercely resisted by the nobles. claimed that the crown had no right to interfere with the serf system, since the nobles were the original owners of the land and had allowed the peasants to work it on stipulated conditions. nobles also claimed that the system of forced labour had no connection with the peasants´ poverty, which was a result of the peasants´ own wastefulness and the increased royal taxes. surprisingly, the nobles were supported by Maria Theresa´s son and co-ruler Joseph II, who had earlier called for the abolition of In a letter to his brother Leopold, of 1775, Joseph complained that his mother intended to "abolish serfdom entirely and arbitrarily destroy the centuries-old property relations." He complained that "no consideration was being taken for the landlords, who were threatened with the loss of more than half their income. For many of them, who are carrying debts, this would mean financial ruin."[154] 1776, the court was polarized: on one side was a small reform party (including Maria Theresa, Raab, Blanc, Gebler and Greiner); on the conservative side were Joseph and the rest of the court.[154] argued that it was difficult to find a middle way between the interests of the peasants and nobles; he suggested instead that the peasants negotiate with their landlords to reach an outcome.[155] Joseph´s biographer Derek Beales calls this change of course "puzzling".[156] In the ensuing struggle, Joseph forced Blanc to leave the court. Because of the opposition, Maria Theresa was unable to carry out the planned reform and had to settle on a compromise.[157] system of serfdom was only abolished after Maria Theresa´s death, in the Serfdom Patent (1781) issued (in another change of course) by Joseph II as sole emperor.[151] reign[edit] Theresa as a widow in 1773, by Anton von Maron. Peace holds the olive crown above her head, reaffirming Maria Theresa's monarchical status. This was the last commissioned state portrait of Maria Theresa.[158] Emperor Francis died on 18 August 1765, while he and the court were in Innsbruck celebrating the wedding of his second surviving son, Leopold. Maria Theresa was devastated. eldest son, Joseph, became Holy Roman Emperor. Maria Theresa abandoned all ornamentation, had her hair cut short, painted her rooms black and dressed in mourning for the rest of her life. completely withdrew from court life, public events, and theater. Throughout her widowhood, she spent the whole of August and the eighteenth of each month alone in her chamber, which negatively affected her mental health.[159] She described her state of mind shortly after Francis's death: "I hardly know myself now, for I have become like an animal with no true life or reasoning power."[160] his accession to the imperial throne, Joseph ruled less land than his father had in 1740, since he had given up his rights over Tuscany to Leopold, and thus he only controlled Falkenstein and Teschen. Believing that the emperor must possess enough land to maintain his standing as emperor,[161] Maria Theresa, who was used to being assisted in the administration of her vast realms, declared Joseph to be her new co-ruler on 17 September 1765.[162] From then on, mother and son had frequent ideological disagreements. The 22 million gulden that Joseph inherited from his father was injected into the treasury. Maria Theresa had another loss in February 1766 when Haugwitz died. She gave her son absolute control over the military following the death of Leopold Joseph von Daun.[163] to Austrian historian Robert A. Kann, Maria Theresa was a monarch of above-average qualifications but intellectually inferior to Joseph and Leopold. Kann asserts that she nevertheless possessed qualities appreciated in a monarch: warm heart, practical mind, firm determination and sound perception. Most importantly, she was ready to recognise the mental superiority of some of her advisers and to give way to a superior mind while enjoying support of her ministers even if their ideas differed from her own. Joseph, however, was never able to establish rapport with the same advisers, even though their philosophy of government was closer to Joseph's than to Maria Theresa's.[164] relationship between Maria Theresa and Joseph was not without warmth but was complicated and their personalities clashed. Despite his intellect, Maria Theresa's force of personality often made Joseph cower.[165] Sometimes, she openly admired his talents and achievements, but she was also not hesitant to rebuke him. She even wrote: "We never see each other except at dinner ... His temper gets worse every day ... Please burn this letter ... I just try to avoid public scandal."[166] In another letter, also addressed to Joseph's companion, she complained: "He avoids me ... I am the only person in his way and so I am an obstruction and a burden ... Abdication alone can remedy matters."[166] After much contemplation, she chose not to abdicate. Joseph himself often threatened to resign as co-regent and emperor, but he, too, was induced not to do so. Her threats of abdication were rarely taken seriously; Maria Theresa believed that her recovery from smallpox in 1767 was a sign that God wished her to reign until death. It was in Joseph's interest that she remained sovereign, for he often blamed her for his failures and thus avoided taking on the responsibilities of a monarch.[167] and Prince Kaunitz arranged the First Partition of Poland despite Maria Theresa's protestations. Her sense of justice pushed her to reject the idea of partition, which would hurt the Polish people.[168] She even once argued, "What right have we to rob an innocent nation that it has hitherto been our boast to protect and support?"[169] The duo argued that it was too late to abort now. Besides, Maria Theresa herself agreed with the partition when she realised that Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine II of Russia would do it with or without Austrian participation. Maria Theresa claimed and eventually took Galicia and Lodomeria; in the words of Frederick, "the more she cried, the more she took".[170] few years after the partition, Russia defeated the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). Following the signing of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1774 that concluded the war, Austria entered into negotiations with the Sublime Porte. Thus, in 1775, the Ottoman Empire ceded the northwestern part of Moldavia (subsequently known as Bukovina) to Austria.[171] Subsequently, on 30 December 1777, Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria died without leaving any children.[170] As a result, his territories were coveted by ambitious men, including Joseph, who tried to swap Bavaria for the Austrian Netherlands.[172] This alarmed Frederick II of Prussia, and thus the War of Bavarian Succession erupted in 1778. Maria Theresa very unwillingly consented to the occupation of Bavaria, and a year later she made peace proposals to Frederick II despite Joseph's objections.[173] Although Austria managed to gain the Innviertel area, this "Potato War" caused a setback to the financial improvement that the Habsburg had made.[172] The 500,000 gulden in annual revenue from 100,000 inhabitants of Innviertel were not comparable to the 100,000,000 gulden that were spent during the war.[173] Theresa and her husband are interred in the double tomb which she had inscribed as a widow. is unlikely that Maria Theresa ever completely recovered from the smallpox attack in 1767, as 18th-century writers asserted. She suffered from shortness of breath, fatigue, cough, distress, necrophobia and insomnia. She later developed edema.[174] Theresa fell ill on 24 November 1780. Her physician, Dr. Störk, thought her condition serious, although her son Joseph was confident that she would recover in no time. By 26 November, she asked for the last rites, and on 28 November, the doctor told her that the time had come. On 29 November, she died surrounded by her remaining children.[175][176] Her body is buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna next to her husband in a coffin she had inscribed during her lifetime.[177] longtime rival Frederick the Great, on hearing of her death, said that she had honored her throne and her sex, and though he had fought against her in three wars, he never considered her his enemy.[178] With her death, the House of Habsburg died out and was replaced by the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Joseph II, already co-sovereign of the Habsburg dominions, succeeded her and introduced sweeping reforms in the empire; Joseph produced nearly 700 edicts per year (or almost two per day), whereas Maria Theresa issued only about 100 edicts annually.[179] Theresa understood the importance of her public persona and was able to simultaneously evoke both esteem and affection in her subjects; a notable example was how she projected dignity and simplicity to awe the people in Pressburg before she was crowned as Queen of Hungary.[180] Her 40-year reign was considered to be very successful when compared to other Habsburg rulers. Her reforms had transformed the empire into a modern state with a significant international standing.[181] She centralised and modernised its institutions, and her reign was considered as the beginning of the era of "enlightened absolutism" in Austria, with a brand new approach toward governing: the measures undertaken by rulers became more modern and rational, and thoughts were given to the welfare of the state and the people.[182] Many of her policies were not in line with the ideals of the Enlightenment (such as her support of torture), and she was still very much influenced by Catholicism from the previous era.[183] Vocelka even stated that "taken as a whole the reforms of Maria Theresa appear more absolutist and centralist than enlightened, even if one must admit that the influence of enlightened ideas is visible to a certain degree."[184] St John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; St Moses (Macinic), Martyr and Confessor, Commemorated on October 21;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1757-1780, St John of Galesh, Mures, bishop, resisted Hapsburg conversion to Catholic plans, imprisoned
Hungary, Transylvania, 1757-1780, St John of Galesh, Mures; Galesh (Galesti), Mures, Transylvania, Romania; is a commune in Mures County, Transylvania, Romania composed of seven villages: Adrianu Mare / Nagyadorján Adrianu Mic / Kisadorján Bedeni / Bede Gălești Maiad / Nyomát Sânvăsii / Nyárádszentlászló (established 2004) Troița / Szentháromság commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. According to the 2002 Census it has a population of 2,940 of which 93.61% or 2,752 are Hungarian.[citation needed] Saint John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; John of Galesh was a priest who was consecrated bishop at Bucharest, since there was no bishop for Transylvania. resisted the plans of the Hapsburg authorities to persuade Orthodox Christians to convert to Catholicism. was arrested and thrown into prison at Sibiu in 1756, then Empress Maria Theresa ordered him confined in the prison of Deva Castle until he died. John was transferred to a prison in Graz, Austria at the end of 1757. Later, he was brought to the notorious Kufstein Prison, where many Orthodox from Transylvania ended their lives. 1780, Gennady Vassie, a Serb who was incarcerated there, was able to send a letter to Empress Catherine II of Russia asking her to intervene on behalf of the Orthodox prisoners. In his letter he mentioned a Romanian priest named John, who had been kept there for twenty-four years because of his Orthodox faith. John of Galesh died in prison, and was glorified as a martyr by the Orthodox Church of Romania in 1992.

Hungary, Transylvania, Mures River Folder

Mures River

Partos, Transylvania, Romania
Partos, Transylvania, Romania; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated September 15 ;

Mures River Source (Gurghiu Mountains)

Mures River 1 (Tirgu Mures)

Tirgu Mures, Transylvania (Mures River 1)
Tirgu Mures, Transylvania (Mures River 1);

Hungary, Transylvania, Mures River 1, Aries River Folder

Aries River

Bihor Mountains, Transylvania
Bihor Mountains, Transylvania ;

Aries River Source (Bihor Mountains)
Bihor Mountains, Transylvania ;

Aries River 1 (Ariesul Mare River)

Hungary, Transylvania, Mures 1, Aries River 1, Ariesul Mare River Folder, Laze and Neagra Rivers, Arad

Ariesul Mare River

Ariesul Mare River Source, Bihor Mountains

Ariesul Mare River 1 (Arieseni)

Areisul Mare River 2 (Albae)

Ariesul Mare River 3 (Lazes and Neagra Rivers)

Neagra River

Neagra River Source (Bihor Mountains

Laze River

Laze River Source (Bihor Mountains)

Laze River Mouth (Neagra River Mouth, Ariesul Mare River 3 )

Lazes, near Arad, Transylvania
Lazes could mean the region of the Lazes River in Romania, but it probably is Laze in Bosnia and Herzegovina, or it could be neither; however, they are both on the way from Armenia to Albania. GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Ariesul Mare River Mouth (Aries River 1)

Aries River 2 (Salciuade Jos)

Aries River 3 (Rimetea River)

Hungary, Transylvania, Mures 1, Aries River 3, Rimetea River Folder, Rimet Monastery

Rimetea River

Rimetea River Source

Rimetea,Transylvania (Rimet Monastery, Rimet Creek, Rimetea River Source)
Rimetea; St Gelasius of Rimet, Commemorated on June 30;

Rimetea River Mouth (Buru, Aries River 3)

Aries River 4 (Turda)

Aries River Mouth (Mures River 1)

Hungary, Transylvania, Mures River 2, Tarnava River Folder

Tarnava River

Tarnava River Source (Tarnava Mare and Tarnava Mica)
Tarnava River;

Blaj Castle prison, Transylvania
Blaj Castle prison, Transylvania ; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Tarnava River Mouth (Mures River 2)

Tarnava Mica River

Gurghiu Mountains, Transylvania

Tarnava Mica River Source (Gurghiu Mountains)
Tarnava Mica River

Tarnava Mica River 1 (Sovata)
Sovata

Tarnava Mare River

Tarnava Mare River Source (Gurghiu Mountains)
Tarnava Mare River;

Tarnava Mare River 1 (Bisericani Monestary)

Bisericani Monestary Simon Mountain, Transylvania
This location chosen because: This is the only Bisericani Commune in the mountains. Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated December 31 ;

Tarnava Mare River 2 (Sighisoara)
Sighisoara;

Mures River 2 (Alba, Tarnava River)

Alba Iulia, Romania (capital of Principality of Transylvania, Mures River 2)
Alba Iulia, Romania (capital of Principality of Transylvania) ; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Alba county, Transylvania (Mures River 2)
Alba county, Transylvania; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Salishtea, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 2)
Salishtea of Sibiu; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Orashtie, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 2)
Orashtie, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 2) ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Ciorara-Sebesh, Transylvania (Salishtea, Mures River 2)
Ciorara-Sebesh, Transylvania (Salishtea, near Mures River) ; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Ciorara, Transylvania (Salishtea, Mures River 2)
Sofronie of Cioara; Ciorara-Sebesh, Transylvania (Salishtea, near Mures River) ; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Mures River 3 (Deva)

Prislop Monastery, Transylvania (Western Romania, Mures River 3) 16th Century
Prislop Monastery in Southwest Romania ; St John of Prislop, Commemorated September 13 ;

Deva, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 3)
Deva, Transylvania (Mures River 3) ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; St John of Galesh, Commemorated October 21 ;

Deva Castle, prison of Deva Castle, Transylvania, after 1242
Fortress of Deva; St John of Galesh, Commemorated October 21 ;

Mures River 4 (Arad)

Lipova, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 4)
Lipova in Arad County ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Arad, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 4)
Arad ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Mures River Mouth (Szeged, Hungary, Tisza River 12)

Neagra River Mouth (Ariesul River )

Hungary, Transylvania, Somes River Folder

Somes River

Apuseni Mountains, Transylvania
Apuseni Mountains; Western border of Transylvania; St Constantine Brancoveanu, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania;

Somes River Source 2 (Apuseni Mountains)

Ardeal (Cluj, aka Transylvania, Somes River Source 2)
Transylvania; Ardeal; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12;

Ardeal, Transylvania (between the mountains)
Ardeal, Transylvania (between the mountains); St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Somesul Mic River (Somes River from Cluj to Dej)

Somes River 1 (Dej)

Hungary, Transylvania, Somes River 1, Somesul Mare River Folder, from Rodna to Dej

Somesul Mare River (Somes River from Rodna to Dej)

Rodna Mountains, Transylvania
Rodna Mountains, Transylvania ;

Somes River Source 1 (Rodna Mountains, Prislop Pass)

Prislop Pass, Transylvania, Romania and Moldova, Source of Somes and Viseu Rivers
Prislop Pass, Transylvania, Romania and Moldova; St John of Prislop, Commomorated September 13 ;

Somesul Mare River (Somes Riveer from Rodna to Dej)

Somes River 2

Somes River 3 (Jibou)

Simleu Silvanici, Transylvania, Eastern Hungary
Simleu Silvanici, Transylvania, Eastern Hungary ; Polish King Stephen Bathory 1579 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœElets-ChernigovÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ; Commemorated on February 5;

Somes River 4

Somes River 5

Hungary, Transylvania, Somes River 5, Lapus River Folder

Lapus River

Lapus Mountains, Transylvania
Lapus Mountains, Transylvania;

Maramures County, Transylvania (Lapus River)
Maramures County; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Maramures Mountains Natural Park
Maramures Mountains Natural Park; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Lapus River Source (Lapus Mountains)
Lapus Mountains;

Lapus River 1

Lapus River 2

Lapus River 3 (Lapus)

Lapus River 4 (Inau)

Inau, Transylvania (Lapus River 4)
Inau or Targu Lapus ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Lapus River 5 (Razoare)

Lapus River 6 (Prislop)

Prislop, Transylvania (Lapus River 6)
Prislop, Transylvania (Lapus River 6) ; St John of Prislop, Commemorated September 13 ;

Lapus River 7

Lapus River 8 (Remecioara)

Lapus River 9 (Coruia, Baia Mare)

Lapus River 10 (Lapusel, Baia Mare)

Baia Mare, Transylvania (Lapus River 10)
Baia Mare, Maramures County; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31 ;

Lapus River Mouth (Somes River 5)

Somes River 6 (Satu Mare)

Somes River Mouth (Tisza River 6)

Hungary, Transylvania, Latorica River Folder

Latorica River

Latorica River Source (Ukrainian Carpathians)
Latorica River;

Latorica River 1

Latorica River 2 (Mukachev)

Mukachev Castle, Transylvania, Hungary (Latorica River 2)
Mukachev Castle; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ;

Mukachev, Hungary (Transylvania, Latorica River 2, or Western Ukraine)
Mukachev; Nikolsk monastery in the city of Mukachev; contains a venerated copy of Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ;

Saint Nicholas Monastery (Latorica River 2, Hungary) 1090's
Saint Nicholas Monastery (Mukacheve); Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœAssuage My SorrowsÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 9 ;

Latorica River 3

Latorica River Mouth (Bodrog River)

Hungary, Transylvania, Banat and Bega River Folder, Timisoara

Poiana Rusca Mountains, Source of the Bega River and Canal

Bega River and Canal in the Banat

Bega Poieni River

Caransebes River in the Banat

Caransebes River in the Banat Source

Caransebes River Mouth (Bega Canal 1)

Bega River Mouth (Tisza River Mouth, Danube River 9) from Timisoara

Lazarevo, Banat, Transylvania, or Serbia (Tisza River 14)
Lazarevo, Serbia; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ;

Banat region, Transylvania (Timishoara, Bega River and Canal)
Banat region; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Timishoara, Banat Region, Transylvania, Romania, Art Capital of EU
Timishoara, Romania; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated September 15 ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Bega Luncanilor

Orsova River in the Banat

Orsovo River Source

Orsovo River Mouth (Danube River 10.7)

Bela Crkva River in the Banat

Bela Crkva River in the Banat Source

Bela Crkva River in the Banat Mouth (Danube River 10)

Pancevo River in the Banat

Pancevo River in the Banat Source

Secul, Transylvania, Romania, (Pancevo River 1)
Secul; Secu (and Secu Creek?, and Secu (ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœBeheadingÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ) Monastery); Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast;

Pancevo River in the Banat Mouth (Belgrade, Danube River 9, From Timisoara)

Hungary, Transylvania and Slovakia, left side Danube 7-9, Tisa River Folder

Tisza River

Chornohora Mountains
Chornohora Mountains;

Tisza River Source 1 (Chornohora Mountains)

Tisza River 1

Tisza River 2

Tisza River 3

Tisza River 4 (Tiszabecs)

Batar River Mouth (Tisza River 4)

Tur River Mouth (Tisza River 5)

Crasna River Mouth (Tisza River 6)

Tisza River 6 (Somes and Crasna Rivers)

Tisza River 8 (Tokaj, Bodrog River)

Zagyva River Mouth (Tisza River 10)

Koros River Mouth (Tisza River 11)

Tisza River 12 (Szeged, Mures River)

Cik River Mouth (Tisza River 13)

Jegricka River Mouth (Tisza River 14)

Tisza River Mouth (Belgrade, Serbia, Danube River 9)

Tisza River Gorgany Tisza

Gorgany Range
Gorgany Range;

Tisza River Source 2 (Gorgany Range)

Bodrog River

Bodrog River Source (Latorica and Ondava River Confluence)

Bodrog River Mouth (Tisza River 8)

Iza River

Iza River Mouth (Tisza River 2)

Viseu River

Viseu River Source (Prislop Pass, Transylvania, Romania and Moldova)
Prislop Pass, Transylvania, Romania and Moldova; St John of Prislop, Commomorated September 13 ;

Viseu River Mouth (Tisza River 1)

Hungary, Pannonia Folder, right side Danube River 7-9, Little Hungarian Plain

Pannonia, Little Hungarian Plain, 476-WWI
Little Hungarian Plain, Pannonia; St. Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7 ;

Little Hungarian Plain, Pannonia
Little Hungarian Plain, Pannonia; St. Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7 ;

Sabaria (Pannonia, Little Hungarian Plain)
Sabaria (Little Hungarian Plain), where the Alpokalja (Lower Alps) mountains meet the Little Hungarian Plain; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated November 11 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ;

Little Hungarian Plain, 336-350, Land of the Marcomanni and Queen Fritigil
Little Hungarian Plain, 350, Land of the Marcomanni and Queen Fritigil; Sabaria (Little Hungarian Plain), where the Alpokalja (Lower Alps) mountains meet the Little Hungarian Plain; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated November 11 ; St. Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ;

Burgenland, Pannonia (Home of Fritgil the Queen of Marcomania
Burgenland, Pannonia (Home of Fritgil the Queen of Marcomania ; St. Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7;

Poland Folder, and its rivers

Poland (between Oder, Vistula and Narew rivers)
Poland; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated July 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Suprasl, Commemorated July 28 ; Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ; St John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated October 24 ; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated November 22 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated January 22 ; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated on February 3 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; Venerable Prochorus of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated February 10 ; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20 ; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Childmartyr Gabriel of Bialystok, Commemorated on April 20; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20 ; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23 ;

Poland, Eastern Poland, Vistula River Folder

Vistula River

Vistula River Source (Silesian Beskids)

Beskids, Poland
Beskids, Poland;

Silesian Beskids (Vistual River Source, Outer Western Carpatians, Right Side Upper Order River)
Silesian Beskids;

Vistula River 1

Auschwitz, Poland (concentration camp, Vistula River 1.9)
Auschwitz (concentration camp); Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ;

Vistula River 2 (Zator, Poland)

University of Cracow (Vistula River 2.3) 1364
University of Cracow (Vistula River 2.3) 1364; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER. ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Vistula River 3 (Poland)

Vistula River 4 (near Lublin, Polish Lithuania)

Lublin, Poland (Vistula River 4)
Lublin, Poland; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated October 9 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925);

Vistula River 5 (Deblin, Poland)

Vistula River 6 (Warsaw, Poland)

Warsaw University, Poland (Vistula River 6) 1816
Warsaw University; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ;

Pawiak, prison, Warsaw, Poland
Pawiak; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ;

Vistula River 7 (Narew River Mouth)

Poland, Eastern Poland, Vistula River 7, Narew River Folder

Narew River

Narew River Source (Bialowieza Forest)

Bialowieza Forest
Bialowieza Forest;

Narew River 1 (Lesna, Poland)

Lesna, Northeast Poland (Narew River 1)
Lesna, Northeast Poland (Narew River Source) ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ;

Narew River 2

Narew River 3

Stara Rus, Poland (Narew River 3)
Stara Rus; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24;

Narew River 4

Narew River 6 (Bialystok and Suprasl monastery)

Bialystok, Poland (Narew River 6)
Bialystok; Childmartyr Gabriel of Bialystok, Commemorated on April 20;

Podlaskie Voivodeship, Northeastern Poland
Podlaskie Voivodeship, Northeastern Poland; Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9;

Suprasl, Poland (Narew River 6) Suprasl Icon miracles, Orthodox and Catholics
Suprasl; Suprasl monastery ; Icon of the Mother of God of Suprasl, Commemorated July 28 ; Holy Suprasl Icon of the Mother of God was in the Annunciation women’s monastery of Grodnensk governance at the beginning of the sixteenth century. It was glorified by many miracles and both Orthodox and Catholics piously reverence it. icon is one of the Hodegetria type.

Narew River 10 (Overview)

Podlasie, Northeastern Poland
Podlasie, Poland; Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9;

Battle of Gruenwald, PL overTeutonic Knights (between Narew 10 and Vistula 11)
Poland, 1410, Battle of Gruenwald ; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Venerable Theodore (In monasticism Theodosius) the Prince of Ostrog, Commemorated on October 10 ;

Ermland Region, Northeastern Poland
Ermland (Warmia) Region, Poland; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Narew River 13 (Bug River Mouth)

Poland, Eastern Poland, Vistula River 7, Narew River 13, Western Bug River Folder

Bug River (Western Bug River)

Berezovsk, Belsk district, Smolensk, Western Ukraine, Eastern Poland
Berezovsk, Belsk district, Smolensk; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16;

Bug River Source (Central Ukraine)

Bug River 1 (Western Bug River 1) (Vladimir-Volynsk)

Belz, Fortress of Belz (Bug River 1), Eastern Poland, Western Ukraine
Belz, Fortress of Belz; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœCzestochowaÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Poland, Eastern Poland, Vistula River 7, Narew River 13, Western Bug River 1, Poltva River Folder

Poltva River

Poltva River Source (Lvov, Western Ukraine or Poland, Bug River 1)

Lvov, Poland (Poltva River Source, Western Ukraine or Eastern Poland)
Lvov (Poltva River) ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Austrian-Carpatho-Russians, Poland
Austrian-Carpatho-Russians; Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 4 ;

Bug River 2 (near Kholm Theological Seminary)

Kholm (Chelm) Theological Seminary, Poland (Western Bug River 2)
Kholm (Chelm) Theological Seminary, Poland (in Chelm near Lublin); Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated October 9 ; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Chelm (Kholm) Theological Seminary, Poland (Bug River 2)
Kholm (Chelm) Theological Seminary, Poland (in Chelm near Lublin); Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated October 9 ; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Bug River 3 or Western Bug River 3

Bug River 4 (Brest)

Jableczna, Poland (Bug River 4)
Jableczna, Poland ; Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9;

Poland, Brest, Dnieper Bug Canal Folder (Portages and Canals)

Dnieper Bug Canal Start Point (Brest)
Dnieper Bug Canal (Portages and Canals; Russia, Poland and Lithuania;

Dnieper Bug Canal End Point - Pinsk, Russia (Pripyat River to Dnieper River)

Dnieper Bug Canal - Brest to Pinsk

Dnieper Bug Canal - Lesna, Poland (Narew River)

Dnieper Bug Canal End Point - Sapotskin, Lithuania (Neman River)

Dnieper Bug Canal - Brest to Sapotskin

Bug River 5

Bug River 6

Bug River 7

Bug River Mouth (Warsaw, Narew River 13)

Narew River Mouth (Vistula River 7, Warsaw)

Warsaw, Poland (Narew River Mouth, Vistula River 7)
Warsaw, Poland; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Belvedere (Belweder) Palace, Warsaw
Belvedere (Belweder) Palace, Warsaw; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Prussia, Poland, Lithuania (Left Side Neman, Right Side Vistula and Narew Rivers, between Warsaw and Kaliningrad)
East Prussia; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958;

East Prussia, Poland, Lithuania (Southeast Baltic Coastal drainage to Kognigsberg or Kaliningrad)
East Prussia; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958;

Vistula River 8 (Plock, Poland)

Vistula River 9 (Torun, Poland)

Vistula River 10 (Amber Road, Bydgoszez, Poland)

Vistula River 11 (Amber Road, Grudziadz, Poland)

Teutonic Order 1st State Capital (Malbork, Amber Rd, Poland, 1308-1454)
State of the Teutonic Order; Teutonic Knights; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky;

Vistula River Mouth (Gdansk, Pomerania, Poland, Baltic Sea)

Gothiscandza, Poland
Gothiscandza, first location of the Goths on the Continent from Scandza or Gothland; Goths Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Sava Stratelates ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe GeneralÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of Rome, Commemorated on April 24;

Pomerania (Lower Left Side Vistula, Lower Right Side Oder, and Warta Rivers)
Pomerania (Lower Vistula, Oder, and Warta Rivers) ; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958 ; Goths migrated to lower Vistula region of Pomerania from Scandinavia. Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated September 15 ;

Poland, Western Poland, Oder River Folder (Czech Republic, Poland, Germany)

Opolsk, Selesia, Poland (Oder River 6)
Opole or Opolsk on the Oder River (Odra) ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Selesia, Poland (Left Side Upper Oder River)
Selesia; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958;

Molczyce, Poland (Oder River 11)
Molczyce, Poland; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Poland, Western Poland, Oder River 20, Warta River Folder

Warta River

Warta River Source (near Zawiercie, Southern Poland)

Sosnowiec, Southern Poland (Warta River Source)
Sosnowiec, Southern Poland ; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Warta River 1

Warta River 2 (Czestochowa, Poland)

Czestochowa, Poland (Warta River 2)
Czestochowa; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Yasna Gora (Jasna Gora) Monastery, Poland, 1382
Yasna Gora (Jasna Gora) Monastery, Poland, 1382; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Warta River 3 (Dzialoszyn, Poland)

Poland, Western Poland, Order River 20, Warta River3, Liswarta River Folder

Liswarta River

Liswarta River 1

Liswarta River 2

Liswarta River Mouth (Warta River 3)

Warta River 4

Vandal Land - Lugii, Poland
Vandal Land - Lugii; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18 ;

Warta River 5

Ner River Mouth (Warta River 7)

Warta River 7 (Kolo, Poland)

Prosna River Mouth (Warta River 9)

Warta River 9 (Amber Road)

Royal Prussia, Poland (Warta River 10, Amber Road 10)
Royal Prussia; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23 ;

Obra River Mouth (Warta River 19)

Notec River Mouth (Warta River 20)

Warta River Mouth (Oder River 20)

Italy Folder

Italy
Italy: Northern Italy, Milan and Venice; Central Italy, Rome; South Central, Naples; Southern Italy, Calabria, Sicily, and Islands of Corsica and Sardinia;

Spain and Portugal Folder, its rivers, roads and mountains

Spain
Spain; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; JAMES BAR-ZEBEDEE, APOSTLE (25 JULY 41) ; DOMINIC PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); Martyr and Archdeacon Laurence of Rome, Commemorated on August 10; St Felix of Spain, Commemorated August 22 ; St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated August 27 ; Virginmartyr Eulalia of Barcelona, Commemorated on August 22; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; Martyr Vincent of Spain, Commemorated on November 11; Martyr Stephanida of Spain, Commemorated on November 11 ; Martyr Hermeningilda the Goth of Spain; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated December 31 ; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS); Martyr Speusippus in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Fructuosis of Tarragona, Spain, Commemorated January 21 ; VINCENT OF SARAGOSSA, DEACON AND MARTYR (22 JAN 304) ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23 ; THOMAS AQUINAS, PRIEST, FRIAR, AND THEOLOGIAN (28 JAN 1274) ; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 15; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœCzestochowaÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25 ; JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631); St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Apostle James the Brother of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on April 30; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9 ;

France Folder, its rivers and mountains

France (Paris)
France; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; NATHAN SO–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12 ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31; Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 5; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated on August 25; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated August 31 ; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179); Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated on December 2 ; THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemrated December 10 ; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3 ; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367) ; Venerable John Calabytes "the Hut-Dweller", Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated January 23 ; Hieromartyr Hippolytus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on January 30 ; ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16 ; ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER, Educator (1964), Commemorated Febraury 28 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253); PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ; DAMIEN of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889, Commemorated April 15 ; ANSELM OF CANTERBURY, Monk, Archbishop, Theologian, 21 April 1109 ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564; Bernadette of Lourdes, Nun and Visionary, 16 April 1879 ; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12 ; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804); Glorification of the Venerable Zebulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, Commemorated May 28 ; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; BLANDINA AND HER COMPANIONS, (Formerly THE MARTYRS OF LYONS) (2 JUNE 177); Martyr Frontasius of Gaul, Commemorated on June 4; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

France (center of France)
France; Gaul; THOMAS MERTON; France; Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan; Martyr Frontasius of Gaul, Commemorated on June 4;

France, Somme River Siegfried and Maginot Lines Folder (Northern France)

Maginot Line - French Line between France and Germany
Maginot Line;

Somme River

Somme River Source (former Forest of Arrouaise)

Somme River 1

Somme River 2

Somme River 3

Somme River 4 (Corbie)

Corbie, France (Somme River 4)
Corbie (Somme River 4); ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865);

Somme River 5 (Amiens)

Amiens, France (a former crossroads, Somme River 5)
Amiens (a former crossroads); MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated November 11 ;

Somme River Mouth (English Channel)

France, Seine River Folder (North Central France)

Aube Department
Aube Department; Martyr Patroclus of Troyes, Commemorated August 17 ;

Seine River Source (Source-Seine, Burgundy)
Source-Seine;

Seine River 1

Seine River 2 (Troyes)

Troyes, France (Seine River 2)
Troyes (Seine River 2), City of Tricassinum (Troyes); Martyr Patroclus of Troyes, Commemorated August 17 ;

Seine River 3 (Aube River)

France, Seine River 3, Aube River Folder

Aube River

Clairvaux (Aube River 1) 1115
Clairvaux Abbey ; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179); PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

Aube River Source

Aube River Mouth (Seine River 3)

Seine River 4 (Yonne River)

France, Seine River 4, Yonne River Folder

Yonne River

Yonne River Source (Morvan Hills)
Morvan Hills;

Morvan Hills

Yonne River 1 (Vezelay Abby)

Vezelay Abby (near Yonne River 1 in Burgandy) 750 approx.
Vezelay Abby ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Yonne River 2 (Auxerre)

Auxerre, France (Yonne River 2)
Auxerre, France (Yonne River) ; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31 ; Gaul; Britain; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ;

Auxerre Cathedral, 1215
Auxerre Cathedral; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31 ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ;

Joigny (Yonne River 2.5)
VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660;

Yonne River 3 (Sens, Vanne River Mouth)

Sens, Northern France (Vanne River Mouth, Yonne River 3)
Sens; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Vanne River Mouth (Sens, Yonne River 3)

Vanne River

Yonne (river) Mouth (Seine River 4)

Seine River 5 (Paris, Oise River, Marne River)

France, Seine River 5, Marne River Folder

Marne River

Champagne-Ardenne Region, France (Marne and Ainse Rivers)
Champagne-Ardenne Region of France; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179); JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431;

Haute-Marne Department, France (High Marne)
Haute-Marne; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431;

Marne Department, France
Marne Department;

Langres Cathedral, France (Champagne-Ardenne, Marne River Source)
Langres Cathedral; Martyr Speusippus in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 16 ;

Marne River Source (Champagne-Ardenne)

Marne River Mouth (Paris, Seine River 5)

Lagny-sur-Marne monastery or Lagny Abbey (Marne River Mouth) 644
Lagny-sur-Marne monastery or Lagny Abbey (Marne River Mouth); St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8;

France, Seine River 5, Paris Area Folder

Paris, France (Seine River 5)
Paris; NATHAN SA–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12; VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660; Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop, Commemorated on October 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œJerusalem"Â, Commemorated on October 12; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER, Educator (1964), Commemorated Febraury 28 ; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253); St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

Prison (Priory of) Saint-Lazare
VINCENT DE PAUL; Prison Saint-Lazare;

Priory (Prison of) Saint-Lazare
VINCENT DE PAUL; Prison Saint-Lazare;

Argenteuil (near Paris)
Argenteuil near Paris; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Nanterre, France (Seine River 5, Paris Area)
Nanterre (Seine River 5) ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ;

Valerien, Mount Valerien
Valerien, Mount Valerien; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated on January 3;

Abbey of St Denis (Paris, France) 1144
Abbey of St Denis in France; Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop, Commemorated on October 9 ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9;

Vicus Catulliacus, now known as St Denis, Paris, 1144
Vicus Catulliacus, now known as St Denis; Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop, Commemorated on October 9 ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

Swedish Embassy, Paris
Embassy of Sweden, Paris; NATHAN SO–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12; NATHAN SODERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated June 14 ;

Montmartre (Hill of the Martyrs)
Montmartre (Hill of the Martyrs) ; Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop, Commemorated October 9 ;

University of Paris (Sarbonne) 1150
University of NATHAN SO–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12 ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); NATHAN SODERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated June 14 ; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER, Educator (1964), Commemorated Febraury 28 ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

Sorbonne, Paris (University of Paris) 1150, 1257
Sorbonne; NATHAN SO–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER, Educator (1964), Commemorated Febraury 28 ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ; NATHAN SODERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931;

Bastille Prison
Bastille Prison; France, 1682-1742, Elie Neau, French Huguenot and American Catechist; ELIE NAUD, (ELIAS NEAU), HUGUENOT WITNESS TO THE FAITH, 7 Sept. 1722;

Luxembourg Gardens, Paris, France

Luxembourg Gardens
75006 Paris, France
Luxembourg Gardens - Garden
75006 Paris
France
Le Jardin du Luxembourg, or the Luxembourg Garden, located in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, was created beginning in 1612 by Marie de' Medici, the widow of King Henry IV of France, for a new residence she constructed, the Luxembourg Palace.
Wikipedia
Did you know: Created in 1612 by Marie de' Medici, the 25-hectare Jardin du Luxembourg is the second largest public park in Paris.
Construction started: 1612
17th-century park with formally laid-out gardens, trees planted in patterns & statues on pedestals.
senat.fr

Saint-Germain-des-Pres Cathedral, 542
Saint-Germain-des-Pres Cathedral, 542; St. Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28;

Saint Etienne du Mont Church, Paris
Saint Etienne du Mont Church; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated on January 3;

French National Museum of Natural History, 1635
Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Museum of Natural History, Paris, 1635
Natural History Museum in Paris; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Quinze-Vingts Hospital
Quinze-Vingts Hospital ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ;

Conciergerie Prison, Paris
Conciergerie Prison, Paris ; VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660 ;

Leville Cemetary, France
Leville Cemetary; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3 ;

Leville, France, Leuville-sur-Orge (Seine River 4.5)
Leville, France, Leuville-sur-Orge (Seine River 4.5); Saint Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3;

House of Capet, Direct Capetians, Paris and Seine River
House of Capet, Direct Capetians; House of Capet or the Direct Capetians, also called the House of France, or simply the Capets, ruled the Kingdom of France from 987 to 1328. It was the most senior line of the Capetian dynasty – itself a derivative dynasty from the Robertians. Historians in the 19th century came to apply the name "Capetian" to both the ruling house of France and to the wider-spread male-line descendants of Hugh Capet (c. 939 – 996). Contemporaries did not use the name "Capetian" (see House of France). The Capets were sometimes called "the third race of kings" (following the Merovingians and the Carolingians). The name "Capet" derives from the nickname (of uncertain meaning) given to Hugh, the first Capetian king.[1] direct line of the House of Capet came to an end in 1328, when the three sons of Philip IV (reigned 1285–1314) all failed to produce surviving male heirs to the French throne. the death of Charles IV (reigned 1322–1328), the throne passed to the House of Valois, descended from a younger brother of Philip IV. power would later pass (1589) to another Capetian branch, the House of Bourbon, descended from the youngest son of Louis IX (reigned 1226–1270), and (from 1830) to a Bourbon cadet branch, the House of Orléans, always remaining in the hands of agnatic descendants of Hugh Capet.

Nogent-Sur-Seine, France (near Paris, Seine River 4)
Nogent-Sur-Seine, France (near Paris, Seine River 4); Venerable Cloud (Clodoald) the Abbot-Founder of Nogent-Sur-Seine Near Paris, Commemorated September 7 ;

France, Seine River 5, Oise River Folder

Oise River

Oise River Source (south of Chimay, Belgium)

Oise River 1 (Hirson, Aisne)

Oise River 2 (Guise, Aisne)

Oise River 3 (Chauny, Aisne)

Oise River 4 (Noyon, Oise)

Noyon, France (Oise River 4)
Noyon, France (Oise River 4); JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, Commemorated May 28;

Oise River 5 (Compiegne, Aisne River Mouth)

France, Seine River 5, Oise River 5, Ainse River Folder

Ainse River

Aisne River Source (Rembercourt-Sommaisne, Argonne Forest)

Aisne River 1 (Meuse Department)

Forest of Argonne (East of Aisne River)
Forest of Argonne;

Aisne River 2

Aisne River 3

Aisne River 4

Aisne River 8 (Sainte-Menehould, Marne Dept)

Aisne River 26 (Falaise)

Aisne River 27 (Vouziers, Ardennes)

Aisne River 28 (Rethel, Ardennes)

Aisne River 29 (Rheims)

Rheims (near Aisne River 29, Champagne-Ardenne, Marne Department)
Rheims (near Aisne River 29) ; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530) ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ;

Aisne River 30 (Soissons, Aisne)

Abbey of St. Medard, Soissons, France (Aisne River 30) 557
Abbey of St. Medard, Soissons ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

Ainse River 31

Aisne River Mouth (Oise River 5)

Oise River 6 (Overview)

House of Valois, Vez, Oise, France (Includes Orleans, Anjou, Burgundy and Alencon)
House of Valois Region; House of Valois[a] was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty. They succeeded the House of Capet (or "Direct Capetians") to the French throne, and were the royal house of France from 1328 to 1589. Junior members of the family founded cadet branches in Orléans, Anjou, Burgundy, and Alençon. Valois descended from Charles, Count of Valois (1270–1325), the second surviving son of King Philip III of France (reigned 1270–1285). Their title to the throne was based on a precedent in 1316 (later retroactively attributed to the Merovingian Salic law) which excluded females (Joan II of Navarre), as well as male descendants through the distaff line (Edward III of England), from the succession to the French throne. After holding the throne for several centuries the Valois male line failed and the House of Bourbon succeeded the Valois to the throne as the senior-surviving branch of the Capetian dynasty. JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431;

France, Seine River 5, Oise River 6, Therain River Folder

Therain River

Therain River Source (between Grumesnil and St Michael d'Halescourt)

Therain River 1

Therain River 2 (Songeons)

Therain River 3 (Milly)

Therain River 4 (Beauvais)

Therain River 5 (Hermes)

Beauvais, France (Avalon River Mouth, Therain River 4) 1225
Beauvais; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

Therain River 6 (Mouy)

Therain River Mouth (Oise River 6)

Oise River 7 (Creil, Oise)

Oise River 8 (Overview)

Oise River 9 (Auvers, Val-d'Oise)

Oise River 10 (Pontoise, Val d'Oise)

Oise River 11 (Cergy, Val d'Oise)

Oise River 12 (Jouy-le-Moutier, Val d'Oise)

Oise River Mouth (Paris, Seine River 5)

Seine River 6

Seine River 7

France, Seine River 7.5, Eure River Folder, Chartres Cathedral

Eure River from Loire

Eure River from Eure

Eure River Source (Marchanville)

Eure River 1, Eure-et-Loir Dept, Chartres Cathedral

Chartres Cathedral (Eure Liore River 1, betweeen Paris and Orleans, on a hill, 1194-1220
Chartres Cathedral; Chartres, France; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179);

Eure River 2, Eure Dept

Eure River Mouth (Seine River 7.5)
Eure River;

Seine River 8 (Rouen and Bec Abbey)

Bec, Monastery of Bec, Normandy, France (Bec Abbey, Seine River 8) 1034
Monastery of Bec (Bec Abbey) ; ANSELM OF CANTERBURY, Monk, Archbishop, Theologian, 21 April 1109 ;

Seine River Mouth (Le Havre, English Channel)

Cotentin Peninsula, Normandy
Cotentin Peninsula

Normandy, France (Lower Seine to Cotentin Peninsula)
Normandy; Duchy of Normandy; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; WULFSTAN OF WORCESTER, Commemorated January 19 ;

Falaise, Calvados, Normandy, France
Falaise, Calvados, birthplace of William the Conqueror; HUGH OF LINCOLN BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200) ;

Battle of Falaise Gap, 1944
Battle of Falaise Gap, 1944;

France, Loire River Folder (Central France)

Liore River

Loire River Source (Cevennes, Mt Mont Gerbier de Jonc)
Loire River, it flows north to Orleans then west to the Atlantic Ocean;

Mont Gerbier de Jonc (its springs the source of the Loire)
Mont Gerbier de Jonc; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Le Chambon-sur-Lignon on the Plateau Vivarais-Lignon (Liore River Source)
Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, on the Plateau Vivarais-Lignon; THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Andre and Magda Trocm, Commemorated July 16 ;

Loire River 1 (Monistrol)

Loire River 2 (Aurec)

Loire River 3 (Andrezieux-Boutheon)

Loire River 4 (Balbigny)

Loire River 5 (Roanne)

Loire River 6 (Marcigny)

Loire River 7 (Digoin, near Cluny Abby)

Loire River 8

Loire River 9

Loire River 10

Loire River 11 (Nevers)

Liore River 12

Liore River 13

Liore River 14

Loire River 20 (Orleans)

Dominican house in Orleans
Dominican house in Orleans ; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253);

Orleans, France (Loire River 20)
Orleans; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253); JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ;

Loire River 22 (Tours)

Tours, France (Loire River 22)
Tours; Battle of Tours 732; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804) ; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 27 ;

Touraine Region, Tours (part of Paris Basin; Loire, Cher and Indre Rivers)
Touraine; Traversed by the Loire and its tributaries the Cher, the Indre and the Vienne, the Touraine makes up a part of the Paris Basin.

Liore River 23 (Tours, Cher River Mouth)

France, Loire River 23, Cher River Folder

Cher River

Cher River Source (Massif Central)
Massif Central;

Fathers of the Sacred Heart, Issoudun, France (Cher River 2)
Fathers of the Sacred Heart; DAMIEN of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889, Commemorated April 15 ;

Cher River Mouth (Tours, Loire River 23)

Liore River 24 (Indre River Mouth)

France, Loire River 24, Indre River Folder

Indre River

Indre River Source

Indre River Mouth (Loire River 24)

Liore River 25 (Vienne River Mouth)

France, Loire River 25, Vienne River Folder

Vienne River

Vienne River Source (Plateau de Millevaches)
Plateau de Millevaches;

Plateau de Millevaches

Vienne River 1 (Limoges)

Vienne River 1

Limoge (high point, Vienne River 1 Source)
Limoges (Vienne River); LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ;

Vienne River 2 (Clain River)

France, Loire River 25, Vienne River 2, Clain River Folder

Clain River

Clain River 1

Clain River 2

Clain River 3 (Poitiers and Vienne)

Poitiers, France (Clain River 3)
Poitiers; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; CECILIA OF ROME, MARTYR AT ROME, c. 280, Commemorated November 22; St Hilary the Bishop of Poitiers, Commemorated January 13 ; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367) ;

Poitou Region, (Poitiers, Limoge high point, Poitevan Marsh, Clain River)
Poitevan Marsh; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Poitevin Marshland, Marais Poitevin (a large marshland western France)
Marais Poitevin; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Vienne, France (Claine River 3)
Vienne, France; BLANDINA AND HER COMPANIONS, (Formerly THE MARTYRS OF LYONS), (2 JUNE 177) ;

Clain River Mouth (Vienne River 2)

Vienne River Mouth (Loire River 25)

Chinon, France (near Vienne River Mouth and Loire River 25)
Chinon; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ;

Candes-Saint-Martin (Loire River 25, Vienne River)
Candes-Saint-Martin; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11 ;

Liore River 27 (Anjou)

Liore River 28 (Maine and Sarthe Rivers)

France, Liore River 28, Maine and Sarthe Rivers Folder

Maine River

Maine River Source

Maine River 1

Mayenne River Mouth (Maine River)

Maine River Mouth (Loire River 28)

Sarthe River

Sarthe River Source

Sarthe River 1

Sarthe River 2

Sarthe River 3

Sarthe River 5 (LeMans, Cenomanis)

Cenomanis, France and Gaul (Le Mans, Sarthe River 5)
Cenomanis, Gaul (Le Mans, Sarthe River 5); St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ;

Maine County (Maine River, Sarthe River)
Maine County (Maine River) ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ;

Sarthe River 7 (Overview)

Sarthe River Mouth (Maine River)

Anjou (both sides, Lower Loire Valley Western France)
Anjou; Serbia, 1245-1314, Helen of Anjou, Saint Helen of Serbia; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; St. Helen of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30;

Armorica, France (now Brittany, Liore River 30)
Armorica (now Brittany), and Nantes is the largest city in Brittany; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31 ;

Liore River 31 (Nantes)

Nantes, Brittany (Liore River 31)
Nantes, Brittany ; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

Liore River Mouth (Atlantic Ocean)

Celts, Land of the Celtic People (Brittany, Britain, Scotland, Wales, Ireland)
Land of the Celtic People (Brittany, Britain, Scotland, Wales, Ireland); HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA, KING AND MARTYR (20 NOV 870);

France, Massif Central Folder (Central France)

Massif Central (Central France)
Massif Central; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Puy de Dome (dormant lava dome of a volcano)
Puy de Dome (dormant lava dome of a volcano); PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Orcines, Massif Central, France
Orcines; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Auvergne , France (Massif Central Volcano, west of the upper Loire)
Auvergne Province ; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Clermont-Ferrand (Puy de Dome region)
Clermont-Ferrand; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

House of Burbon, Central France, Navarre, Luxembourg, Spain, Naples, Sicily and Parma
House of Burbon, Central France; House of Bourbon is a European dynasty of French origin, a branch of the Capetian dynasty, the royal House of France. Bourbon kings first ruled France and Navarre in the 16th century. By the 18th century, members of the Spanish Bourbon dynasty held thrones in Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Parma. Spain and Luxembourg have monarchs of the House of Bourbon. royal Bourbons originated in 1272, when the youngest son of King Louis IX married the heiress of the lordship of Bourbon.[2] The house continued for three centuries as a cadet branch, serving as nobles under the Direct Capetian and Valois kings. senior line of the House of Bourbon became extinct in the male line in 1527 with the death of Charles III, Duke of Bourbon. This made the junior Bourbon-Vendôme branch the genealogically senior branch of the House of Bourbon. In 1589, at the death of Henry III of France, the House of Valois became extinct in the male line. Under the Salic law, the Head of the House of Bourbon, as the senior representative of the senior-surviving branch of the Capetian dynasty, became King of France as Henry IV.[2] Bourbon monarchs then united to France the small kingdom of Navarre, which Henry's father had acquired by marriage in 1555, ruling both until the 1792 overthrow of the monarchy during the French Revolution. Restored briefly in 1814 and definitively in 1815 after the fall of the First French Empire, the senior line of the Bourbons was finally overthrown in the July Revolution of 1830. A cadet Bourbon branch, the House of Orléans, then ruled for 18 years (1830–1848), until it too was overthrown. Princes of Condé was a cadet branch of the Bourbons descended from an uncle of Henry IV, and the Princes of Conti was a cadet line of the Condé branch. Both houses were prominent French noble families, well known for their participation in French affairs, even during exile in the French Revolution, until their respective extinctions in 1830 and 1814. 1700, at the death of Charles II of Spain, the Spanish Habsburgs became extinct in the male line. Under the will of the childless Charles II, the second grandson of Louis XIV of France was named as his successor, to preclude the union of the thrones of France and Spain. The prince, then Duke of Anjou, became Philip V of Spain.[2] Permanent separation of the French and Spanish thrones was secured when France and Spain ratified Philip's renunciation, for himself and his descendants, of the French throne in the Treaty of Utrecht in 1714, and similar arrangements later kept the Spanish throne separate from those of the Two Sicilies and Parma. The Spanish House of Bourbon (rendered in Spanish as Borbón [boÉ¾ËˆÎ²on]) has been overthrown and restored several times, reigning 1700–1808, 1813–1868, 1875–1931, and since 1975. Bourbons ruled in Naples from 1734 to 1806 and in Sicily from 1734 to 1816, and in a unified Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from 1816 to 1860. They also ruled in Parma from 1731 to 1735, 1748–1802 and 1847–1859. Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (ruled 1919-1964) married a cadet of the Parmese line and thus her successors, who have ruled Luxembourg since her abdication in 1964, have also been members of the House of Bourbon. Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, regent for her father, Pedro II of the Empire of Brazil, married a cadet of the Orléans line and thus their descendants, known as the Orléans-Braganza, were in the line of succession to the Brazilian throne and expected to ascend its throne had the monarchy not been abolished by a coup in 1889. legitimate, living members of the House of Bourbon, including its cadet branches, are direct agnatic descendants of Henry IV through his son Louis XIII of France.

France, Brittany Folder (Western France)

Brittany or Breton Region, France
Brittany; EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA, KING AND MARTYR (20 NOV 870); St Brannock of Braunton, Commemorated January 7 ; St. Elian, Missionary to Cornwall, England, Commemorated on January 13; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

monastery of Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys, Brittany, 570 approx.
monastery of Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers Folder (Southwest France)

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers, Dordogne River Folder

Dordogne River

Dordogne 1 (Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne)

Dordogne River Source (Plateau de Millevaches)

Dordogne River 2 (Vezere River Mouth)

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers, Dordogne River 2, Vezere River Folder

Vezere River

Vezere River Source (Plateau De Millevaches)

Vezere River 1 (Thenon)

Thenon, France (Gironde area, N-S and E-W Crossroads, Vezere River 1)
Thenon (N-S and E-W Crossroads) ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ;

Vezere River Mouth (Dordogne River 2)

Dordogne River 3 (Isle River Mouth)

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers, Dordogne River 3, Isle River Folder

Isle River

Isle River Source (Plateau de Millevaches)

Isle River 1 (Perigeaux)

Perigeux (high point, Isle River 1)
Perigeux (Isle River) ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ;

Isle River Mouth (Dordogne River)

Dordogne River Mouth (Gironde Estuary)

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers, Garonne River Folder

Garonne River

Garonne River Source (Aran Valley)
Aran Valley;

Lourdes, Southwest France (Healing Spring, West of Garonne River Source)
Lourdes; Bernadette of Lourdes, Nun and Visionary, 16 April 1879 ;

Garonne River 1 (Toulouse)

Toulouse, Langedoc - high point, Capital of the Visigoths (Garonne River 1)
Capital of the Visigoths - Toulouse; Toulouse; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397) ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Languedoc Region (Toulouse, south central France, East of Garonne River)
Languedoc Region, The province of Languedoc covered an area in the central part of southern France, roughly the region between the Rhne River (border with Provence) and the Garonne River (border with Gascony), extending northwards to the Cvennes and the Massif Central (border with Auvergne); DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; Bernadette of Lourdes, Nun and Visionary, 16 April 1879 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Albigensian Crusade, 1209-1229 (Languedoc Region, Albi, France)
Albigensian Crusade; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221);

Garonne River 2 (Tarn River Mouth)

Gascony, Southwest France (Basque Country, West of Garonne River)
Gascony; VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers, Garonne River 2, Tarn River Folder

Tarn River

Tarn River Source (Mt Lozere)

Cevennes Range
Cevennes Range;

Tarn River 1

Tarn River 2 (Tarn Gourges)

Tarn River 3

Languedoc (Tarn and Upper Garonne Rivers)
Languedoc; Albigenses; Catharism; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221)

Tarn River 4

Tarn River 5 (Montauban)

Lycee de Montauban, Montauban, France (Tarn River 5)
Montauban, France (Tarn River 5) THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemrated December 10 ;

Montauban, France (Tarn River 5)
Montauban, France (Tarn River 5) THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemrated December 10 ;

Tarn River Mouth (Garonne River 2)

Garonne River 3 (Lot River Mouth)

Aquitaine Region, France (Southwest Coast, west of Garonne River)
Aquitaine Region, France (Southwest Coast, west of Garonne River); HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179); EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; Eleanor of Aquitaine, 1142-1204;

Eleanor of Aquitaine, 1142-1204
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 1142-1204; Aquitaine Region, France (Southwest Coast, west of Garonne River); HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179); EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers, Garonne River 3, Lot River Folder

Lot River

Lot River Source (Plateau de Millevaches)

Lot River 1 (Cahors)

Cahors, France (high point, Lot River 1)
Cahors (Lot River); LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ;

Lot River Mouth (Garonne River 3)

Garonne River Mouth (Gironde Estuary Bay of Biscay Atlantic Ocean)

Bordeaux, France (Garonne River Mouth)
Bordeaux, France; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated January 23 ;

France, Aude River Folder (Southeastern France)

France, Southern France (south of Marais Poitevin)
France, Southern France (south of Marais Poitevin, a large marshland); DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Marais Poitevin (a large marshland western France)
Marais Poitevin; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Aude River

Aude River Source (Pyrenees mountains)
Pyrenees mountains;

Aude River 1

Aude River 2

Aude River 3

Rousillon County, Catalonia, France (Aude River)
Rousillon County; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ;

Aude River Mouth (Mediterranean Sea)

Narbonum, France (Aude River Mouth, Mediterranean Sea)
Narbonum; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated December 18;

France, French Rivierra Folder (Southeastern France)

Cimella, France (Cimelum, near Nice)
Cimella (Cimelum) near Nice; Martyr Pontious at Cimella in France ; Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commemorated August 4 ; Hieromartyr Fabian the Pope of Rome

Lerins Abbey (French Rivierra) 410
Lerins monestary; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Lerins Islands, Southeastern France
Lerins Islands, Southeastern France ; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ;

France, Rhone and Saone Rivers Folder (Eastern France)

Rhone River (Fos Harbor)

Rhone River (Marseille)

Chartreuse Mountains (Rhone River 3, Carthusians)
Chartreuse Mountains (Carthusians); Carthusians - Grande Chartreuse; HUGH OF LINCOLN, BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200);

Carthusians - Grande Chartreuse (Rhone River 3)
Carthusians - Grande Chartreuse; HUGH OF LINCOLN, BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200);

France, Rhone River 4, Saone River Folder

Saone River

Saone River Source (Vosges Mt Range)

Saone River 1 (Darney)

Saone River 2 (Monthureux-sur-Saone)

Saone River 3 (Chatillon-sur-Saone)

France, Rhone River 4, Saone River 3, Grosne River Folder

Grosne River

Grosne River Source (Saint-Bonnet-des-Bruyeres)
Grosne River;

Grosne River 1 (Cluny Abbey)

Cluny Abbey, France (Grosne River 1) 910
Cluny; Cluny Abbey; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Grosne River Mouth (Saone River 3)

La Fert Abbey (Grosne River Mouth, Saone River 3)
La Fert Abbey (Grosne River Mouth, Saone River 3) BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Saone River 4 (Jussey)

Luxeuil Abbey, France
Luxeuil Abbey (Burgendy, France, between Rhine and Meuse Rivers); Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10;

Saone River 5 (Cistercian, Citeaux, Abby)

Cistercian abbey, France (Saone River 5) 1098
Cistercian abbey; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ;

Citeaux Abby, 1098
Citeaux Abby; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Corcelles-les-Citeaux
Corcelles-les-Citeaux; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Autun (Saone-and-Loire Rivers Department)
Autun; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28 ;

Autun Cathedral, 1120
Autun Cathedral; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28;

St Symphorian'™s monastery, Autun, Saone, 452
St Symphorian'™s monastery; Autun Cathedral; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28 ;

Burgundy, France (Morvan Hills, rivers source area, Saone drainage)
Burgundy; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530) ; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

Burgundian State, a very large area, Upper Seine, Upper Loire, Upper Saone, Luxemborg, Belgium, Holland
Burgundian State, a very large area, Upper Seine, Upper Loire, Upper Saone, Luxemborg, Belgium, Holland Burgundy; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530) ; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

France, Rhone River 4, Saone River 5, Doubs River Folder

Doubs River

Doubs River Source (Mouthe)
Mouthe;

Doubs River 1 (Montbeliard)
Montbiliard;

Besancon, France (Doubs River 2)
Besancon, France on the Doubs River; Venerable John Calabytes "the Hut-Dweller", Commemorated January 15 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Doubs River 2 (Besancon)

Doubs River Mouth (Saone River 5)
Doubs River;

Saone River 6 (Saone-et-Loire)

Macon, France (Saone River 6.7)
Macon ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Saone River 7 (Belleville et Saone

Mongre, Notre Dame de Mongre High School (Saone River 7.3) 1848
Notre Dame de Mongr High School; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Villefranche-sur-Saone (Saone River 7.3)
Villefranche-sur-Saone ; Notre Dame de Mongr High School; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Saone River 8 (Caluire-et-Cuire)

Saone River Mouth (Lyons, Rhone River 4)

Lyons, France (Saone River Mouth, Rhone River 4)
Lyons; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov, Commemorated September 20 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Hieromartyr Polycarp the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated on February 23; Hieromartyr Pionius of Smyrna and those with him, Commemorated on March 11; POLYCARP; BLANDINA AND HER COMPANIONS, (Formerly THE MARTYRS OF LYONS), (2 JUNE 177); IRENAEUS, BISHOP OF LYONS, THEOLOGIAN (28 JUN 202) ;

Clairvaux Abby, 1115
Clairvaux Abbey ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

La Ferte or Clairvaux (48:09 N 4:47 E) 1115
Clairvaux Abbey ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Avignon, France (Rhone River 7)
Avignon; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380); EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Arles, France (Rhone River 8)
Arles (Rhone River 8); St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26;

Marseille, France (Rhone River Mouth)
Marseille; THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Raoul Wallenberg and Carl Lutz, Commemorated July 16 ; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; FRANCIS OF ASSISI, FRIAR (4 OCT 1226); THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Hiram "Harry" Bingham IV; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 29;

Monastery of St Victor in Marseilles
Monastery of St Victor in Marseilles;

Aix-en-Provence (Rhone River Mouth, Marseille)
Aix-en-Provence; Provence-Alpes-Cate d'Azur; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Provence (Southeastern France, east of Rhone River)
Provence Region; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Provence-Alpes-Cate d'Azur
Provence-Alpes-Cate d'Azur; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

France, Maginot Line, Northeast France between France and Germany

Strasbourg, France (Maginot Line)
Strasbourg, France; England, 1508-1569, Bible Translator and Bishop, Miles Coverdale; WILLIAM TYNDALE and MILES CLOVERDALE, TRANSLATOR OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569);

Belgium Folder, and Holy Roman Empire

Belgium, 800-1806, Holy Roman Empire, Revived in 2009, Centered in Belgium
Belgium, 800-1806, Holy Roman Empire, Revived in 2009, Centered in Belgium; Charlemagne, a Frank, first Holy Roman Emperor (800-814); Charlemagne Building; European Union Constitution, Nov 3, 2009;

Belgium (Meuse and Scheldt Rivers, Ardennes Mts)
Belgium; THOMAS A KEMPIS, PRIEST, MONK, AND WRITER (24 JULY 1471) ; JOHN WYCLIF, TRANSLATOR AND CONTROVERSIALIST, 30 OCT. 1384 ; GEOFFREY ANKETELL STUDDERT KENNEDY, PRIEST, 1929, Commemorated March 8 ; DAMIEN of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889, Commemorated April 15 ; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804); Glorification of the Venerable Zebulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23 ; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

Belgium, West Belgium, Scheldt River Folder

Scheldt River

Scheldt River Source (Gouy, France)
Scheldt River;

Scheldt River 1

Scheldt River 2

Scheldt River 3

Scheldt River 6 (Gaunt, Lys River Mouth)

Belgium, Scheldt River 6, Lys River Folder (France and Belgium)

Lys River

Lys River Source (Pas de Calais, near Agincourt, France)
Lys River;

Lys River 1

Lys River 2 (Western Front WWI)

Lys River 3 (Messines Ridge)

Messines Ridge, Belgium (Lys River 3)
Messines Ridge (Battle in 1917); GEOFFREY ANKETELL STUDDERT KENNEDY, aka Woodbine Willie, PRIEST, 1929, Commemorated March 8 ;

Lys River 4

Lys River 5

Lys River Mouth (Gaunt, Belgium, Scheldt River 6)

Gaunt (Ghent), Belgium (Lys River Mouth, Scheldt River 6
Gaunt; England, 1360-1399, John of Gaunt, nobleman, soldier, statesman and prince JOHN WYCLIF, Commemorated October 30 ;

Scheldt River 7 (Antwerp)

Antwerp, Belgium (Scheldt River 7)
WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE] TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569);

Scheldt River Mouth (North Sea)

Belgium, North Central Belgium, Brussels-Scheldt Canal Folder

Brussels-Scheldt Canal

Brussels, Belgium (Scheldt Canal)
Brussels; JOHN WYCLIF, TRANSLATOR AND CONTROVERSIALIST, 30 OCT. 1384 ;

Leuven, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, 1425
Leuven, Catholic University of Leuven, 1425; Miles Coverdale of WILLIAM TYNDALE and MILES CLOVERDALE, TRANSLATOR OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569);

University of Louvain, Belgium, 1817
University of Louvain; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ;

Belgium, East Belgium, Muse River Folder (France, Belgium, Germany and Netherlands)

Meuse River

Meuse River Mouth at North Sea

Meuse River Source (Langres plateau, France)
Langres plateau; The Meuse rises in Pouilly-en-Bassigny, commune of Le ChÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â¢telet-sur-Meuse on the Langres plateau in France from where it flows northwards past Sedan (the head of navigation) and Charleville-MÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â©ziÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â¨res into Belgium.[3] At Namur it is joined by the River Sambre. Beyond Namur the Meuse winds eastwards, skirting the Ardennes, and passes LiÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â¨ge before turning north. The river then forms part of the Belgian-Dutch border, except that at Maastricht the border lies further to the west. In the Netherlands it continues northwards through Venlo closely along the border to Germany, then turns towards the west, where it runs parallel to the Waal river and forms part of the extensive RhineÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â“MeuseÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â“Scheldt delta, together with the Scheldt river in its south and the Rhine river in the north. The river has been divided near Heusden into the Afgedamde Maas on the right and the Bergse Maas on the left. The Bergse Maas continues under the name of Amer, which is part of the Biesbosch. The Afgedamde Maas joins the Waal, the main stem of the Rhine at Woudrichem, and then flows under the name of Boven Merwede to Hardinxveld-Giessendam, where it splits into Nieuwe Merwede and Beneden Merwede. Near Lage Zwaluwe, the Nieuwe Merwede joins the Amer, forming the Hollands Diep, which splits into Grevelingen and Haringvliet, before finally flowing into the North Sea.

Ardennes Forest, Belgium (Meuse River)
Ardennes Forest ;

Ardennes Department, Belgium (Meuse River)
Ardennes Department;

Meuse River (Leige, Belgium)

Aachen, Belgium (Charlemagne's Capital, a spa town, near Meuse River)
Aachen; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804);

Meuse River (Roermond, Netherlands)
Roermond; Meuse River;

Meuse River Mouth (North Sea, Netherlands)

Geography - Sweden

True North from Jerusalem

A point True North from Jerusalem

Jerusalem to Sweden, Verangian Penninsula 2,682 Miles North

Jerusalem to Moscow 1,659 Miles North

Sweden
Sweden; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; St John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated October 24 ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15 ; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012); OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ; DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988) ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28;

Sweden, Land of the Northmen or Vikings (Goths, Varangians, Vandals, Lombards)
Northmen; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865);

Sweden, Goths, Varangians and other Vikings came down at the end of the Middle Age Warming Period
Varangians and other Vikings came down at the end of the Middle Age Warming Period;

Sweden, Gothland, Sweden
Gothland; Goths; Wielbark culture; Totila the Goth; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated September 15 ; Thervingi people; Martyr and Confessor Gurias of Edessa, Commemorated November 15 ; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397) ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ;

Sweden, Island of Gothland, Sweden
Goths; Wielbark culture; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated September 15 ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ;

Sweden, Germania, Goths started down in Germania, not Germany, the fertile plain North of this Line, difficult to protect
Germania, not Germany, the fertile plain North of this Line and South of Sweden, difficult to protect. It is bounded on the East by the Vistula, on the South by the Mountains, and on the West by Rhine and its Roman German Frontier. ;

Sweden, Land of the Visigoths, they went to Gaul, Spain and Portugal, all Southwest from Germania
Visigoths; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397) ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19;

Sweden, Visigoths went to Gaul (South of the German Frontier, and Southwest from Germania)
Gaul and Roman Gaul; Visigoths;

Sweden, Visigoths went to Spain, Southwest from Germania
Spain; Visigoths;

Sweden, Visigoths went to Portugal, Southwest from Germania
Portugal; Visigoths;

Sweden, Land of the Ostrogoths, they went to Italy
Land of the Ostrogoths;

Sweden, Ostrogoths in Italy, South from Germania
Ostrogoths; Battle of Taginae;

Sweden, Land of the Greuthungi (Crimean) Goths
Land of the Crimean Goths - Cembalo; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19;

Sweden, Greuthungians went toCrimea, East of Germania and Gateway to Russia (through Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route or Muravsky Trail)
Crimea; Greuthungian Goths or Crimean Goths - Cembalo;

Sweden, Land of the Thervingian Goths, they went to Hungary, Transylvania, Pontica, Scythia
Land of the Thervingian Goths (Sweden), they went to Scythia;

Sweden, Thervingian Goths went to Hungary, Southsoutheast of Germania (Tisa river drainage and Little Hungarian Plain)
Hungary; Little Hungarian Plain (Pannonia and Sabaria); Great Hungarian Plain;

Sweden, Thervingian Goths went to Transylvania, Eastsoutheast of Germania (over and between the mountains, Tisa River drainage)
Transylvania; Thervingian Goths (Sweden), they went to Scythia;

Sweden, Thervingian Goths went to Dacia Pontica (Romania, Dacia (Transylvania) to Pontus)
Dacia Pontica: from Transylvania thru Lesser Scythia to Pontus Dacia; Pontica;

Sweden, Thervingian Goths went to Lesser Scythia aka Dacia Pontica
Dacia Pontica: from Transylvania thru Lesser Scythia to Pontus Dacia; Pontica;

Sweden, Thervingian Goths went to Pontus, City of Pontus, in Central Pontain
Eupatoria (Pontus), Crossroads between Kelkit and Iris Rivers;

Sweden, Land of the Vandals - Vendel, Sweden, then Vandalusia in Southern Spain and Northern Africa
Sweden, Land of the Vandals - Vendel, Sweden, they went to Germania, Dacia, Rome then Vandalusia in Southern Spain and Northern Africa, all starting in Sweden, Vendel, Sweden - Land of the Vandals, The Vandals were a Germanic people who first inhabited what is now southern Poland. They established Vandal kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean islands, and North Africa in the fifth century.[2] The Vandals migrated to the area between the lower Oder and Vistula rivers in the second century BC and settled in Silesia from around 120 BC.[3][4][5] They are associated with the Przeworsk culture and were possibly the same people as the Lugii. Expanding into Dacia during the Marcomannic Wars and to Pannonia during the Crisis of the Third Century, the Vandals were confined to Pannonia by the Goths around 330 AD, where they received permission to settle from Constantine the Great. Around 400, raids by the Huns from the east forced many Germanic tribes to migrate west into the territory of the Roman Empire and, fearing that they might be targeted next, the Vandals were also pushed westwards, crossing the Rhine into Gaul along with other tribes in 406.[6] In 409, the Vandals crossed the Pyrenees into the Iberian Peninsula, where the Hasdingi and the Silingi settled in Gallaecia (northwest Iberia) and Baetica (south-central Iberia). On the orders of the Romans, the Visigoths invaded Iberia in 418. They almost wiped out the Alans and Silingi Vandals who voluntarily subjected themselves to the rule of Hasdingian leader Gunderic. Gunderic was then pushed from Gallaecia to Baetica by a Roman-Suebi coalition in 419. In 429, under king Genseric (reigned 428–477), the Vandals entered North Africa. By 439 they established a kingdom which included the Roman province of Africa as well as Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta and the Balearic Islands. They fended off several Roman attempts to recapture the African province, and sacked the city of Rome in 455. Their kingdom collapsed in the Vandalic War of 533–34, in which Emperor Justinian I's forces reconquered the province for the Eastern Roman Empire. As the Vandals plundered Rome for fourteen days,[7] Renaissance and early-modern writers characterized the Vandals as prototypical barbarians. This led to the use of the term "vandalism" to describe any pointless destruction, particularly the "barbarian" defacing of artwork. However, some modern historians have emphasised the role of Vandals as continuators of aspects of Roman culture, in the transitional period from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages.[8];

Sweden, Vandals, Vandalsia, Spain (Andalusia - Land of the Vandals)
Andalusia, Spain (Vandalusia - Land of the Vandals);

Sweden, Land of the Lombards, Southern Scandinavia, to Lombardy and Italy
Sweden, Lombards, Southern Scandinavial

Sweden, Lombards, from Germania, South to Lombardy, or Northern Italy
Lombardy, Northern Italy; Sweden, Lombards, Southern Scandinavia Lombards were a Germanic people[2] who conquered most of the Italian Peninsula between 568 and 774. medieval Lombard historian Paul the Deacon wrote in the History of the Lombards (written between 787 and 796) that the Lombards descended from a small tribe called the Winnili,[3] who dwelt in northern Germany[4] before migrating to seek new lands. Roman-era historians wrote of the Lombards in the first century AD as being one of the Suebian peoples, also from what is now northern Germany, near the Elbe river. migrated south, and by the end of the fifth century, the Lombards had moved into the area roughly coinciding with modern Austria and Slovakia north of the Danube. they subdued the Heruls and later fought frequent wars with the Gepids. The Lombard king Audoin defeated the Gepid leader Thurisind in 551 or 552, and Audoin's successor Alboin eventually destroyed the Gepids in 567. Lombards also settled in Pannonia (modern-day Hungary). Near Szólád, archaeologists have unearthed burial sites of Lombard men and women buried together as families, unusual among Germanic peoples at the time. Contemporary traces have also been discovered of Mediterranean Greeks and a possible migrant from France. Alboin's victory over the Gepids, he led his people into North Eastern Italy, which had become severely depopulated and devastated after the long Gothic War (535–554) between the Byzantine Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom. Lombards were joined by numerous Saxons, Heruls, Gepids, Bulgars, Thuringians and Ostrogoths, and their invasion of Italy was almost unopposed. late 569, they had conquered all of northern Italy and the principal cities north of the Po River except Pavia, which fell in 572. the same time, they occupied areas in central and southern Italy. established a Lombard Kingdom in north and central Italy, which reached its zenith under the eighth-century ruler Liutprand. 774, the kingdom was conquered by the Frankish king Charlemagne and integrated into the Frankish Empire. Lombard nobles continued to rule southern parts of the Italian peninsula well into the eleventh century, they were conquered by the Normans and added to the County of Sicily. In this period, the southern part of Italy still under Lombard domination was known to the Norse as Langbarðaland ('land of the Lombards'), as inscribed in the Norse runestones.[5] legacy is also apparent in the name of the region of Lombardy in northern Italy.

Sweden, Land of the Varangians, Varangian Peninsula, Norway, They went to the 9 Cities of Russia
Varanger Peninsula (Land of the Varangians);

Sweden, Viking Land - Roslagen Sweden, Ros People, the name Russia
Sweden, Viking Land - Roslagen Sweden ; Vikings from Roslagen in other names section;

Sweden, Varanger Peninsula (Land of the Varangians) Norway
Varanger Peninsula (Land of the Varangians); 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Blessed Olga (in Baptism Helen), Princess of Russia, Commemorated on July 11; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12;

Sweden - Land of the Varangians - Nine Cities - Russia
Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov.

Sweden, Gardarika, Varangia (the land of cities north of the Black Sea)
Gardarika (the land of cities): Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (five) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski with the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians. Gardarika (the land of cities) Along the Volkhov River;

Sweden - Russia - land of the Varangians - Lyubsha
Lyubsha - earliest fort of the Varangians; Ladoga - Staraya Ladoga - a fort of the Varangians;

Sweden - Russia - land of the Varangians - Ladoga
Lyubsha - earliest fort of the Varangians; Ladoga - Staraya Ladoga - a fort of the Varangians;

Sweden - Russia - land of the Varangians - Kiev
land of the Varangians - Kiev; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov.

Sweden - Russia - land of the Varangians - Polotsk, Belarus
land of the Varangians - Polotsk; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov.

Sweden - Russia - land of the Varangians - Smolensk
land of the Varangians - Smolensk; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov.

Sweden - Russia - land of the Varangians - Murom
land of the Varangians - Murom; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov.

Sweden - Russia - land of the Varangians - Suzdal
land of the Varangians - Suzdal; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov.

Sweden - Russia - land of the Varangians - Rostov
land of the Varangians - Rostov; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea; Gardarski was the Viking name for this land; Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov;

Sweden - Russia - land of the Varangians - Novgorod
land of the Varangians - Novgorod : Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land; Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov;

Sweden - Norway (included in the Sweden Folder)
Norway;

Sweden - Norway, 790-1066, Viking Age (Global Cooling after Global Warming)
Global Cooling after Global Warming in Middle Age; Viken, Norway (Vikings); Vikings;

Sweden - Viken, Norway (Vikings)
Viken, Norway (Vikings); Vikings;

Sweden - Vikings
Viken, Norway (Vikings); Vikings;

Sweden - Varanger Peninsula, Norway (Land of the Varangians)
Varanger Peninsula (Land of the Varangians);

Sweden - Oslo, Norway
Oslo, Norway; Norway; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15 ; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012);

Geography - Russian Empire

Russia or Rus (Clean) Geography Folder (Varangia, Novgorod, Kiev, Vladimir, then Moscow, Scythia, Perm and Siberia)

Russia, Lands of Slavic (Russian) People (Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe)
Lands of the Slavic People; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Martyr Inna, Disciples of the Apostle Andrew, in Scythia, Commemorated on January 20 ; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Russia - Land of the Varangians Folder

Varanger Peninsula (Land of the Varangians)
Varanger Peninsula (Land of the Varangians); 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12;

Gardarika, Varangia (the land of cities north of the Black Sea)
Gardarika (the land of cities): Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (five) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski with the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians. Gardarika (the land of cities) Along the Volkhov River; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ;

Russia - Land of the Varangians - Nine Cities
Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Lyubsha
Lyubsha - earliest fort of the Varangians; Ladoga - Staraya Ladoga - a fort of the Varangians; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Ladoga
Lyubsha - earliest fort of the Varangians; Ladoga - Staraya Ladoga - a fort of the Varangians; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Novgorod
land of the Varangians - Novgorod : Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov.

Russia - land of the Varangians - Kiev
land of the Varangians - Kiev; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Polotsk, Belarus
land of the Varangians - Polotsk; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Smolensk
land of the Varangians - Smolensk; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Suzdal
land of the Varangians - Suzdal; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Murom
land of the Varangians - Murom; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Rostov the Great, Lake Nero
land of the Varangians - Rostov; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia, Moscow to St Petersburg Route Folder

Moscow to St Petersburg Trade Route

Russia, Moscow Volga Canal Folder

Moscow Volga Canal

Russia, Volga River Folder

Russia, Oka River Folder

Oka River

Russia, Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route Folder

Dnieper River

Dnieper (Varanigan) Trade Route (Varangia to Constantinople)
The chief trade route of Rus, from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, was then called œthe Way from the Varangians to the Greeks.

Russia, Volga Trade Route Folder

Volga Trade Route (St Petersberg, Lake Ladoga to the Caspian Sea)

Russia, Muravsky Trail Folder

Russia, Scythia, Don River Folder (to Sea of Azov, Crimea, Black Sea)

Russia, Suzdal, Southern Valley, Klyazma & Ukhtoma (Nerl) Rivers Folder

Klyazma River

Russia, Suzdal, Southern Valley, Klyazma River 5, Ukhtoma (Nerl) River Folder

Ukhtoma (Nerl Klyazma) River

Russia, Vladimir, Klyazma River 5.2, Sudogda River Folder

Sudogda River

Russia, Vladimir, Klyazma River 7, Teza River Folder

Teza River

Russia, Vladimir, Klyazma River 8, Lukh River Folder

Lukh River

Russia, Merchants Road Folder (Moscow, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod)

The Merchants Road - Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod

Russia, Trans-Siberian Railway and Road Folder

Trans-Siberian Railway (RWY)

Russia, Moscow Road to Poland Folder

Moscow Road to Mozhiask, Smolensk, Belarus and Poland

Russia, Amber Road Folder

Gatchina Road (Pskov to St Petersburg by Gotchina Palace)

Russia, Eastern Front WW1 Folder

Eastern Front WWI (about 1,000 Miles)
The Eastern front of WWI (and many other wars). Eastern Front WWI (about 1,000 Miles), basically where the mountains and Great European Plain come together.

Russia, Dnieper Bug Canal Folder (Portages and Canals; Russia, Poland and Lithuania) 1775

Russia, Natural Russia, Dnieper River Drainage & Crimea

Pripyat River

Horyn River

Styr River

Western Bug River (to Warsaw in Poland)

Germania, not Germany, the fertile plain North of this Line, difficult to protect

Berezina River

Svislocha River

Ros River

Alta River

Yahotyn River
Yahotyn River, Perevaslavl ;

Sula River

Udai River

Psel River

Domnitsa River

Seym River

Vorskla River (Vystra River)

Molochna River

Kalka River

Crimea, Gateway to Russia (through Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route or Muravsky Trail)
Crimea; Crimean Tartars; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated on August 10 ; Intercession of the œDonÂ Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated on August 19; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-ChernigovÂ, Commemorated on February 5 ; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Russia, Natural Crimea, Taurida Scythia, Don River Folder (to Sea of Azov, Crimea, Black Sea)

Russia, Natural Volga Folder in Mongol Sythia, incl Tver, Moscow, Rostov, Radonezh, Vladimir, &Oka drainage

Tversta River

Moscova River

Trubezha River

Nerl River (Volga)

Ust River

Kotorosi River

River Gridenka

Tolga River

Uchma River

Yakhroma River

Kirzhach River

Peksha River

Upa River

Zhizdra River

Ugra River

Protva River

Luzha (Vepreika) River

Nara River

Moksha River

Tsna River (Moksha Basin)

Studenets River

Tebza River

Tyosha River

Sura River, Chuvash

Alatyr River

Sviyazhsk River, Chuvash

Russia, Natural St Petersburg, Neva &Luga Rivers Drainage, Including Novgorod's Volkhov Drainage

St Petersburg, Russia (Peterburg or Petrograd)
St Petersburg; Icon of the Mother of God of Konevits, Commemorated on July 10 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20; Righteous Martyr Maria (Skobtsova), Commemorated on July 20; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Joy of All who sorrow"Â (with coins) in St Petersburg, Commemorated on July 23; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Hieromartyr Benjamin the Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdovsk, Commemorated July 31 ; Martyr Sergius the Archimandrite of Petrograd, Commemorated July 31 ; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 3; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Converser"Â, Commemorated on August 14; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated on September 7 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11 ; Martyr Juvenal of Alaska, Commemorated September 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Joy of All Who Sorrow", Commemorated October 24 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated December 20 ; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated January 3 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping "œTikhvin"Â on Mt Athos, Commemorated on February 17 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, February 20 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Icon of the Mother of God "œCzestochowa"Â, Commemorated on March 6; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20 ; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Icon of the Mother of God"œStaro Rus"Â Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23; Hieromartyr Philosophos of St. Petersburg, Commemorated on May 31; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; Glorification of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on June 8 ; Commemoration of the Appearance of the Archangel Gabriel to a Monk on Mt. Athos, and the Revelation of the Hymn, "œIt Is Truly Meet..."Â Or Axion Estin, Commemorated on June 11; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28; Icon of the Mother of God"œOur Lady of Sitka"Â, Commemorated on July 8 ; Finding of the Relics of Saint Hilarion, Archbishop of Verey, Commemorated on July 11;

Novgorod, Russia (Volkhov River Source (Lake llmen))
Veliky Novgorod; Icon of the Mother of God of Konevits, Commemorated on July 10 ; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Chirsk-Pskov, Commemorated on July 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Tenderness" in Novgorod; Blessed Nicholas Kochanov the Fool-For-Christ at Novgorod, Commemorated July 27 ; Nicholas Kochanov, Novgorod Fool-for-Christ (+ 1392), was born at Novgorod into a rich and illustrious family. From his youthful years he loved piety, he went to church faithfully, and he loved fasting and prayer. Seeing his virtuous life, people began to praise him. Blessed Nicholas, disdaining glory from men, began the difficult exploit of folly for the Lord’s sake. He ran about the city in the bitter cold dressed in rags, enduring beatings, insults and mockery. Blessed Nicholas and another Novgorod fool, Blessed Theodore (January 19), pretended to be irreconcilable foes, and graphically demonstrated to the people of Novgorod the pernicious character of their internecine strife. having overcome his sham opponent, Blessed Nicholas went along the Volkhov as if on dry land, and threw a head of cabbage at Blessed Theodore, therefore he was called “Kochanov” (i.e. “cabbage-head”). The Lord glorified Blessed Nicholas with the gift of miracles and clairvoyance. after being turned away by servants from a feast to which he had been invited, he left. Immediately, the wine disappeared from the barrel. Only upon the return of the fool, and through his prayer, did it reappear again. When he died, Blessed Nicholas was buried at the end of the cemetery by the Yakovlev cathedral. relics of Blessed Nicholas rest under a crypt in the church of the Great Martyr Panteleimon which was built over his grave. Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 3 ; ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated on August 13; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite and Wonderworker of Smolensk, Commemorated on August 21; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24; St John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kholm, Commemorated September 8 ; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on September 21 ; Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God "œJerusalem"Â, Commemorated on October 12 ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 23 ; St John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated October 26 ; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5 ; Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on November 11 ; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of Khutyn, Novgorod, Commemorated on November 6, Barlaam settled on a solitary hill below Volkhov, in a place called Khutyn, ten versts from Novgorod.; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda; St Philip the Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated November 16 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky St Athanasius, "the Iron Staff" and disciple of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated November 26 ; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God "of the Sign" at Novgorod, Commemorated November 27 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated December 4 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated December 7 ; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Novgorod; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Repose of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated December 23 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov ; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated January 11; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Anthony of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 17 ; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated January 19 ; Theodore of Novgorod was the son of pious parents, wealthy citizens of Novgorod. Having been raised in strict Christian piety, and having reached the age of maturity, he took on himself the ascetic deed of foolishness for Christ’s sake. He gave all his possessions to the poor, and he lived in great poverty until the end of his life, not even having a roof over his head, nor warm clothes on cold days. he discovered a mutual enmity between the Novgorod citizens of the Torgov quarter and the inhabitants of the Sophia quarter, Blessed Theodore pretended to be feuding with Blessed Nicholas Kochanov (July 27) who lived in asceticism on the opposite Sophia side. When Blessed Theodore happened to cross over the Volkhov Bridge to the Sophia side, then Blessed Nicholas pushed him over to the Torgov side. Theodore did the same thing when Nicholas chanced upon on the Torgov side. The blessed ones, spiritually in agreement with each other, by their unusual behavior reminded the people of Novgorod of their own internecine strife, which often ended in bloody skirmishes. blessed one possessed the gift of clairvoyance. By warning people to see to their bread, he was actually predicting an impending famine. Another time he said, “This will be bare, it will be fine for sowing turnips.” This was his prediction of a fire that devastated the streets of the Torgov quarter. Blessed Theodore foresaw his own end and said to the Novgorod people, “Farewell, I’m going far away.” his life, the citizens of Novgorod saw him as a saint pleasing to God, and had a high regard for him. After his death in the year 1392, the holy fool was buried, at his request, in the Torgov quarter, at Lubyanitsa in the church of the holy Great Martyr George, at the porch where the saint usually loved to spend his time in unceasing prayer. A chapel was built over his holy relics. Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Xenophon Hodigitria", Commemorated January 21 ; Translation of the relics of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 23 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 24 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 25 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated January 26 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 31 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Synaxis of the Hierarchs of Novgorod, Buried in the Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Princess Anna of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Uncut MountÂ, Commemorated on March 24 ; Venerable Mark of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on March 29; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Uncovering of the relics of St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 30; Venerable Alphan with his brother of Novgorod, founder of the Sokolnitzky Monastery, Commemorated on May 4; Icon of the Mother of God œStaro RusÂ Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4; Virginmartyr Glyceria of Novgorod, Commemorated on May 13; St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod and Recluse, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; Blessed Constantine the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Righteous John the Youth of Meniugi, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God œTendernessÂ in Novgorod, Commemorated on July 8; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Luga River Second Source

Volkhov River

Robeika River

Vishera River Novgorod

Verenda River

Shelon River

River Omucha

Lovat River

Lake Limen

Kunya River

Polista River

Msta River

Sestra River

Syas River

Tikhvinka River

Izhora River

Svir River

Lake Ladoga

Olonka River

Neva River

Ileksa River

Vodla River

Lake Onega

Oredezh River

Luga River

Russia, Natural Pskov, water into Pskov Lakes, including Estonia, Nava River Drainage

Narva River

Pskov Lake

Embach River

Witz-See Lake

Piusa (Tolva) River

Tolva (Piusa) River

Pskov Lake (Gudov)

Pskov Lake (Peipus)

Velikaya River

Sarot River

Sarot River 2

Lake Mikhalkinskoye

Demyanka River (from Pskov Lakes)

Pskov Lakes

Demyanka River North Branch

Pskova River

Gdov River

Dubenka River

Russia, Varangia Folder, Varanger Peninsula and 10 Russian Varantian Cities

Varangians and other Vikings came down at the end of the Middle Age Warming Period
Varangians and other Vikings came down at the end of the Middle Age Warming Period;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Rostov
land of the Varangians - Rostov; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia, Novgorod Folder, its rivers and roads

Russia, Novgorod, 9th-11th Century, Varabguian Newcomers, Vikings, Kiev and Novgorod
Varangians; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Russia, Novgorod, the capital of Rus till 882
Novgorod, the capital of Rus till 882; Icon of the Mother of God œStaro Rus Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4;

Russia, Novgorod, 1136-1478, Novgorod Republic, hostile Monomakh line of the Olgovichi
Novgorod Republic, 1136-1478, Capital Novgorod; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12 ;

Russia, Novgorod, 1380 or 1480 and Before, Mongol-Tartar Yoke, all except Novgorod and Tver
Mongol-Tartar Yoke before 1380, All of Russia except Novgorod and Tver; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated on September 25 ;

Russia, Novgorod, 1471-1480, Fall of the Novgorod Republic to Moscow
Novgorod, Fall of the Novgorod Republic to Moscow (1471 - 1480); Battle of Shelon River 1471 ; Martha Boretskaya; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26 ;

Russia, Novgorod, Volkhov River Folder

Volkhov River Source (Novgorod, Lake Ilmen)

Novgorod (Volkhov River Source (Lake llmen))
Veliky Novgorod; Icon of the Mother of God of Konevits, Commemorated on July 10 ; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Chirsk-Pskov, Commemorated on July 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Tenderness" in Novgorod; Blessed Nicholas Kochanov the Fool-For-Christ at Novgorod, Commemorated July 27 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 3 ; ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated on August 13; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite and Wonderworker of Smolensk, Commemorated on August 21; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24; St John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kholm, Commemorated September 8 ; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on September 21 ; Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœJerusalemÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12 ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 23 ; St John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated October 26 ; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5 ; Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on November 11 ; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of Khutyn, Novgorod, Commemorated on November 6, Barlaam settled on a solitary hill below Volkhov, in a place called Khutyn, ten versts from Novgorod.; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda; St Philip the Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated November 16 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky St Athanasius, "the Iron Staff" and disciple of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated November 26 ; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God "of the Sign" at Novgorod, Commemorated November 27 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated December 4 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated December 7 ; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Novgorod; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Repose of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated December 23 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov ; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated January 11; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Anthony of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 17 ; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated January 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Xenophon Hodigitria", Commemorated January 21 ; Translation of the relics of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 23 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 24 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 25 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated January 26 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 31 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Synaxis of the Hierarchs of Novgorod, Buried in the Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Princess Anna of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; Icon of the Mother of God of ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe Uncut MountÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 24 ; Venerable Mark of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on March 29; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Uncovering of the relics of St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 30; Venerable Alphan with his brother of Novgorod, founder of the Sokolnitzky Monastery, Commemorated on May 4; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœStaro RusÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4; Virginmartyr Glyceria of Novgorod, Commemorated on May 13; St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod and Recluse, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; Blessed Constantine the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Righteous John the Youth of Meniugi, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœTendernessÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ in Novgorod, Commemorated on July 8; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Volkhov River 1 (Novgorod, St Georges Monastery)

Antoniev monastery, Novgorod, 1117
Antoniev monastery; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 3; Anthony the Roman was born at Rome in 1067 to rich parents who adhered to the Orthodox Faith, and they raised him in piety. After losing his parents at age 17, he took up the study of the Fathers in the Greek language. Afterwards, he distributed part of his inheritance to the poor, and the other portion he put into a wooden barrel and threw it into the sea. Then he was tonsured at one of the wilderness monasteries, where he lived for 20 years. persecution of the Latins against the Orthodox forced the brethren to separate. Saint Anthony wandered from place to place until he came upon a large rock upon the shore of the sea, where he lived for a whole year in fasting and prayer. On September 5, 1105 a terrible storm tore away the stone on which Saint Anthony stood, and threw it into the sea. By divine Providence, the stone floated to Novgorod. On the Feast of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos, the stone halted 3 versts from Novgorod on the banks of the River Volkhov near the village of Volkhov. This event is testified to in the Novgorod Chronicles. this place the monk, with the blessing of Saint Nikḗtas the Hermit (May 14), founded a monastery in honor of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos. In another year, fishermen recovered the barrel containing Saint Anthony’s inheritance, cast into the sea many years before. The saint recognized his barrel, but the fishermen did not want to give it to him. Before a judge, Saint Anthony described the contents of the barrel, and it was returned to him. The saint used the money to buy land for the monastery. Spiritual asceticism was combined at the monastery with intense physical labor. Anthony was concerned that help should be given to the needy, orphans and widows from monastery funds. In 1117, the saint built a stone church in honor of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos. The church, built during the lifetime of Saint Anthony in the years 1117-1119 by the renowned Novgorod architect Peter, and adorned with frescoes in the year 1125, has been preserved to the present time. In 1131, Saint Niphon of Novgorod made Saint Anthony igumen of the monastery. He died on August 3, 1147 and was buried by Saint Niphon. Anthony was glorified in 1597. His memory is also celebrated (uncovering of his relics) on the first Friday after the Feast of the Foremost Apostles Peter and Paul (June 29), and on January 17, on the same day that Saint Anthony the Great is commemorated. The first Life of Saint Anthony the Roman was written soon after his death by his disciple and successor as igumen, the hieromonk Andrew. A Life, with an account of the uncovering of the relics, was written by a novice of the Antoniev monastery, the monk Niphon, in the year 1598. St. Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Venerable Alphan with his brother of Novgorod, founder of the Sokolnitzky Monastery, Commemorated on May 4;

Novgorod governia
Novgorod governia, Novgorod Republic is Novgorod governia before Moscow took control of Novgorod. When Moscow had control (1479) these lands were called Grand Duchy of Moscow ; Grand Duchy of Moscow; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 24 ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk);

Cathedral of Holy Wisdom, Saint (Hagia) Sophia Cathedral, Novgorod, 1045
Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod ; St. John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 7; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 4 ; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Synaxis of the Hierarchs of Novgorod, Buried in the Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Saint (Hagia) Sophia Cathedral, Novgorod, 1045
Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod ; St. John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 7; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 4 ; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Synaxis of the Hierarchs of Novgorod, Buried in the Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Novgorod Cathedral, Saint (Hagia) Sophia C., 1045
Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod ; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 4 ; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Synaxis of the Hierarchs of Novgorod, Buried in the Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Zverin monastery of the Protection at Novgorod, 1164
Zverin monastery of the Protection at Novgorod; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1;

Torgovaja Storona, Novgorod Fair, Norwegian Quarter of Novgorod
Torgovaja Storona, Novgorod Fair, Norwegian Quarter of Novgorod; Torgovaja Storona, Novgorod Fair, Norwegian Quarter of Novgorod, Early Foreign Ties; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19

Norwegian Quarter of Novgorod, Novgorod Fair, Torgovaja Storona
Torgovaja Storona, Novgorod Fair, Norwegian Quarter of Novgorod; Torgovaja Storona, Novgorod Fair, Norwegian Quarter of Novgorod, Early Foreign Ties; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19

Meniugi, Trinity church in Meniugi village, Norwegian Quarter, Novgorod
Trinity church in Meniugi village, Novgorod; Righteous Youths John and Jacob (James) of Meniugi, Commemorated on June 24 ; Righteous Youths James and John of Meniugi were brothers by birth, children of the pious couple Isidore and Barbara. They were killed by miscreants (James at three years of age, and John at five years of age). the years 1682-1689 their relics were found incorrupt and were placed in a reliquary at the Trinity church in Meniugi village, Novgorod diocese, on the site of the former Trinity monastery.

Volkhov Bridge
When he discovered a mutual enmity between the Novgorod citizens of the Torgov quarter and the inhabitants of the Sophia quarter, Blessed Theodore pretended to be feuding with Blessed Nicholas Kochanov (July 27) who lived in asceticism on the opposite Sophia side. When Blessed Theodore happened to cross over the Volkhov Bridge to the Sophia side, then Blessed Nicholas pushed him over to the Torgov side. Theodore did the same thing when Nicholas chanced upon on the Torgov side. The blessed ones, spiritually in agreement with each other, by their unusual behavior reminded the people of Novgorod of their own internecine strife, which often ended in bloody skirmishes. Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19;

Sophia Quarter, across Volkhov Bridge from Norwegian Quarter, Sophia Cathedral
When he discovered a mutual enmity between the Novgorod citizens of the Torgov quarter and the inhabitants of the Sophia quarter, Blessed Theodore pretended to be feuding with Blessed Nicholas Kochanov (July 27) who lived in asceticism on the opposite Sophia side. When Blessed Theodore happened to cross over the Volkhov Bridge to the Sophia side, then Blessed Nicholas pushed him over to the Torgov side. Theodore did the same thing when Nicholas chanced upon on the Torgov side. The blessed ones, spiritually in agreement with each other, by their unusual behavior reminded the people of Novgorod of their own internecine strife, which often ended in bloody skirmishes. Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19;

Yaroslav's Cathedral - Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod, 1113
Yaroslav's Cathedral - Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8;

Savior-Transfiguration church on Ilyina Street, Novgorod, 1169
Church of the Transfiguration on Ilyina Street; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God "of the Sign" at Novgorod, Commemorated November 27 ;

Church of the Transfiguration on Ilyina Street, Novgorod, 1169
Church of the Transfiguration on Ilyina Street; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God "of the Sign" at Novgorod, Commemorated November 27 ;

Church of the Apostle Philip, Novgorod, 1527
Church of the Apostle Philip, Novgorod, 1527, 58°30'55"N 31°17'37"E; Uncovering of the relics of Saint Nikita, Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 30;

St Peter and Paul Orthodox Church, Sinch Hill, Novgorod
St Peter and Paul Orthodox Church, Sinch Hill, Novgorod; Saint Charitina, Princess of Lithuania, Commemorated on October 5;

Yuriev Monastery, Novgorod (Volkhov River 1) 1030
Yuriev Monastery; Repose of Saint Theoctistus, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 23; Translation of the relics of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 23 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 25 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23;

St George men's monastery, Novgorod (Volkhov River 1) 1030
Saint George's Monastery (Novgorod); St John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated September 7 ; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23;

Cathedral of St George, Yuriev Monastery, Novgorod, 1030
Yuriev Monastery; Translation of the relics of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 23 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 25 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23;

Saint George's Mens Monastery, Novgorod, Jurievo village, Novgorod district, Novgorod region
Saint George's Mens Monastery, Novgorod, Jurievo village, Novgorod district, Novgorod region; Saint John the Wonderworker, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 7;

Yurievo Tolchische (Yurievo Threshing-Mill, Volkhov River1), Novgorod
Yurievo Tolchische (Yurievo Threshing-Mill), Novgorod; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4;

Volkhov River 2 (Khutyn or Xenophon Monastery)

Russia, Novgorod, Volkhov River 2, Roeika River Folder

Robeika River (Looks like a section of Volkhov River)

Volotovo Church, 1352
Volotovo Church, 1352; St. Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25;

Robeika River Mouth (not far from Novgorod)

Trinity monastery, Khutyn, Novgorod (Robeika River, Volkhov River 2) 1192
Xenophon monastery: The Khutyn Monastery was founded by Xenophon of Robika; Venerable Constantine the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov, Commemorated on July 29; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of Khutyn, Novgorod, Commemorated on November 6, Barlaam settled on a solitary hill below Volkhov, in a place called Khutyn, ten versts from Novgorod.; Icon of the Mother of God "Xenophon Hodigitria", Commemorated January 21 ; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated January 26 ; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28;

Xenophon monastery, Khutyn, Novgorod (Robeika River Mouth, Volkhov River 2) 1192
Xenophon monastery: The Khutyn Monastery was founded by Xenophon of Robika; Venerable Constantine the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov, Commemorated on July 29; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of Khutyn, Novgorod, Commemorated on November 6, Barlaam settled on a solitary hill below Volkhov, in a place called Khutyn, ten versts from Novgorod.; Icon of the Mother of God "Xenophon Hodigitria", Commemorated January 21 ; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated January 26 ; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28;

Khutyn Monastery, Novgorod, (Robeika River Mouth, Volkhov River 2) 1192, wonderworker Barlaam
Khutyn Monastery; Venerable Constantine the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov, Commemorated on July 29; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of Khutyn, Novgorod, Commemorated on November 6, Barlaam settled on a solitary hill below Volkhov, in a place called Khutyn, ten versts from Novgorod.; Barlaam, Abbot of Khutyn lived in the twelfth century, the son of an illustrious citizen of Novgorod, where he spent his childhood years. Withdrawing at an early age to the Lisich monastery near the city, Saint Barlaam was tonsured there. Later he settled on a solitary hill below Volkhov, in a place called Khutyn, ten versts from Novgorod. Barlaam led a strict solitary life, occupying himself with unceasing prayer and keeping a very strict fast. He was a zealous ascetic in his labors: he cut timber in the forest, chopped firewood and tilled the soil, fulfilling the words of Holy Scripture, “If anyone will not work, neither shall he eat” (2 Thess. 3: 10). inhabitants of Novgorod gathered around him, wanting to share in monastic works and deeds. Instructing those who came, Saint Barlaam said, “My children, beware of all unrighteousness, and do not give in to envy or slander. Refrain from anger, and do not practice usury. Beware of unjust judgment. Do not swear an oath falsely, but rather fulfill it. Do not indulge the bodily appetites. Always be meek and bear all things with love. This virtue is the beginning and root of all good.” a church was built in honor of the Transfiguration of the Lord, and a monastery founded. Because of his service to others, the Lord granted Saint Barlaam the gifts of wonderworking and discernment. Saint Barlaam’s life was drawing to a close, the hieromonk Anthony came from Constantinople by divine Providence. He was of the same age and a friend of Saint Barlaam. The saint turned to him and said, “My beloved brother! God’s blessings rest upon this monastery. Now I leave this monastery in your hands. Watch over it and care for it. Although in the flesh I am leaving you, I shall always be with you in spirit.” After instructing the brethren, commanding them to preserve the Orthodox Faith and to dwell constantly in humility, Saint Barlaam fell asleep in the Lord on November 6, 1192. Slavonic practice, Saint Barlaam is commemorated during the Proskomedia along with the venerable and God-bearing Fathers who shone forth in asceticism (sixth particle). Venerable Anthony of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated January 17 ; Anthony of Dymsk was born at Novgorod in about the year 1157. in church he heard the words of Christ: “If anyone would come after Me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow Me” (Mt.16:24), the saint resolved to leave the world and receive monastic tonsure under Saint Barlaam of Khutyn (November 6) at his monastery. he was dying, Saint Barlaam appointed Saint Anthony as igumen in his place; but Anthony, shunning glory, left the monastery and settled at the shores of Lake Dyma, on the outskirts of the city of Tikhvin. Here he founded a monastery and struggled there until the end of his own life. to Tradition, Saint Anthony made a journey to Constantinople, and returned to his monastery on the day that the igumen Barlaam died. Saint Anthony fell asleep in the Lord on June 24, 1224. In the year 1330 his relics were found incorrupt, and from that time they were glorified by many miracles. Icon of the Mother of God "Xenophon Hodigitria", Commemorated January 21 ; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated January 26 ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28;

Volkhov River 3

Oskuya River Mouth (Volkhov River 3)

Volkhov River 4

Tigoda River Mouth (Volkhov River 4)

Volkhov, Novgorod (Volkhov River 5)
Volkhov; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, commemorated August 3;

Zelenets, Trinity Zelenets Monestary, Volkhov District Novgorod, 1582
Zelenets, Trinity Zelenets Monestary, Volkhov District; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1;

Volkhov River Mouth (St Petersburg, Lake Ladoga)

Russia, Novgorod, Vishera River Folder

Vishera River Novgorod Source (Malaya Vishera)

St Macarius the Roman's Monastery, pillar of fire, fragrant cloud of smoke, locals found him
St Macarius the Roman's Monastery; holy ascetic decided to move even farther into the wilderness, choosing an elevated place on the left bank of the Lezna. Even here, however, he was not able to conceal himself for very long. Sometimes a pillar of fire would rise up into the sky at night above his place of refuge. During the day, the grace of God was made manifest by a fragrant cloud of smoke. Drawn by these signs, the local inhabitants of the region were able to find him once more. of his visitors begged Saint Macarius to permit them to live near him and to be guided by his counsels. Seeing that this was the Lord’s will, he did not refuse them. He blessed them to build cells, and this was the foundation of his monastery. 1540, they built a wooden church dedicated to the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos. Saint Macarius was ordained to the holy priesthood by Bishop Macarius of Novgorod, who later became Metropolitan of All Russia. The hierarch also appointed Saint Macarius as igumen of the monastery. Macarius was an example to the others, and was given the gifts of clairvoyance and wonderworking from God. He wore himself out with his labors and vigils, encouraging others not to become faint-hearted in their own struggles. several years, he entrusted the monastery to one of his disciples, and returned to the island where he had first lived. There he fell asleep in the Lord on August 15, 1550. His disciples buried him outside on the left side of the Dormition church which he had founded. Hermitage of Saint Macarius was never a prosperous monastery with many monks, but it was distinguished by the high level of spiritual life. In the seventeenth century, many of the monasteries near Novgorod were plundered by Swedish invaders. The Hermitage of Saint Macarius was also burned in 1615, and some of the monks were put to the sword. the eighteenth century, the monastery had become a dependency of the Saint Alexander Nevsky Lavra in Saint Petersburg. The Empress Catherine closed it in 1764, just as she had closed other monasteries, and it was designated as a parish church. Although pilgrims still came to venerate the saint’s relics and to celebrate his Feast Day, the buildings soon fell into ruin. the mid-nineteenth century, some benefactors restored the two churches and the miraculous healing spring which the saint himself had dug. About this time an old priest was living there, and he celebrated the church services until his death. In 1894, the monastery began to function once more under the noted missionary Hieromonk Arsenius, who introduced the Athonite Typikon. The monastery was destroyed by the Soviets in 1932. Saint Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Macarius the Roman was born at the end of the fifteenth century into a wealthy family of Rome. His parents raised him in piety and gave him an excellent education. He might have expected a successful career in public service, but he did not desire honors or earthly glory. Instead, he focused on how to save his soul. lived in an age when the Christian West was shaken by the Protestant Reformation. While others around him were pursuing luxury and lascivious pleasures, he studied the Holy Scriptures and the writings of the Fathers. Saint Macarius was grieved to see so many darkened by sin and worldly vanity, and was disturbed by the rebellions and conflicts within the Western Church. With tears, he asked God to show him the path of salvation, and his prayer did not go unanswered. He came to realize that he would find the safe harbor of salvation in the Orthodox Church. Macarius left Rome secretly, and set out for Russia without money, and wearing an old garment. After many sufferings on his journey, he arrived in Novgorod, where he rejoiced to see so many churches and monasteries. One of these monasteries had been founded three centuries before by his fellow countryman, Saint Anthony the Roman (August 3). Macarius came to the banks of the River Svir, where Saint Alexander of Svir (April 17 and August 30) had founded the monastery of the Holy Trinity. Saint Alexander received Macarius into the Orthodox Church and tonsured him as a monk. Macarius, however longed for the solitary life. He moved to an island on the River Lezna, forty-five miles from Novgorod, where he engaged in ascetical struggles and unceasing prayer. winters were very cold, and the summers were hot and humid. The marshy area was also a breeding ground for mosquitos, which tormented the saint. Saint Macarius survived on berries, roots, and herbs. Sometimes bears would come to him for food, and they allowed him to pet them. a great lamp of the spiritual life could not remain hidden for long. One rainy night someone knocked on his door and asked him to open it. Several people, who seemed to be hunters, entered his cell. Astonished by his appearance, and the divine light shining from his face, the men asked for his blessing. They told him they had come to the forest to hunt, and only by the prayers of the saint did God permit them to find him. “It is not my sinful prayers,” he told them, “but the grace of God which led you here.” feeding them, he spoke and prayed with them, then showed them the way out of the marsh. Saint Macarius was concerned that his peace would be disturbed, now that his dwelling place was known. His fears were justified, because many people sought him out to ask for his advice and prayers. holy ascetic decided to move even farther into the wilderness, choosing an elevated place on the left bank of the Lezna. Even here, however, he was not able to conceal himself for very long. Sometimes a pillar of fire would rise up into the sky at night above his place of refuge. During the day, the grace of God was made manifest by a fragrant cloud of smoke. Drawn by these signs, the local inhabitants of the region were able to find him once more. of his visitors begged Saint Macarius to permit them to live near him and to be guided by his counsels. Seeing that this was the Lord’s will, he did not refuse them. He blessed them to build cells, and this was the foundation of his monastery. 1540, they built a wooden church dedicated to the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos. Saint Macarius was ordained to the holy priesthood by Bishop Macarius of Novgorod, who later became Metropolitan of All Russia. The hierarch also appointed Saint Macarius as igumen of the monastery. Macarius was an example to the others, and was given the gifts of clairvoyance and wonderworking from God. He wore himself out with his labors and vigils, encouraging others not to become faint-hearted in their own struggles. several years, he entrusted the monastery to one of his disciples, and returned to the island where he had first lived. There he fell asleep in the Lord on August 15, 1550. His disciples buried him outside on the left side of the Dormition church which he had founded. Hermitage of Saint Macarius was never a prosperous monastery with many monks, but it was distinguished by the high level of spiritual life. In the seventeenth century, many of the monasteries near Novgorod were plundered by Swedish invaders. The Hermitage of Saint Macarius was also burned in 1615, and some of the monks were put to the sword. the eighteenth century, the monastery had become a dependency of the Saint Alexander Nevsky Lavra in Saint Petersburg. The Empress Catherine closed it in 1764, just as she had closed other monasteries, and it was designated as a parish church. Although pilgrims still came to venerate the saint’s relics and to celebrate his Feast Day, the buildings soon fell into ruin. the mid-nineteenth century, some benefactors restored the two churches and the miraculous healing spring which the saint himself had dug. About this time an old priest was living there, and he celebrated the church services until his death. In 1894, the monastery began to function once more under the noted missionary Hieromonk Arsenius, who introduced the Athonite Typikon. The monastery was destroyed by the Soviets in 1932. Macarius the Roman is commemorated on August 15 (the date of his repose), and also on January 19 (his nameday).

Vishera River 1

Vishera River Mouth (Novgorod)
Vishera River a right tributary of the Maly Volkhovets River, an eastern armlet of the Volkhov River. Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod;

Sava-Vishera Monastery (7 Versts from Novgorod, Vishera River) 1418
Sava-Vishera Monastery (7 Versts from Novgorod, Vishera River); Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1;

Russia, Novgorod, Verenda River Folder

Verenda River Mouth (Perekop, Lake Ilmen)

Vyazhishchsky Monastery, Novgorod, 1391
Vyazhishchsky Monastery; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11;

Klops Monastery, Novgorod (Island at mouth of Verenda River) 1400
Klops Monastery, Novgorod (Island at mouth of Verenda River) 1400; Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11;

Perekop Monastery, Novgorod (Island at mouth of Verenda River) 1400
Perekop Monastery (Island at mouth of Verenda River); Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11;

St. Michael Klopsky Monastery of the Holy Trinity, 23k Southwest of Novgorod, 1400
St. Michael Klopsky Monastery of the Holy Trinity, 23k Southwest of Novgorod; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11;

Russia, Novgorod, Shelon River Folder

Shelon River Source (Swamps east of Pskov Region)

Shelon River 1 (Porkhov)

Shelon River 2

Shelon River Mouth (Novgorod, Lake llmen)

Volotovsky District, Novgorod (Between Shelon and Polista Rivers)
River Perekhoda is in the Volotovsky District; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod;

Russia, Novgorod, Shelon River 1, Omucha River Folder

River Omucha Source

River Omucha Mouth (Shelon River 1)
River Omucha, not far from the city of Porkhov. Venerable Theophilus the Abbot of Omutch, Pskov;

Porkhov, Novgorod (Omucha River, Shelon River 1)
Porkhov (Shelon River 1) ; Venerable Nicander; Venerable Theophilus the Abbot of Omutch, Pskov, Commemorated on October 21 ;

Omucha, Novgorod (Omucha River Mouth, Shelon River 1) 1396
Omucha, Pskov (Omucha River Mouth, Shelon River 1); Venerable Theophilus the Abbot of Omutch, Pskov, Commemorated on October 21;

Russia, Novgorod, Lovat River Folder

Lovat River Source (Lake Lovat)
Lake Lovat in Northwest Corner of Belarus.

Lovat River 1 (Luki)

Luki

Veliki Luki, Novgorod (Great Meadow, Lovat River 1, Volga Trade Rte 7)
Veliki Luki (Great Meadows) Monastery; Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated November 11 ; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1;

Lovat River 2

Lovat River 3 (Kholm)

Kholm, Novgorod ( Kunya River Mouth at Lovat River 3)
Kholm ( Kunya River Mouth at Lovat River 3); Icon of the Mother of God of Kholm, Commemorated September 8 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7;

Russia, Novgorod, Lovat River 3, Kunya River Folder

Kunya River Source (Lake (Kunya) Vsteselovo)

Kunya River 1 (Volga Trade Route 7)

Kunya River 2

Kunya River 3

Kunya River Mouth (Kholm, Lovat River 3)

Lovat River 4 (Polista River)

Russia, Novgorod, Lovat River 4, Polista River Folder

Polista River Source (Lake Polista)

Polista River 1

Polista River 2

Polista River 3 (Stara Rus and Leokhnov)

Leokhnov, Novgorod (near Stara Rus, Polista River 3)
Leokhnov, Novgorod (near Stara Rus) ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17 ;

Hermitage of Saint Macarius, Leokhnov, Novgorod (near Stara Rus, Polista River 3)
Probable location of Hermitage of Saint Macarius, Leokhnov, Novgorod (near Stara Rus, Polista River 3), 45 miles upstream from Novgorod. Leokhnov, Novgorod (near Stara Rus) ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17 ;

Staro Rus (near Novgorod, Polista River 3)
Staro Rus; Venerable Constantine the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov, Commemorated on July 29; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24; Translation of the Icon of the Mother of God in Triumph to Russia, Commemorated on September 18 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God œStaro RusÂ Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4;

Staraya Russa, Novgorod (Polist River Mouth, Lovat River 4)
Staraya Russa; Venerable Constantine the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov, Commemorated July 29 ; Venerable Cosmas the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24; Translation of the Icon of the Mother of God in Triumph to Russia, Commemorated on September 18; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœStaro RusÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4;

Kosinsk, Pskov and Novgorod near Stara Rus, monastery on penninsula between two rivers
Kosinsk, Pskov, 3 Versts between the two rivers from Stara Rus Venerable Constantine and Cosmas, Abbots of Kosinsk, Commemorated on July 29; Constantine and Cosmas were monastic followers of Saint Barlaam of Khutyn (November 6) and his successor, Saint Anthony of Dymsk (January 17). About the year 1220, they left the Khutyn monastery and settled upon a wilderness peninsula, situated 3 versts from the city of Staraya Rus, between the Rivers Polista and Smezhnya. In time they founded a monastery there in the name of Saint Nicholas, headed by Saint Constantine until his death (ca. 1240). Cosmas continued with the exploits of his mentor. He was buried in the same grave with Saint Constantine. Their bodies rest beneath the vestibule of the Nikolaev church, built in 1820 over the tomb of the saints.

Polista River Mouth (Novgorod, Lovat River 4)

Lovat River Mouth (Novgorod, Lake llmen)

Lake Ilmen
Lake Ilmen Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod;

Russia, Novgorod, Msta River Folder

Msta River Source (Tver, Valdai Hills)

Msta River 1

Msta River 2 (Msta)

Starorussky District, Novgorod (Msta River)
Starorussky District; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24;

Msta River 3 (Borov)

Borov
Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk;

Borovichi (Borov, Novgorod, Valdai Hills, Msta River 3)
Borovichi Valdai Hills; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated October 23 ;

Msta River Mouth (Novgorod, Lake Ilmen)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine Folder, Western and Soutwestern Russia

Russia, Kiev, 860, Rus-“Byzantine War
Rus-“Byzantine War (860), Russians seize Constantinople ; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2 ;

Russia, Kiev, 862, Invitation of the Varangians
Russia, Kiev, 862, Invitation of the Varangians; Invitation of the Varangians, and Foundation of the Kievian State; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14;

Russia, Kiev, 862, Rurik dynasty, from Chernigov, Kievan Rus
Rurik dynasty, 862, from Chernigov, Kiev Rus, including Boryatinskys; Chernigov; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23;

Russia, Kiev, 882-1240, Land of the Rus (Kievian Rus)
Land of the Rus (Kievian Rus); Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10;

Russia, Kiev, 800, 9th-11th Century, Kiev Varangians (Land of the Varangians)
Kiev Varangians; Theodore; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12;

Russia, Kiev, 907, Russian incursion into Greece, Oleg the Wise
Russian incursion into Greece in 907 (Rus-“Byzantine War (907)); The very first pages of the Russian Primary Chronicle, as foreordained by God, is bound up with the name of the holy Great Martyr Demetrius of Thessalonica. The Chronicle relates that when Oleg the Wise threatened the Greeks at Constantinople (907), the Greeks became terrified and said, œThis is not Oleg, but rather St Demetrius sent upon us from God.Â Russian soldiers always believed that they were under the special protection of the holy Great Martyr Demetrius. Moreover, in the old Russian barracks the Great Martyr Demetrius was always depicted as Russian. Thus this image entered the soul of the Russian nation. Russian Primary Chronicle; Timeline of Russian history; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; Oleg of Kiev and Novgorod (Little Russia); Little Russia (Ukraine);

Russia, Kiev, 988, Baptism of Rus, August 1st, 988
Baptism of Rus, Kiev, August 1st, 988; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three œFeasts of the Savior in August), Commemorated on August 1; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Damian the Healer and Clairvoyant of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 5; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27; Venerable Elias of Murom the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 19; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Russia, Kiev, 1113, Monomakhovchi, House of Monomakh of Rurik dynasty, Kievan Rus, a Cumans
Russia, Kiev, 1113, House of Monomakh of Rurik dynasty, Kiev' Rurik dynasty, 862, from Chernigov, Kiev Rus, including Boryatinskys; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Russia, Kiev, 1113, Olgoviches, House of Oleg of Rurik dynasty, Kievan Rus, w Cumans
Russia, Kiev, 1113, Olgoviches of Rurik dynasty, Kievan Rus; Russia, Kiev, 1113, House of Monomakh of Rurik dynasty, Kiev' Rurik dynasty, 862, from Chernigov, Kiev Rus, including Boryatinskys; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine (Dnieper River Tributaries and Southern Bug River)
Ukraine; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectressÂ Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on August 17; Icon of the Mother of God "Chernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated September 1 ; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Glinsk, Commemorated on September 8; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated September 9 ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Translation of the Icon of the Mother of God in Triumph to Russia, Commemorated on September 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe Blessed HeavenÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God of Smolensk the ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœSweet-KissingÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 19; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Monkmartyr Eustratius of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on March 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Putivil, Commemorated on May 2 ; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on May 3 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœStaro RusÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubech, Commemorated on May 7; Monkmartyr Pachomius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœVirgin of TendernessÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27;

Russia, Ukraine, Land of the Drevlyans (Right Bank Ukraine, Right bank Dnieper)
Drevlyans; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ;

Russia, Drevlians, people of the forests, Mal of the Drevlians, 6th - 10th Century
Drevlians, people of the forests, Mal of the Drevlians, 6th - 10th Century; Polyanians, people of the fields, Kiev Rus, 6th - 10th Century; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River Folder

Dnieper River Source (Valdai Hills, near Smolensk)
Valdai Hills;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River Source, Vyazama River Folder

Vyazma River

Vyazma River Source (Valdai Hills)

Vyazma River 1 (Vyazama)

Vyazma, Ukraine (Vyazna River 1)
Vyazma; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated July 11 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated August 14 ; Venerable Arcadius of Novy Torg, Commemorated December 13 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated December 21 ; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on June 2;

Vyazma River 2

Vyazma River 3

Vyazma River Mouth (Dnieper River Source)

Dnieper River 1 (Dorogobuzha)

Dorogobuzha, Ukraine (Dnieper River 1)
Dorogobuzha, Ukraine (Dnieper River 1) ; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1;

Dnieper River 2 (Smolensk)

Dnieper River 3 (Mogilev)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 2, Smolensk Folder

Smolensk, Ukraine (Dnieper River 2, Varangian Trade Route, Moscow Road to Poland)
Smolensk; Icon of the Mother of God of Koloch, Commemorated July 9 ; Synaxis of the Saints of Smolensk, Commemorated July 24 ; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 24; Appearance of the Smolensk "œDirectress"Â Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite and Wonderworker of Smolensk, Commemorated August 21 ; Abramius of Smolensk, a preacher of repentance and the Dread Last Judgment, was born in the mid-twelfth century at Smolensk of rich parents, who had twelve daughters before him, and they begged God for a son. childhood he grew up in the fear of God, he was often in church and had the opportunity to read books. The parents hoped that their only son would enter into marriage and continue their illustrious lineage, but he sought a different life. After the death of his parents, having given away all his wealth to monasteries, to churches and to the destitute, the saint walked through the city in rags, asking God to show him the way to salvation. was tonsured in the monastery of the Most Holy Theotokos, five versts from Smolensk, at Selischa. Having passed through various obediences there, the monk fervently occupied himself with copying books, culling spiritual riches from them. The Smolensk prince Roman Rostislavich (+ 1170) started a school in the city, in which they taught not only in Slavonic, but also from Greek and Latin books. The Prince himself had a large collection of books, which Saint Abramius used. He had struggled for more than 30 years at the monastery, when in the year 1198 the igumen persuaded him to accept the dignity of presbyter. Every day he served the Divine Liturgy and fulfilled the obedience of clergy not only for the brethren, but also for the laity. the monk became widely known. This aroused the envy of the brethren, and then of the igumen also, and five years later, the monk was compelled to transfer to the Exaltation of the Cross monastery in Smolensk itself. With offerings from the devout, he embellished the cathedral church of the poor monastery with icons, and with curtains and candle-stands. He himself painted two icons on themes which most concerned him. On one he depicted the Dread Last judgment, and on the other the suffering of the trials of life. Lean and pale from extreme toil, in priestly garb the ascetic resembled Saint Basil the Great in appearance. The saint was strict both towards himself, and towards his spiritual children. He preached constantly in church and to those coming to him in his cell, conversing with rich and poor alike. city notables and the clergy demanded that Bishop Ignatius bring the monk to trial, accusing him of seducing women and tempting his spiritual children. But even more terrible were the accusations of heresy and the reading of forbidden books. For this they proposed to drown or burn the ascetic. At the trial by the Prince and the Bishop, the saint answered all the false accusations. Despite this, they forbade him to serve as a priest and returned him to his former monastery of the Most Holy Theotokos . A terrible drought occurred in consequence of God’s wrath over the unjust sentence, and only when Saint Ignatius pardoned Saint Abramius, permitting him to serve and preach, did the rain again fall on Smolensk. bishop Saint Ignatius built a new monastery, in honor of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos, and he entrusted the guidance of it to Saint Abramius, and he himself settled into it, retiring from the diocese because of age. Many wished to enter under the guidance of Saint Abramius, but he examined them very intensely and only after great investigation, so at his monastery there were only seventeen brethren. Saint Abramius, after the death of Saint Ignatius, having become his spiritual friend, urged the brethren, more than before, to think about death and to pray day and night, that they be not condemned in the Judgment by God. Abramius died after the year 1224, having spent 50 years in monasticism. Already at the end of the thirteenth century a service had been compiled to him, together with his disciple Saint Ephraim. The terrible Mongol-Tatar invasion, seen as the wrath of God for the nation’s sins, not only did not stifle the memory of Saint Abramius of Smolensk, but rather was a reminder to people of his calling to repentance and recollection of the dread Last Judgment. Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated August 26 ; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves,Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite and Wonderworker of Smolensk, Commemorated on August 21; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated on September 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Yaroslav-Smolensk, Commemorated October 12 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Andrew the Prince of Smolensk, Commemorated on October 27; Ozerianka Icon of God of Shuiu-Smolensk, Commemorated on November 2 ; Martyr Mercurius of Smolensk, Commemorated on November 24 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated December 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ; St Ignatius, Wonderworker and Bishop of Smolensk, Commemorated January 29 ; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Prochorus of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated February 10 ; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12 ; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Blessed Heaven"Â, Commemorated on March 6; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14; Icon of the Mother of God of Smolensk the "œSweet-Kissing"Â, Commemorated on March 19; Icon of the Mother of God of "œthe Uncut Mount"Â, Commemorated on March 24; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Icon of the Mother of God "œVirgin of Tenderness"Â from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; Blessed Constantine the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Smolensk, 1125-1484, Smolensk Princes, Rostislavichi, Sons of Rostislav Mstislavich, stronger Western Ties
The Prince of Smolensk was the kniaz, the ruler or sub-ruler, of the Rus' Principality of Smolensk, a lordship based on the city of Smolensk. It passed between different groups of descendants of Grand Prince Iaroslav I of Kiev until 1125, when following the death of Vladimir Monomakh the latter's grandson Rostislav Mstislavich was installed in the principality, while the latter's father Mstislav I Vladimirovich became Grand Prince. It gained its own bishopric in 1136. It was Rostislav's descendents, the Rostaslavichi, who ruled the principality until the fifteenth-century. Smolensk enjoyed stronger western ties than most Rus' principalities.

Smolensk, 1147-1154, Clement of Smolensk, Kliment Smoliatich, chosen Metropolitan illegally by Russ, Not Constantinople
Russia, Kiev, 1147-1154, Clement of Smolensk, Kliment Smoliatich, chosen Metropolitan illegally by Russians, Not Constantinople ; Smolensk; Blessed Constantine, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5;

Smolensk, 1165-1224, Abramius the Wonderworker, teacher of repentence
Smolensk, 1165-1224, Abramius the Wonderworker; Smolensk; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite and Wonderworker of Smolensk, Commemorated August 21 ; Abramius of Smolensk, a preacher of repentance and the Dread Last Judgment, was born in the mid-twelfth century at Smolensk of rich parents, who had twelve daughters before him, and they begged God for a son. childhood he grew up in the fear of God, he was often in church and had the opportunity to read books. The parents hoped that their only son would enter into marriage and continue their illustrious lineage, but he sought a different life. After the death of his parents, having given away all his wealth to monasteries, to churches and to the destitute, the saint walked through the city in rags, asking God to show him the way to salvation. was tonsured in the monastery of the Most Holy Theotokos, five versts from Smolensk, at Selischa. Having passed through various obediences there, the monk fervently occupied himself with copying books, culling spiritual riches from them. The Smolensk prince Roman Rostislavich (+ 1170) started a school in the city, in which they taught not only in Slavonic, but also from Greek and Latin books. The Prince himself had a large collection of books, which Saint Abramius used. He had struggled for more than 30 years at the monastery, when in the year 1198 the igumen persuaded him to accept the dignity of presbyter. Every day he served the Divine Liturgy and fulfilled the obedience of clergy not only for the brethren, but also for the laity. the monk became widely known. This aroused the envy of the brethren, and then of the igumen also, and five years later, the monk was compelled to transfer to the Exaltation of the Cross monastery in Smolensk itself. With offerings from the devout, he embellished the cathedral church of the poor monastery with icons, and with curtains and candle-stands. He himself painted two icons on themes which most concerned him. On one he depicted the Dread Last judgment, and on the other the suffering of the trials of life. Lean and pale from extreme toil, in priestly garb the ascetic resembled Saint Basil the Great in appearance. The saint was strict both towards himself, and towards his spiritual children. He preached constantly in church and to those coming to him in his cell, conversing with rich and poor alike. city notables and the clergy demanded that Bishop Ignatius bring the monk to trial, accusing him of seducing women and tempting his spiritual children. But even more terrible were the accusations of heresy and the reading of forbidden books. For this they proposed to drown or burn the ascetic. At the trial by the Prince and the Bishop, the saint answered all the false accusations. Despite this, they forbade him to serve as a priest and returned him to his former monastery of the Most Holy Theotokos . A terrible drought occurred in consequence of God’s wrath over the unjust sentence, and only when Saint Ignatius pardoned Saint Abramius, permitting him to serve and preach, did the rain again fall on Smolensk. bishop Saint Ignatius built a new monastery, in honor of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos, and he entrusted the guidance of it to Saint Abramius, and he himself settled into it, retiring from the diocese because of age. Many wished to enter under the guidance of Saint Abramius, but he examined them very intensely and only after great investigation, so at his monastery there were only seventeen brethren. Saint Abramius, after the death of Saint Ignatius, having become his spiritual friend, urged the brethren, more than before, to think about death and to pray day and night, that they be not condemned in the Judgment by God. Abramius died after the year 1224, having spent 50 years in monasticism. Already at the end of the thirteenth century a service had been compiled to him, together with his disciple Saint Ephraim. The terrible Mongol-Tatar invasion, seen as the wrath of God for the nation’s sins, not only did not stifle the memory of Saint Abramius of Smolensk, but rather was a reminder to people of his calling to repentance and recollection of the dread Last Judgment.

Smolensk Kremlin
Smolensk Kremlin; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Smolensk diocese
Smolensk diocese: St Rostislav founded the cities of Rostislavl, Mstislavl, Krichev, Propoisk, and Vasiliev among others. He was the forefather of the Smolensk princely dynasty, and Smolensk diocese south of Smolensk mostly along the Sozh River. Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ;

Smyadyn Castle near Smolensk
Smyadyn Castle somewhere near Smolensk Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Andrusov, Smolensk, Ukraine
Andrusov, Smolensk, Ukraine Treaty of Andrusov ; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated on August 26;

Smolensk, Cathredral Hill - Assumption Cathedral, 1101
Cathredral Hill - Assumption Cathedral in Smolensk; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Savior cathedral at the Smyadynsk Boris and Gleb monastery, Smolensk
Savior cathedral at the Smyadynsk Boris and Gleb monastery, Smolensk; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael, Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Dolgomost, 30 K East of Smolensk
Dolgomost, 30 K East of Smolensk; Martyr Mercurius of Smolensk, Commemorated on November 24;

Liubech, Chernigov, Ukraine (Dnieper River 3.5)
Lubech; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubech, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Dnieper River 4 (Kiev)

Kiev, Ukraine (Dnieper River 4)
Kiev; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11 ; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Transfer of the Relics of St Barbara - Gloves, Commemorated July 11 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Venerable John the Long-Suffering of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Martyrs and Passion-Bearers Boris and Gleb, Commemorated on July 24; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 24; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectressÂ Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Moses the Wonderworker of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on July 28; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three œFeasts of the SaviorÂ in August), Commemorated on August 1; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Pimen the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Pimen the Much-Ailing of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Gregory the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 8; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated on August 13; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14 ; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24 ; Venerable Pimen of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27 ; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God Chernigov-GethsemaneÂ, Commemorated on September 1; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on September 6; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated September 9 ; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe ProtectionÂ, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Onesiphorus the Confessor of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kupyatitich, Commemorated on November 15 ; Venerable Mercurius the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated November 24 ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimirin Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, ; Martyrs and Passion-Bearers Boris and Gleb; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14 ; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated September 6 ; Icon of Sophia, the Wisdom of God, Commmorated September 8 ; Venerable Paul the Obedient, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on September 10; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ; Right-believing Great Prince Igor of Kiev and Chernigov, Commemorated September 19 ; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated October 21 ; Princess Anna Vsevolodna, Commemorated on November 3 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 19 Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated November 22 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome; Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George at Kiev, Commemorated on November 26 ; Venerable Nectarius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 29 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; Venerable Athanasius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Athanasius œthe Resurrected OneÂ, Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 2 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated December 6; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Venerable Nikon the Dry, of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated December 11 ; Venerable Elias of Murom the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated December 19 ; Venerable Ignatius the Archimandrite of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated December 20 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Venerable Mark the Grave-Digger of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated December 29 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; Venerable Gregory the Recluse, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated January 8 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius the Deacon of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated January 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Faster, of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated January 19 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated January 20 ; Venerable Euthymius the Schemamonk, Commemorated January 20 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Deacon of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 22 ; Translation of the relics of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 23 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated Janaury 28 ; St Ignatius, Wonderworker and Bishop of Smolensk, Commemorated January 29 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Paphnutius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on February 15; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated January 28 ; Venerable Zeno the Faster, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated January 30 ; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 31 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Pancratius of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated February 9 ; Princess Anna of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10 ; Venerable Prochorus of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated February 10 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Theodore the Silent of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated February 17 ; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on February 20 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Venerable Agathon the Wonderworker of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated February 20 ; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Titus the Presbyter of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Titus the Soldier, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on February 27 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Blessed HeavenÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Icon of the Mother of God Kursk Root œof the SignÂ, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves ; Venerable Prochorus of the Kiev Near Caves; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14; Icon of the Mother of God of Smolensk the œSweet-KissingÂ, Commemorated on March 19; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Zachariah the Ascetic of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 24; Monkmartyr Eustratius of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on March 28; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Hypatius the Healer of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Belynich, Commemorated on April 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping œIlyin ChernigovÂ, Commemorated on April 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Alexius the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Sava the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28; Uncovering of the relics of St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 30; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Putivil, Commemorated on May 2 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on May 3 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves Monastery, and Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on May 3; Icon of the Mother of God œStaro Rus Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubech, Commemorated on May 7; Monkmartyr Pachomius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; Venerable Arsenius the Lover-of-Labor of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Pimen the Ascetic of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Isaiah the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 15; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of Tenderness from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; Martyr Michael œthe Black-RobedÂ of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Agapitus the Unmercenary Physician of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on June 1; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on June 2; New Martyr Archbishop Andronicus of Perm, Commemorated on June 4; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; Blessed Constantine the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Igor, Commemorated on June 5; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Silvanus the Schemamonk, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 10; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16; Venerable Leontius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 18; Translation of the relics of St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 20; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Venerable Martin of Turov, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Balikin, Commemorated on June 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Akhtyr, Commemorated July 2 ; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ; Venerable Sisoes the Schemamonk of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 6;

Drevlyan Lands (Kiev)
Drevalyans

Left-bank Ukraine (Left bank of the Dnieper River)
Left-bank Ukraine (Left bank of the Dnieper River) ;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Stugna River Folder, Kiev area

Stugna River

Stugna River Source (along the border)

Stugna River 1 (Vasylkiv)

St. Panteleimon's Cathedral
St. Panteleimon's Cathedral; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27;

Kievan Belgorod
Kievan Belgorod; Saint Vsevolod (in Baptism Gabriel), Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on February 11;

Kiev'™s St Vladimir cathedral
Kiev'™s St Vladimir cathedral; Martyr Juliana at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4 ;

Stugna River Mouth (Dnipper River 4)
Stugna River Mouth (Dnipper River 4);

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Many Kiev Locations Folder

Vladimir Cathedral, Kiev's St Vladimir cathedral, 1859
Kiev's St Vladimir cathedral; Transfer of the Relics of St Barbara - Gloves, Commemorated July 11 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4 ; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1;

Saint Georges Victory Church, Kiev, 1051s, Yaroslav the Wise
Saint Georges Victory Church, Kiev; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer, and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; George was the patron saint and protector of several of the great builders of the Russian state. Saint Vladimir’s son, Yaroslav the Wise (in holy Baptism George), advanced the veneration of the saint in the Russian Church. He built the city of Yuriev [i.e., “of Yurii.” “Yurii” is the diminutive of “George”, as “Ivan” is of “John”], he also founded the Yuriev monastery at Novgorod, and he built a church of Saint George the Victory Bearer at Kiev. day of the consecration of Saint George’s Church in Kiev, November 26, 1051 by Saint Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus, has entered into the liturgical treasury of the Church as a special church feastday. Yuriev Day is beloved by the Russian people as an “autumn Feast of Saint George.”

Temple of Boris and Gleb, Dorogozhich
St. Cyril's Monastery is in the Dorogozhich neighborhood of Kiev.; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Dorogozhich neighborhood, Kiev
St. Cyril's Monastery is in the Dorogozhich neighborhood of Kiev.; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ;

St. Cyril's Monastery, Kiev, Ukraine
St. Cyril's Monastery; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated January 12 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kiev, 960 by Olga
Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Venerable John the Long-Suffering of the Kiev Near Caves; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kupyatitich, Commemorated on November 15 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; http://oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103312; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Kiev-Sophia archbishop'™s house
Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Venerable John the Long-Suffering of the Kiev Near Caves; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kupyatitich, Commemorated on November 15 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; http://oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103312; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Demetrius's Monastery and Church in the Uppertown of Kiev near Saint Sophia Cathedral in the 1050s
Demetrius's Monastery and Church in the Uppertown of Kiev near Saint Sophia Cathedral in the 1050s, Later called Mikhailov-Zlatoverkh ; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; very first pages of the Russian Primary Chronicle, as foreordained by God, is bound up with the name of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios of Thessaloniki. The Chronicle relates that when Oleg the Wise threatened the Greeks at Constantinople (907), the Greeks became terrified and said, “This is not Oleg, but rather Saint Demetrios sent upon us from God.” Russian soldiers always believed that they were under the special protection of the holy Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios. Moreover, in the old Russian barracks the Great Martyr Demetrios was always depicted as Russian. Thus this image entered the soul of the Russian nation. veneration of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios in Russia began shortly after the Baptism of Rus. Toward the beginning of the 1070s the Dimitriev monastery at Kiev, known afterwards as the Mikhailov-Zlatoverkh monastery, was founded, The monastery was built by the son of Yaroslav the Wise, Great Prince Izyaslav, Demetrios in Baptism (+ 1078). The mosaic icon of Saint Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki from the cathedral of the Dimitriev monastery has been preserved up to the present day, and is in the Tretiakov Gallery. the years 1194-1197 the Great Prince of Vladimir, Vsevolod III the Great-Nest (Demetrios in Baptism) “built at his court a beautiful church of the holy martyr Dēmḗtrios, and adorned it wondrously with icons and frescoes.” The Dimitriev cathedral also reveals the embellishment of ancient Vladimir. The wonderworking icon of Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki from the cathedral iconostasis is located even now in Moscow, at the Tretiakov gallery. It was painted on a piece of wood from the grave of the holy Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios, brought from Thessaloniki to Vladimir in 1197. of the most precious depictions of the saint, a fresco on a column of the Vladimir Dormition cathedral, was painted by the holy Iconographer Andrew Rublev (July 4). family of Saint Alexander Nevsky (November 23 also venerated Saint Demetrios. Saint Alexander named his eldest son in honor of the holy Great Martyr. His younger son, Prince Daniel of Moscow (March 4), built a church dedicated to the holy Great Martyr Demetrios in the 1280s. This was the first stone church in the Moscow Kremlin. Later in 1326, under Ivan Kalita, it was taken down and the Dormition cathedral was built in its place. memory of Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki is historically associated in Rus with the military, patriotism and the defense of the country. This is apparent by the saint’s depiction on icons as a soldier in plumed armor, with a spear and sword in hand. There is a scroll (in later depictions) on which is written the prayer of Saint Dēmḗtrios for the salvation of the people of Thessaloniki, “Lord, do not permit the city or the people to perish. If You save the city and the people, I shall be saved with them. If they perish, I will perish with them.” the particular spiritual experience of the Russian Church, veneration of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios of Thessaloniki is closely linked with the memory of the defense of the nation and Church by the Great Prince of Moscow, Demetrios of the Don (May 19). “An Account of the Life and Repose of the Great Prince Dēmḗtrios of the Don, Tsar of Russia,” written in the year 1393, already regards the Great Prince as a Saint, as other old Russian histories do. Great Prince Demetrios was a spiritual son and disciple of Saint Alexis, Metropolitan of Moscow (February 12), and a disciple and associate of other great figures of prayer in the Russian Land: Saint Sergius of Radonezh (September 25), Demetrios of Priluki (February 11), Saint Theodore of Rostov (November 28). The Account states: [Great Prince Demetrios] worried a great deal about the churches of God, and he held the territory of the Russian land by his bravery: he conquered many enemies who had risen against us, and he protected his glorious city Moscow with wondrous walls. ...The land of Russia prospered during the years of his reign. the time of the building of the white-walled Kremlin (1366) by Great Prince Demetrios, Moscow was called “White-Stoned.” the prayers of his Heavenly patron, the holy warrior Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki, Great Prince Demetrios, in addition to his brilliant military victories, also gained the further prominence of Russia. He repelled the onslaught of the Lithuanian armies of Olgerd, he routed the Tatar army of Begich at the River Vozha (1378), and he smashed the military might of all the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo Field on September 8, 1380 (the Feast of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos), set between the Rivers Don and Nepryadva. The Battle of Kulikovo, for which the nation calls him Dēmḗtrios of the Don, became the first Russian national exploit, rallying the spiritual power of the Russian nation around Moscow. The “Zadonschina,” an inspiring historic poem written by the priest Sophronios of Ryazem (1381) is devoted to this event. Demetrios of the Don had a great reverence for the holy Great Martyr Demetrios. In 1380, on the eve of the Battle of Kulikovo, he solemnly transferred from Vladimir to Moscow the most holy object in the Vladimir Dimitriev cathedral: the icon of the Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki, painted on a board from the grave of the saint. A chapel dedicated to the Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios was built at Moscow’s Dormition Cathedral. Saint Demetrios Memorial Saturday was established for church-wide remembrance of the soldiers who fell in the Battle of Kulikovo. This memorial service was held for the first time at the Trinity-Saint Sergius monastery on October 20, 1380 by Saint Sergius of Radonezh, in the presence of Great Prince Demetrios of the Don. It is an annual remembrance of the heroes of the Battle of Kulikovo, among whom are the Schema-monks Alexander (Peresvet) and Andrew (Oslyab). Great Martyr Demetrios the Myrrh-gusher of Thessaloniki was the son of a Roman proconsul in Thessaloniki. Three centuries had elapsed and Roman paganism, spiritually shattered and defeated by the multitude of martyrs and confessors of the Savior, intensified its persecutions. parents of Saint Demetrios were secret Christians, and he was baptized and raised in the Christian Faith in a secret church in his father’s home. the time Demetrios had reached maturity and his father had died, Emperor Galerius Maximian had ascended the throne (305). Maximian, confident in Demetrios's education as well as his administrative and military abilities, appointed him to his father’s position as proconsul of the Thessaloniki district. The young commander's principal duties were to defend the city from barbarians and to eradicate Christianity. The Emperor's policy regarding Christians was expressed simply: “Put to death anyone who calls on the name of Christ.” The Emperor did not suspect that by appointing Demetrios he had provided him with the opportunity to bring many people to Christ. the appointment, Demetrios returned to Thessaloniki and confessed and glorified our Lord Jesus Christ. Instead of persecuting and executing Christians, he began to teach the Christian Faith openly to the inhabitants of the city and to overthrow pagan customs and the worship of idols. The compiler of his Life, Saint Simeon Metaphrastes (November 9), says that because of his teaching zeal he became “a second Apostle Paul” for Thessaloniki, particularly since “the Apostle to the Gentiles” founded the first community of believers in the city (1 Thess. and 2 Thess.). Lord also destined Saint Demetrios to follow Saint Paul on the path to martyrdom. When Maximian learned that the newly-appointed proconsul was a Christian, and that he had converted many Roman subjects to Christianity, the Emperor's rage knew no bounds. Returning from a campaign in the area of the Black Sea, the Emperor decided to lead his army through Thessaloniki, determined to massacre the Christians. of this, Saint Demetrios ordered his faithful servant Lupus to give his wealth to the poor saying, “Distribute my earthly riches among them, for we shall seek heavenly riches for ourselves.” He began to pray and fast, preparing himself for martyrdom. the Emperor came into the city, he summoned Demetrios, who boldly confessed himself a Christian and denounced the falsehood and futility of Roman polytheism. Maximian ordered Demetrios to be thrown into prison. An Angel appeared to him, comforting and encouraging him. the Emperor amused himself by staging games in the circus. His champion was a German by the name of Lyaeos. He challenged Christians to wrestle with him on a platform built over the upturned spears of the victorious soldiers. A brave Christian named Nestor went to the prison to Saint Dēmḗtrios, his instructor in the Faith, asking for his blessing to fight the barbarian. With the blessing and prayers of Saint Demetrios, Nestor defeated the fierce German and hurled him from the platform onto the spears of the soldiers, just as the murderous pagan would have done with the Christian. The enraged commander ordered the execution of the holy Martyr Nestor (October 27) and sent a guard to the prison to kill Saint Demetrios. At dawn on October 26, 306 soldiers appeared in the Saint's underground prison and ran him through with lances. His faithful servant, Saint Lupus, gathered up the blood-soaked garment of Saint Dēmḗtrios he took the imperial ring from his finger, a symbol of his high status, and dipped it in the blood. With the ring and other holy things sanctified the blood of Saint Demetrios, Saint Lupus began to heal the infirm. The Emperor ordered his soldiers to arrest and kill him. body of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios was cast out for wild animals to devour, but the Christians took it and secretly buried it in the earth. the reign of Saint Constantine (306-337), a church was built over the grave of Saint Demetrios. A hundred years later, during the construction of a majestic new church on the old spot, the incorrupt relics of the holy martyr were uncovered. Since the seventh century a miraculous flow of fragrant myrrh has been found beneath the crypt of the Great Martyr Demetrios, so he is called “the Myrrh-gusher.” times, those venerating the holy wonderworker tried to bring his holy relics, or a part of them, to Constantinople. Invariably, Saint Demetrios made it clear that he would not permit anyone to remove even a portion of his relics. is interesting that among the barbarians threatening the Romans, Slavs occupied an important place, in particular those settling upon the Thessalonian peninsula. Some even believe that the parents of Saint Dēmḗtrios were of Slavic descent. While advancing towards the city, pagan Slavs were repeatedly turned away by the apparition of a threatening radiant youth, going around on the walls and inspiring terror in the enemy soldiers. Perhaps this is why the name of Saint Demetrios was particularly venerated among the Slavic nations after they were enlightened by the Gospel. On the other hand, Greeks dismiss the idea that Saint Demetrios was a Slavic saint. very first pages of the Russian Primary Chronicle, as foreordained by God, is bound up with the name of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios of Thessaloniki. The Chronicle relates that when Oleg the Wise threatened the Greeks at Constantinople (907), the Greeks became terrified and said, “This is not Oleg, but rather Saint Demetrios sent upon us from God.” Russian soldiers always believed that they were under the special protection of the holy Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios. Moreover, in the old Russian barracks the Great Martyr Demetrios was always depicted as Russian. Thus this image entered the soul of the Russian nation. veneration of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios in Russia began shortly after the Baptism of Rus. Toward the beginning of the 1070s the Dimitriev monastery at Kiev, known afterwards as the Mikhailov-Zlatoverkh monastery, was founded, The monastery was built by the son of Yaroslav the Wise, Great Prince Izyaslav, Demetrios in Baptism (+ 1078). The mosaic icon of Saint Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki from the cathedral of the Dimitriev monastery has been preserved up to the present day, and is in the Tretiakov Gallery. the years 1194-1197 the Great Prince of Vladimir, Vsevolod III the Great-Nest (Demetrios in Baptism) “built at his court a beautiful church of the holy martyr Dēmḗtrios, and adorned it wondrously with icons and frescoes.” The Dimitriev cathedral also reveals the embellishment of ancient Vladimir. The wonderworking icon of Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki from the cathedral iconostasis is located even now in Moscow, at the Tretiakov gallery. It was painted on a piece of wood from the grave of the holy Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios, brought from Thessaloniki to Vladimir in 1197. of the most precious depictions of the saint, a fresco on a column of the Vladimir Dormition cathedral, was painted by the holy Iconographer Andrew Rublev (July 4). family of Saint Alexander Nevsky (November 23 also venerated Saint Demetrios. Saint Alexander named his eldest son in honor of the holy Great Martyr. His younger son, Prince Daniel of Moscow (March 4), built a church dedicated to the holy Great Martyr Demetrios in the 1280s. This was the first stone church in the Moscow Kremlin. Later in 1326, under Ivan Kalita, it was taken down and the Dormition cathedral was built in its place. memory of Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki is historically associated in Rus with the military, patriotism and the defense of the country. This is apparent by the saint’s depiction on icons as a soldier in plumed armor, with a spear and sword in hand. There is a scroll (in later depictions) on which is written the prayer of Saint Dēmḗtrios for the salvation of the people of Thessaloniki, “Lord, do not permit the city or the people to perish. If You save the city and the people, I shall be saved with them. If they perish, I will perish with them.” the particular spiritual experience of the Russian Church, veneration of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios of Thessaloniki is closely linked with the memory of the defense of the nation and Church by the Great Prince of Moscow, Demetrios of the Don (May 19). “An Account of the Life and Repose of the Great Prince Dēmḗtrios of the Don, Tsar of Russia,” written in the year 1393, already regards the Great Prince as a Saint, as other old Russian histories do. Great Prince Demetrios was a spiritual son and disciple of Saint Alexis, Metropolitan of Moscow (February 12), and a disciple and associate of other great figures of prayer in the Russian Land: Saint Sergius of Radonezh (September 25), Demetrios of Priluki (February 11), Saint Theodore of Rostov (November 28). The Account states: [Great Prince Demetrios] worried a great deal about the churches of God, and he held the territory of the Russian land by his bravery: he conquered many enemies who had risen against us, and he protected his glorious city Moscow with wondrous walls. ...The land of Russia prospered during the years of his reign. the time of the building of the white-walled Kremlin (1366) by Great Prince Demetrios, Moscow was called “White-Stoned.” the prayers of his Heavenly patron, the holy warrior Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki, Great Prince Demetrios, in addition to his brilliant military victories, also gained the further prominence of Russia. He repelled the onslaught of the Lithuanian armies of Olgerd, he routed the Tatar army of Begich at the River Vozha (1378), and he smashed the military might of all the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo Field on September 8, 1380 (the Feast of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos), set between the Rivers Don and Nepryadva. The Battle of Kulikovo, for which the nation calls him Dēmḗtrios of the Don, became the first Russian national exploit, rallying the spiritual power of the Russian nation around Moscow. The “Zadonschina,” an inspiring historic poem written by the priest Sophronios of Ryazem (1381) is devoted to this event. Demetrios of the Don had a great reverence for the holy Great Martyr Demetrios. In 1380, on the eve of the Battle of Kulikovo, he solemnly transferred from Vladimir to Moscow the most holy object in the Vladimir Dimitriev cathedral: the icon of the Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki, painted on a board from the grave of the saint. A chapel dedicated to the Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios was built at Moscow’s Dormition Cathedral. Saint Demetrios Memorial Saturday was established for church-wide remembrance of the soldiers who fell in the Battle of Kulikovo. This memorial service was held for the first time at the Trinity-Saint Sergius monastery on October 20, 1380 by Saint Sergius of Radonezh, in the presence of Great Prince Demetrios of the Don. It is an annual remembrance of the heroes of the Battle of Kulikovo, among whom are the Schema-monks Alexander (Peresvet) and Andrew (Oslyab). Dēmḗtrios is regarded as a protector of the young, and is also invoked by those struggling with lustful temptations.

Mikhailov-Zlatoverkh Monastery and Church in the Uppertown of Kiev near Saint Sophia Cathedral in the 1050s
Demetrius's Monastery and Church in the Uppertown of Kiev near Saint Sophia Cathedral in the 1050s, Later called Mikhailov-Zlatoverkh ; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26;

Kiev's Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) Cathedral, 960 by Olga
Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) Cathedral in Kiev; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubech, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Mikhailovo-Zlatoverkh Monastery, Kiev, 1108
Mikhailovo-Zlatoverkh Monastery, AKA Saint Michael's Golden Domed Monastery in Kiev; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Zlatoverkh-Mikhailovo Monastery, Kiev, 1108
Mikhailovo-Zlatoverkh Monastery, AKA Saint Michael's Golden Domed Monastery in Kiev; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Demetrius's Monastery, Kiev, 1070
Mikhailovo-Zlatoverkh Monastery, AKA Saint Michael's Golden Domed Monastery in Kiev, Towards the beginning of the 1070s the Dimitriev monastery at Kiev, known afterwards as the Mikhailov-Zlatoverkh monastery, was founded,; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26, ; the beginning of the 1070s the Dimitriev monastery at Kiev, known afterwards as the Mikhailov-Zlatoverkh monastery, was founded Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery, Kiev, 1108
Mikhailovo-Zlatoverkh Monastery, AKA Saint Michael's Golden Domed Monastery in Kiev; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Kiev Theodosis (Studite) monastery, 1595
Kiev Theodosis (Studite) monastery; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5;

Kiev-Bratsk (Brotherhood) Monastery (Podol Neighborhood, Dnieper River 4) 1595
Kiev-Bratsk (Brotherhood) Monastery (Podol Neighborhood, Dnieper River 4); Podol Neighborhood of Kiev; Subdivisions of Kiev; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on September 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated September 6 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ;

Brotherhood (Bratsky) monastery, Kiev (Dneiper River 4) 1595
Brotherhood monatery; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated September 6 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5;

Tithe Church, Kiev (Desyatina (Tithe) church) 989
Church of the Tithes (Desyatina (Tithe) church); Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; Right-believing Great Prince Igor of Kiev and Chernigov, Commemorated on September 19 ;

Kiev Spiritual Academy, Moghila Academy Kiev, Mogilyansk, 1615-1632
Moghila Academy Kiev; St Peter Mogila; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10 ;

Moghila Academy Kiev, Mogilyansk, Kiev Spiritual Academy, 1615-1632
Moghila Academy Kiev; St Peter Mogila; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10 ;

Florovsk Ascension monastery in Kiev, 1722
Florovsk Ascension monastery in Kiev; Icon of the Mother of God of Rudens, Commemorated October 12 ;

Kiev Seminary (Dnieper River 4) 1615
Kiev Theological Seminary; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated September 9 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10;

Kiev Theological Academy (Dneiper River 4) 1615
Kiev Theological Academy; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on September 4 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated September 9 ; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10 ; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Podol Neighborhood, Kiev (Dneiper River 4)
Podol Neighborhood of Kiev; Subdivisions of Kiev; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on September 6; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on May 3;

Kiev-Vydubitsky monastery
Kiev-Vydubitsky monastery; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ;

Castle and Residents of Kievan Rus Monarchs, 946
Vyshgorod (the name literally translates as "the town upstream") dates from as early as 946, when it was described as the favourite residence of Saint Olga. Also mentioned in De Administrando Imperio, Vyshgorod served as the fortified castle and residence of the monarchs of Kievan Rus on the Dnieper from that time until 1240, when the Mongols sacked it. At Vyshhorod Vladimir the Great (reigned 980 to 1015); Devichi monastery in Vyshgorod; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26;

Church of Saint Basil the Great, Vyshgorod, 946
Devichi monastery in Vyshgorod; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26;

Devichi monastery, Vyshgorod, 946
Devichi monastery in Vyshgorod; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26;

Vyshgorod near Kiev (Dnieper River 4) residence of kievan rulers
Vyshgorod near Kiev; Vyshhorod, a residence of the medieval Kievan rulers, now a town in Kiev Oblast, Ukraine; ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on September 6; Kiev-Bratsk Icon of the Mother of God was at first in the church of Saints Boris and Gleb in the city of Vyshgorod (Kiev), where it miraculously appeared in the year 1654. In 1662, when Russia was at war with Poland (1659-1667), the city was dealt heavy losses by the Crimean Tatars fighting on the side of the Polish. The temple of the holy Passion-Bearers Boris and Gleb was destroyed and defiled. But the Providence of God preserved the holy wonderworking icon of the Mother of God, which was taken out of the church beforehand and set off along the Dniepr. The relics of the saints were hidden beneath a crypt. river carried the icon to the Podol section of Kiev, where it was joyfully taken up by the Orthodox and with due reverence transferred to the Bratsk (Brotherhood) monastery. The icon is described in the records of church property of the Kiev-Bratsk monastery, made in the year 1807. existed a “Song about the Wonderworking Kiev-Bratsk Icon of the Mother of God”, compiled soon after the year 1692. The Kiev-Bratsk Icon of the Mother of God is commemorated four times during the year: September 6, May 10, June 2, and on Saturday of the Fifth Week of Great Lent. All these days are dedicated to the miraculous appearance of the holy icon in 1654. The original icon has not been preserved. The copy was painted from it “measure for measure,” and is at present located in the Kiev monastery of the Protection of the Mother of God. Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated November 22 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2; Icon of the Mother of God œthe God LovingÂ, Commemorated on June 18; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Kiev Mezhigorsk Womens monastery Suzdal
Kiev Mezhigorsk monastery; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ;

Savior-Transfiguration monastery, Kiev 988
Savior-Transfiguration monastery, Kiev; Translation of the relics of St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 20;

Mezhigorsk Monastery, Kiev 988
Mezhigorsk Monastery; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Ros River Folder, Kiev

Ros River Source

Ros River 1

Ros River 2 (Yuriev)

Yuriev, Ukraine (Ros River 2)
Yuriev (Ros River 2); St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated December 14 ; Translation of the relics of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 23 ;

Ros River 3

Ros River 4

Ros River 5 (Korsun)

Korsun, Ukraine (Ros River 5)
Korsun (Ros River 5); Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœJerusalemÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12 ; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Monkmartyr Eustratius of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on March 28; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15;

Ros River Mouth (Kiev, Dnieper River 4)

Kanev, Ukraine (near Kiev, Ros River Mouth, Dnieper River 4)
Kanev; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Hieromartyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev, Commemorated October 10 ; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13;

Cherkassa, Ukraine (relics of Hieromartyr Macarius of Kanev)
Cherkassa, Ukraine (relics of Hieromartyr Macarius of Kanev); Martyr Macarius, Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl Commemorated on September 7;

Heorhiivskyi Church of Saint George at Kiev, Ros River Mouth
Heorhiivskyi Church of Saint George at Kiev; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Desna River Folder, Kiev area, Chernigov, Briansk, Kursk

Desna River Source (Valdai Hills, Boldino Hill)

Boldino Hill, southeast of Smolensk (Desna River Source)
Boldino Museum, southeast of Smolensk ; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1;

Desna River 1 (Roslavl)

Roslavl, Smolensk, Kiev area (Desna River 1), Forests
Roslavl; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16;

Borisovsk, Kaluga (somewhere in Kuybyshevsky District)
Borisovsk, Kaluga (somewhere in Kuybyshevsky District) plus there are many other small towns named Borisovsk; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9;

Desna River 2 (Briansk)

Briansk, Ukraine (Desna River 2, First Great Abatis Line 1566, trade r, Smolensk, Br, Ch, Kiev, Vohly to Poland)
Briansk, Ukraine (Desna River 1) ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on August 17; Sven Icon of the Mother of God of the Caves has two festal celebrations: May 3 (the day of the reopse of Saint Theodosius of the Caves), and August 17 (the day of the repose of Saint Alypius), who painted the icon. The August 17 celebration was established in the year 1815 in thanksgiving for the deliverance of the city of Briansk (around which the icon appeared in 1288) from invasion during the 1812 Napoleonic War. St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; St. Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated May 3 ; St Oleg the Prince of Briansk, Commemorated September 20 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on May 3 ;

Forests of Bryansk, Ukraine (Desna River 2)
Forests of Bryansk ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Venerable Macarius of Optina;

Karachev district, Ukraine (Desna River 2)
Karachev district; Icon of the Mother of God Assuage My Sorrows, Commemorated October 9; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated on October 11 ;

Karachev, Ukraine (Desna River 2)
Karachev; Venerable Macarius of Optina; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated on October 11 ;

Seltso (Desna River 2, Kiev, Ukraine)
Seltso; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23;

Desna River 3 (Sev River, Sloboda)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Desna River 3, Sev River Folder

Sev River

Sev River Source

Sev River 1 (Sevsk)

Sevsk, Ukraine (Sev River 1)
Sevsk (Sev River); St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Macarius of Optina; Venerable Leonid of Optina;

Sloboda Ukraine (Desna River 3, Sev River Mouth)
Sloboda Ukraine Wild Fields immediately south of Severia; Sloboda Ukraine was the sparsely inhabited area of the Wild Fields on the south border of Muscovite Russia, immediately south of Severia, was traditionally used by the Crimean Tatars and Nogai Tatars to launch annual raids into Russian territories along the Muravsky Trail and Izyum Trail. Apart from the Cossacks, the settlers of Sloboda Ukraine included peasants and townspeople from Right and Left-bank Ukraine, divided by the Treaty of Andrusovo in 1667. The name Sloboda Ukraine derives from the word sloboda, a Slavic term meaning freedom (or liberty), and also the name of a type of settlement. The settlers of a sloboda were freed by the Tsar from the obligation of paying taxes and fees for a certain period of time, which proved to be very enticing for settlers. By the end of the 18th century, 523 slobodas (slobody) had been settled in Sloboda Ukraine.

Desna River 4 (Seym River Mouth)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Desna River 4, Seym River Folder, Kursk

Seym River Source (Kursk, confluence Kur and Tuskar Rivers)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Desna River 4, Seym River Source, Kur and Tuscar Rivers Folder

Tuskar River

Kur River

Kur River Mouth (Seym River Source, Tuskar River)

Kursk, Ukraine (Seym River Source, Kur and Tuskar River mouths)
Kursk; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Sign"Â, the "œKursk-Root"Â, Commemorated on September 8 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Glinsk, Commemorated on September 8 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Sign"Â, the "œKursk-Root"Â, Commemorated on September 8 ; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov, Commemorated September 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œKursk-Root"Â, Commemorated on November 27 ; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God "of the Sign" at Novgorod, Commemorated November 27 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Kursk Root" "œof the Sign"Â, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9 ;

Lgov, Kursk Oblast
Lgov, Kursk Oblast; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ;

Seym River 1

Seym River 2 (Ryla)

Ryla (Rylsk) (Seym River 2)
Ryla (Rylsk); Icon of the Mother of God "œKursk-Root"Â, Commemorated on November 27;

Seym River 3 (Putivl)

Putivl, Ukraine (Seym River 3)
Putivl; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Putivil, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Glinsk wilderness of the Kursk region
Glinsk wilderness of the Kursk region Icon of the Mother of God of Glinsk, Commemorated on September 8 ; Glinsk Icon of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos appeared in the seventeenth century in the Glinsk wilderness of the Kursk region. A monastery was established in 1648 and received its name from the noble Glinsky family.

Russia, 1648, Glinsk Icon, Appeared in Glinsk wilderness of the Kursk region
Glinsk wilderness of the Kursk region Icon of the Mother of God of Glinsk, Commemorated on September 8 ; Glinsk Icon of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos appeared in the seventeenth century in the Glinsk wilderness of the Kursk region. A monastery was established in 1648 and received its name from the noble Glinsky family.

Glinsk Hermitage (between Seym and Desna Rivers) 1648
Glinsk Hermitage ; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated on September 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Glinsk, Commemorated on September 8 ;

Seym River 4

Baturino, Ukraine (Seym River 4)
Baturino (in the Chernigov diocese, Ukraine); Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ;

Seym River Mouth (Desna River 4)

Desna River 5 (Chernigov)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Desna River 5, Chernigov Folder

Chernigov, Ukraine (Desna River 5) western trade through Kiev, Volhy, to Poland
Chernigov; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 24; ; Icon of the Mother of God "Chernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated September 1 ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated September 8 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated September 9 ; Right-believing Great Prince Igor of Kiev and Chernigov, Commemorated September 19 ; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov, Commemorated September 20 ; Venerable Nicholas Sviatosha Prince of Chernigov, and Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 14 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov"Â, Commemorated on February 5; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated February 14 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk; Icon of the Mother of God of Novgorod; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated February 14 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping "œIlyin Chernigov"Â, Commemorated on April 16 ; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on May 3 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubech, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10 ; Venerable Agapitus the Unmercenary Physician of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on June 1; New Martyr Archbishop Andronicus of Perm, Commemorated on June 4; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; Blessed Constantine the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10; Icon of the Mother of God of Balikin, Commemorated on June 30;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Chernigov History Folder

Russia, Chernigov, 1073-1077, K Rus King, Sviatoslav II of Kiev, NIcholas, Y's younger son, Vohly trade
Kiev Rus King, 1073-1077, Sviatoslav II of Kiev, Nicholas; II Iaroslavich or Sviatoslav II Yaroslavich (1027 – 27 December 1076[1] in Kiev [Kyiv]) was Grand Prince of Kiev between 1073 and 1076. was born as a younger son of Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise. His baptismal name was Nicholas. ruled the Principality of Vladimir in Volhynia in his father's lifetime (from around 1040 to 1054). Yaroslav the Wise, who divided the Kievan Rus' between his five sons in his testament, willed the Principality of Chernigov to Sviatoslav. Sviatoslav joined his brothers, Iziaslav of Kiev and Vsevolod of Pereyaslav, in forming a princely "triumvirate" that oversaw the affairs of Kievan Rus' until 1072. The three brothers together fought against their enemies, including the nomadic Oghuz Turks, and their distant relative, Prince Vseslav of Polotsk. The Cumans defeated their united force in the autumn of 1068, but Sviatoslav routed a Cuman band plundering his principality. "triumvirate" broke up, when Sviatoslav, supported by his younger brother Vsevolod, dethroned and replaced their older brother Iziaslav in 1073. He commissioned the compilation of at least two miscellanies of theological works. Otherwise, his short reign was uneventful. 1 Early life 2 Triumvirate 3 Grand Prince of Kiev 4 Family 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 7.1 Primary sources 7.2 Secondary sources 8 Further reading life[edit] was the fourth son of Yaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince of Kiev, and his wife, Ingegerd of Sweden.[2] He was born in 1027.[2] The Lyubetskiy sinodik—a list of the princes of Chernigov which was completed in the Monastery of Saint Anthony in Lyubech—writes that his baptismal name was Nicholas.[3] Russian Primary Chronicle writes that Sviatoslav was staying "at Vladimir"[4] (Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Ukraine) in Volhynia around the time his father fell seriously ill before his death.[5] According to the historian Martin Dimnik, the chronicle's report shows that Yaroslav the Wise had, most probably in about 1040, appointed Sviatoslav to rule this important town of the Kievan Rus'.[6] his deathbed, Yaroslav the Wise divided the most important towns of his realm among his five sons—Iziaslav, Sviatoslav, Vsevolod, Igor, and Vyacheslav—who survived him.[7][8] To Sviatoslav, he bequeathed Chernigov (Chernihiv, Ukraine).[9] The dying grand prince also ordered that his four younger sons should "heed"[10] their eldest brother, Iziaslav who received Kiev.[8] of the Kievan Rus' in the Kievan Rus' (1054–1132) the Wise died on 20 February 1054.[11] His three elder sons—Iziaslav of Kiev, Sviatoslav of Chernigov, and Vsevolod of Pereyaslav—decided to jointly govern the Kievan Rus'.[12] Historian Martin Dimnik writes that taking into account Sviatoslav's political and military skills it "is reasonable to assume that he was one of the main motivating forces, if not the actual architect, of many of the policies adopted" by the three brothers.[13] The "triumviri" closely cooperated in the following years.[12] In 1059 they liberated their uncle, Sudislav whom their father had sent to prison around 1035.[14][15] They made a joint expedition "by horse and ship against the Torks"[16] or Oghuz Turks, according to the Russian Primary Chronicle, in 1060.[17] On hearing of the arrival of the Rus' forces, the Torks fled from their lands without resistance.[18] 1065, Sviatoslav led his troops against his nephew, Rostislav Vladimirovich, who had in the previous year expelled by force Sviatoslav's son, Gleb from Tmutorakan.[19] Upon Sviatoslav's arrival, Rostislav withdrew from this important center of his uncle's domains, but he reoccupied it after Sviatoslav had returned to Chernigov.[20] A distant cousin of the "triumviri", Vseslav Briacheslavich (Prince of Polotsk), attacked Pskov in 1065, according to The Chronicle of Pskov.[21][22] Vseslav Briacheslavich could not take this town, but he seized and plundered Novgorod—which had been ruled by Iziaslav of Kiev's son, Mstislav—in the next winter.[21][23] Izyaslav, Sviatoslav and Vsevolod soon united their forces and set forth against Vseslav, "though it was the dead of winter",[24] according to the Russian Primary Chronicle.[25] They routed Vseslav's army by the Nemiga River (near Minsk) on 3 March 1066.[25] Vseslav, who fled from the battlefield, agreed to enter into negotiations with the "triumviri", but they treacherously captured him at a meeting at Orsha in early June.[22][25] Cumans, who had emerged as the dominant power of the Pontic steppes in the early 1060s, invaded the southern regions of Kievan Rus' in 1068.[26] The three brothers together marched against the invaders, but the Cumans routed them on the Alta River.[27] From the battlefield, Sviatoslav withdrew to Chernigov and regrouped his troops.[27] He returned to defeat the Cumans with a smaller force at the town of Snovsk on 1 November, thus enhancing his prestige among the populace.[27] In the meantime, the townspeople of Kiev had dethroned and expelled Sviatoslav's brother, Iziaslav.[28] Taking advantage of Iziaslav's absence, Sviatopluk sent his own son, Gleb to Novgorod to rule the town.[29][30] returned at the head of Polish reinforcements.[31] The townspeople of Kiev sent messages to Sviatoslav and Vsevolod, imploring them to come to their "father's city"[32] and defend it, according to the Russian Primary Chronicle.[33] Sviatoslav and Vsevolod requested Iziaslav "not to lead the Poles in attack upon Kiev", stating that "if he intended to nurse his wrath and destroy the city, they would be properly concerned for the ancestral capital".[33][34][31] Iziaslav partially acquiesced: he did not let his Polish allies enter the town, but his retinue slaughtered or mutilated many of his opponents in Kiev.[35] He also attempted to punish Anthony—the founder of the Monastery of the Caves in Kiev—who had supported his enemies, but Sviatoslav gave shelter to the saintly monk in Chernigov.[36] Iziaslav's return to Kiev, the "triumvirate" was restored.[28] The three brothers together visited Vyshhorod in order to participate in the translation of the relics of their saintly uncles, Boris and Gleb on 3 May 1072.[37] According to The Narrative, Passion, and Encomium of Boris and Gleb, Sviatoslav took Saint Gleb's hand and "pressed it to his injury, for he had pain in his neck, and to his eyes, and to his forehead"[38] before placing it back into the coffin.[39] In short Sviatoslav felt a pain at the top of his head and his servant found a fingernail of the saint under his cap.[39] Most historians agree that the three brothers expanded their father's legal code on this occasion, but the exact date is unknown.[40] [41] Prince of Kiev[edit] Izbornik of 1076 page from Sviatoslav's Izbornik of 1073 to the Russian Primary Chronicle, "the devil stirred up strife"[42] among the three brothers shortly after the canonization of Saints Boris and Gleb.[43][44] Sviatoslav and Vsevolod united their forces and expelled Iziaslav from Kiev on 22 March 1073.[43] The chronicler put the blame for this action on Sviatoslav, stating that "he was the instigator of his brother's expulsion, for he desired more power".[42][44] The chronicler also states that Sviatoslav had "misled Vsevolod by asserting that" Iziaslav "was entering into an alliance"[42] with Vseslav Briacheslavich against them.[44] Modern historians disagree about the motives of Sviatoslav's action. Franklin and Shepard write that he was driven by "straightforward greed";[45] Martin says that Sviatoslav who seems to have suffered from a grave illness wanted to secure his sons' right to Kiev which would have been lost if Sviatoslav "had predeceased Iziaslav without having ruled"[46] the town. In fact, the Russian Primary Chronicle states that it was Sviatoslav who "ruled in Kiev after the expulsion"[42] of Iziaslav.[47] the head of the Monastery of the Caves, Feodosy criticized Sviatoslav for usurping the throne.[43][48] However, before his death in May 1074 he was reconciled with the grand prince, who supported the foundation of a stone church dedicated to the Mother of God in Kiev.[45][49] Sviatoslav also supported the compilation of ecclesiastic works. Two izborniki or miscellanies—collections of excerpts from the Bible and from theological works—were completed under his auspices in 1073 and 1076.[50] According to the Izbornik of 1073, Sviatoslav, who is praised as a "new Ptolemy", had by that time collected a great number of spiritual books.[51] rule was short and uneventful.[52] His dethroned brother first fled to Poland, but Duke Boleslav II, who was Sviatoslav's son-in-law, expelled him from his lands.[28][53] Next Iziaslav sought the assistance of the German monarch, Henry IV.[43] The latter, in 1075, sent his envoys—including Sviatoslav's brother-in-law, Burchard—to Kiev to collect more information.[54] According to the Russian Primary Chronicle, "in his pride", Sviatoslav "showed them his riches", displaying them "the innumerable quantity of his gold, silver and silks".[55][56] In 1076 Sviatoslav sent reinforcements to Poland to help his son-in-law against the Bohemians.[57] died on 27 December 1076.[1] The Russian Primary Chronicle writes that "the cutting of a sore"[58] caused his death.[59] He was buried in the Holy Savior Cathedral in Chernigov.[59] Within a year, his elder brother Iziaslav was restored and Sviatoslav's sons lost most parts of his domains.[1][60] Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 19; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated on November 22; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 8; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated on January 28; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27; Uncovering of the relics of St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 30; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; Venerable Agapitus the Unmercenary Physician of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on June 1 ;

Berezna, Chernigov (Desna River 5)
Berezna, Chernigov; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated September 8 ; Domnitsa Icon of the Mother of God appeared in the year 1696 on the bank of the Domnitsa River in Chernigov diocese, not far from the city of Berezna. the place of appearance of the icon a monastery was established, in which was situated the wonderworking image. the year 1771 the inhabitants of the city prayed before the holy icon and were delivered from plague through the intercession of the Theotokos.

Domnitsa (River near Berezna)
Domnitsa (River near Berezna); Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated September 8 ; Domnitsa Icon of the Mother of God appeared in the year 1696 on the bank of the Domnitsa River in Chernigov diocese, not far from the city of Berezna. the place of appearance of the icon a monastery was established, in which was situated the wonderworking image. the year 1771 the inhabitants of the city prayed before the holy icon and were delivered from plague through the intercession of the Theotokos.

Domnitsa Icon, appeared in 1697, delivered from plague 1771
Domnitsa (River near Berezna); Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated September 8 ; Domnitsa Icon of the Mother of God appeared in the year 1696 on the bank of the Domnitsa River in Chernigov diocese, not far from the city of Berezna. the place of appearance of the icon a monastery was established, in which was situated the wonderworking image. the year 1771 the inhabitants of the city prayed before the holy icon and were delivered from plague through the intercession of the Theotokos.

Chernihiv (Schekovitsa)
Chernihiv (Schekovitsa) ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 24; St Theoctistus, Bishop of Chernigov, Commemorated August 5 ;

Schekovitsa (Chernihiv)
Chernihiv (Schekovitsa) ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 24; St Theoctistus, Bishop of Chernigov, Commemorated August 5 ;

Boldina Hill, Chernigov

Eletsk Chernigov monastery, Boldina Hill, Ukraine, 1030 and 1851
Eletsk Chernigov monastery; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Novgorod; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10;

Rurik dynasty, 862, from Chernigov, Kiev Rus, including Boryatinskys
Rurik dynasty, 862, from Chernigov, Kiev Rus, including Boryatinskys; Chernigov; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23;

Caves of the Eletsky Monastery, Chernigov, Ukraine, before 1050
caves of the Eletsky Monastery, Chernigov ; Caves Monasteries; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping "œIlyin Chernigov", Commemorated on April 16 ; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10;

Caves of the Eletsky Monastery, Chernigov, Ukraine, 1030 and 1851
caves of the Eletsky Monastery, Chernigov ; Caves Monasteries; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping "Ilyin Chernigov"Â, Commemorated on April 16 ; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10;

Trinity Monastery Chernigov, 1030
Trinity Monastery Chernigov, 1030; Icon of the Mother of God "œChernigov-Gethsemane"Â, Commemorated on September 1; Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov"Â, Commemorated on February 5;

Trinity-Ilyin Monastery Chernigov, 1030
Trinity Monastery Chernigov, 1030; Icon of the Mother of God œChernigov-Gethsemane, Commemorated on September 1; Chernigov-Gethsemane Icon of the Mother of God is a copy of the famed Ilyin-Chernigov Icon of the Mother of God (April 16), which was to be found at the Trinity-Ilyin monastery near Chernigov on Mount Boldina, and where in the eleventh century Saint Anthony of the Kiev Caves struggled in asceticism. Demetrius of Rostov described the miracles of this icon in his book THE BEDEWED FLEECE. He wrote in conclusion: “The end of the booklet, but not of the miracles of the Most Holy Theotokos, for who can count them?” The grace-bearing power of this icon is manifest also in its copies. Chernigov-Gethsemane Icon of the Mother of God was painted in the mid-eighteenth century and was passed on to the Trinity Sergiev Lavra in 1852 by Alexandra Grigorievna Philippova, who piously kept it for a quarter century. (This icon was given to her by the priest John Alekseev, who received it in turn from one of the monks of the Trinity Sergiev Lavra.) the advice of the head of the Lavra, Archimandrite Anthony (+ May 1, 1877), the icon was placed in the newly-consecrated cave church named for Saint Michael, Leader of the Heavenly Hosts, which was consecrated on October 27, 1851 by Saint Philaret, Metropolitan of Moscow (November 19), who assumed an active role in the building of the Gethsemane skete. this manner, the icon took in the currents of grace of all the history of the Russian Church, it acquired the blessing of Saint Anthony of the Caves, of Saint Sergius of Radonezh and of his parents Saints Cyril and Maria (September 28), and finally, of the ascetics of the nineteenth century. These spiritual connections providentially come forth through the Chernigov-Gethsemane Icon of the Mother of God. is remarkable that the first miracle of this icon was witnessed on the day of the Church New Year, September 1, 1869, when the twenty-eight-year-old peasant of Tula governance, Thekla Adrianova, was healed, after being completely crippled for nine years. at the hostel by the caves, and then at the Lavra during the celebration of the Repose of Saint Sergius (September 25), Thekla recovered completely. Saint Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow (October 6 and March 31), learned of the miracle from his daughter the nun Polyxeni, treasurer of the Borisov wilderness monastery. On the feast of Saint Sergius, he himself met with Thekla and asked her about the details of the healing. On September 26, 1869 Saint Innocent arrived at the Gethsemane skete and gave the blessing for a Molieben to be served before the glorified icon, while he himself prayed with tears. September 26 three healings had occurred already, and a whole series of miracles in November of that same year. The fame of the icon of the Mother of God spread with unusual swiftness. Exhausted by suffering and sickness, thirsting for bodily and spiritual healing, people from every class of society came with firm faith to the wonderworking icon, and the mercy of God did not forsake them. the beginning of the twentieth century, more than 100 miracles had been recorded. By its great esteem the icon benefited the ascetics of the Gethsemane skete: the schemamonk Philip (+ May 18, 1868), the founder of the cave monastery, and his three sons, the hieroschemamonks Ignatius (+ 1900), Porphyrius (+ 1905 ?) and Basil (+ April 1, 1915). They preserved accounts of the deep love, which the hieromonk Elder Isidore (+ February 3, 1908) displayed for the Chernigov-Gethsemane Icon. initial celebration of the icon was established on April 16, on the day when Ilyin-Cherigov icon was celebrated. Later, it was transferred to September 1, the day of its glorification. At the present time there are copies of the Chernigov-Gethsemane icon at Trinity-Sergiev Lavra. They are found in the temple of Saint Sergius, in the monastery trapeza, and in the portico of the Trinity cathedral, painted by Elders of the Gethsemane skete and the Zosimov wilderness monastery. Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov"Â, Commemorated on February 5; Elets-Chernigov (Chernigov Spruce Tree) Icon of the Mother of God appeared on a spruce or fir tree near Chernigov in the year 1060, in the time of Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, as was recorded in the Synodikon of Bishop Zosimus Prokopovich of Chernigov (1655-1657). The icon was placed in a church built in honor of the Elets-Spruce Icon of the Mother of God. Saint Anthony (July 10), while living an ascetical life on the Boldino Heights (1068-1069), had given his blessing to found a monastery at this place. 1238 the monastery was pillaged by the Tatars (Mongols), but the icon was hidden inside the monastery walls. In the year 1470, Prince Simeon Olelkovich of Kiev restored the monastery, and they placed the icon in the church. ultimate fate of the icon is unclear. According to one tradition, a descendant of the Chernigov princes, Baryatinsky, carried the icon to Moscow in the year 1579, when Chernigov fell into the hands of the Polish King Stephen Bathory. In 1687, Prince Daniel Baryatinsky was returning from a campaign in the Crimea. At Kharkov he fell seriously ill, and before his death he bequeathed the Elets Icon to the nearby Kharkov Dormition church. to another tradition, the icon vanished from the monastery when it was sacked in the seventeenth century by the forces of Sigismund III. In 1676, Prince Constantine Ostrozhsky presented the Elets monastery a copy of the Elets Icon of the Mother of God, brought from Vladimir by the Kozel brothers. Archimandrite Joannicius (Golyatovsky) was at this time restoring the monastery and he described numerous miracles of this icon in his book, “Skorbnitsa” (or “Sokrovischnitsa”, i.e. “Consoler” or “Treasury”), published in 1676 in Novgorod. is still another Elets Icon of the Mother of God, also appearing in the year 1060. It received its name because it appeared in the city of Elets, in a cathedral church dedicated to the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God. The feastday of this icon was set for January 11.

Russia, Kiev, 1869, Chernigov-Gethsemane Icon, Trinity-Ilyin Monastery, copy of Ilyin-Chernigov Icon
Trinity Monastery Chernigov, 1030; Icon of the Mother of God œChernigov-Gethsemane, Commemorated on September 1; Chernigov-Gethsemane Icon of the Mother of God is a copy of the famed Ilyin-Chernigov Icon of the Mother of God (April 16), which was to be found at the Trinity-Ilyin monastery near Chernigov on Mount Boldina, and where in the eleventh century Saint Anthony of the Kiev Caves struggled in asceticism. Demetrius of Rostov described the miracles of this icon in his book THE BEDEWED FLEECE. He wrote in conclusion: “The end of the booklet, but not of the miracles of the Most Holy Theotokos, for who can count them?” The grace-bearing power of this icon is manifest also in its copies. Chernigov-Gethsemane Icon of the Mother of God was painted in the mid-eighteenth century and was passed on to the Trinity Sergiev Lavra in 1852 by Alexandra Grigorievna Philippova, who piously kept it for a quarter century. (This icon was given to her by the priest John Alekseev, who received it in turn from one of the monks of the Trinity Sergiev Lavra.) the advice of the head of the Lavra, Archimandrite Anthony (+ May 1, 1877), the icon was placed in the newly-consecrated cave church named for Saint Michael, Leader of the Heavenly Hosts, which was consecrated on October 27, 1851 by Saint Philaret, Metropolitan of Moscow (November 19), who assumed an active role in the building of the Gethsemane skete. this manner, the icon took in the currents of grace of all the history of the Russian Church, it acquired the blessing of Saint Anthony of the Caves, of Saint Sergius of Radonezh and of his parents Saints Cyril and Maria (September 28), and finally, of the ascetics of the nineteenth century. These spiritual connections providentially come forth through the Chernigov-Gethsemane Icon of the Mother of God. is remarkable that the first miracle of this icon was witnessed on the day of the Church New Year, September 1, 1869, when the twenty-eight-year-old peasant of Tula governance, Thekla Adrianova, was healed, after being completely crippled for nine years. at the hostel by the caves, and then at the Lavra during the celebration of the Repose of Saint Sergius (September 25), Thekla recovered completely. Saint Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow (October 6 and March 31), learned of the miracle from his daughter the nun Polyxeni, treasurer of the Borisov wilderness monastery. On the feast of Saint Sergius, he himself met with Thekla and asked her about the details of the healing. On September 26, 1869 Saint Innocent arrived at the Gethsemane skete and gave the blessing for a Molieben to be served before the glorified icon, while he himself prayed with tears. September 26 three healings had occurred already, and a whole series of miracles in November of that same year. The fame of the icon of the Mother of God spread with unusual swiftness. Exhausted by suffering and sickness, thirsting for bodily and spiritual healing, people from every class of society came with firm faith to the wonderworking icon, and the mercy of God did not forsake them. the beginning of the twentieth century, more than 100 miracles had been recorded. By its great esteem the icon benefited the ascetics of the Gethsemane skete: the schemamonk Philip (+ May 18, 1868), the founder of the cave monastery, and his three sons, the hieroschemamonks Ignatius (+ 1900), Porphyrius (+ 1905 ?) and Basil (+ April 1, 1915). They preserved accounts of the deep love, which the hieromonk Elder Isidore (+ February 3, 1908) displayed for the Chernigov-Gethsemane Icon. initial celebration of the icon was established on April 16, on the day when Ilyin-Cherigov icon was celebrated. Later, it was transferred to September 1, the day of its glorification. At the present time there are copies of the Chernigov-Gethsemane icon at Trinity-Sergiev Lavra. They are found in the temple of Saint Sergius, in the monastery trapeza, and in the portico of the Trinity cathedral, painted by Elders of the Gethsemane skete and the Zosimov wilderness monastery. Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Elets-Chernigov (Chernigov Spruce Tree) Icon of the Mother of God appeared on a spruce or fir tree near Chernigov in the year 1060, in the time of Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, as was recorded in the Synodikon of Bishop Zosimus Prokopovich of Chernigov (1655-1657). The icon was placed in a church built in honor of the Elets-Spruce Icon of the Mother of God. Saint Anthony (July 10), while living an ascetical life on the Boldino Heights (1068-1069), had given his blessing to found a monastery at this place. 1238 the monastery was pillaged by the Tatars (Mongols), but the icon was hidden inside the monastery walls. In the year 1470, Prince Simeon Olelkovich of Kiev restored the monastery, and they placed the icon in the church. ultimate fate of the icon is unclear. According to one tradition, a descendant of the Chernigov princes, Baryatinsky, carried the icon to Moscow in the year 1579, when Chernigov fell into the hands of the Polish King Stephen Bathory. In 1687, Prince Daniel Baryatinsky was returning from a campaign in the Crimea. At Kharkov he fell seriously ill, and before his death he bequeathed the Elets Icon to the nearby Kharkov Dormition church. to another tradition, the icon vanished from the monastery when it was sacked in the seventeenth century by the forces of Sigismund III. In 1676, Prince Constantine Ostrozhsky presented the Elets monastery a copy of the Elets Icon of the Mother of God, brought from Vladimir by the Kozel brothers. Archimandrite Joannicius (Golyatovsky) was at this time restoring the monastery and he described numerous miracles of this icon in his book, “Skorbnitsa” (or “Sokrovischnitsa”, i.e. “Consoler” or “Treasury”), published in 1676 in Novgorod. is still another Elets Icon of the Mother of God, also appearing in the year 1060. It received its name because it appeared in the city of Elets, in a cathedral church dedicated to the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God. The feastday of this icon was set for January 11.

Desna River 6

Florovsk Ascension monastery in Kiev (Desna River 6) 1722
Florovsk Ascension monastery in Kiev; Icon of the Mother of God of Rudens, Commemorated October 12 ;

Desna River Mouth (Kiev, Vishgorod, Dnipper River 4)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Pripyat River Folder, Wormwood, Chenoble

Pripyat River Source (Dnieper Bug Canal)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Pripyat River Source, Dnieper Bug Canal Folder

Pripyat River 1 (Pinsk)

Pinsk, Ukraine (Pripyat River 1)
Pinsk; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kupyatitich, Commemorated on November 15; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ;

Duboisk [Dubovsk] monastery near Pinsk, Ukraine
Duboisk [Dubovsk] monastery near Pinsk ; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ;

Pripyat River 2 (Turov and Mazyr)

Turov and Pinsk Principality, Ukraine
Principality of Turov and Pinsk; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28;

Turov, Ukraine (Horyn River Mouth, Pripyat River 2)
Turov; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Martin of Turov, Commemorated on June 27;

Chernobyl (Wormwood) Disaster (Kiev, Pirypat River Mouth)
Chernobyl (Wormwood) Disaster;

Pripyat River Mouth (Kiev, Dneiper River 4)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Pereyaslavl Folder (Alta River, Trubizh River)

Trubizh River

Trubizh River Mouth (Pereyaslavl, Dnieper River 5)

Berezan, Russian Pereyaslavl, Poltava, Ukraine
Berezan; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Zolotonoshka River

Zolotonoshka River Source. a lake

Zolotonosha, Pereyaslavl, Poltava, Ukraine
Zolotonosha, Pereyaslavl, Poltava, Ukraine; St. Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Zolotonoshka River Mouth (Dnieper River )

Pereyaslavl, Ukraine, (the Principality, Alta River, Trubizh River, Dnieper River 4) 988-1323
Pereyaslavl; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, in the world Konon, was the son of a Ryazan merchant. In his youth he left his parental home and lived for five years as a novice of the Elder Paul in the Lukianov wilderness near Pereyaslavl. Afterwards the young ascetic transferred to the Pereyaslavl monastery of Saints Boris and Gleb on the Sands [Peskakh]. Konon eagerly went to church and unquestioningly did everything that they commanded him. holy novice did not sit down to eat in the trapeza with the brethren, but contented himself with whatever remained, accepting food only three times a week. After five years, he received monastic tonsure with the name Cornelius. From that time no one saw the monk sleeping on a bed. Several of the brethren scoffed at Saint Cornelius as foolish, but he quietly endured the insults and intensified his efforts. Having asked permission of the igumen to live as a hermit, he secluded himself into his own separately constructed cell and constantly practiced asceticism in fasting and prayer. the brethren found him barely alive, and the cell was locked from within. Three months Saint Cornelius lay ill, and he could take only water and juice. The monk, having recovered and being persuaded by the igumen, stayed to live with the brethren. Saint Cornelius was the sacristan in church, he served in the trapeza, and also toiled in the garden. As if to bless the saint’s labors, excellent apples grew in the monastery garden, which he lovingly distributed to visitors. body of Saint Cornelius was withered up from strict fasting, but he did not cease to toil. With his own hands he built a well for the brethren. For thirty years Saint Cornelius lived in complete silence, being considered by the brethren as deaf and dumb. Before his death on July 22, 1693, Saint Cornelius made his confession to the monastery priest Father Barlaam, received the Holy Mysteries and took the schema. was buried in the chapel. Nine years later, during the construction of a new church, his relics were found incorrupt. In the year 1705, Saint Demetrius, Metropolitan of Rostov (October 28), saw the relics of Saint Cornelius, and they were in the new church in a secluded place. The holy bishop composed a Troparion and Kontakion to the saint. Martyrs and Passion-Bearers Boris and Gleb, Commemorated on July 24; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14; St Paul of Rostov, Commemorated on October 22 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated January 28 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated on February 11 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated Janaury 28 ; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5;

Russian or Southern Pereyaslavl
Russian or Southern Pereyaslavl; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5;

Dnieper River 5 (Chigirinsk)

Malorussia, Little Russia (Ukraine), 1764 (Right Bank Dnieper River 5)
Little Russia; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George at Kiev, Commemorated on November 26 ; NICHOLAS OF MYRA, FRIEND OF CHILDREN, GIVER OF GIFTS, CLIMBER OF CHIMNEYS, ETC. (6 DEC 326) ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod; Monkmartyr Pachomius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1; Blessed Constantine the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Little Russia (Ukraine), 1764 (Right Bank Dnieper River 5)
Little Russia; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George at Kiev, Commemorated on November 26 ; NICHOLAS OF MYRA, FRIEND OF CHILDREN, GIVER OF GIFTS, CLIMBER OF CHIMNEYS, ETC. (6 DEC 326) ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod; Monkmartyr Pachomius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1; Blessed Constantine the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 5, Ukraine, Sula River Folder

Sula River Source

Holy Transfiguration Mgarsk monestary, Udai River Mouth, Sula River, Ukraine, 1619
Holy Transfiguration Mgarsk monastery; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2;

Mgarsk monestary, Udai River Mouth, Sula River, Ukraine, 1619
Holy Transfiguration Mgarsk monastery; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2;

Sula River 1 (Romny)

Sula (Vorskla) River 1 (Akhtyr)

Akhtyr, Ukraine (Sula (Vorskla) River 1)
Akhtyr ; Icon of the Mother of God of Akhtyr, Commemorated July 2 ; Akhtyr Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos appeared on July 2, 1739 in the village of Akhtyr in the area of Kharkov, east of Kiev. Basil Danilov, a righteous man of strong faith, was the priest of the Dormition church in Akhtyr. He wanted to try out a new scythe, and so he went out to a field by the church. As he began to cut the tall grass, Father Basil noticed an icon of the Mother of God shining with a radiant light. Dropping the scythe, he fell to his knees and began to pray, then took the icon to his home. icon remained in the priest’s home for three years. No one could spend the night in the same room as the icon, because an inexplicable fear would force them to leave. night the Theotokos appeared to Father Basil in a dream, reproaching him because he had not cleaned the icon in the three years since he had found it. When he awoke, he dusted the icon off and washed it with water, then went back to sleep. That night he had another dream in which he saw himself going to the river in order to pour out the water he had used to wash the icon. The Mother of God appeared to him again and ordered him to return home with the water, explaining that it would cure people of malaria and fever. Father Basil’s daughter became ill with malaria, he gave her some of the water to drink and she was healed. Others also received healing in this way. The priest decided that the icon should not remain in his home, so he took it to the church. iconographer named John was commissioned to restore the icon. When his son was suffering from malaria, John remembered how the water used to wash the icon had cured people of that disease. Therefore, he washed the icon and gave his son some of the water to drink. The young man was healed at once, and there were many other miracles after this one. miracles of the Akhtyr Icon were investigated no less than three times. In 1751 the Holy Synod determined that reports of the miracles were true, and declared the icon to be wonderworking. Elizabeth had a stone church built in Akhtyr for the icon, and she personally donated two thousand rubles. Saint Joasaph of Belgorod (September 4 and December 10) blessed the cornerstone. The church was consecrated in the year 1768. Nicholas I ordered that on the Saturday before Pentecost the Akhtyr Icon should be taken from the Protection Cathedral and carried in procession to the Akhtyr-Holy Trinity Monastery. The icon was brought back to the cathedral during the week of All Saints. Unfortunately, the icon was stolen from the Protection Cathedral on April 1, 1905. Many copies of the Akhtyr Icon were made before it was stolen. July 2 many churches bless water in remembrance of the healings which took place after the Mother of God ordered Father Basil Danilov to wash the icon. icon is rather unusual, and does not seem to have an earlier prototype. It is painted in a Western style, and shows the Theotokos with an uncovered head. The Crucifixion of Christ is depicted in much smaller proportions, and the Virgin seems to be gazing directly at the Cross. Her hands are held with the palms together, and the fingers pointing upward, which is not a typical gesture of prayer in Orthodox iconography.

Sula River 2 (Lubno, Udai River Mouth)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 5, Ukraine, Sula River 2, Udai River Folder

Udai River Source (along the border)

Nizhyn, Ukraine (Udai River Source, Sula River)
Nizhyn; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10;

Udai River 1 (Priluki)

Priluki, Pereyaslavl, Poltava, Ukraine (Udai River 1)
Priluki city (Udai River); Martyr Galacteon of Vologda, Commemorated on September 24 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11 ; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Udai River Mouth (Sula River 2)

Lubno (Lubensk, Lubny), Ukraine (Udai River Mouth, Sula River2)
Lubno (Lubensk); Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2;

Sula River Mouth (Dnieper River 5)
Sula River Mouth (Dnieper River 5);

Chigirinsk, Ukraine (Across from Sula River Mouth, Dnieper River 5)
Chigirinsk; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 5, Ukraine, Psel River Folder

Psel River Source (Kursk Oblast, Russia)

Psel River (Oboyan, Russia)

Psel River (Sumy, Ukraine)

Psel River (Hadiach, Ukraine)

Psel River Mouth (Dnieper River 5)
Psel River ;

Dnieper River 6 (Ekaterinoslav)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 6, Ukraine, Vorskla River Folder

Vorskla River Source (near Belgorod, Central Russian Upland )
Central Russian Upland;

Kharkov, Ukraine (Three Rivers source of the Seversky Donets, Vorskla River)
Kharkov; Icon of the Mother of God of Ozerianka, Commemorated on October 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-ChernigovÂ, Commemorated on February 5; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Icon of the Mother of God of Akhtyr, Commemorated July 2 ;

Vorskla River 1 (Russia Ukraine border)

Vorskla River 2

Vorskla River 3

Vorskla River 4

Akhtyr, Ukraine, Vorskla River 4
Akhtyr, Ukraine, Vorskla River 4; St. Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 29; Icon of the Mother of God of Akhtyr, Commemorated on July 2 ;

Vorskla River 6 (Poltava)

Poltava, Ukraine (Vorskla River 6)
Poltava; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated December 10 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Poltava Governorate, Kiev or Ukraine
Poltava Governorate; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ;

Rzhevets Monastery (Poltava, Ukraine, Vorskla River 6, Dnieper River 6)
Rzhevets Monastery (Poltava); Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11 ;

Vorskla River Mouth (Dnieper River 6)

Ekaterinoslav Seminary, Ukraine (Vorskla Mouth, Dnieper River 6) 1787
Ekaterinoslav Seminary ; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Dnieper River Mouth (Dnieper Gulf, North Black Sea)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River Mouth, Ukraine, Southern Bug River Folder

Southern Bug River

Southern Bug 1 (Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine)

Southern Bug 2 (Vinnytsia, Ukraine)

Southern Bug 3 (Olviopolis and Pervomaisk, Ukraine)

Olviopolis, Ukraine (Southern Bug River 3)
Olviopolis; Translation of the Icon of the Mother of God in Triumph to Russia, Commemorated on September 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God œStaro RusÂ Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4;

Southern Bug River Mouth (Mykolaiv, Bug Estuary, Black Sea)

Sarmatia, Ukraine (Dneiper River Mouth)
Sarmatians; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated September 6 ;

Dnieper River Mouth (from Smolensk and Kiev)
Dnieper River (from Kiev) ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Drevlyany Lands Folder, Ovruch

Ovruch, Ukraine (the center of Drevlyany Lands)
Ovrucha; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dniester River Folder

Russia, Gallich (Ukraine or Little Rus)
Ukraine; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ;

Podolia, Southwest Ukraine, North and West of Moldova, between Dniester and Southern Bug
Podolia, Southwest Ukraine; Saint Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11;

Dniester River Source (Ukranian Carpathians near Drohobych)
Dniester River Source: Ukranian Carpathians near Drohobych.

Dniester River 1 (Ukraine)

Dniester River 2 (Galich, Ukraine)

Dniester River 3 (Ukraine)

Dniester River 4 (Seret River Mouth)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dniester River 5, Siret River Folder

Siret River

Seret River Source
Seret River;

Seret River 1 (Ternopol, Ukraine)

Ternopol (Seret River 1)

Seret River 2 (Terebovlya, Ukraine)

Terebovlya, Ukraine or Moldovia (Seret River 2)
Terebovlya, Ukraine (Seret River 2) ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ;

Terebovlya Princes (1223-1246)
Terebovlya Princes (1223-1246) ; Terebovlya, Ukraine (Seret River 2) ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ;

Ugornits monastery, Terebovlya, Ukraine (Seret River 2) 1097
Transfiguration Ugornits monastery; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28;

Seret River 3

Seret River Mouth (Dniester River 4)

Kasperov, Ukraine (Seret River Mouth, Dniester River 4)
Kasperov, Ukraine (Seret River Mouth, Dniester River 4); Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on October 1;

Dniester River 5 (Khotyn, Smotrych River Mouth)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dniester River 5, Smotrych River Folder

Smotrych River

Smotrych River Source

Smotrych River Mouth (Dniester River 5)

Kamenets Podolski, Ukraine or Moldovia (Smotrych Mouth, Dniester 5)
Kamenets Podolski, Ukraine or Moldovia ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ;

Dniester River 6 (entering Moldova)

Poldolia, Ukraine (northeast of Dneister R. to Kiev and Pirypat R.
Poldolia, Ukraine; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ;

Dniester River 7 (near Podoha)

Dniester River 8 (Dubasari, Moldova)

Dniester River 9 (Bender, Moldova)

Dniester River Mouth (near Odessa, Black Sea)

Odessa, Ukraine (near Dniester River Mouth, Black Sea, near Crimea)
Odessa, Ukraine (near Dniester River Mouth 19 miles to the South); Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated October 1 ; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Kasperov Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos. Tradition says that this holy icon had been brought to Cherson from Transylvania by a Serb at the end of the sixteenth century. Passing down from parent and child, the icon had come to a certain Mrs. Kasperova of Cherson in 1809. night in February of 1840 she was praying, seeking consolation in her many sorrows. Looking at the icon of the Virgin, she noticed that the features of the icon, darkened by age, had suddenly become bright. Soon the icon was glorified by many miracles, and people regarded it as wonderworking. the Crimean War (1853-1856), the icon was carried in procession through the city of Odessa, which was besieged by enemy forces. On Great and Holy Friday, the city was spared. Since that time, an Akathist has been served before the icon in the Dormition Cathedral of Odessa every Friday. icon is painted with oils on a canvas mounted on wood. The Mother of God holds Her Son on her left arm. The Child is holding a scroll. Saint John the Baptist (Janurary 7) is depicted on one side of the icon, and Saint Tatiana (January 12) on the other. These were probably the patron saints of the original owners of the icon. Kasperov Icon is commemorated on October 1, June 29, and Bright Wednesday.

Odessa Cathedral, 1794
Odessa Cathedral, 1794; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Kasperov Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos. Tradition says that this holy icon had been brought to Cherson from Transylvania by a Serb at the end of the sixteenth century. Passing down from parent and child, the icon had come to a certain Mrs. Kasperova of Cherson in 1809. night in February of 1840 she was praying, seeking consolation in her many sorrows. Looking at the icon of the Virgin, she noticed that the features of the icon, darkened by age, had suddenly become bright. Soon the icon was glorified by many miracles, and people regarded it as wonderworking. the Crimean War (1853-1856), the icon was carried in procession through the city of Odessa, which was besieged by enemy forces. On Great and Holy Friday, the city was spared. Since that time, an Akathist has been served before the icon in the Dormition Cathedral of Odessa every Friday. icon is painted with oils on a canvas mounted on wood. The Mother of God holds Her Son on her left arm. The Child is holding a scroll. Saint John the Baptist (Janurary 7) is depicted on one side of the icon, and Saint Tatiana (January 12) on the other. These were probably the patron saints of the original owners of the icon. Kasperov Icon is commemorated on October 1, June 29, and Bright Wednesday.

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Molchna and Kalka Riverr Folder, above Cirmea

Melitopol, Ukraine (Molochna River 3)
Melitopol; St Parthenius the Bishop of Lampsacus on the Hellespont, Commemorated February 7;

Molochna River Source (along the border)

Molochna (Milky) River 1

Molochna River 2

Molochna River 3 (Melitopol)

Molochna River Mouth (Sea of Azov)

Kalka River Mouth (Sea of Azov)

Battle of Kalka River at Mariupol (1223)
Battle of Kalka River at Mariupol; Mongol Tartar Invasion 1223-1241; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite and Wonderworker of Smolensk, Commemorated August 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœof the SignÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœKursk-RootÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on September 8;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route Folder

Dnieper (Varanigan) Trade Route (Varangia to Constantinople)
The chief trade route of Rus, from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, was then called ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe Way from the Varangians to the Greeks.ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ

Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route 2 (Cherson, Korsun, Crimea)

Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route 3 (Dnieper Gulf)

Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route 4 (Ekaternoslav)

Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route 5 (Kiev)

Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route 6 (Mogilev)

Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route 7 (Smolensk)

Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route 8 (Dorogobuzha, Dnieper River 1)

Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route 9 (Sehzharovo, Volga River 2)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Kiev Caves Folder

Kiev Caves, Anthony's first location, Berestovo, 1032
Kiev Caves; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Anthony of the Kiev Caves was born in the year 983 at Liubech, not far from Chernigov, and was named Antipas in Baptism. Possessing the fear of God from his youth, he desired to be clothed in the monastic schema. When he reached a mature age, he wandered until he arrived on Mt. Athos, burning with the desire to emulate the deeds of its holy inhabitants. Here he received monastic tonsure, and the young monk pleased God in every aspect of his spiritual struggles on the path of virtue. He particularly excelled in humility and obedience, so that all the monks rejoiced to see his holy life. igumen saw in Saint Anthony the great future ascetic, and inspired by God, he sent him back to his native land, saying, “Anthony, it is time for you to guide others in holiness. Return to your own Russian land, and be an example for others. May the blessing of the Holy Mountain be with you.” to the land of Rus, Anthony began to make the rounds of the monasteries about Kiev, but nowhere did he find that strict life which had drawn him to Mt. Athos. the Providence of God, Anthony came to the hills of Kiev by the banks of the River Dnieper. The forested area near the village of Berestovo reminded him of his beloved Athos. There he found a cave which had been dug out by the Priest Hilarion, who later became Metropolitan of Kiev (October 21). Since he liked the spot, Anthony prayed with tears, “Lord, let the blessing of Mt. Athos be upon this spot, and strengthen me to remain here.” He began to struggle in prayer, fasting, vigil and physical labor. Every other day, or every third day, he would eat only dry bread and a little water. Sometimes he did not eat for a week. People began to come to the ascetic for his blessing and counsel, and some decided to remain with the saint. Anthony’s first disciples was Saint Nikon (March 23), who tonsured Saint Theodosius of the Caves (May 3) at the monastery in the year 1032. virtuous life of Saint Anthony illumined the Russian land with the beauty of monasticism. Saint Anthony lovingly received those who yearned for the monastic life. After instructing them how to follow Christ, he asked Saint Nikon to tonsure them. When twelve disciples had gathered about Saint Anthony, the brethren dug a large cave and built a church and cells for the monks within it. he appointed Abbot Barlaam to guide the brethren, Saint Anthony withdrew from the monastery. He dug a new cave for himself, then hid himself within it. There too, monks began to settle around him. Afterwards, the saint built a small wooden church in honor of the Dormition of the Mother of God over the Far Caves. the insistence of Prince Izyaslav, the igumen Barlaam withdrew to the Dimitriev monastery. With the blessing of Saint Anthony and with the general agreement of the brethren, the meek and humble Theodosius was chosen as igumen. By this time, the number of brethren had already reached a hundred men. The Kiev Great Prince Izyaslav (+ 1078) gave the monks the hill on which the large church and cells were built, with a palisade all around. Thus, the renowned monastery over the caves was established. Describing this, the chronicler remarks that while many monasteries were built by emperors and nobles, they could not compare with those which are built with holy prayers and tears, and by fasting and vigil. Although Saint Anthony had no gold, he built a monastery which became the first spiritual center of Rus. his holiness of life, God glorified Saint Anthony with the gift of clairvoyance and wonderworking. One example of this occurred during the construction of the Great Caves church. The Most Holy Theotokos Herself stood before him and Saint Theodosius in the Blachernae church in Constantinople, where they had been miraculously transported without leaving their own monastery. Actually, two angels appeared in Constantinople in their forms (See May 3, the account of the Kiev Caves Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos). Having received gold from the Mother of God, the saints commissioned master architects, who came from Constantinople to the Russian land on the command of the Queen of Heaven to build the church at the Monastery of the Caves. During this appearance, the Mother of God foretold the impending death of Saint Anthony, which occurred on July 10, 1073. Divine Providence, the relics of Saint Anthony remain hidden. Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Paisius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 19; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 24; Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated July 26 ; Venerable Moses the Wonderworker of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on July 28; ; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Pimen the Much-Ailing of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Gregory the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Basil of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 11; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17 ; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Abramius the lover-of-labor of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 21 ; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27; Venerable Pimen of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27 ; Synaxis of the Saints of the Kiev Caves, whose relics repose in the Far Caves of the Venerable Theodosius, Commemorated on August 28; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Venerable Paul the Obedient, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on September 10; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe ProtectionÂ, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3 ; Venerable Theodore (In monasticism Theodosius) the Prince of Ostrog, Commemorated on October 10 ; Venerable Longinus the Gatekeeper of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 16; Venerable Hilarion the Schemamonk of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 21 ; Venerable Mercurius the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on November 24 ; Venerable Athanasius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Athanasius œthe Resurrected OneÂ, Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Ignatius the Archimandrite of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated December 20 ; Venerable Mark the Grave-Digger of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated December 29 ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia ; Venerable Sisoes the Schemamonk of the Kiev Far Caves; Venerable Paisius of the Kiev Far Caves; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves; Venerable Gregory the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves; Martyr Basil of the Kiev Near Caves; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves ; Venerable Abramius the lover-of-labor of the Kiev Near Caves; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated August 27 ; Venerable Pimen of the Kiev Near Caves; Synaxis of the Saints of the Kiev Caves, whose relics repose in the Far Caves of the Venerable Theodosius; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves ; Venerable Ammon the recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated October 4 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; Venerable Gregory the Recluse, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated January 8 ; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves; Venerable Zeno the Faster, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated January 30 ; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 31 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Pancratius of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated February 9 ; Venerable Paphnutius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on February 15; Venerable Theodore the Silent of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated February 17 ; Venerable Agathon the Wonderworker of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated February 20 ; Venerable Titus the Soldier, of the Kiev Caves; Commemorated on February 27 ; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Hypatius the Healer of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Sava the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Silvanus the Schemamonk, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 10; St Menas, Bishop of Polotsk, Commemorated on June 20; Venerable Sisoes the Schemamonk of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 6;

Kiev Near Caves, St Anthony's Second Location, 1057
Kiev Near Caves; Venerable John the Long-Suffering of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on July 18; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Pimen the Much-Ailing of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Gregory the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Basil of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated August 27 ; Venerable Pimen of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27; Venerable Arethus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24 ; Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27; Venerable Onesiphorus the Confessor of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 19 ; Venerable Nectarius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 29 ; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2; Venerable Elias of Murom the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated December 19 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Deacon of the Kiev Near Caves; Venerable Erasmus of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated February 24 ; Venerable Titus the Presbyter of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Sava the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Isaiah the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Agapitus the Unmercenary Physician of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on June 1; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6;

Kiev Far Caves - Theodosiev Caves - Berestovo Village, 1032, 1073
Kiev Far Caves - Berestovo Village ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Paisius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 19; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 24; Venerable Pimen the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 7; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14 ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Paul the Obedient, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on September 10; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3 ; Kiev Caves Caverns; Venerable Benjamin of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 13 ; Venerable Longinus the Gatekeeper of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 16 ; St Nestor (not the Chronicler) of the Far Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27 ; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated October 21 ; Venerable Martyrius the Deacon, Commemorated October 25; Venerable Martyrius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated October 25 ; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26 ; Venerable Mercurius the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Athanasius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Mardarius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves< Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Mardarius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on December 13 ; Venerable Ignatius the Archimandrite of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated December 20 ; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; Venerable Macarius the Deacon of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated January 19 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated January 20 ; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated Janaury 28 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; Venerable Zeno the Faster, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated January 30 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Zachariah the Ascetic of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Sava the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Alexius the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves Monastery, and Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Arsenius the Lover-of-Labor of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Pimen the Ascetic of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Arsenius the Lover-of-Labor of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod and Recluse, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 14 ; Venerable Silvanus the Schemamonk, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Leontius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 18; Venerable Sisoes the Schemamonk of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 6;

Kiev Pechersk Lavra (Kiev Caves Lavra of Theodosis) 1051
Kiev Caves Lavra ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable John the Long-Suffering of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Moses the Wonderworker of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28; Venerable John the Long-Suffering of the Kiev Near Caves; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves; Venerable Moses the Wonderworker of the Kiev Caves; Venerable Paul the Obedient, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on September 10; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated January 20 ; Venerable Euthymius the Schemamonk, Commemorated January 20 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 31 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated February 20; Synaxis of the Venerable Fathers of the Kiev Caves Lavra; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27; Venerable Arsenius the Lover-of-Labor of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Isaiah the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 15; Martyr Michael œthe Black-Robed of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Igor, Commemorated on June 5; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6; Venerable Sisoes the Schemamonk of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 6;

Dimitriev Monasthery, founded by Isaslav aka Dimitrius, for Theodosius, 1051
Kiev Caves Lavra ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable John the Long-Suffering of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Moses the Wonderworker of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28; Venerable John the Long-Suffering of the Kiev Near Caves; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves; Venerable Moses the Wonderworker of the Kiev Caves; Venerable Paul the Obedient, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on September 10; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated January 20 ; Venerable Euthymius the Schemamonk, Commemorated January 20 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 31 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated February 20; Synaxis of the Venerable Fathers of the Kiev Caves Lavra; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27; Venerable Arsenius the Lover-of-Labor of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Isaiah the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 15; Martyr Michael "œthe Black-Robed"Â of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Igor, Commemorated on June 5; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6; Venerable Sisoes the Schemamonk of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 6;

Kiev Pechersk (Caves), Kiev Neighborhood
Pechersk, Kiev; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Paul the Obedient, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on September 10; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe Protection, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Igor, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Silvanus the Schemamonk, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 10;

Kiev Caves monastery, 1051
Kiev Caves monastery; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11 ; Venerable Theodore (In monasticism Theodosius) the Prince of Ostrog, Commemorated on October 10 ; Venerable Benjamin of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 13 Venerable Longinus the Gatekeeper of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 16 ; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated October 18 ; Venerable Hilarion the Schemamonk of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 21 ; Venerable Martyrius the Deacon, Commemorated on October 25 ; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26 ; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ; Venerable Spyridon the Prosphora-baker of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 31 ; Venerable Onesiphorus the Confessor of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Nectarius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 29 ; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves; Venerable Euthymius the Schemamonk, Commemorated January 20 ; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated January 28 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated January 28 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9 ; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 31 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated February 18 ; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23 ; Venerable Zachariah the Ascetic of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 24 ; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Sava the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Alexius the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27; Uncovering of the relics of St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves Monastery, and Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Arsenius the Lover-of-Labor of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Martyr Michael ""Â of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10 ; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Leontius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 18; St Menas, Bishop of Polotsk, Commemorated on June 20; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26;

Kiev Caves, Great (Gate) Church of the Caves
Great Church of the Caves; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6;

Berestovo Village, Kiev Far Caves - St Anthony's first Location, 1030
Kiev Far Caves - Berestovo Village ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Paisius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 19; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 24; Venerable Pimen the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 7; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14 ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Paul the Obedient, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on September 10; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3 ; Kiev Caves Caverns; Venerable Benjamin of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 13 ; Venerable Longinus the Gatekeeper of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 16 ; St Nestor (not the Chronicler) of the Far Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27 ; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated October 21 ; Venerable Martyrius the Deacon, Commemorated October 25; Venerable Martyrius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated October 25 ; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26 ; Venerable Mercurius the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Athanasius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Mardarius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves< Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Mardarius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on December 13 ; Venerable Ignatius the Archimandrite of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated December 20 ; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; Venerable Macarius the Deacon of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated January 19 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated January 20 ; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated Janaury 28 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; Venerable Zeno the Faster, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated January 30 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Zachariah the Ascetic of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Sava the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Alexius the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves Monastery, and Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Arsenius the Lover-of-Labor of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Pimen the Ascetic of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Arsenius the Lover-of-Labor of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod and Recluse, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 14 ; Venerable Silvanus the Schemamonk, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Leontius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 18; Venerable Sisoes the Schemamonk of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 6;

Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves (Destroyed in WWII) 1073, Icon of the Domition Story, 4 Architects
Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves (Destroyed in WWII) 1073 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Kiev Caves Icon of the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos is one of the most ancient icons in the Russian Orthodox Church. The Mother of God entrusted it to four Byzantine architects, who in 1073 brought the icon to Saints Anthony and Theodosius of the Caves. The architects arrived at the monks’ cave and asked, “Where do you want to build the church?” The saints answered, “Go, the Lord will point out the place.” “How is it that you, who are about to die, have still not designated the place?” the architects wondered. “And they gave us much gold.” the monks summoned all the brethren and they began to question the Greeks, saying, “Tell us the truth. Who sent you, and how did you end up here?” architects answered, “One day, when each of us was asleep in his own home, handsome youths came to us at sunrise, and said, ‘The Queen summons you to Blachernae.’ We all arrived at the same time and, questioning one another we learned that each of us had heard this command of the Queen, and that the youths had come to each of us. Finally, we beheld the Queen of Heaven with a multitude of warriors. We bowed down to Her, and She said, ‘I want to build Myself a Church in Rus, at Kiev, and so I ask you to do this. Take enough gold for three years.’” “We bowed down and asked, ‘Lady Queen! You are sending us to a foreign land. To whom are we sent?’ She answered, ‘I send you to the monks Anthony and Theodosius.’” “We wondered, ‘Why then, Lady, do You give us gold for three years? Tell us that which concerns us, what we shall eat and what we shall drink, and tell us also what You know about it.’” “The Queen replied, ‘Anthony will merely give the blessing, then depart from this world to eternal repose. The other one, Theodosius, will follow him after two years. Therefore, take enough gold. Moreover, no one can do what I shall do to honor you. I shall give you what eye has not seen, what ear has not heard, and what has not entered into the heart of man (1 Cor.2:9). I, Myself, shall come to look upon the church and I shall dwell within it.’” “She also gave us relics of the holy martyrs Menignus, Polyeuctus, Leontius, Acacius, Arethas, James, and Theodore, saying, ‘Place these within the foundation.’ We took more than enough gold, and She said, ‘Come out and see the resplendent church.’ We went out and saw a church in the air. Coming inside again, we bowed down and said, ‘Lady Queen, what will be the name of the church?’” “She answered, ‘I wish to call it by My own name.’ We did not dare to ask what Her name was, but She said again, ‘It will be the church of the Mother of God.’ After giving us this icon, She said, ‘This will be placed within.’ We bowed down to Her and went to our own homes, taking with us the icon we received from the hands of the Queen.” heard this account, everyone glorified God, and Saint Anthony said, “My children, we never left this place. Those handsome youths summoning you were holy angels, and the Queen in Blachernae was the Most Holy Theotokos. As for those who appeared to be us, and the gold they gave you, the Lord only knows how He deigned to do this with His servants. Blessed be your arrival! You are in good company: the venerable icon of the Lady.” For three days Saint Anthony prayed that the Lord would show him the place for the church. the first night there was a dew throughout all the land, but it was dry on the holy spot. On the second morning throughout all the land it was dry, but on the holy spot it was wet with dew. On the third morning, they prayed and blessed the place, and measured the width and length of the church with a golden sash. (This sash had been brought long ago by the Varangian Shimon, who had a vision about the building of a church.) A bolt of lightning, falling from heaven by the prayer of Saint Anthony, indicated that this spot was pleasing to God. So the foundation of the church was laid. icon of the Mother of God was glorified by numerous miracles. Two friends, John and Sergius, sealed their friendship before it. After many years John fell mortally ill. He gave part of his wealth to the the Caves monastery, and he gave Sergius the portion for his five-year-old son for safekeeping. He also entrusted his son Zachariah to his guardianship. When Zachariah turned fifteen, he asked for his inheritance, but Sergius persisted in saying that John had distributed everything to the poor. He even went into the Dormition church and swore before the wonderworking icon that he had taken nothing. he attempted to kiss the icon, he was not able to come near it. He went to the doors and suddenly shouted, “Saints Anthony and Theodosius! Let me not be struck down for my dishonesty. Entreat the Most Holy Theotokos to drive away the multitude of demons which torment me. Let the gold and silver be taken away. It is sealed up in my granary.” Zachariah gave away all his inheritance to the Caves monastery, where he also himself was tonsured a monk. From that time, no one would take oaths before the wonderworking icon (March 24). than once the icon defended the land from enemy invasion. In 1677, when the Turks laid siege to Chigirin and danger threatened Kiev, they carried the icon around the city for almost the entire day of August 27. The Mother of God blessed Russian armies going to the Battle of Poltava (1709). In 1812 they carried the icon around Kiev again. The icon is commemorated twice during the year: May 3 and August 15. Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 1; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14;

Kiev Caves Caverns
Kiev Caves Caverns; Near Caves; Venerable Pimen the Much-Ailing of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Gregory the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Basil of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Abramius the lover-of-labor of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 21 ; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27; Venerable Pimen of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27 ; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Venerable Damian the Healer and Clairvoyant of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated October 5 ; Venerable Sergius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Nicholas Sviatosha Prince of Chernigov, and Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 14 ; Venerable Arethus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24 ; Venerable Sisoes the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24 ; Venerable Theophilus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated October 24 ; Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27 ; Venerable Spyridon the Prosphora-baker of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 31; Venerable Onesiphorus the Confessor of the Kiev Near Caves; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Nectarius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 29; Venerable Athanasius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Athanasius œthe Resurrected One, Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; Venerable Nikon the Dry, of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 11; Venerable Nikon the Dry, of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated December 11 Venerable Mark the Grave-Digger of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated December 29 ; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves; Venerable Macarius the Faster, of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated January 19 ; Venerable Euthymius the Schemamonk, Commemorated January 20 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Deacon of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 22 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; Venerable Prochorus of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated February 10 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Titus the Presbyter of the Kiev Near Caves Commemorated on February 27 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Monkmartyr Eustratius of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Sava the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Isaiah the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Agapitus the Unmercenary Physician of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on June 1;

Kiev Near Caves of St Anthony, 1057
Near Caves of St Anthony ; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Synaxis of the Venerable Fathers of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated September 28 ; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Venerable Damian the Healer and Clairvoyant of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated October 5 ; Venerable Sergius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 7; Venerable Nicholas Sviatosha Prince of Chernigov, and Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 14 ; Venerable Arethus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24 ; Venerable Sisoes the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24 ; Venerable Theophilus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated October 24 ; Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27 ; Venerable Spyridon the Prosphora-baker of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 31; Venerable Onesiphorus the Confessor of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 19 ; Venerable Athanasius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Athanasius œthe Resurrected One, Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Euthymius the Schemamonk, Commemorated January 20 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Sava the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Nicholas Sviatosha Prince of Chernigov, and Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Arsenius the Lover-of-Labor of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Silvanus the Schemamonk, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 10; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26;

Sven Caves, Near Caves of Saint Anthony, 1057
Sven Caves, Near Caves of Saint Anthony; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 17;

Russia, Vladimir Folder, Vladimir-Suzdal, Southern Valley, and its rivers

Vladimir-Suzdal 1094
Vladimir-Suzdal; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Passion"Â, Commemorated on August 13 ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Suzdal, Commemorated on September 18; Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14 ; St Sophia, Commemorated December 16 ; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4 ; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod and Recluse, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe God Loving"Â, Commemorated on June 18; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Russia, Vladimir, 1157 - 1331, Vladimir was the capital of Rus
Before Moscow, Vladimir was the original capital of the Orthodox Rus' (region); Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8;

Russia, Vladimir, Suzdal - land of the Suzdal (southern valley)
Suzdal; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God œof the PassionÂ, Commemorated on August 13 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Suzdal, Commemorated on September 18; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated October 15 ; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God œof the SignÂ at Novgorod, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated December 14 ; St Sophia, Commemorated December 16 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky; Icon of the Mother of God œthe God LovingÂ, Commemorated on June 18; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal, Commemorated on July 4 ; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Rostovo-Suzdal Principality
Rostovo-Suzdal Principality; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4;

Suzdal Monomashichi
Suzdal Monomashichi; Rostovo-Suzdal Principality; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4;

Russia, Vladimir, Merchants Road Folder (Moscow, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod and the Volga River)

The Merchant's Road 1 - Moscow

The Merchants Road 2 - Vladimir

The Merchants Road 3 - Nizhny Novgorod

Russia, Vladimir, Merchants Road, Klyazma River Folder

Klyazma River 1 (Ucha River Mouth)

Klyazma River 2 (Vorya River Mouth)

Klyazma River 3 (Gorodishchi, Kirzhach River Mouth)

Klyazma River 4 (Peksha River Mouth)

Klyazma River 5 (Vladimir, Nerl River Mouth)

Vladimir (Nerl River Mouth, Klyazma River 5)
Vladimir (Klyazma River 5); Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Martyrs and Passion-Bearers Boris and Gleb, Commemorated on July 24; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 24; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Icon of the Mother of God œof the PassionÂ, Commemorated on August 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated August 24 ; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30 ; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14 ; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated October 26 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23 ; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on November 23 ; Memorial Saturday of St Demetrius ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated December 6 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Vladimir of Seligersk, Commemorated December 7 ; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated December 14 ; St Sophia, Commemorated December 16 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Martyr John of Kazan, Commemorated January 24 ; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12 ; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated February 18 ; Venerable Erasmus of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated February 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14 ; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod and Recluse, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21; St Ignatius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 28; Venerable Tikhon of Luchov, Kostroma, Commemorated on June 16; Icon of the Mother of God œthe God LovingÂ, Commemorated on June 18; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Shuiu City, Vladimir Oblast (somewhere in VO) (Nerl River Mouth, Klyazma River 5)
Shuiu City, Vladimir Oblast (somewhere in VO) (Nerl River Mouth, Klyazma River 5); Vladimir (Klyazma River 5); Ozerianka Icon of the Mother of God of Shuiu-Smolensk, Commemorated on November 2 ; Shuiu-Smolensk Wonderworking Icon of the Mother of God was painted in the years 1654-1655 in the Resurrection parish of the city of Shuiu, where an unrelenting pestilence raged. Trusting in the mercy of God and the intercession of the Mother of God, the parishioners of the Resurrection church commissioned a certain pious monk to paint the icon of the Smolensk Mother of God, an icon long attributed with being a rescuer of the Russian people from enemies and misfortune. parishioners spent the whole week in prayer and fasting while the image was being painted. When the icon was finished, the priest and the people took it to the church and set it in a specially built place. From that time the pestilence began to ease, at first in the area of the Resurrection parish, and then also in all the city. the Icon of the Mother of God many miracles of healing took place, especially of eye diseases. The icon is also celebrated on July 11, July 28, and Bright Tuesday.

Bogoliub monastery, Vladimir (Klyazma River 5) 1158
Bogoliub monastery; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated October 15 ;

Cathedral Church of Nativity Monastery, Vladimir, 1155
Vladimir Monastery of the Nativity of the Theotokos at Bogolubovo; Translation of the relics of Saint Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated October 15 ; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ;

Konstantine and Helen Monastery, Proyezd, 8, Vladimir 600031 Russia
Konstantino-Yeleninskiy Proyezd, 8, Vladimir 600031 Russia; Saint Alexis, Metropolitan of Moscow, Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12;

Vladimir Monastery of the Nativity of the Theotokos at Bogolubovo, 1155
Vladimir Monastery of the Nativity of the Theotokos at Bogolubovo; Translation of the relics of Saint Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated October 15 ; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ;

Temple of the Protection at Nerl (Klyzma River 5) 1165
Temple of the Protection on the Nerl (Klyzma River 5) 12th Century; Kopyrsk monastery on the River Ukhtoma, 80 kilometers (120 Kilometers) from Rostov. River Ukhtoma (River Nerl) is the major tributary of the Klyzama. The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; St James the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated November 27 ; Temple of the Protection on the Nerl, Commemorated March 5 ;

Nerl, Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (Klyzma River 5) 1165
Nerl River (Klyzma); Kopyrsk monastery on the River Ukhtoma, 80 kilometers (120 Kilometers) from Rostov. River Ukhtoma (River Nerl) is the major tributary of the Klyzama. The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; St James the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated November 27 ; Temple of the Protection on the Nerl, Commemorated March 5 ;

Nerl, Temple of the Protection at Nerl (Klyzma River 5) 1165
Nerl, Temple of the Protection on the Nerl (Klyzma River 5) 12th Century; Temple of the Protection on the Nerl, Commemorated March 5 ; Kopyrsk monastery on the River Ukhtoma, 80 kilometers (120 Kilometers) from Rostov. River Ukhtoma (River Nerl) is the major tributary of the Klyzama. The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; St James the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated November 27 ;

Kopyrsk monastery, Vladimir-Suzdal (Nerl (Uktoma) mouth, Klyzma River 5) 1165
Kopyrsk monastery on the River Ukhtoma, 80 kilometers (120 Kilometers) from Rostov. River Ukhtoma (River Nerl) is the major tributary of the Klyzama. Temple of the Protection on the Nerl, Commemorated March 5 ; St James the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated November 27 ;

Assumption Cathedral, Vladimir, 1158 & 1408
Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10;

Vladimir-Suzdal Cathedral
Vladimir-Suzdal Cathedral; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated August 24 ; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Icon of the Mother of God œthe God LovingÂ, Commemorated on June 18; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4;

Nativity Monastery, Vladimir
Nativity Monastery, Vladimir; Monastery in Vladimir in 1192 by Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky's successor, Prince Vsevolod III, this monastery was for a while considered the heart of the Russian church; indeed, the consecrated remains of 13th-century prince Alexander Nevsky were interred here for 450 years, until Peter the Great ordered them moved to Nevsky Monastery in St Petersburg. Soviet times the monastery building was used for government offices, but in 1992 it was reopened for its 800th anniversary and its religious functions resumed. Venerable Pachomius, Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15;

Bogolub (God-lover), Vladimir
The monastery, and the city which formed around the monastery, was named Bogolub by St Andrew, because in his own words, œthe Mother of God loves this place,Â and the prince himself came to be called Bogolub or œGod-lover. St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Icon of the Mother of God œthe God LovingÂ, Commemorated on June 18; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Dormition Cathedral, Vladimir, 1158
Dormition Cathedral, Vladimir; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Icon of the Mother of God œthe God LovingÂ, Commemorated on June 18; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ;

White Bluff Monastery and Florischev Hermitage in the Vladimir Province
Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ;

Russia, Vladimir, Merchants Road, Klyazma River 5, Ukhtoma River Folder, Suzdal or Southern Valley

Ukhtoma (Nerl) River Source (along the border)

Ukhtoma (Nerl) River 1

Ukhtoma (Nerl) River 2

Ukhtoma (Nerl) River 3

Ukhtoma (Nerl) River 4 (Southern Valley)

Ukhtoma (Nerl) River 5 (Suzdal)

Suzdal (Southern Valley, Ukhtoma (Nerl) River 5)
Suzdal (Southern Valley) ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow; Venerable Euphrosyne of Suzdal, Commemorated on September 18 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Suzdal, Commemorated on September 25 ; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated October 15 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God œof the SignÂ at Novgorod, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated December 6 ; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated December 14 ; St Sophia, Commemorated December 16 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17; Icon of the Mother of God œthe God LovingÂ, Commemorated on June 18; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Savior-St Euthymius Monastery at Suzdal, 1352
Savior-St Euthymius Monastery at Suzdal, 1352; Suzdal; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal, Commemorated on July 4:

Suzdal Protection Monastery Convent, Savior-St Euthymius Monastery at Suzdal, 1352
Suzdal Protection Monastery Convent, Savior-St Euthymius Monastery at Suzdal, 1352; Suzdal; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal, Commemorated on July 4:

Suzdal Fortress (Suzdal Kremlin) 1100
Suzdal Fortress (Suzdal Kremlin) ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10 ;

Vladimir Nativity monastery, 1200
Vladimir Nativity monastery; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15;

Ukhtoma (Nerl) River Mouth (Vladimir, Klyzma River 5)

Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (Uktoma (Nerl) Mouth, Klyzma River 5) 1165
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, Commemorated March 5 ; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ;

Sudogda River 1

Sudogda River 2

Sudogda River Mouth (Klyazma River 5)

Klyazma River 6 (Uvod River Mouth)

Klyazma River 7 (Teza River Mouth)

Teza River Source (Ivanovoskaya)

Teza River 1 (Shuya)

Shui (Shuya), Vladimir-Suzdal (Teza River 1)
Shui; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated November 23 ;

Teza River Mouth (Klyazma River 7)

Klyazma River 8 (Vyazniki)

Lukh River Source (above Yurievets, Kostroma)

Lukh, Vladimir (Lukh River Source above Yurievets, Kostroma)
Lukh (Lukh River); Venerable Tikhon of Luchov, Kostroma, Commemorated on June 16;

Lukh River Mouth (Klyazma River 8)

Klyazma River 9 (Gorokhovetsa)

Gorokhovetsa, Vladimir-Suzdal (Klyazma River 9)
Gorokhovetsa, Vladimir-Suzdal (Klyazma River 9) ; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated December 14 ;

Phlorischev wilderness monastery, not far from Gorokhovetsa, Vladimir-Suzdal (Klyazma River 9) 1655
Gorokhovetsa, Vladimir-Suzdal (Klyazma River 9) ; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated December 14 ;

Klyazma River Mouth (Nizhny Novgorod, Oka River 14)

Nizhni-Novgorod, Suzdal (Oka River Mouth, Klyazma River Mouth, Volga River 9) 1221
Nizhni-Novgorod (Volga River at Oka); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God œof the PassionÂ, Commemorated on August 13; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated December 14 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Martyr John of Kazan; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Icon of the Mother of God œof the PassionÂ, Commemorated on April 30; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26;

Monastery of the Caves, Nizhny Novgorod, 1328, St Dionysius
Monastery of the Caves; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1;

Pechersk (Caves) Monestary, Nizhny Novgorod, 1328, St Dionysius
Pechersk Monestary; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1;

Annunciation Monastery, Nizhny Novgorod, 1221
Annunciation Monastery, Nizhny Novgorod; Repose of Saint Theoctistus, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 23; Saint Alexis, Metropolitan of Moscow, Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12;

Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod (Oka River Mouth, Volga River 8.8)
Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (Volga River 9); Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14;

Gorodtsa on the Volga
Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (Volga River 8.8); Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on August 16; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14;

Russia, Moscow Folder, its rivers and roads

Moscow, Russia (Moscova River 4) 1147
Moscow; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Koloch, Commemorated July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11; Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three Feasts of the Savior in August), Commemorated on August 1 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; Icon of the Mother of God œof the PassionÂ, Commemorated on August 13 ; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; Child Schemamonk Bogolep; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Uncovering of the relics of St Daniel the Prince of Moscow, Commemorated on August 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Pisidia, Commemorated September 3 ; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated September 27 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; Translation of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God to Moscow, Commemorated on October 13; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23 ; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe JoyfulÂ, Commemorated on November 7 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated October 5 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas; Icon of the Mother of God "In Giving Birth, you Preserved your Virginity", Commemorated October 17 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated December 5 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Memorial Saturday of St Demetrius; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated January 4; Icon of the Mother of God "the Joy of All Who Sorrow", Commemorated October 24 ; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated December 12 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated January 20 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated January 24 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Translation to Moscow of the Icon of the Mother of God "Assuage my sorrow", Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 28 ; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated February 1 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated February 14 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated February 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated February 19; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28 Icon of the Mother of God œEnthronedÂ, Commemorated on March 2; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Blessed HeavenÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God the Surety of sinnersÂ in Moscow, Commemorated on March 7; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unfading BloomÂ, Commemorated on April 3; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Icon of the Mother of God œof the PassionÂ, Commemorated on April 30; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 25; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Unexpected JoyÂ from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Virginmartyr Glyceria of Novgorod, Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14 ; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ; Translation of the relics of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 27 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinnersÂ, Commemorated on May 29; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3; New Martyr Archbishop Andronicus of Perm, Commemorated on June 4; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Pimen, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Andronicus the Abbot of Moscow and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 13; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Moscow, Commemorated on June 13; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16 ; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3; Icon of the Mother of God of Galatea, Commemorated on July 4 ; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1223-1240, Mongol invasion of Rus, Conquest 1227
Moscow, 1223-1240, Mongol invasion of Rus, Conquest 1227; Icon of the Mother of God -œKursk-RootÂ, Commemorated on November 27; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-ChernigovÂ, Commemorated on February 5 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1331, Moscow Final Russian Capital after 1331
Russia; Russians; Tartars; Ukrainians ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; St Menas, Bishop of Polotsk, Commemorated on June 20;

Russia, Moscow, 1380 or 1480 and Before, Mongol-Tartar Yoke, all except Novgorod and Tver
Mongol-Tartar Yoke before 1380, All of Russia except Novgorod and Tver; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated on September 25 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1453, Moscow, Third Rome, after Fall of Constantinople
Moscow, 1453, Moscow, Third Rome, after Fall of Constantinople; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392); Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant
Germany, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant; Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant ; Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Russia, Moscow, 1547-1721, Tsardom, Fall of Constantinople thru Northern War
Moscow, 1547-1721, Tsardom of Russia, Fall of Constantinople thru Northern War with Sweden ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1598 - 1613, Time of Troubles, Famine and Polish Occupation
Moscow, 1598 - 1613, Time of Troubles, Famine and Polish Occupation ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated November 16 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1700-1721, Great Northern War (with Protestand Sweden)
Moscow, 1700-1721, Great Northern War (with Sweden); Moscow Tsar, 1721-1725, Peter the Great; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated on September 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1721-1917, Russian Empire
Moscow, 1721-1917, Russian Empire; Moscow, 1700-1721, Great Northern War (with Sweden); Moscow Tsar, 1721-1725, Peter the Great; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14;

Russia, Moscow, 1917-1989, Russian Communism
Russia, Moscow, 1917-1989, Russian Communism;

Russia, Moscow, 1989-Present, Russian Nationalism
Russia, Moscow, 1989-Present, Russian Nationalism;

Russia, Moscow, Moscova River Area Folder

Moscova River Source (Valdai Hills)

Moscova River 1 (Mozhiask)

Moscova River 2 (Zvenigorod)

Moscova River 3

Moscova River 4 (Moscow)

Moscow, Russia (Moscova River 4) 1147
Moscow; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Koloch, Commemorated July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11; Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFeasts of the SaviorÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ in August), Commemorated on August 1 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœof the PassionÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on August 13 ; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; Child Schemamonk Bogolep; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Uncovering of the relics of St Daniel the Prince of Moscow, Commemorated on August 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Pisidia, Commemorated September 3 ; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated September 27 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœJerusalemÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12; Translation of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God to Moscow, Commemorated on October 13; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23 ; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe JoyfulÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on November 7 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated October 5 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas; Icon of the Mother of God "In Giving Birth, you Preserved your Virginity", Commemorated October 17 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated December 5 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Memorial Saturday of St Demetrius; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated January 4; Icon of the Mother of God "the Joy of All Who Sorrow", Commemorated October 24 ; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated December 12 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated January 20 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated January 24 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Translation to Moscow of the Icon of the Mother of God "Assuage my sorrow", Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 28 ; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated February 1 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated February 14 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated February 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated February 19; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28 Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœEnthronedÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 2; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe Blessed HeavenÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe Surety of sinnersÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ in Moscow, Commemorated on March 7; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe Unfading BloomÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on April 3; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœof the PassionÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on April 30; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 25; Icon of the Mother of God of ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe Unexpected JoyÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Virginmartyr Glyceria of Novgorod, Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14 ; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ; Translation of the relics of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 27 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe Surety of sinnersÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on May 29; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3; New Martyr Archbishop Andronicus of Perm, Commemorated on June 4; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Pimen, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Andronicus the Abbot of Moscow and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 13; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Moscow, Commemorated on June 13; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16 ; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3; Icon of the Mother of God of Galatea, Commemorated on July 4 ; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Nikolaev Peshkov monastery of Moscow, 1623 (Moscow River 4.8)
Nikolaev Peshkov monastery of Moscow ; In Giving Birth, You Preserved Your Virginity Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on October 17;

Moscova River 5 (Moscow)

Ugreshsky Monastery of Saint Nicholas, 1521 (Moscow River 5.1)
Ugreshsky Monastery; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9;

Moscova River 6

Moscova River 7

Moscova River Mouth (Kolomna, Oka River 7)

Kolomna, Moscow area (Moscova River Mouth at Oka River 7)
Kolomna; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26;

Kolomensk Royal Estate, Kolomna, Moscow area (Moscova River Mouth at Oka River 7)
Kolomensk Royal Estate, Kolomna, Moscow area (Moscova River Mouth at Oka River 7); Kolomna; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26;

Golutvinsky Monastery, near Kolomna (Moscova River Mouth)
Golutvinsky Monastery is in or near Kolomna. Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Russia, Moscow, Yauza River Area Folder

Yauza River

Yauza River Source

Yauza River 1

Yauza River 2 (Starava Basmanna and Andronikov Monastery)

Staraya Basmanna, Moscow (Yauza River 2)
Staraya Basmanna; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3;

Elokhov church, Yelokhovo Cathedra (Yauza Riverl, Moscow) Basil. Fool for Christ, barefoot cobbler, 1557
Elokhov church, Yelokhovo Cathedral, Moscow, Basil. Fool for Christ; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; Basil the Blessed, Wonderworker of Moscow, was born in December 1468 on the portico of the Elokhov church in honor of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos outside Moscow. His parents were commoners and sent their son to be trained as a cobbler. Basil’s apprenticeship, the master happened to witness a remarkable occurrence, which showed him that his student was no ordinary man. A certain merchant had brought grain to Moscow on a barge and then went to order boots, specifying that they be made in a particular way, since he would not pick them up for a year. Blessed Basil wept and said, “I wish you would cancel the order, since you will never wear them.” the perplexed master questioned his apprentice he explained that the man would not wear the boots, for he would soon die. After several days the prediction came true. he was sixteen, the saint arrived in Moscow and began the difficult exploit of foolishness for Christ. In the burning summer heat and in the winter’s harsh frost, he walked about barefoot through the streets of Moscow. His actions were strange: here he would upset a stand with kalachi, and there he would spill a jug with kvas. Angry merchants throttled the blessed one, but he endured the beatings with joy and he thanked God for them. Then it was discovered that the kalachi were poorly cooked, and the kvas was badly prepared. The reputation of Saint Basil quickly grew, and people saw him as a holy fool, a man of God, and a denouncer of wrong. certain merchant wanted to build a stone church on Pokrovna in Moscow, but its arches collapsed three times. The merchant turned to the saint for advice, and he pointed him toward Kiev. “Find there John the Cripple,” he said. “He will advise you how to construct the church.” to Kiev, the merchant sought out John, who sat in a poor hut and rocked an empty cradle. “Whom do you rock?” asked the merchant. “I weep for my beloved mother, who was made poor by my birth and upbringing.” Only then did the merchant remember his own mother, whom he had thrown out of the house. Then it became clear to him why he was not able to build the church. Returning to Moscow, he brought his mother home, begged her forgiveness, and built the church. mercy, the blessed one helped those who were ashamed to ask for alms, but who were more in need of help than others. Once, he gave away a rich imperial present to a foreign merchant who was left without anything at all. Although the man had eaten nothing for three days, he was not able to beg for food, since he wore fine clothing. saint harshly condemned those who gave alms for selfish reasons, not out of compassion for the poor and destitute, but hoping for an easy way to attract God’s blessings upon their affairs. Once, the saint saw a devil in the guise of a beggar. He sat at the gates of the All-Pure Virgin’s church, and he gave speedy help in their affairs to everyone who gave alms. The saint exposed the wicked trick and drove the devil away. the salvation of his neighbor, Saint Basil also visited the taverns, where he tried to see a grain of goodness, even in people very much gone to ruin, and to strengthen and encourage them by kindness. Many observed that when the saint passed by a house in which they made merry and drank, he wept and clutched the corners of that house. They inquired of the fool what this meant, and he answered: “Angels stand in sorrow at the house and are distressed by the sins of the people, but I entreat them with tears to pray to the Lord for the conversion of sinners.” by great deeds and by the prayer of his soul, the saint was also given the gift of foreseeing the future. In 1547 he predicted the great fire of Moscow; through prayer he extinguished a fire at Novgorod; and once he reproached Tsar Ivan the Terrible, because during the divine services he was preoccupied with thoughts of building a palace on the Vorobiev hills. Basil died on August 2, 1557. Saint Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow served the saint’s funeral with many clergy. His body was buried in the cemetery of Trinity church, where in 1554, the Protection cathedral was built in memory of the conquest of Kazan. His Holiness Patriarch Job glorified Saint Basil the Blessed at a Council on August 2, 1588. an early icon, Saint Basil is portrayed as old, with white hair curling at the ears, and a short, curly white beard. He is completely naked, and holds a handkerchief in his hand. The veneration of Saint Basil the Blessed was always so strong that the Trinity temple and the attached Protection church were renamed for him [the famous Saint Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow]. saint’s chains are preserved at the Moscow Spiritual Academy.

Russia, Moscow, 1557, Basil of Moscow, Fool for Christ, barefoot cobbler
Elokhov church, Yelokhovo Cathedral, Moscow, Basil. Fool for Christ; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; Basil the Blessed, Wonderworker of Moscow, was born in December 1468 on the portico of the Elokhov church in honor of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos outside Moscow. His parents were commoners and sent their son to be trained as a cobbler. Basil’s apprenticeship, the master happened to witness a remarkable occurrence, which showed him that his student was no ordinary man. A certain merchant had brought grain to Moscow on a barge and then went to order boots, specifying that they be made in a particular way, since he would not pick them up for a year. Blessed Basil wept and said, “I wish you would cancel the order, since you will never wear them.” the perplexed master questioned his apprentice he explained that the man would not wear the boots, for he would soon die. After several days the prediction came true. he was sixteen, the saint arrived in Moscow and began the difficult exploit of foolishness for Christ. In the burning summer heat and in the winter’s harsh frost, he walked about barefoot through the streets of Moscow. His actions were strange: here he would upset a stand with kalachi, and there he would spill a jug with kvas. Angry merchants throttled the blessed one, but he endured the beatings with joy and he thanked God for them. Then it was discovered that the kalachi were poorly cooked, and the kvas was badly prepared. The reputation of Saint Basil quickly grew, and people saw him as a holy fool, a man of God, and a denouncer of wrong. certain merchant wanted to build a stone church on Pokrovna in Moscow, but its arches collapsed three times. The merchant turned to the saint for advice, and he pointed him toward Kiev. “Find there John the Cripple,” he said. “He will advise you how to construct the church.” to Kiev, the merchant sought out John, who sat in a poor hut and rocked an empty cradle. “Whom do you rock?” asked the merchant. “I weep for my beloved mother, who was made poor by my birth and upbringing.” Only then did the merchant remember his own mother, whom he had thrown out of the house. Then it became clear to him why he was not able to build the church. Returning to Moscow, he brought his mother home, begged her forgiveness, and built the church. mercy, the blessed one helped those who were ashamed to ask for alms, but who were more in need of help than others. Once, he gave away a rich imperial present to a foreign merchant who was left without anything at all. Although the man had eaten nothing for three days, he was not able to beg for food, since he wore fine clothing. saint harshly condemned those who gave alms for selfish reasons, not out of compassion for the poor and destitute, but hoping for an easy way to attract God’s blessings upon their affairs. Once, the saint saw a devil in the guise of a beggar. He sat at the gates of the All-Pure Virgin’s church, and he gave speedy help in their affairs to everyone who gave alms. The saint exposed the wicked trick and drove the devil away. the salvation of his neighbor, Saint Basil also visited the taverns, where he tried to see a grain of goodness, even in people very much gone to ruin, and to strengthen and encourage them by kindness. Many observed that when the saint passed by a house in which they made merry and drank, he wept and clutched the corners of that house. They inquired of the fool what this meant, and he answered: “Angels stand in sorrow at the house and are distressed by the sins of the people, but I entreat them with tears to pray to the Lord for the conversion of sinners.” by great deeds and by the prayer of his soul, the saint was also given the gift of foreseeing the future. In 1547 he predicted the great fire of Moscow; through prayer he extinguished a fire at Novgorod; and once he reproached Tsar Ivan the Terrible, because during the divine services he was preoccupied with thoughts of building a palace on the Vorobiev hills. Basil died on August 2, 1557. Saint Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow served the saint’s funeral with many clergy. His body was buried in the cemetery of Trinity church, where in 1554, the Protection cathedral was built in memory of the conquest of Kazan. His Holiness Patriarch Job glorified Saint Basil the Blessed at a Council on August 2, 1588. an early icon, Saint Basil is portrayed as old, with white hair curling at the ears, and a short, curly white beard. He is completely naked, and holds a handkerchief in his hand. The veneration of Saint Basil the Blessed was always so strong that the Trinity temple and the attached Protection church were renamed for him [the famous Saint Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow]. saint’s chains are preserved at the Moscow Spiritual Academy.

Temple of St. Nicetas the Martyr on Shvivaya Hill beyond Yauza, Novoniketa Icon list of miracles
Temple of St. Nicetas the Martyr on Shvivaya Hill beyond Yauza; Icon of the Mother of God of Novoniketa, Commemorated on September 15; is one of the most ancient icons of the Mother of God. It appeared to the holy martyr Nikḗtas (+ September 15, 372). Saint Nikḗtas, a former soldier, was a disciple of Bishop Theophilos of the Goths. Even before he was baptized, he saw a Child in a dream, holding a Cross in His hand. When he awakened, he thought about this for a long time, but was unable to understand what this vision signified. A Christian girl named Juliana, who had a special revelation from God, told him to look down at his chest. his unspeakable surprise, Nikḗtas found an Icon of the Mother of God on his chest. She held her divine Child on her lap, and He was holding a Cross in His hand. "This is the same Icon I saw in my dream," the startled Nikḗtas cried. The appearance of the Icon made such an impression on him that he was baptized right away. afterward, the persecution of Christians began, and Saint Nikḗtas received the crown of martyrdom along with many other confessors. When he was being led to the place of execution, he had on his chest, under his clothes, the Icon of the Mother of God which had appeared to him. was established that the Novonikḗta Icon of the Mother of God should be commemorated on the day of Saint Nikḗtas's martyrdom. list of miracles from this Icon is in Moscow, in the court cathedral, which is dedicated to the All-Merciful Savior, at the Gate of Saint Nikḗtas.

Lefortovo Palace (Catherine Palace) 1773
Lefortovo Palace (Catherine Palace); Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28;

Yauza (Andronikov) Monastery, Moscow (Yauza River 2) 1357
Andronikov Monastery; Khitrovo Gospels; ANDREI RUBLEV MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Unexpected from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Andronikov Monastery, Moscow (Yauza River 2) 1357
Andronikov Monastery; Khitrovo Gospels; ANDREI RUBLEV MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Unexpected from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Spaso-Andronikov Monastery, Moscow (Yauza River 2) 1357
Andronikov Monastery; Khitrovo Gospels; ANDREI RUBLEV MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe Unexpected JoyÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Yauza River Mouth (Moscova River 5)

Krutitsy ( near Yauza River Mouth, Moscova River 5) with highest ranking Rus bishops
Krutitsy; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated September 27 ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10 ; Hieromartyr Peter, Metropolitan of Krutitsy was glorified by the Russian Orthodox Church at the Synod of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church on February 23, 1997. Peter was born in the Voronezh region, and studied at the Moscow Theological Academy, graduating in 1892, where he then continued as inspector. a short stay at the seminary of Zhirovits in Belarus as inspector, he was appointed secretary of the Synodal Education Committee becoming de facto inspector of all the theological schools of the Russian Orthodox Church. many of his contemporaries who had graduated from a theological academy, Peter Polyansky did not seek ordination, and for a long time remained a layman. secretary of the Synodal Education Committee he traveled widely, visiting innumerable theological establishments, meeting and knowing many people. Gifted with an outstanding intellect, a firm character and a sociable nature, he was widely known and made many friends. He exercised a beneficial influence on the religious education of future priests. 1917-18, Peter Polyansky took part in the work of the local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, when Saint Tikhon (April 7) was elected Patriarch. latter made Peter Polyansky one of his closest aides, and persuaded him to become bishop; the Patriarch wished to consolidate the leadership of the Church in what was fast becoming the darkest time for the Church in many centuries. In 1920 Peter Polyansky was made a monk and auxiliary bishop for the diocese of Moscow; in a matter of months he was appointed Metropolitan of Krutitsy, one of the highest ranking bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church. Tikhon died on April 7, 1925, the day of the Annunciation (March 25). increasing troubles and uncertainty for the Church, thinking that the government would not allow a Church council to assemble and elect the next patriarch, Saint Tikhon took an administrative decision aimed at securing a smooth succession when he died. He nominated three bishops in order of priority, as locum tenens; the third was Metropolitan Peter Polyansky. the first two choices were found to be in prison and thus unable to assume the leadership of the Church, this heavy task befell Metropolitan Peter. against the Church was raging, the government gave its support to the splinter group “The Living Church” in an attempt to discredit and destroy the official Orthodox Church. great number of bishops had been imprisoned or exiled to remote parts of the country, and were unable to have a clear understanding of the prevailing situation. The whole country was in turmoil; the so-called Living Church energetically tried to replace the true Church. the absence of a patriarch, people did not know whom to believe and to whom to give their allegiance. Metropolitan Peter then issued an uncompromisingly firm “Letter to the Russian Church” where he described the position of the Church vis a vis the authorities and vis a vis the “Living Church.” made no compromises with anybody, and stood firm in the truth of Christ. This letter helped the Church to strengthen itself but caused the Metropolitan to be arrested. history of the few months in which a campaign was master-minded by the Commissar for religious affairs, Tuchkov, to compromise and weaken Saint Peter, shows how determined the government was to defeat the head of the Church, but this did not break him. December 10, 1925, Saint Peter was put under house arrest, and two days later sent to the Lubianka prison; in May 1926 he was transferred to the Suzdal fortress, then back to the Lubianka, and finally, in December, he was sent to Siberia, first to Tobolsk, then to the village of Abalak on the banks of the river Irtysh which he reached in 1927. of the other bishops had experienced a similar fate, the dioceses remaining without their shepherds. August 1927, Metropolitan Peter was taken to another destination beyond the Arctic Circle, a place called Khe on the mouth of the Ob, in the frozen tundra. For a little while he lived there peacefully, recovering from the arduous journey. However, on August 29, the day of the Beheading of the Saint John the Baptist, he suffered his first attack of angina and had to stay in bed. Two paramedics who came from a far distance by river in a boat manned by a native, advised him to be seen by a doctor and be transferred to a hospital. The Metropolitan wrote to the authorities at the GPU, but never got a reply, or money, or provisions, although he knew that several parcels had arrived in Tobolsk addressed to him. damp, cold climate of this northern region was extremely harmful to him in his condition. Eventually, towards the end of September, he was taken back to Tobolsk. Unexpectedly, he had an interview with Tuchkov who offered him freedom if he surrendered his title of locum tenens, but he remained firm and refused to compromise. He was then sent back to Khe for another three years of exile, but he was never granted his freedom. In Moscow in 1936, ten years after his first imprisonment, believers were waiting for his return, counting on the end of his ten-year term of exile. They never saw him again. He may have been moved for the last time to a monastery nearer central Russia where he was a little less constrained, but with no freedom to write or communicate with the world. He was shot by decision of the Soviet authorities after years of prison and exile. Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Dionysius of Radonezh, in the world David Zobninovsky, was born about 1570 in the city of Rzhev. A novice, and then head of the Staritsky Dormition monastery, during the Time of Troubles he was the foremost helper of Saint Hermogenes, Patriarch of Moscow. 1611, Saint Dionysius was archimandrite of the Trinity-Sergiev Lavra. Under his administration, a house and hospice for the injured and those left homeless during the Polish-Lithuanian incursion was opened near the monastery. During a famine, he told the brethren of the Lavra to eat oat bread and water, leaving the wheat and the rye bread for the sick. In 1611-1612, he and the steward of the Trinity-Sergiev monastery, the monk Abraham Palitsyn (+ 1625), wrote letters asking the people of Nizhni-Novgorod and other cities to send fighting men and money to liberate Moscow from the Poles. He also wrote to Prince Demetrius Pozharsky and to all the military people, urging them to hasten the campaign for Moscow. monastic training helped Saint Dionysius to maintain his own inner light undiminished during the terrible years of this evil time. The saint achieved a high degree of spiritual pefection through unceasing prayer, which gave him the gift of working miracles. He carefully concealed his spiritual life from other people, who might suffer harm from a superficial knowledge of it. “Do not ask a monk about things concerning his monastic life,” said Saint Dionysius, “since for us monks, it is a great misfortune to reveal such secrets to laymen. It is written that what is done in secret should not be known, even by your own left hand. We must hide ourselves, so that what we do remains unknown, lest the devil lead us into all manner of negligence and indolence.” can only measure his spiritual development, and the knowledge of God which he attained, by those things which became apparent when circumstances compelled Saint Dionysius to take an active part in the life of the world around him. such circumstance was his involvement in the revision of the service books. In 1616 Saint Dionysius spoke of work on correction of the Book of Needs by comparing it with the ancient Slavonic manuscripts and various Greek editions. their work, investigators discovered discrepancies in other books edited in the period between patriarchs (1612-1619). People did not understand what the editors were doing, so they accused Saint Dionysius and the others of heresy at a Council of 1618. from his priestly rank and excommunicated from the Church, he was imprisoned in the Novospassky (New Monastery of the Transfiguration of the Savior) monastery, where they wanted to kill him by starvation. The intervention of Patriarch Philaretos of Moscow and Patriarch Theophanes of Jerusalem (1619-1633) won his release in 1619, and he was cleared of the charges against him. Dionysius was known for his strict observance of the monastery Rule, for sharing in monastery tasks and in the rebuilding of the monastery after the siege of the Lavra. The Life and Canon to the saint was composed by the Trinity-Sergiev monastery steward Simon Azaryn and augmented by the priest John Nasedka, a coworker of Saint Dionysius when he was correcting the service books. Dionysius reposed on May 12, 1633 and was buried in the Trinity-Sergiev Lavra.

Novospassky Monastery, Yauza River Area, Moscow, early 1300's
Novospassky Monastery ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pisidia, Commemorated September 3 ; Translation of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God to Moscow, Commemorated on October 13; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated February 1 ; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16;

Simonov Monestary (Yauza River Area, Moscova River 5) 1370
Simonov Monestary; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392); St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated November 28 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Moscow, South of Moscova River Folder

Russia, Moscow, South of Moscova River, Khamovniki Bend Area Folder

Khamovniki District, Moscow
Khamovniki District, Moscow ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinnersÂ in Moscow, Commemorated on March 7; Icon of the Mother of God Surety of Sinners is known by this name because of the inscription on the icon: I am the Surety of sinners for My Son Who has entrusted Me to hear them, and those who bring Me the joy of hearing them will receive eternal joy through Me. The Mother of God embraces Her Child, Who holds Her right hand with both His hands so that Her thumb is in His right hand, and Her small finger in His left hand. This is the gesture of one who gives surety for another. we do not know when or by whom the icon was originally painted, it is believed that the basis of the icon is to be found in the Akathist to the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos: Rejoice, You Who offer Your hands in surety for us to God. 1848, through the zeal of Lt. Col. Demetrius Boncheskul, a copy of the wonderworking Surety of Sinners Icon was made and placed in his home. Soon it began to exude a healing myrrh, which was given to many so they might recover their health after grievous illnesses. Boncheskul donated this wonderworking copy to the church of Saint Nicholas at Khamovniki in Moscow, where a chapel was built in honor of the icon. Surety of Sinners Icon is also commemorated on May 29 and on Thursday of the week of All Saints. Icon of the Mother of God he Surety of sinnersÂ, Commemorated on May 29;

Novodevichy Convent and Monestary, Khamovniki Bend Area, Moscow, 1524
Novodevichy Monastery in Moscow; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated September 27 ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10 ; Icon of the Mother of God the Joyful Icon of the Mother of God œEnthronedÂ, Commemorated on March 2; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinnersÂ in Moscow, Commemorated on March 7; Icon of the Mother of God Surety of Sinners is known by this name because of the inscription on the icon: I am the Surety of sinners for My Son Who has entrusted Me to hear them, and those who bring Me the joy of hearing them will receive eternal joy through Me. The Mother of God embraces Her Child, Who holds Her right hand with both His hands so that Her thumb is in His right hand, and Her small finger in His left hand. This is the gesture of one who gives surety for another. we do not know when or by whom the icon was originally painted, it is believed that the basis of the icon is to be found in the Akathist to the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos: Rejoice, You Who offer Your hands in surety for us to God. 1848, through the zeal of Lt. Col. Demetrius Boncheskul, a copy of the wonderworking Surety of Sinners Icon was made and placed in his home. Soon it began to exude a healing myrrh, which was given to many so they might recover their health after grievous illnesses. Boncheskul donated this wonderworking copy to the church of Saint Nicholas at Khamovniki in Moscow, where a chapel was built in honor of the icon. Surety of Sinners Icon is also commemorated on May 29 and on Thursday of the week of All Saints. Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinnersÂ, Commemorated on May 29;

Church of St. Nicholas, Khamovniki, Moscow, 1682
Church of St. Nicholas in Khamovniki; Translation to Moscow of the Icon of the Mother of God "Assuage my sorrow", Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinnersÂ in Moscow, Commemorated on March 7; Icon of the Mother of God Surety of Sinners is known by this name because of the inscription on the icon: I am the Surety of sinners for My Son Who has entrusted Me to hear them, and those who bring Me the joy of hearing them will receive eternal joy through Me. The Mother of God embraces Her Child, Who holds Her right hand with both His hands so that Her thumb is in His right hand, and Her small finger in His left hand. This is the gesture of one who gives surety for another. we do not know when or by whom the icon was originally painted, it is believed that the basis of the icon is to be found in the Akathist to the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos: Rejoice, You Who offer Your hands in surety for us to God. 1848, through the zeal of Lt. Col. Demetrius Boncheskul, a copy of the wonderworking Surety of Sinners Icon was made and placed in his home. Soon it began to exude a healing myrrh, which was given to many so they might recover their health after grievous illnesses. Boncheskul donated this wonderworking copy to the church of Saint Nicholas at Khamovniki in Moscow, where a chapel was built in honor of the icon. Surety of Sinners Icon is also commemorated on May 29 and on Thursday of the week of All Saints. Icon of the Mother of God the Surety of sinnersÂ, Commemorated on May 29;

Ordinka Street, Moscow (across the river)
Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18;

Tretiakov gallery, South Moscow, Khamovniki Bend
Tretiakov gallery; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; Don Icon of the Mother of God was painted by Theophanes the Greek. On the day of the Kulikovo Battle (September 8, 1380, the Feast of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos), the Icon was with the Russian army, giving it help, but after the victory it was passed on by the Don Cossacks as a gift to their commander, Great Prince Demetrius of the Don (1363-1389), who then transferred it to Moscow. Icon at first was at the Kremlin’s Dormition Cathedral, and later at the Annuniciation Cathedral (the Icon is now in the Tretiakov State Gallery). In commemoration of the victory on the banks of the River Don it was called the Don Icon. the year 1591, the Crimean Khan Nuradin and his brother Murat-Girei invaded Russia with a numerous army. Advancing on Moscow, they positioned themselves on the Vorobiev hills. A church procession was made around Moscow with the Don Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos in order to guard the city from the enemy. the day of battle it was in the military chapel in the ranks of the soldiers, and set the Tatars to flight. In 1592, in thanksgiving to the Most Holy Theotokos for Her mercy manifest through the Don Icon, the Don monastery was founded at the very place where the icon had stood amid the soldiers. The wonderworking icon was placed in this monastery, and its feastday was established as August 19. established custom, once every four years His Holiness the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia performs the rite of the preparation of Holy Chrism in the small cathedral in honor of the Don Icon of the Mother of God. Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated October 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4;

Donskoy Monastery, South Moscow, K Bend, 1591, built on place of Don Icon Chapel soldiers Story
Donskoi monastery; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; Don Icon of the Mother of God was painted by Theophanes the Greek. On the day of the Kulikovo Battle (September 8, 1380, the Feast of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos), the Icon was with the Russian army, giving it help, but after the victory it was passed on by the Don Cossacks as a gift to their commander, Great Prince Demetrius of the Don (1363-1389), who then transferred it to Moscow. Icon at first was at the Kremlin’s Dormition Cathedral, and later at the Annuniciation Cathedral (the Icon is now in the Tretiakov State Gallery). In commemoration of the victory on the banks of the River Don it was called the Don Icon. the year 1591, the Crimean Khan Nuradin and his brother Murat-Girei invaded Russia with a numerous army. Advancing on Moscow, they positioned themselves on the Vorobiev hills. A church procession was made around Moscow with the Don Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos in order to guard the city from the enemy. the day of battle it was in the military chapel in the ranks of the soldiers, and set the Tatars to flight. In 1592, in thanksgiving to the Most Holy Theotokos for Her mercy manifest through the Don Icon, the Don monastery was founded at the very place where the icon had stood amid the soldiers. The wonderworking icon was placed in this monastery, and its feastday was established as August 19. established custom, once every four years His Holiness the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia performs the rite of the preparation of Holy Chrism in the small cathedral in honor of the Don Icon of the Mother of God. SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated October 9; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925);

Danilov monastery, approx. 1272
Danilov monastery, became the Moscow Kremlin; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4;

Sparrow Hills
Sparrow Hills; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392);

Donskoi monastery, under the Sparrow Hills
SERGIUS;

Vorobiev hills (Sparrow Hills)
Vorobiev hills (Sparrow Hills) ; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack;

Tver gates - Triumphal Arch of Moscow, 1829, for 1812 Victory over Napoleon of France
Tver gates - Triumphal Arch of Moscow; Icon of the Mother of God œof the PassionÂ, Commemorated on August 13; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Icon of the Mother of God œof the PassionÂ, Commemorated on April 30;

Petersburg Academy of Sciences, South Moscow
Petersburg Academy of Sciences; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov;

Podolsk, south of Moscow 25 miles
Podolsk, south of Moscow 25 miles; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ;

Podolia, south of Moscow 25 miles
Podolsk, south of Moscow 25 miles; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ;

Peremyshl, Moscovy
Peremyshl, Moscovy; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir (in Baptism Basil), Enlightener of the Russian Lands, Commemorated on July 15;

Klovo, Moscow Oblast, Russia, 143354 (South of Moscow River, Southwest of Moscow) 1080 questionable
Klovo, Moscow Oblast, Russia, 143354; Venerable Stephen, Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 and October 10; 1078 Saint Stephen was removed from office and driven from the monastery through the malice of an evil monk. He endured this meekly and without bitterness, and continued to pray for those who had turned against him. Stephen learned that master builders had come from Greece with an icon of the Theotokos, and they told him of the appearance of the Heavenly Queen at Blachernae. of this, Saint Stephen also built a church at Klovo in honor of the Theotokos (in memory of the Placing of Her Robe at Blachernae). The monastery was founded in thanksgiving for solicitude of the Most Holy Theotokos for the Caves monastery.

Podolsk governance (industrial area south of Moscow)
Podolsk governance; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ;

Moscow Theological Academy, 1687
Moscow Theological Academy; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26 ;

Holy Trinity Lavra, Moscow Theological Academy, 1687
Moscow Theological Academy; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26 ;

Slavic Greek Latin Academy, Moscow, 1687
Slavic Greek Latin Academy; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ;

Moscow Patriarchate
Moscow Patriarchate or the Russian Orthodox Church; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ;

Kolomenskoye, Southeast Moscow
Kolomenskoye; Icon of the Mother of God œEnthronedÂ, Commemorated on March 2;

Russia, Moscow, Kremlin Area Folder

Moscow Kremlin, 1331
Moscow Kremlin; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated July 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated November 22 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30, Today, on the north wall of the Throne Hall in the Moscow Kremlin, there hangs an image of Holy Queen Dinar mounted on a white horse, victorious over the enemy ; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Kremlin, Moscow Kremlin, 1331, White Stoned Walls, these walls and the Myhrrgusher saved Russia
Moscow Kremlin; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated July 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; [Great Prince Demetrios] worried a great deal about the churches of God, and he held the territory of the Russian land by his bravery: he conquered many enemies who had risen against us, and he protected his glorious city Moscow with wondrous walls. ...The land of Russia prospered during the years of his reign. the time of the building of the white-walled Kremlin (1366) by Great Prince Demetrios, Moscow was called “White-Stoned.” the prayers of his Heavenly patron, the holy warrior Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki, Great Prince Demetrios, in addition to his brilliant military victories, also gained the further prominence of Russia. He repelled the onslaught of the Lithuanian armies of Olgerd, he routed the Tatar army of Begich at the River Vozha (1378), and he smashed the military might of all the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo Field on September 8, 1380 (the Feast of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos), set between the Rivers Don and Nepryadva. The Battle of Kulikovo, for which the nation calls him Dēmḗtrios of the Don, became the first Russian national exploit, rallying the spiritual power of the Russian nation around Moscow. The “Zadonschina,” an inspiring historic poem written by the priest Sophronios of Ryazem (1381) is devoted to this event. Demetrios of the Don had a great reverence for the holy Great Martyr Demetrios. In 1380, on the eve of the Battle of Kulikovo, he solemnly transferred from Vladimir to Moscow the most holy object in the Vladimir Dimitriev cathedral: the icon of the Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki, painted on a board from the grave of the saint. A chapel dedicated to the Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios was built at Moscow’s Dormition Cathedral. very first pages of the Russian Primary Chronicle, as foreordained by God, is bound up with the name of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios of Thessaloniki. The Chronicle relates that when Oleg the Wise threatened the Greeks at Constantinople (907), the Greeks became terrified and said, “This is not Oleg, but rather Saint Demetrios sent upon us from God.” Russian soldiers always believed that they were under the special protection of the holy Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios. Moreover, in the old Russian barracks the Great Martyr Demetrios was always depicted as Russian. Thus this image entered the soul of the Russian nation. veneration of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios in Russia began shortly after the Baptism of Rus. Toward the beginning of the 1070s the Dimitriev monastery at Kiev, known afterwards as the Mikhailov-Zlatoverkh monastery, was founded, The monastery was built by the son of Yaroslav the Wise, Great Prince Izyaslav, Demetrios in Baptism (+ 1078). The mosaic icon of Saint Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki from the cathedral of the Dimitriev monastery has been preserved up to the present day, and is in the Tretiakov Gallery. the years 1194-1197 the Great Prince of Vladimir, Vsevolod III the Great-Nest (Demetrios in Baptism) “built at his court a beautiful church of the holy martyr Dēmḗtrios, and adorned it wondrously with icons and frescoes.” The Dimitriev cathedral also reveals the embellishment of ancient Vladimir. The wonderworking icon of Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki from the cathedral iconostasis is located even now in Moscow, at the Tretiakov gallery. It was painted on a piece of wood from the grave of the holy Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios, brought from Thessaloniki to Vladimir in 1197. of the most precious depictions of the saint, a fresco on a column of the Vladimir Dormition cathedral, was painted by the holy Iconographer Andrew Rublev (July 4). family of Saint Alexander Nevsky (November 23 also venerated Saint Demetrios. Saint Alexander named his eldest son in honor of the holy Great Martyr. His younger son, Prince Daniel of Moscow (March 4), built a church dedicated to the holy Great Martyr Demetrios in the 1280s. This was the first stone church in the Moscow Kremlin. Later in 1326, under Ivan Kalita, it was taken down and the Dormition cathedral was built in its place. memory of Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki is historically associated in Rus with the military, patriotism and the defense of the country. This is apparent by the saint’s depiction on icons as a soldier in plumed armor, with a spear and sword in hand. There is a scroll (in later depictions) on which is written the prayer of Saint Dēmḗtrios for the salvation of the people of Thessaloniki, “Lord, do not permit the city or the people to perish. If You save the city and the people, I shall be saved with them. If they perish, I will perish with them.” the particular spiritual experience of the Russian Church, veneration of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios of Thessaloniki is closely linked with the memory of the defense of the nation and Church by the Great Prince of Moscow, Demetrios of the Don (May 19). “An Account of the Life and Repose of the Great Prince Dēmḗtrios of the Don, Tsar of Russia,” written in the year 1393, already regards the Great Prince as a Saint, as other old Russian histories do. Great Prince Demetrios was a spiritual son and disciple of Saint Alexis, Metropolitan of Moscow (February 12), and a disciple and associate of other great figures of prayer in the Russian Land: Saint Sergius of Radonezh (September 25), Demetrios of Priluki (February 11), Saint Theodore of Rostov (November 28). The Account states: [Great Prince Demetrios] worried a great deal about the churches of God, and he held the territory of the Russian land by his bravery: he conquered many enemies who had risen against us, and he protected his glorious city Moscow with wondrous walls. ...The land of Russia prospered during the years of his reign. the time of the building of the white-walled Kremlin (1366) by Great Prince Demetrios, Moscow was called “White-Stoned.” the prayers of his Heavenly patron, the holy warrior Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki, Great Prince Demetrios, in addition to his brilliant military victories, also gained the further prominence of Russia. He repelled the onslaught of the Lithuanian armies of Olgerd, he routed the Tatar army of Begich at the River Vozha (1378), and he smashed the military might of all the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo Field on September 8, 1380 (the Feast of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos), set between the Rivers Don and Nepryadva. The Battle of Kulikovo, for which the nation calls him Dēmḗtrios of the Don, became the first Russian national exploit, rallying the spiritual power of the Russian nation around Moscow. The “Zadonschina,” an inspiring historic poem written by the priest Sophronios of Ryazem (1381) is devoted to this event. Demetrios of the Don had a great reverence for the holy Great Martyr Demetrios. In 1380, on the eve of the Battle of Kulikovo, he solemnly transferred from Vladimir to Moscow the most holy object in the Vladimir Dimitriev cathedral: the icon of the Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki, painted on a board from the grave of the saint. A chapel dedicated to the Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios was built at Moscow’s Dormition Cathedral. Saint Demetrios Memorial Saturday was established for church-wide remembrance of the soldiers who fell in the Battle of Kulikovo. This memorial service was held for the first time at the Trinity-Saint Sergius monastery on October 20, 1380 by Saint Sergius of Radonezh, in the presence of Great Prince Demetrios of the Don. It is an annual remembrance of the heroes of the Battle of Kulikovo, among whom are the Schema-monks Alexander (Peresvet) and Andrew (Oslyab). Great Martyr Demetrios the Myrrh-gusher of Thessaloniki was the son of a Roman proconsul in Thessaloniki. Three centuries had elapsed and Roman paganism, spiritually shattered and defeated by the multitude of martyrs and confessors of the Savior, intensified its persecutions. parents of Saint Demetrios were secret Christians, and he was baptized and raised in the Christian Faith in a secret church in his father’s home. the time Demetrios had reached maturity and his father had died, Emperor Galerius Maximian had ascended the throne (305). Maximian, confident in Demetrios's education as well as his administrative and military abilities, appointed him to his father’s position as proconsul of the Thessaloniki district. The young commander's principal duties were to defend the city from barbarians and to eradicate Christianity. The Emperor's policy regarding Christians was expressed simply: “Put to death anyone who calls on the name of Christ.” The Emperor did not suspect that by appointing Demetrios he had provided him with the opportunity to bring many people to Christ. the appointment, Demetrios returned to Thessaloniki and confessed and glorified our Lord Jesus Christ. Instead of persecuting and executing Christians, he began to teach the Christian Faith openly to the inhabitants of the city and to overthrow pagan customs and the worship of idols. The compiler of his Life, Saint Simeon Metaphrastes (November 9), says that because of his teaching zeal he became “a second Apostle Paul” for Thessaloniki, particularly since “the Apostle to the Gentiles” founded the first community of believers in the city (1 Thess. and 2 Thess.). Lord also destined Saint Demetrios to follow Saint Paul on the path to martyrdom. When Maximian learned that the newly-appointed proconsul was a Christian, and that he had converted many Roman subjects to Christianity, the Emperor's rage knew no bounds. Returning from a campaign in the area of the Black Sea, the Emperor decided to lead his army through Thessaloniki, determined to massacre the Christians. of this, Saint Demetrios ordered his faithful servant Lupus to give his wealth to the poor saying, “Distribute my earthly riches among them, for we shall seek heavenly riches for ourselves.” He began to pray and fast, preparing himself for martyrdom. the Emperor came into the city, he summoned Demetrios, who boldly confessed himself a Christian and denounced the falsehood and futility of Roman polytheism. Maximian ordered Demetrios to be thrown into prison. An Angel appeared to him, comforting and encouraging him. the Emperor amused himself by staging games in the circus. His champion was a German by the name of Lyaeos. He challenged Christians to wrestle with him on a platform built over the upturned spears of the victorious soldiers. A brave Christian named Nestor went to the prison to Saint Dēmḗtrios, his instructor in the Faith, asking for his blessing to fight the barbarian. With the blessing and prayers of Saint Demetrios, Nestor defeated the fierce German and hurled him from the platform onto the spears of the soldiers, just as the murderous pagan would have done with the Christian. The enraged commander ordered the execution of the holy Martyr Nestor (October 27) and sent a guard to the prison to kill Saint Demetrios. At dawn on October 26, 306 soldiers appeared in the Saint's underground prison and ran him through with lances. His faithful servant, Saint Lupus, gathered up the blood-soaked garment of Saint Dēmḗtrios he took the imperial ring from his finger, a symbol of his high status, and dipped it in the blood. With the ring and other holy things sanctified the blood of Saint Demetrios, Saint Lupus began to heal the infirm. The Emperor ordered his soldiers to arrest and kill him. body of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios was cast out for wild animals to devour, but the Christians took it and secretly buried it in the earth. the reign of Saint Constantine (306-337), a church was built over the grave of Saint Demetrios. A hundred years later, during the construction of a majestic new church on the old spot, the incorrupt relics of the holy martyr were uncovered. Since the seventh century a miraculous flow of fragrant myrrh has been found beneath the crypt of the Great Martyr Demetrios, so he is called “the Myrrh-gusher.” times, those venerating the holy wonderworker tried to bring his holy relics, or a part of them, to Constantinople. Invariably, Saint Demetrios made it clear that he would not permit anyone to remove even a portion of his relics. is interesting that among the barbarians threatening the Romans, Slavs occupied an important place, in particular those settling upon the Thessalonian peninsula. Some even believe that the parents of Saint Dēmḗtrios were of Slavic descent. While advancing towards the city, pagan Slavs were repeatedly turned away by the apparition of a threatening radiant youth, going around on the walls and inspiring terror in the enemy soldiers. Perhaps this is why the name of Saint Demetrios was particularly venerated among the Slavic nations after they were enlightened by the Gospel. On the other hand, Greeks dismiss the idea that Saint Demetrios was a Slavic saint. very first pages of the Russian Primary Chronicle, as foreordained by God, is bound up with the name of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios of Thessaloniki. The Chronicle relates that when Oleg the Wise threatened the Greeks at Constantinople (907), the Greeks became terrified and said, “This is not Oleg, but rather Saint Demetrios sent upon us from God.” Russian soldiers always believed that they were under the special protection of the holy Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios. Moreover, in the old Russian barracks the Great Martyr Demetrios was always depicted as Russian. Thus this image entered the soul of the Russian nation. veneration of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios in Russia began shortly after the Baptism of Rus. Toward the beginning of the 1070s the Dimitriev monastery at Kiev, known afterwards as the Mikhailov-Zlatoverkh monastery, was founded, The monastery was built by the son of Yaroslav the Wise, Great Prince Izyaslav, Demetrios in Baptism (+ 1078). The mosaic icon of Saint Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki from the cathedral of the Dimitriev monastery has been preserved up to the present day, and is in the Tretiakov Gallery. the years 1194-1197 the Great Prince of Vladimir, Vsevolod III the Great-Nest (Demetrios in Baptism) “built at his court a beautiful church of the holy martyr Dēmḗtrios, and adorned it wondrously with icons and frescoes.” The Dimitriev cathedral also reveals the embellishment of ancient Vladimir. The wonderworking icon of Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki from the cathedral iconostasis is located even now in Moscow, at the Tretiakov gallery. It was painted on a piece of wood from the grave of the holy Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios, brought from Thessaloniki to Vladimir in 1197. of the most precious depictions of the saint, a fresco on a column of the Vladimir Dormition cathedral, was painted by the holy Iconographer Andrew Rublev (July 4). family of Saint Alexander Nevsky (November 23 also venerated Saint Demetrios. Saint Alexander named his eldest son in honor of the holy Great Martyr. His younger son, Prince Daniel of Moscow (March 4), built a church dedicated to the holy Great Martyr Demetrios in the 1280s. This was the first stone church in the Moscow Kremlin. Later in 1326, under Ivan Kalita, it was taken down and the Dormition cathedral was built in its place. memory of Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki is historically associated in Rus with the military, patriotism and the defense of the country. This is apparent by the saint’s depiction on icons as a soldier in plumed armor, with a spear and sword in hand. There is a scroll (in later depictions) on which is written the prayer of Saint Dēmḗtrios for the salvation of the people of Thessaloniki, “Lord, do not permit the city or the people to perish. If You save the city and the people, I shall be saved with them. If they perish, I will perish with them.” the particular spiritual experience of the Russian Church, veneration of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios of Thessaloniki is closely linked with the memory of the defense of the nation and Church by the Great Prince of Moscow, Demetrios of the Don (May 19). “An Account of the Life and Repose of the Great Prince Dēmḗtrios of the Don, Tsar of Russia,” written in the year 1393, already regards the Great Prince as a Saint, as other old Russian histories do. Great Prince Demetrios was a spiritual son and disciple of Saint Alexis, Metropolitan of Moscow (February 12), and a disciple and associate of other great figures of prayer in the Russian Land: Saint Sergius of Radonezh (September 25), Demetrios of Priluki (February 11), Saint Theodore of Rostov (November 28). The Account states: [Great Prince Demetrios] worried a great deal about the churches of God, and he held the territory of the Russian land by his bravery: he conquered many enemies who had risen against us, and he protected his glorious city Moscow with wondrous walls. ...The land of Russia prospered during the years of his reign. the time of the building of the white-walled Kremlin (1366) by Great Prince Demetrios, Moscow was called “White-Stoned.” the prayers of his Heavenly patron, the holy warrior Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki, Great Prince Demetrios, in addition to his brilliant military victories, also gained the further prominence of Russia. He repelled the onslaught of the Lithuanian armies of Olgerd, he routed the Tatar army of Begich at the River Vozha (1378), and he smashed the military might of all the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo Field on September 8, 1380 (the Feast of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos), set between the Rivers Don and Nepryadva. The Battle of Kulikovo, for which the nation calls him Dēmḗtrios of the Don, became the first Russian national exploit, rallying the spiritual power of the Russian nation around Moscow. The “Zadonschina,” an inspiring historic poem written by the priest Sophronios of Ryazem (1381) is devoted to this event. Demetrios of the Don had a great reverence for the holy Great Martyr Demetrios. In 1380, on the eve of the Battle of Kulikovo, he solemnly transferred from Vladimir to Moscow the most holy object in the Vladimir Dimitriev cathedral: the icon of the Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki, painted on a board from the grave of the saint. A chapel dedicated to the Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios was built at Moscow’s Dormition Cathedral. Saint Demetrios Memorial Saturday was established for church-wide remembrance of the soldiers who fell in the Battle of Kulikovo. This memorial service was held for the first time at the Trinity-Saint Sergius monastery on October 20, 1380 by Saint Sergius of Radonezh, in the presence of Great Prince Demetrios of the Don. It is an annual remembrance of the heroes of the Battle of Kulikovo, among whom are the Schema-monks Alexander (Peresvet) and Andrew (Oslyab). Dēmḗtrios is regarded as a protector of the young, and is also invoked by those struggling with lustful temptations. Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated November 22 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30, Today, on the north wall of the Throne Hall in the Moscow Kremlin, there hangs an image of Holy Queen Dinar mounted on a white horse, victorious over the enemy ; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Christ the Savior Cathedral (Kremlin Savior Gates, Moscow, 1883)
Christ the Savior Cathedral; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 4 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ;

Kremlin Savior Gates (Christ the Savior Cathedral, Moscow, 1883)
Christ the Savior Cathedral; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 4 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ;

Archangel cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, 1333, 1505
Archangel cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin ; Archangel Michael Icon By Andrei Rublev Arkhangelsky Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin Reproduction; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated February 14 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Blessed HeavenÂ, Commemorated on March 6; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3;

Cathedral of the Annunciation, Moscow Kremlin, 1405 & 1489
Cathedral of the Annunciation; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11;

Annunciation Cathedral, Moscow Kremlin, 1405 & 1489
Cathedral of the Annunciation; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11;

Throne Hall, Grand Kremlin Palace, 1837, after western enlightenment
Throne Room, Grand Kremlin Palace; Grand Kremlin Palace, also translated Great Kremlin Palace,[1] was built from 1837 to 1849 in Moscow, Russia on the site of the estate of the Grand Princes, which had been established in the 14th century on Borovitsky Hill. Designed by a team of architects under the management of Konstantin Thon, it was intended to emphasise the greatness of Russian autocracy. Konstantin Thon was also the architect of the Kremlin Armoury and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30; on the north wall of the Throne Hall in the Moscow Kremlin, there hangs an image of Holy Queen Dinar mounted on a white horse, victorious over the enemy.

Demetrius' Temple, 1280, honoring Demetrius the Myhrrgusher of Thessalonica
Demetrius' Temple, 1280; Dormition Cathedral, Moscow, 1479; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; very first pages of the Russian Primary Chronicle, as foreordained by God, is bound up with the name of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios of Thessaloniki. The Chronicle relates that when Oleg the Wise threatened the Greeks at Constantinople (907), the Greeks became terrified and said, “This is not Oleg, but rather Saint Demetrios sent upon us from God.” Russian soldiers always believed that they were under the special protection of the holy Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios. Moreover, in the old Russian barracks the Great Martyr Demetrios was always depicted as Russian. Thus this image entered the soul of the Russian nation. veneration of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios in Russia began shortly after the Baptism of Rus. Toward the beginning of the 1070s the Dimitriev monastery at Kiev, known afterwards as the Mikhailov-Zlatoverkh monastery, was founded, The monastery was built by the son of Yaroslav the Wise, Great Prince Izyaslav, Demetrios in Baptism (+ 1078). The mosaic icon of Saint Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki from the cathedral of the Dimitriev monastery has been preserved up to the present day, and is in the Tretiakov Gallery. the years 1194-1197 the Great Prince of Vladimir, Vsevolod III the Great-Nest (Demetrios in Baptism) “built at his court a beautiful church of the holy martyr Dēmḗtrios, and adorned it wondrously with icons and frescoes.” The Dimitriev cathedral also reveals the embellishment of ancient Vladimir. The wonderworking icon of Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki from the cathedral iconostasis is located even now in Moscow, at the Tretiakov gallery. It was painted on a piece of wood from the grave of the holy Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios, brought from Thessaloniki to Vladimir in 1197. of the most precious depictions of the saint, a fresco on a column of the Vladimir Dormition cathedral, was painted by the holy Iconographer Andrew Rublev (July 4). family of Saint Alexander Nevsky (November 23 also venerated Saint Demetrios. Saint Alexander named his eldest son in honor of the holy Great Martyr. His younger son, Prince Daniel of Moscow (March 4), built a church dedicated to the holy Great Martyr Demetrios in the 1280s. This was the first stone church in the Moscow Kremlin. Later in 1326, under Ivan Kalita, it was taken down and the Dormition cathedral was built in its place. memory of Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki is historically associated in Rus with the military, patriotism and the defense of the country. This is apparent by the saint’s depiction on icons as a soldier in plumed armor, with a spear and sword in hand. There is a scroll (in later depictions) on which is written the prayer of Saint Dēmḗtrios for the salvation of the people of Thessaloniki, “Lord, do not permit the city or the people to perish. If You save the city and the people, I shall be saved with them. If they perish, I will perish with them.” the particular spiritual experience of the Russian Church, veneration of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios of Thessaloniki is closely linked with the memory of the defense of the nation and Church by the Great Prince of Moscow, Demetrios of the Don (May 19). “An Account of the Life and Repose of the Great Prince Dēmḗtrios of the Don, Tsar of Russia,” written in the year 1393, already regards the Great Prince as a Saint, as other old Russian histories do. Great Prince Demetrios was a spiritual son and disciple of Saint Alexis, Metropolitan of Moscow (February 12), and a disciple and associate of other great figures of prayer in the Russian Land: Saint Sergius of Radonezh (September 25), Demetrios of Priluki (February 11), Saint Theodore of Rostov (November 28). The Account states: [Great Prince Demetrios] worried a great deal about the churches of God, and he held the territory of the Russian land by his bravery: he conquered many enemies who had risen against us, and he protected his glorious city Moscow with wondrous walls. ...The land of Russia prospered during the years of his reign. the time of the building of the white-walled Kremlin (1366) by Great Prince Demetrios, Moscow was called “White-Stoned.” the prayers of his Heavenly patron, the holy warrior Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki, Great Prince Demetrios, in addition to his brilliant military victories, also gained the further prominence of Russia. He repelled the onslaught of the Lithuanian armies of Olgerd, he routed the Tatar army of Begich at the River Vozha (1378), and he smashed the military might of all the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo Field on September 8, 1380 (the Feast of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos), set between the Rivers Don and Nepryadva. The Battle of Kulikovo, for which the nation calls him Dēmḗtrios of the Don, became the first Russian national exploit, rallying the spiritual power of the Russian nation around Moscow. The “Zadonschina,” an inspiring historic poem written by the priest Sophronios of Ryazem (1381) is devoted to this event. Demetrios of the Don had a great reverence for the holy Great Martyr Demetrios. In 1380, on the eve of the Battle of Kulikovo, he solemnly transferred from Vladimir to Moscow the most holy object in the Vladimir Dimitriev cathedral: the icon of the Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki, painted on a board from the grave of the saint. A chapel dedicated to the Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios was built at Moscow’s Dormition Cathedral. Saint Demetrios Memorial Saturday was established for church-wide remembrance of the soldiers who fell in the Battle of Kulikovo. This memorial service was held for the first time at the Trinity-Saint Sergius monastery on October 20, 1380 by Saint Sergius of Radonezh, in the presence of Great Prince Demetrios of the Don. It is an annual remembrance of the heroes of the Battle of Kulikovo, among whom are the Schema-monks Alexander (Peresvet) and Andrew (Oslyab). Great Martyr Demetrios the Myrrh-gusher of Thessaloniki was the son of a Roman proconsul in Thessaloniki. Three centuries had elapsed and Roman paganism, spiritually shattered and defeated by the multitude of martyrs and confessors of the Savior, intensified its persecutions. parents of Saint Demetrios were secret Christians, and he was baptized and raised in the Christian Faith in a secret church in his father’s home. the time Demetrios had reached maturity and his father had died, Emperor Galerius Maximian had ascended the throne (305). Maximian, confident in Demetrios's education as well as his administrative and military abilities, appointed him to his father’s position as proconsul of the Thessaloniki district. The young commander's principal duties were to defend the city from barbarians and to eradicate Christianity. The Emperor's policy regarding Christians was expressed simply: “Put to death anyone who calls on the name of Christ.” The Emperor did not suspect that by appointing Demetrios he had provided him with the opportunity to bring many people to Christ. the appointment, Demetrios returned to Thessaloniki and confessed and glorified our Lord Jesus Christ. Instead of persecuting and executing Christians, he began to teach the Christian Faith openly to the inhabitants of the city and to overthrow pagan customs and the worship of idols. The compiler of his Life, Saint Simeon Metaphrastes (November 9), says that because of his teaching zeal he became “a second Apostle Paul” for Thessaloniki, particularly since “the Apostle to the Gentiles” founded the first community of believers in the city (1 Thess. and 2 Thess.). Lord also destined Saint Demetrios to follow Saint Paul on the path to martyrdom. When Maximian learned that the newly-appointed proconsul was a Christian, and that he had converted many Roman subjects to Christianity, the Emperor's rage knew no bounds. Returning from a campaign in the area of the Black Sea, the Emperor decided to lead his army through Thessaloniki, determined to massacre the Christians. of this, Saint Demetrios ordered his faithful servant Lupus to give his wealth to the poor saying, “Distribute my earthly riches among them, for we shall seek heavenly riches for ourselves.” He began to pray and fast, preparing himself for martyrdom. the Emperor came into the city, he summoned Demetrios, who boldly confessed himself a Christian and denounced the falsehood and futility of Roman polytheism. Maximian ordered Demetrios to be thrown into prison. An Angel appeared to him, comforting and encouraging him. the Emperor amused himself by staging games in the circus. His champion was a German by the name of Lyaeos. He challenged Christians to wrestle with him on a platform built over the upturned spears of the victorious soldiers. A brave Christian named Nestor went to the prison to Saint Dēmḗtrios, his instructor in the Faith, asking for his blessing to fight the barbarian. With the blessing and prayers of Saint Demetrios, Nestor defeated the fierce German and hurled him from the platform onto the spears of the soldiers, just as the murderous pagan would have done with the Christian. The enraged commander ordered the execution of the holy Martyr Nestor (October 27) and sent a guard to the prison to kill Saint Demetrios. At dawn on October 26, 306 soldiers appeared in the Saint's underground prison and ran him through with lances. His faithful servant, Saint Lupus, gathered up the blood-soaked garment of Saint Dēmḗtrios he took the imperial ring from his finger, a symbol of his high status, and dipped it in the blood. With the ring and other holy things sanctified the blood of Saint Demetrios, Saint Lupus began to heal the infirm. The Emperor ordered his soldiers to arrest and kill him. body of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios was cast out for wild animals to devour, but the Christians took it and secretly buried it in the earth. the reign of Saint Constantine (306-337), a church was built over the grave of Saint Demetrios. A hundred years later, during the construction of a majestic new church on the old spot, the incorrupt relics of the holy martyr were uncovered. Since the seventh century a miraculous flow of fragrant myrrh has been found beneath the crypt of the Great Martyr Demetrios, so he is called “the Myrrh-gusher.” times, those venerating the holy wonderworker tried to bring his holy relics, or a part of them, to Constantinople. Invariably, Saint Demetrios made it clear that he would not permit anyone to remove even a portion of his relics. is interesting that among the barbarians threatening the Romans, Slavs occupied an important place, in particular those settling upon the Thessalonian peninsula. Some even believe that the parents of Saint Dēmḗtrios were of Slavic descent. While advancing towards the city, pagan Slavs were repeatedly turned away by the apparition of a threatening radiant youth, going around on the walls and inspiring terror in the enemy soldiers. Perhaps this is why the name of Saint Demetrios was particularly venerated among the Slavic nations after they were enlightened by the Gospel. On the other hand, Greeks dismiss the idea that Saint Demetrios was a Slavic saint. very first pages of the Russian Primary Chronicle, as foreordained by God, is bound up with the name of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios of Thessaloniki. The Chronicle relates that when Oleg the Wise threatened the Greeks at Constantinople (907), the Greeks became terrified and said, “This is not Oleg, but rather Saint Demetrios sent upon us from God.” Russian soldiers always believed that they were under the special protection of the holy Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios. Moreover, in the old Russian barracks the Great Martyr Demetrios was always depicted as Russian. Thus this image entered the soul of the Russian nation. veneration of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios in Russia began shortly after the Baptism of Rus. Toward the beginning of the 1070s the Dimitriev monastery at Kiev, known afterwards as the Mikhailov-Zlatoverkh monastery, was founded, The monastery was built by the son of Yaroslav the Wise, Great Prince Izyaslav, Demetrios in Baptism (+ 1078). The mosaic icon of Saint Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki from the cathedral of the Dimitriev monastery has been preserved up to the present day, and is in the Tretiakov Gallery. the years 1194-1197 the Great Prince of Vladimir, Vsevolod III the Great-Nest (Demetrios in Baptism) “built at his court a beautiful church of the holy martyr Dēmḗtrios, and adorned it wondrously with icons and frescoes.” The Dimitriev cathedral also reveals the embellishment of ancient Vladimir. The wonderworking icon of Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki from the cathedral iconostasis is located even now in Moscow, at the Tretiakov gallery. It was painted on a piece of wood from the grave of the holy Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios, brought from Thessaloniki to Vladimir in 1197. of the most precious depictions of the saint, a fresco on a column of the Vladimir Dormition cathedral, was painted by the holy Iconographer Andrew Rublev (July 4). family of Saint Alexander Nevsky (November 23 also venerated Saint Demetrios. Saint Alexander named his eldest son in honor of the holy Great Martyr. His younger son, Prince Daniel of Moscow (March 4), built a church dedicated to the holy Great Martyr Demetrios in the 1280s. This was the first stone church in the Moscow Kremlin. Later in 1326, under Ivan Kalita, it was taken down and the Dormition cathedral was built in its place. memory of Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki is historically associated in Rus with the military, patriotism and the defense of the country. This is apparent by the saint’s depiction on icons as a soldier in plumed armor, with a spear and sword in hand. There is a scroll (in later depictions) on which is written the prayer of Saint Dēmḗtrios for the salvation of the people of Thessaloniki, “Lord, do not permit the city or the people to perish. If You save the city and the people, I shall be saved with them. If they perish, I will perish with them.” the particular spiritual experience of the Russian Church, veneration of the holy Great Martyr Demetrios of Thessaloniki is closely linked with the memory of the defense of the nation and Church by the Great Prince of Moscow, Demetrios of the Don (May 19). “An Account of the Life and Repose of the Great Prince Dēmḗtrios of the Don, Tsar of Russia,” written in the year 1393, already regards the Great Prince as a Saint, as other old Russian histories do. Great Prince Demetrios was a spiritual son and disciple of Saint Alexis, Metropolitan of Moscow (February 12), and a disciple and associate of other great figures of prayer in the Russian Land: Saint Sergius of Radonezh (September 25), Demetrios of Priluki (February 11), Saint Theodore of Rostov (November 28). The Account states: [Great Prince Demetrios] worried a great deal about the churches of God, and he held the territory of the Russian land by his bravery: he conquered many enemies who had risen against us, and he protected his glorious city Moscow with wondrous walls. ...The land of Russia prospered during the years of his reign. the time of the building of the white-walled Kremlin (1366) by Great Prince Demetrios, Moscow was called “White-Stoned.” the prayers of his Heavenly patron, the holy warrior Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki, Great Prince Demetrios, in addition to his brilliant military victories, also gained the further prominence of Russia. He repelled the onslaught of the Lithuanian armies of Olgerd, he routed the Tatar army of Begich at the River Vozha (1378), and he smashed the military might of all the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo Field on September 8, 1380 (the Feast of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos), set between the Rivers Don and Nepryadva. The Battle of Kulikovo, for which the nation calls him Dēmḗtrios of the Don, became the first Russian national exploit, rallying the spiritual power of the Russian nation around Moscow. The “Zadonschina,” an inspiring historic poem written by the priest Sophronios of Ryazem (1381) is devoted to this event. Demetrios of the Don had a great reverence for the holy Great Martyr Demetrios. In 1380, on the eve of the Battle of Kulikovo, he solemnly transferred from Vladimir to Moscow the most holy object in the Vladimir Dimitriev cathedral: the icon of the Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios of Thessaloniki, painted on a board from the grave of the saint. A chapel dedicated to the Great Martyr Dēmḗtrios was built at Moscow’s Dormition Cathedral. Saint Demetrios Memorial Saturday was established for church-wide remembrance of the soldiers who fell in the Battle of Kulikovo. This memorial service was held for the first time at the Trinity-Saint Sergius monastery on October 20, 1380 by Saint Sergius of Radonezh, in the presence of Great Prince Demetrios of the Don. It is an annual remembrance of the heroes of the Battle of Kulikovo, among whom are the Schema-monks Alexander (Peresvet) and Andrew (Oslyab). Dēmḗtrios is regarded as a protector of the young, and is also invoked by those struggling with lustful temptations.

Dormition Cathedral, Kremlin, Moscow, 1479
Dormition Cathedral, Moscow; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on July 9 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Greben, Commemorated July 28 ; Greben Icon of the Mother of God, glorified by miracles and located in a church in the city of Greben (on the River Chira, flowing into the Don), was presented by the inhabitants of the city to Great Prince Demetrius of the Don upon his return from the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. 1471, after a successful campaign against Novgorod, Great Prince Ivan III built the church of the Dormition in Moscow at Lubyanka and placed in it the Greben icon of the Mother of God, which he had taken with him on the campaign. He adorned the icon with a silver riza covered with precious stones, and ordered an Akathist to be written in honor of the icon. When the church burned in 1617, the icon miraculously was preserved. The icon, almost a reverse image of the Iveron icon (February 12, March 31, October 13), is recognized by the distinctive folds of the Virgin’s omaphorion and the position of the Christ Child’s legs. Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three œFeasts of the Savior in August), Commemorated on August 1; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9 ; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28; Icon of the Mother of God œJerusalemÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12 ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated February 19 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 25; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Translation of the relics of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pimen, Commemorated on June 6; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Stromyn Village, now Church of the Domition, Moscow, Kremlin, 1841
Moscow, 1841, Stromyn village, now Church of the Domition; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on February 19; “Stromynâ€ Cyprus Icon became famous in 1841. An eighteen-year-old girl from Stromyn, a village not far from Moscow, was close to death from an illness. In a dream she saw the Cyprus Icon standing over the entrance to the church, and a voice came from the icon: “Take me into your home and have the priest serve a Molieben with the Blessing of Water, and you will be cured.â€ sick girl was brought to the church and finally located the icon after a long search. The girl obeyed the command of the Most Holy Theotokos, and after the Molieben she felt strong enough to carry the icon back to the church herself. Shortly thereafter, she was completely healed. The “Stromynâ€ Cyprus Icon continued to work miracles of healing, which the rector of the church reported to the holy Metropolitan Philaret of Moscow (November 19).

Chudov (Archangel Michael, Passions) Monastery, Moscow Kremlin, 1365
Chudov Monastery ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Commemoration of the Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Colossae, Commemorated September 6 ; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated October 26 ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Ascension monastery's Tikhvin church, Moscow, 1389
Ascension monastery's Tikhvin church; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated February 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God œEnthronedÂ, Commemorated on March 2;

Ascension Convent, Moscow, 1389
Ascension monastery's Tikhvin church; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated February 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God œEnthronedÂ, Commemorated on March 2;

Ascension women's monastery at Moscow Kremlin, founded 1387
Ascension monastery; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated January 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God œEnthronedÂ, Commemorated on March 2; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated July 7 ;

Antiochian Representation Church in Moscow, 1848
Antiochian Representation Church in Moscow, 1848 Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27;

Church of St Basil the Great, Moscow Kremlin, 1561, fool for christ, barefoot cobbler
Saint Basil's Cathedral; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; Basil the Blessed, Wonderworker of Moscow, was born in December 1468 on the portico of the Elokhov church in honor of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos outside Moscow. His parents were commoners and sent their son to be trained as a cobbler. Basil’s apprenticeship, the master happened to witness a remarkable occurrence, which showed him that his student was no ordinary man. A certain merchant had brought grain to Moscow on a barge and then went to order boots, specifying that they be made in a particular way, since he would not pick them up for a year. Blessed Basil wept and said, “I wish you would cancel the order, since you will never wear them.” the perplexed master questioned his apprentice he explained that the man would not wear the boots, for he would soon die. After several days the prediction came true. he was sixteen, the saint arrived in Moscow and began the difficult exploit of foolishness for Christ. In the burning summer heat and in the winter’s harsh frost, he walked about barefoot through the streets of Moscow. His actions were strange: here he would upset a stand with kalachi, and there he would spill a jug with kvas. Angry merchants throttled the blessed one, but he endured the beatings with joy and he thanked God for them. Then it was discovered that the kalachi were poorly cooked, and the kvas was badly prepared. The reputation of Saint Basil quickly grew, and people saw him as a holy fool, a man of God, and a denouncer of wrong. certain merchant wanted to build a stone church on Pokrovna in Moscow, but its arches collapsed three times. The merchant turned to the saint for advice, and he pointed him toward Kiev. “Find there John the Cripple,” he said. “He will advise you how to construct the church.” to Kiev, the merchant sought out John, who sat in a poor hut and rocked an empty cradle. “Whom do you rock?” asked the merchant. “I weep for my beloved mother, who was made poor by my birth and upbringing.” Only then did the merchant remember his own mother, whom he had thrown out of the house. Then it became clear to him why he was not able to build the church. Returning to Moscow, he brought his mother home, begged her forgiveness, and built the church. mercy, the blessed one helped those who were ashamed to ask for alms, but who were more in need of help than others. Once, he gave away a rich imperial present to a foreign merchant who was left without anything at all. Although the man had eaten nothing for three days, he was not able to beg for food, since he wore fine clothing. saint harshly condemned those who gave alms for selfish reasons, not out of compassion for the poor and destitute, but hoping for an easy way to attract God’s blessings upon their affairs. Once, the saint saw a devil in the guise of a beggar. He sat at the gates of the All-Pure Virgin’s church, and he gave speedy help in their affairs to everyone who gave alms. The saint exposed the wicked trick and drove the devil away. the salvation of his neighbor, Saint Basil also visited the taverns, where he tried to see a grain of goodness, even in people very much gone to ruin, and to strengthen and encourage them by kindness. Many observed that when the saint passed by a house in which they made merry and drank, he wept and clutched the corners of that house. They inquired of the fool what this meant, and he answered: “Angels stand in sorrow at the house and are distressed by the sins of the people, but I entreat them with tears to pray to the Lord for the conversion of sinners.” by great deeds and by the prayer of his soul, the saint was also given the gift of foreseeing the future. In 1547 he predicted the great fire of Moscow; through prayer he extinguished a fire at Novgorod; and once he reproached Tsar Ivan the Terrible, because during the divine services he was preoccupied with thoughts of building a palace on the Vorobiev hills. Basil died on August 2, 1557. Saint Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow served the saint’s funeral with many clergy. His body was buried in the cemetery of Trinity church, where in 1554, the Protection cathedral was built in memory of the conquest of Kazan. His Holiness Patriarch Job glorified Saint Basil the Blessed at a Council on August 2, 1588. an early icon, Saint Basil is portrayed as old, with white hair curling at the ears, and a short, curly white beard. He is completely naked, and holds a handkerchief in his hand. The veneration of Saint Basil the Blessed was always so strong that the Trinity temple and the attached Protection church were renamed for him [the famous Saint Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow]. saint’s chains are preserved at the Moscow Spiritual Academy. Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ;

St Basil's Cathedral, Moscow Kremlin, 1561, fool for christ, barefoot cobbler
Saint Basil's Cathedral; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; Basil the Blessed, Wonderworker of Moscow, was born in December 1468 on the portico of the Elokhov church in honor of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos outside Moscow. His parents were commoners and sent their son to be trained as a cobbler. Basil’s apprenticeship, the master happened to witness a remarkable occurrence, which showed him that his student was no ordinary man. A certain merchant had brought grain to Moscow on a barge and then went to order boots, specifying that they be made in a particular way, since he would not pick them up for a year. Blessed Basil wept and said, “I wish you would cancel the order, since you will never wear them.” the perplexed master questioned his apprentice he explained that the man would not wear the boots, for he would soon die. After several days the prediction came true. he was sixteen, the saint arrived in Moscow and began the difficult exploit of foolishness for Christ. In the burning summer heat and in the winter’s harsh frost, he walked about barefoot through the streets of Moscow. His actions were strange: here he would upset a stand with kalachi, and there he would spill a jug with kvas. Angry merchants throttled the blessed one, but he endured the beatings with joy and he thanked God for them. Then it was discovered that the kalachi were poorly cooked, and the kvas was badly prepared. The reputation of Saint Basil quickly grew, and people saw him as a holy fool, a man of God, and a denouncer of wrong. certain merchant wanted to build a stone church on Pokrovna in Moscow, but its arches collapsed three times. The merchant turned to the saint for advice, and he pointed him toward Kiev. “Find there John the Cripple,” he said. “He will advise you how to construct the church.” to Kiev, the merchant sought out John, who sat in a poor hut and rocked an empty cradle. “Whom do you rock?” asked the merchant. “I weep for my beloved mother, who was made poor by my birth and upbringing.” Only then did the merchant remember his own mother, whom he had thrown out of the house. Then it became clear to him why he was not able to build the church. Returning to Moscow, he brought his mother home, begged her forgiveness, and built the church. mercy, the blessed one helped those who were ashamed to ask for alms, but who were more in need of help than others. Once, he gave away a rich imperial present to a foreign merchant who was left without anything at all. Although the man had eaten nothing for three days, he was not able to beg for food, since he wore fine clothing. saint harshly condemned those who gave alms for selfish reasons, not out of compassion for the poor and destitute, but hoping for an easy way to attract God’s blessings upon their affairs. Once, the saint saw a devil in the guise of a beggar. He sat at the gates of the All-Pure Virgin’s church, and he gave speedy help in their affairs to everyone who gave alms. The saint exposed the wicked trick and drove the devil away. the salvation of his neighbor, Saint Basil also visited the taverns, where he tried to see a grain of goodness, even in people very much gone to ruin, and to strengthen and encourage them by kindness. Many observed that when the saint passed by a house in which they made merry and drank, he wept and clutched the corners of that house. They inquired of the fool what this meant, and he answered: “Angels stand in sorrow at the house and are distressed by the sins of the people, but I entreat them with tears to pray to the Lord for the conversion of sinners.” by great deeds and by the prayer of his soul, the saint was also given the gift of foreseeing the future. In 1547 he predicted the great fire of Moscow; through prayer he extinguished a fire at Novgorod; and once he reproached Tsar Ivan the Terrible, because during the divine services he was preoccupied with thoughts of building a palace on the Vorobiev hills. Basil died on August 2, 1557. Saint Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow served the saint’s funeral with many clergy. His body was buried in the cemetery of Trinity church, where in 1554, the Protection cathedral was built in memory of the conquest of Kazan. His Holiness Patriarch Job glorified Saint Basil the Blessed at a Council on August 2, 1588. an early icon, Saint Basil is portrayed as old, with white hair curling at the ears, and a short, curly white beard. He is completely naked, and holds a handkerchief in his hand. The veneration of Saint Basil the Blessed was always so strong that the Trinity temple and the attached Protection church were renamed for him [the famous Saint Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow]. saint’s chains are preserved at the Moscow Spiritual Academy. Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1;

Moscow Cathedral, St Basil's, Moscow Kremlin, 1561
Saint Basil's Cathedral; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1;

Church of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos, St Basil's, 1561
Church of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos, Saint Basil's Cathedral; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6 ;

Moscow Spiritual Academy
Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas; Church of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos, Saint Basil's Cathedral; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6 ;

Patriarchal Theophany (Epiphany) monastery, Moscow Kremlin, 1296
Theophany (Epiphany) monastery; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20;

Theophany (Epiphany) monastery, Moscow Kremlin, 1296
Theophany (Epiphany) monastery; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20;

Moscow Theological Seminary, Slavic Greek Latin Academy, 1682
Moscow Theological Seminary, Slavic Greek Latin Academy; St. George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21;

Arbat Gate (Arbatskaya Square, Moscow, Church of Saint Tikhon)
Arbat Gate (Arbatskaya Square, Moscow) ; Square or Arbat Square is one of the oldest squares of Moscow, located on the junction of Gogolevsky Boulevard, Znamenka Street and Arbat Gates Square (in 1925–1993 – part of Arbatskaya Square). square is home to the Arbatskaya metro station, on Filyovskaya Line. square is dominated by the wide avenue of New Arbat, however, prior to redevelopment of the 1960s, the square was located south from this avenue, on the line of Arbat Street and the vestibule of Arbatskaya subway station. Arbat Gates of Bely Gorod were located here; the wall of Bely Gorod was demolished in the 1750s-1770s, the tower in 1792, creating the original Arbat Gates Square. was no straight connection between Vozdvizhenka and Arbat: westbound coaches had to make a sharp turn south into Nikitsky Boulevard, past a corner block on this boulevard, then make a turn west into either Arbat, Povarskaya Street, Bolshaya Molchanovka, Malaya Molchanovka or Merzlyakovsky Lane. All these four streets fanned out west from the square. In 1807–1812, it hosted Arbatsky Theater [ru], which perished in the Fire of Moscow (1812), as well as most of the neighborhoods around it. Arbat Fountain, originally a fire reservoir (1840s), later a decorative fountain, was located in the south of the square, on the line of Maly Afanasyevsky Lane. In 1945, it was refitted with sculptures and granite slabs in stalinist style, only to be destroyed in the 1960s. Icon of the Mother of God of Galatea, Commemorated July 4 ; Galatea Icon of the Mother of God is found in Galatea (one of the districts of Constantinople), at Perge (in a tower). In honor of the holy icon a monastery was formed, which existed until the seventeenth century. An exact copy of the icon is located in Moscow, in the Church of Saint Tikhon, at the Arbat Gate. Galatea Icon is of the Hodegetria type.

Strastna monastery in Strastna Square (Passion Monastery) 1654
Strastna monastery in Strastna Square; Icon of the Mother of God Â, Commemorated on August 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God œof the PassionÂ, Commemorated on April 30;

Passions Monastery (Pushkinskaya Square, Moscow, 1654)
Passions Monastery (Pushkinskaya Square); Icon of the Mother of God œof the Passion's, Commemorated on August 13 ; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19;

St Tryphon's Church at Naprudnoe, 38, Moskva, 129272
St Tryphon's Church at Naprudnoe, 38, Moskva, 129272; Martyr Tryphon of Lampsacus Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1;

Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos at Putinki on Malaya Dmitrovka street, 1649
Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos at Putinki on Malaya Dmitrovka street Malaya Dmitrovka street; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 25;

Moscow'™s Dormition churchi on Malaya Dmitrovka street, 1649
Moscow'™s Dormition churchi on Malaya Dmitrovka street, 1649, The only church on the short street. Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos at Putinki on Malaya Dmitrovka street Malaya Dmitrovka street; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 25;

Lubianka prison, 1897 (just outside Kremlin Area)
Lubianka prison ; "ÂœTHE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES"Â, Commemorated July 16 ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated September 27 ;

Poland, 1611-1721, Swedish Empire, Gustav II to Great Northern War.kmz

Poland, 1611-1721, Swedish Empire, Gustav II to Great Northern War
Poland, 1611-1721, Swedish Empire, Gustav II to Great Northern War ;

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads Folder

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads, Moscow Road to Poland Folder, 1200

Moscow Road to Poland 1 (Moscow)
Moscow Road to Poland;

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads, Moscow Road to St Petersburg Folder

Moscow to St. Petersburg Trade Route 1 (Moscow towards Tver)
Saint Petersburg Trade Route

Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast (St Petersburg Trade Route)
Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads Folder, Moscow Volga Canal, 1937

Moscow Volga Canal 7 (Moscova River 3)
Moscow Canal;

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads, Muravsky Trail Folder, 1200

Muravsky Trail
Muravsky Trail To avoid major river crossings, the route followed the high ground between the basins of the Dnieper and Don, making an almost straight line from the Dnieper bend to Tula. It ran mostly through thinly populated tallgrass steppe country ('MuravÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â¡' is an old Slavic word for prairie or grassland) avoiding forests, marshes and river crossings. ;

Muravsky Trail 6 (Livny, Elets, Oka River1)

Ryazan frontier (Oka River 1-9, along Muravsky Trail)
Ryazan frontier; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21 ; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated January 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; St Peter, Tonsured David, the Wonderworker of Murom, Commemorated on June 25; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads, Trans Siberian Road and Railway, 1868 Railway

Trans-Siberian Railway (RWY) 1 - Yaroslav Terminal in Moscow
Trans-Siberian Railway (Yaroslav Terminal in Moscow);

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads, The Merchants Road to Nizhny Novgorod, 1395

The Merchant's Road 1 - Moscow
The Merchant's Road Moscow, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod

Russia, Moscow, Great Abatis Line Folder, 1525-1736

1 First Great Line finished 1566

First Great Abatis Line along Oka finished 1566

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Bryansk
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Bryansk;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Belyov
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Belyov;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Tula
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Tula;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Zaraysk
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Zaraysk;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Kolomna
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Kolomna;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Ryazan
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Ryazan;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Serpukhov
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Serpukhov;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Meshchera
Meshchera (Meshchera Lowlands); Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Meshchera;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Nizhny Novgorod
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Nizhny Novgorod;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Kozelsk
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Kozelsk;

2 Second Great Line finished 1640

Second Great Abatis Line Finished 1640

Great Abatis Line 1640 - Alatyr
Great Abatis Line 1640 - Alatyr;

Great Abatis Line 1640 - Oryol
Great Abatis Line 1640 - Oryol;

Great Abatis Line 1640 - Novhorod-Siverskyi
Great Abatis Line 1640 - Novhorod-Siverskyi;

Great Abatis Line 1640 - Putyvl
Great Abatis Line 1640 - Putyvl;

3 Third Great Line finished 1736

Third Great Abatis Line 1736

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Livny
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Livny;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Kursk
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Kursk;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Belgorod
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Belgorod;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Voronezh
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Voronezh;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Tambov
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Tambov;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Simbirsk
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Simbirsk;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Baskirs
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Baskirs;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Kazan
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Kazan;

Russia, Pereyaslavl Lake Folder, Pereslavl-Zalessky

Pereyaslavl (Lake Pereyaslavl, Pereslavl-Zalessky)
Pereslavl-Zalessky; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky; Uncovering of the relics of St Andrew the Prince of Smolensk, Commemorated on October 27 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated November 22 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11 ; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Uncut MountÂ, Commemorated on March 24 ; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Nikita the Stylite, Wonderworker of Pereyaslavl, Zalesski, Commemorated on May 24; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Paisius the Abbot of Uglich, Commemorated on June 6; Second glorification of the Holy Right-Believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on June 12;

Church of John Chrysostom, Godenovo, Pereslavl-Zalessky
Church of John Chrysostom, Godenovo; Saint Euthymius, Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11;

Russia, Pereyaslavl, Trubezha River Folder, Into Lake Pereyaslavl

Trubezha River Source (along the border)

Trubezh River Mouth (Lake Pereyaslavl)
Trubezha River, City set up on Trubezha River - One of a line of defensive points against nomadic peoples, the ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœnotched boundaryÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ. ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Pereslav-Zalessk, Pereyaslavl (Trubezha River Mouth into Lake Pereyaslavl)
Pereslavl-Zalessky; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky; Uncovering of the relics of St Andrew the Prince of Smolensk, Commemorated on October 27 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated November 22 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11 ; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Uncut MountÂ, Commemorated on March 24 ; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Nikita the Stylite, Wonderworker of Pereyaslavl, Zalesski, Commemorated on May 24; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Paisius the Abbot of Uglich, Commemorated on June 6; Second glorification of the Holy Right-Believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on June 12;

Zalesye Region - The Golden Ring
Zalesye Region - The Golden Ring; Golden Ring - Zalesye Region ; Pereslavl-Zalessky; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky; Uncovering of the relics of St Andrew the Prince of Smolensk, Commemorated on October 27 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated November 22 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11 ; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe Uncut MountÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 24 ; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Nikita the Stylite, Wonderworker of Pereyaslavl, Zalesski, Commemorated on May 24; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Paisius the Abbot of Uglich, Commemorated on June 6; Second glorification of the Holy Right-Believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on June 12;

Goritsky Monastery (Pereslavl-Zalessky) 1335
Goritsky Monastery (Pereslavl-Zalessky); Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Russia, Pereyaslavl, Nerl River (Volga) Folder, out of Lake Pereyaslavl

Nerl River Source (Lake Pereyaslavl)

Nerl River Mouth (Kalyazim, Volga River 6)

Russia, Pereyaslavl, Kashinka River Folder, across the Volga from Pereyaslavl

Kashinka River

Kashin, Pereyaslavl (Kashinka River Mouth, Volga River 6)
Kashin; Venerable Dorothy of Kashin, Commemorated September 24; Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated October 1 ; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated October 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated November 22 ; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Paisius the Abbot of Uglich. Commemorated on June 6; Transfer of the relics of the Right-Believing Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on June 12; Second glorification of the Holy Right-Believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on June 12;

Kalyazin monastery (18 versts from Kashn, across the Volga) 1450
Kalyazin monastery or Nikolaev Klobukov monastery at Kalyazin. Saint Macarius of Kalyazin found a suitable place between two lakes, eighteen versts from Kashin. Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated September 26; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ;

Saint Macarius of Kalyazin Solitary Wilderness Monestary, 1450
Saint Macarius of Kalyazin found a suitable place between two lakes, eighteen versts from Kashin. Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17;

Kalyazin, Pereyaslavl (Kashinka River Mouth, Volga River 6)
Kalyazin; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17; Icon of the Mother of God of "œthe Uncut Mount"Â, Commemorated on March 24 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26; Venerable Paisius the Abbot of Uglich, Commemorated on June 6;

Kalyazin monastery, Pereyaslavl, 1450
Kalyazin monastery; Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ;

Kashinka River Source (Valdai Hills)

Kashinka River Mouth (Kashin, Volga River 6)

Russia, Rostov Folder, Yaroslav, and its vicinity

Rostov-Yaroslavl
Rostov-Yaroslavl; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Blessed John "œthe Hairy"Â and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on September 3 ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Demetrius (Dmitri) the Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on September 21; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite of Rostov, Commemorated on October 29; Blessed John "œthe Hairy"Â and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on November 12 ; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Unexpected joy"Â, Commemorated on December 9 ; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23 ; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14 ; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov, Commemorated on May 23;

Rostov the Great
Rostov the Great; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5;

Russia, Rostov, Lake Nero Folder, Rostov

Lake Nera (Nero)
Lake Nera; Blessed John œthe HairyÂ and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on September 3; St James the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on November 27; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30;

Rostov (Lake Nero), Rostov the Great
Rustov; Rostov the Great; Rustov Cathedral; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated July 3 ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Venerable Leonid of Ustnedumsk, Commemorated on July 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated July 18 ; Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated on July 21 ; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Martyrs and Passion-Bearers Boris and Gleb, Commemorated on July 24; Appearance of the Smolensk "œDirectress" Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Yuga, Commemorated on July 28; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28 ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14 ; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; St Bogolep, disciple of St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on August 22; St Adrian of Uglich, Commemorated August 26 ; Blessed John "œthe Hairy"Â and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on September 3 ; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Isaakov, Commemorated September 8 ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Demetrius (Dmitri) the Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on September 21 ; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392); Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated September 25 ; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; St Paul of Rostov, Commemorated on October 22 ; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite of Rostov, Commemorated on October 29 ; Martyr Orestes of Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 10 ; Blessed John "œthe Hairy"Â and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on November 12 ; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; St James the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated December 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Unexpected joy"Â, Commemorated on December 9 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Schemamonk Cyril, the Father of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated January 18 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated on January 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unexpected Joy", Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sumorin-Totem, Commemorated on January 28 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated January 28 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated February 1 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated on February 11 ; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated on February 26; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5 ; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14; Uncovering of the relics of St Leontius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 23; Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov, Commemorated on May 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14; St Ignatius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 28; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping "œIlyin Chernigov"Â, Commemorated on April 16 ; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of "œthe Unexpected Joy"Â from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubech, Commemorated on May 7 ; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Right-believing John the Prince of Uglich, Tonsured As Ignatius, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov, Commemorated on May 23; St Ignatius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 28; Venerable Paisius the Abbot of Uglich. Commemorated on June 6; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9; Venerable Andronicus the Abbot of Moscow and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 13; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Sarsk, Rostov (Sarskoye Gorodishche)
Sarsk, Rostov (Sarskoye Gorodishche); Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Theophany-Abramiev, Abraham's monastery of the Theophany, Rostov, 1030 or so
monastery of the Theophany; Venerable Abramius, Archimandrite of Rostov, Commemorated on October 29 Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Church of St. Gregory the Theologian, Rostov Kremlin, Rostov, Russia
Church of St. Gregory the Theologian, Rostov Kremlin, Rostov, Russia; Saint Stephen, Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26;

Conception-Saint James, Spaso-Yakovlevsky Monastery of Dimitri, 1389
Conception-Saint James monastery, Spaso-Yakovlevsky Monastery of St. Dimitri, 1389 ; Saint James the Wonderworker, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 27;

Russia, Rostov, Ust and Kotorosi River Folder, In and Out of Nero

Ust River Source (along the border, close to Volga River)

Trinity Monastery of St Bassian (Kotorosl River Source) 1492
Trinity Monastery of St Bassian, 30 Versts South of Uglich ; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12 ;

Trinity Monastery of St Bassian, 30 Versts South of Uglich, 1492
Trinity Monastery of St Bassian, 30 Versts South of Uglich ; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12 ;

Ust River 1 (Novy Torg, Boris and Gleb, and Rostov)

Novy Torg, Rostov (Ust River 1)
Boris and Gleb monastery, Novy Torg. Saint Ephraim of Novy Torg, founder of the Sts Boris and Gleb monastery in the city of Novy Torg, was a native of Hungary. ; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated July 11 ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated August 14 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14; Boris and Gleb monastery; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated January 28 ;

Novtorsk, Novy Torg, Rostov (Ust River 1)
Boris and Gleb monastery, Novy Torg. Saint Ephraim of Novy Torg, founder of the Sts Boris and Gleb monastery in the city of Novy Torg, was a native of Hungary. ; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated July 11 ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated August 14 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14; Boris and Gleb monastery; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated January 28 ;

Boris and Gleb monastery, Novy Torg, Rostov, 1363 or so
Boris and Gleb monastery; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, in the world Konon, was the son of a Ryazan merchant. In his youth he left his parental home and lived for five years as a novice of the Elder Paul in the Lukianov wilderness near Pereyaslavl. Afterwards the young ascetic transferred to the Pereyaslavl monastery of Saints Boris and Gleb on the Sands [Peskakh]. Konon eagerly went to church and unquestioningly did everything that they commanded him. holy novice did not sit down to eat in the trapeza with the brethren, but contented himself with whatever remained, accepting food only three times a week. After five years, he received monastic tonsure with the name Cornelius. From that time no one saw the monk sleeping on a bed. Several of the brethren scoffed at Saint Cornelius as foolish, but he quietly endured the insults and intensified his efforts. Having asked permission of the igumen to live as a hermit, he secluded himself into his own separately constructed cell and constantly practiced asceticism in fasting and prayer. the brethren found him barely alive, and the cell was locked from within. Three months Saint Cornelius lay ill, and he could take only water and juice. The monk, having recovered and being persuaded by the igumen, stayed to live with the brethren. Saint Cornelius was the sacristan in church, he served in the trapeza, and also toiled in the garden. As if to bless the saint’s labors, excellent apples grew in the monastery garden, which he lovingly distributed to visitors. body of Saint Cornelius was withered up from strict fasting, but he did not cease to toil. With his own hands he built a well for the brethren. For thirty years Saint Cornelius lived in complete silence, being considered by the brethren as deaf and dumb. Before his death on July 22, 1693, Saint Cornelius made his confession to the monastery priest Father Barlaam, received the Holy Mysteries and took the schema. was buried in the chapel. Nine years later, during the construction of a new church, his relics were found incorrupt. In the year 1705, Saint Demetrius, Metropolitan of Rostov (October 28), saw the relics of Saint Cornelius, and they were in the new church in a secluded place. The holy bishop composed a Troparion and Kontakion to the saint. Martyrs and Passion-Bearers Boris and Gleb, Commemorated on July 24; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14; St Paul of Rostov, Commemorated on October 22 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated January 28 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated on February 11 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Borisoglebsk monastery (Ust River 1) 1363 or so
Borisoglebsk monastery; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; St Paul of Rostov, Commemorated on October 22 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated January 28 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ;

Ust (Ustye) River Mouth (Kotorosi River 1)
Ustye River; St. Paul of Rostov, Commemorated on October 22;

Kotorosi River Source (Lake Nero)

Kotorosi River 2 (Karabikha)

Kotorosl River Mouth (Volga River 8, Yaroslav)

Russia, Rostov, Yaroslavl Folder, Kotorosi Mouth at Volga River

Yaroslavl, Rostov (Kotorosl River Mouth at Volga River 8)
Yaroslav; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated July 18 ; Appearance of the Smolensk "œDirectress"Â Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Yuga, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8 ; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; Blessed John "œthe Hairy"Â and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on September 3 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Isaakov, Commemorated September 8 ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated on September 19 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9 ; Blessed John "œthe Hairy"Â and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on November 12 ; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Yaroslav-Smolensk ; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Unexpected joy"Â, Commemorated on December 9 ; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda. Commemorated on December 18 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ; Venerable Ignatius of Loma and Yaroslav, Commemorated December 28 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated on January 24 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated February 1 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14 ; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Uncovering of the relics of St Leontius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 23; Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov, Commemorated on May 23; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Makov Nobility (Yaroslavl, Rostov)
Makov Nobility (Yaroslavl, Rostov): Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7;

Fyodorovskaya Church, Fyodorovskaya Icon, Theodore's Icon, 1682
Fyodorovskaya Church; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14;

Ascension Church, Yaroslavl, 1584-1682
Ascension Church, Yaroslav l; Icon of the Mother of God of Yaroslav-Smolensk, Commemorated on October 12; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14;

Cherepovets Ascension monastery, Yaroslav, Rostov, 1584-1682
Cherepovets Ascension monastery is probably at the Ascension Church; Icon of the Mother of God of Yaroslav-Smolensk, Commemorated on October 12; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda. Commemorated on December 18 ;

Votkha River ?

Adrian's Poshekhonye Monalstery?, River Votkha?
Adrian's Poshekhonye Monalstery?, River Votkha?, This is the only other river in the area. Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl,Commemorated on March 5;

Russia, Rostov, Gridenka River Folder, Downriver Right Side

Nerekhta, Yaroslav, Rostov, Kostroma (River Gridenka, near Volga River 8.4)
Nerekhta; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15;

Russia, Rostov, Tolga River Folder, Upriver Left Side

Tolga River Source

Tolga River 1

Tolga River Mouth (Volga River 8)
Tolga: The Tolga Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos appeared on August 8, 1314 to the Rostov hierarch Prochorus (Tryphon in schema). Going about his diocese, the saint visited the environs of White Lake and from there traveled along the banks of the Rivers Sheksna and Volga, to Yaroslavl. Having stopped with the approach of night 7 versts distant from Yaroslavl, at the right bank of the Volga River there flows opposite into it the River Tolga.

Romanov, Rostov (now Tutaev, Tolga River, Volga River 8)
Romanov (now Tutaev), Rostov (Volga River 8) ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda. Commemorated on December 18 ; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated February 3 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated on February 26;

Tolga monastery, 1314
Tolga monastery; The Tolga Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is also commemorated on August 8; Tolga Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos appeared on August 8, 1314 to the Rostov hierarch Prochorus (Tryphon in schema). Going about his diocese, the saint visited the environs of White Lake and from there traveled along the banks of the Rivers Sheksna and Volga, to Yaroslavl. Having stopped with the approach of night 7 versts distant from Yaroslavl, at the right bank of the Volga River there flows opposite into it the River Tolga. midnight, when everyone was asleep, the saint awoke and saw a bright light illuminating the area. The light proceeded from a fiery column on the other bank of the river, to which there stretched a bridge. Taking up his staff, the saint went across to the other bank, and having approached the fiery column, he beheld on it the icon of the Most Holy Theotokos, suspended in the air. Astonished at the miracle, the saint prayed for a long time, and when he went back, he forgot to take his staff. next day, after serving Matins, when Saint Prochorus was preparing to continue his journey by boat, they began to search for his staff, but they were not able to find it anywhere. The saint then remembered that he had forgotten his staff on the other side of the river, where he had gone across on the miraculous bridge. He then revealed what had occurred, and sent servants across on a boat to the other shore. They came back and reported that in the forest they had seen an icon of the Mother of God suspended in the branches of a tree, next to his bishop’s staff. saint quickly crossed over with all his retinue to the opposite shore, and he recognized the icon that had appeared to him. Then after fervent prayer before the icon, they cleared the forest at that place, and put down the foundations of a church. When the people of Yaroslavl learned of this, they came out to the indicated spot. By midday the church was already built, and in the evening the saint consecrated it in honor of the Entrance into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, and having installed the icon there he established a Feast on the day of its appearance. Saint Prochorus later built the Tolga monastery near this church. Saint Prochorus died on September 7, 1328. Tolga Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is also commemorated on July 18. Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on July 18; Tolga Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos appeared on August 8, 1314 to the Rostov hierarch Prochorus (Tryphon in schema). Going about his diocese, the saint visited the environs of White Lake and from there traveled along the banks of the Rivers Sheksna and Volga, to Yaroslavl. Having stopped with the approach of night 7 versts distant from Yaroslavl, at the right bank of the Volga River there flows opposite into it the River Tolga. midnight, when everyone was asleep, the saint awoke and saw a bright light illuminating the area. The light proceeded from a fiery column on the other bank of the river, to which there stretched a bridge. Taking up his staff, the saint went across to the other bank, and having approached the fiery column, he beheld on it the icon of the Most Holy Theotokos, suspended in the air. Astonished at the miracle, the saint prayed for a long time, and when he went back, he forgot to take his staff. next day, after serving Matins, when Saint Prochorus was preparing to continue his journey by boat, they began to search for his staff, but they were not able to find it anywhere. The saint then remembered that he had forgotten his staff on the other side of the river, where he had gone across on the miraculous bridge. He then revealed what had occurred, and sent servants across on a boat to the other shore. They came back and reported that in the forest they had seen an icon of the Mother of God suspended in the branches of a tree, next to his bishop’s staff. saint quickly crossed over with all his retinue to the opposite shore, and he recognized the icon that had appeared to him. Then after fervent prayer before the icon, they cleared the forest at that place, and put down the foundations of a church. When the people of Yaroslavl learned of this, they came out to the indicated spot. By midday the church was already built, and in the evening the saint consecrated it in honor of the Entrance into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, and having installed the icon there he established a Feast on the day of its appearance. Saint Prochorus later built the Tolga monastery near this church. Saint Prochorus died on September 7, 1328. Tolga Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is also commemorated on August 8.

Tolga, Rostov (Tolga River Mouth, Volga River 8) bright light, fiery column, bridge, suspended icon, in tree with staff
Tolga: The Tolga Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos appeared on August 8, 1314 to the Rostov hierarch Prochorus (Tryphon in schema). Going about his diocese, the saint visited the environs of White Lake and from there traveled along the banks of the Rivers Sheksna and Volga, to Yaroslavl. Having stopped with the approach of night 7 versts distant from Yaroslavl, at the right bank of the Volga River there flows opposite into it the River Tolga. Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated July 18 ; Tolga Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos appeared on August 8, 1314 to the Rostov hierarch Prochorus (Tryphon in schema). Going about his diocese, the saint visited the environs of White Lake and from there traveled along the banks of the Rivers Sheksna and Volga, to Yaroslavl. Having stopped with the approach of night 7 versts distant from Yaroslavl, at the right bank of the Volga River there flows opposite into it the River Tolga. midnight, when everyone was asleep, the saint awoke and saw a bright light illuminating the area. The light proceeded from a fiery column on the other bank of the river, to which there stretched a bridge. Taking up his staff, the saint went across to the other bank, and having approached the fiery column, he beheld on it the icon of the Most Holy Theotokos, suspended in the air. Astonished at the miracle, the saint prayed for a long time, and when he went back, he forgot to take his staff. next day, after serving Matins, when Saint Prochorus was preparing to continue his journey by boat, they began to search for his staff, but they were not able to find it anywhere. The saint then remembered that he had forgotten his staff on the other side of the river, where he had gone across on the miraculous bridge. He then revealed what had occurred, and sent servants across on a boat to the other shore. They came back and reported that in the forest they had seen an icon of the Mother of God suspended in the branches of a tree, next to his bishop’s staff. saint quickly crossed over with all his retinue to the opposite shore, and he recognized the icon that had appeared to him. Then after fervent prayer before the icon, they cleared the forest at that place, and put down the foundations of a church. When the people of Yaroslavl learned of this, they came out to the indicated spot. By midday the church was already built, and in the evening the saint consecrated it in honor of the Entrance into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, and having installed the icon there he established a Feast on the day of its appearance. Saint Prochorus later built the Tolga monastery near this church. Saint Prochorus died on September 7, 1328. Tolga Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is also commemorated on August 8. Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8;

Russia, Rostov, Uchma River Folder, Way Upriver Left Side

Uchma River Source

Uchma River Mouth (Uglich, Volga River 7)

Uglich, Rostov (Uchma River, Volga River 7)
Uglich; Alexeyevsky Monestary and Convent in Ugich ; St Bogolep, disciple of St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated August 22 ; St Adrian of Uglich, Commemorated August 26 ; They were singing an Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos. Suddenly, throughout all the monastery there shone an extraordinary light, and the monks heard a voice calling them to come out of the cell. The ascetics came out in fear and in confusion, and an angel showed them the Mother of God, sitting on an airy throne and holding the Divine Infant in Her arms. The ascetics fell frightened to the ground, but the angel raised them up and related to Saint Paisius the command of the Mother of God to build on this place a church in honor of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos. The vision ended, and the monks spent the whole night in vigil and praise. Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated October 2 ; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8 ; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated February 3 ; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Right-believing John the Prince of Uglich, Tonsured As Ignatius, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Paisius the Abbot of Uglich. Commemorated on June 6;

Dormition of the Mother of God Monestary (Uglich) 1464
Dormition of the Mother of God Monestary; Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated October 2 ;

Protection monastery, Ugich, Rostov, 1464
Protection monastery, Ugich, Rostov; Uglich; St Bogolep, disciple of St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on August 22; Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated October 2 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated on January 24 ; St. Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ;

Alexeyevsky Monestary, Ugich, Rostov, 1464
Alexeyevsky Monestary and Convent in Ugich; Uglich; St Bogolep, disciple of St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on August 22; Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated October 2 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated on January 24 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ;

Russia, Radonezh Folder, and vicinity

Makovets, 12 Versts or Kilometers from Radonezh

Russia, Radonezh, Moscow Volga Canal Folder, Yakhroma River

Moscow Volga Canal, 1932

Moscow Volga Canal 1 (Volga River 5)
Moscow Canal;

Tushino, Radonezh, near Moscow Volga Canal, False Dimitri II
Tushino; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17;

Moscow Volga Canal 2

Moscow Volga Canal 3 (Yakhroma River)

Russia, Radonezh, Moscow Volga Canal 3, Yakhroma River Folder

Yakhroma River Source (along the border)

Yakhroma River 1 (Alexandrov)

Yakhroma River 2 (Sergiyev, Radonezh)

Radonezh (Yakhroma River 3)
Radonezh; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God "Chernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated September 1 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Athanasius of Serpukhov, Commemorated on September 12 ; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated September 25; Venerable Schemamonk Cyril the Father of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated September 28 ; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392); Venerable Sergius the Abbot of Nurma and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Vologda, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated on November 17 ; St Athanasius, œthe Iron StaffÂ and disciple of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on November 26 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3 ; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated December 5 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Schemamonk Cyril, the Father of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated January 18 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25 ; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12 ; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated February 18 ; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4 ; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of œthe LadderÂ, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Martyr Anthony of Vilnius, Lithuania, Commemorated on April 14; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping œIlyin ChernigovÂ, Commemorated on April 16 ; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Venerable Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 4; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Andronicus the Abbot of Moscow and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 13; St Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha, Commemorated on June 14; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Trinity Lavra of St Sergius (Radonezh) 1337
Trinity Lavra (Monestary) of St Sergius; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; Holy Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God is located at the Holy Trinity Sergiev Lavra in the Smolensk church on the left side of the Royal Doors. this icon in 1730 there a cantor, whose hands were bent and rigid to the back, received healing. The Mother of God appeared to him in a vision and healed him. This occurrence was attested to by physicians. Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God "Chernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated September 1 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Athanasius of Serpukhov, Commemorated on September 12 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated October 26 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated on September 25; Venerable Sergius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Yaroslav-Smolensk, Commemorated October 12 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, November 17 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated Janaury 25 ; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of œthe LadderÂ, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping œIlyin ChernigovÂ, Commemorated on April 16 ; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6 ; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius ™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Andronicus the Abbot of Moscow and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 13; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5; Synaxis of the Saints of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 6 ;

Church of the Holy Spirit (Radonezh) 1476
Trinity Lavra (Monestary) of St Sergius; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God "Chernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated September 1 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Athanasius of Serpukhov, Commemorated on September 12 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated October 26 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated on September 25; Venerable Sergius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Yaroslav-Smolensk, Commemorated October 12 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, November 17 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated Janaury 25 ; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœIlyin ChernigovÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on April 16 ; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6 ; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Andronicus the Abbot of Moscow and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 13; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5; Synaxis of the Saints of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 6 ;

Moscow Theological Academy, 1687, Radonezh, 1814, Trinity Lavra of St Sergius
Moscow Theological Academy, Radonezh, Trinity Lavra of St Sergius, 1687, moved to Radonezh in 1814; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10;

Makovets, Radonezh (deep forest at Makovets hill)
Makovets (deep forest at Makovets hill); Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ;

Troitzka (Trinity) Abbey, Radonezh, 1337
Troitzka (Trinity) Abbey, Radonezh, Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, November 17 ; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; St Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha, Commemorated on June 14; Synaxis of the Saints of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 6 ;

Sergiev monastery of St Sergius of Radonezh, 1337
monastery of St Sergius of Radonezh; Icon of the Mother of God "Chukhloma" from Galich, Commemorated July 20 ; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated on November 17 ; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated December 5 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius'™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; St Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha, Commemorated on June 14; Synaxis of the Saints of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 6 ; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Gethsemane skete (Chernigovsky skete, Radonezh)
Gethsemane skete; Icon of the Mother of God œChernigov-Gethsemane, Commemorated on September 1; Chernigov-Gethsemane Icon of the Mother of God is a copy of the famed Ilyin-Chernigov Icon of the Mother of God (April 16), which was to be found at the Trinity-Ilyin monastery near Chernigov on Mount Boldina, and where in the eleventh century Saint Anthony of the Kiev Caves struggled in asceticism. Demetrius of Rostov described the miracles of this icon in his book THE BEDEWED FLEECE. He wrote in conclusion: “The end of the booklet, but not of the miracles of the Most Holy Theotokos, for who can count them?” The grace-bearing power of this icon is manifest also in its copies. Chernigov-Gethsemane Icon of the Mother of God was painted in the mid-eighteenth century and was passed on to the Trinity Sergiev Lavra in 1852 by Alexandra Grigorievna Philippova, who piously kept it for a quarter century. (This icon was given to her by the priest John Alekseev, who received it in turn from one of the monks of the Trinity Sergiev Lavra.) the advice of the head of the Lavra, Archimandrite Anthony (+ May 1, 1877), the icon was placed in the newly-consecrated cave church named for Saint Michael, Leader of the Heavenly Hosts, which was consecrated on October 27, 1851 by Saint Philaret, Metropolitan of Moscow (November 19), who assumed an active role in the building of the Gethsemane skete. this manner, the icon took in the currents of grace of all the history of the Russian Church, it acquired the blessing of Saint Anthony of the Caves, of Saint Sergius of Radonezh and of his parents Saints Cyril and Maria (September 28), and finally, of the ascetics of the nineteenth century. These spiritual connections providentially come forth through the Chernigov-Gethsemane Icon of the Mother of God. is remarkable that the first miracle of this icon was witnessed on the day of the Church New Year, September 1, 1869, when the twenty-eight-year-old peasant of Tula governance, Thekla Adrianova, was healed, after being completely crippled for nine years. at the hostel by the caves, and then at the Lavra during the celebration of the Repose of Saint Sergius (September 25), Thekla recovered completely. Saint Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow (October 6 and March 31), learned of the miracle from his daughter the nun Polyxeni, treasurer of the Borisov wilderness monastery. On the feast of Saint Sergius, he himself met with Thekla and asked her about the details of the healing. On September 26, 1869 Saint Innocent arrived at the Gethsemane skete and gave the blessing for a Molieben to be served before the glorified icon, while he himself prayed with tears. September 26 three healings had occurred already, and a whole series of miracles in November of that same year. The fame of the icon of the Mother of God spread with unusual swiftness. Exhausted by suffering and sickness, thirsting for bodily and spiritual healing, people from every class of society came with firm faith to the wonderworking icon, and the mercy of God did not forsake them. the beginning of the twentieth century, more than 100 miracles had been recorded. By its great esteem the icon benefited the ascetics of the Gethsemane skete: the schemamonk Philip (+ May 18, 1868), the founder of the cave monastery, and his three sons, the hieroschemamonks Ignatius (+ 1900), Porphyrius (+ 1905 ?) and Basil (+ April 1, 1915). They preserved accounts of the deep love, which the hieromonk Elder Isidore (+ February 3, 1908) displayed for the Chernigov-Gethsemane Icon. initial celebration of the icon was established on April 16, on the day when Ilyin-Cherigov icon was celebrated. Later, it was transferred to September 1, the day of its glorification. At the present time there are copies of the Chernigov-Gethsemane icon at Trinity-Sergiev Lavra. They are found in the temple of Saint Sergius, in the monastery trapeza, and in the portico of the Trinity cathedral, painted by Elders of the Gethsemane skete and the Zosimov wilderness monastery.

Peshnosha monastery, Radonezh, Yakhroma River Mouth, Moscow Canal
Dmitrov; Peshnosha monastery; Venerable Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 4; St Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha, Commemorated on June 14;

Peshnosha
Peshnosha is in a marshy place beyond the Yakhroma River from St Sergius Trintiy Monestary near Radonezh.

Yakhroma River 3 (Dmitrov on Moscow Canal)

Dmitrov, Radonezh (Yakhroma River, Moscow Canal) 1154
Dmitrov; Burial of St Andrew the Prince ; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Yakhroma River 4 (Yakhroma on Moscow Canal)

Yakhroma, Radonezh (Yakhroma River Mouth, Volga Canal 3)
Yakhroma (Yakhroma River); Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14 ; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated February 18 ; St Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha, Commemorated on June 14;

Moscow Volga Canal 4

church of the Dormition at Mogiltsy (east of Moscow Volga Canal 4, on Trans Siberian RWY)
church of the Dormition at Mogiltsy, Moscow Oblast, Russia, 141273; The "Unfading Flower" Icon depicts the Theotokos holding her Divine Son on her right arm, and in her left hand is a bouquet of white lilies. The lilies symbolize the unfading flower of virginity and purity of the Mother of God, to whom the Church sings: “You are the root of virginity and the Unfading Flower of purity.â€ In Moscow there are two churches with Icons with this name: the church of the Dormition at Mogil'tsy (December 31), and the Alexeyev Monastery. Other icons of this name are in Kungur (Perm Gubernia); in the former town of Kadome of Tambov Province, namely, in the Merciful Theotokos womens' monastery; and in the Nativity of the Theotokos church of Voronezh.

Moscow Volga Canal 5

Russia, Pskov Folder, its rivers and Pskov lakes

Pskov region (Pskov Lakes)
Pskov region; Venerable Constantine the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov, Commemorated on July 29; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God œof the SignÂ at Novgorod, Commemorated on November 27 ; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God œTendernessÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23 ;

Russia, Pskov, Southern Pskov, Velikaya River Folder, Pskov

Velikaya River Source (Bezhanitsy Hills)
Bezhanitsy Hills

Velikaya River 1 (Opochsk)

Opochsk, Pskov (Velikaya River 1)
Opochsk (Velikaya River 1) ; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15 ;

Velikaya River 2 (Sorot River Mouth)
Sorot River Mouth

Russia, Pskov, Southern, Velikaya 2, Sarov River Folder

Sarot River Source (Lake Mikhalkinskoye)

Sorot River Mouth (Velikaya River 2)
Sorot River Mouth

Mikhaylovskoye Museum

Novorzhev, Pskov (Possible home of Cyril of New Lake)
Novorzhev, Pskov; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7; Cyril the wonderworker of New Lake reposed on February 4, 1532. May 1648, during the reign of Alexei Mihailovich, a popular rebellion against Moscow broke out among some of those who were members of the Tsar's retinue. Peter Trahanitov, the head of the artillery, the Deacon Eleazar, and many others were killed and robbed. The rebellious crowd proceeded to the Beautiful Porch and demanded the extradition of the boyar Boris Morozov, the royal tutor and kinsman. They had already broken into his house and looted the property. The boyar, with some difficulty, managed to hide from the hands of the angry mob, and soon he took refuge in the Saint Cyril of White Lake Monastery. When Igoumen Amphilokhios and the brethren learned he would be staying with them, he sent the monk Jonah to him with the icon and the Life of Saint Cyril. The boyar graciously accepted the icon and was moved by the Saint's Life. After that, his soul was filled with joy and delight, but then his tormenting fears and grief returned, and he wanted to venerate Saint Cyril's grave. having a Moleben served at the grave and praying to the Saint with tears, the boyar said to the Igoumen and the brotherhood: "Holy Fathers, pray to God and His Most Pure Mother, and the venerable wonderworker Cyril for me. If God is merciful to me, by the prayers of Saint Cyril, and if I return to the royal city, and the great sovereign and his royal council take pity on me and restore me to my former rank, then I will build a stone church here in honor of the glorious Resurrection of Christ and in honor of Saint Cyril." delighted Igoumen and the brotherhood responded with their fervent good wishes. After distributing alms, the boyar returned to the Saint Cyril of White Lake Monastery. After a short time, after the excitement in Moscow subsided, the boyar was summoned by the Tsar and restored to his former position. The following year, in 1649, Morozov began to fulfill his promise. On September 4, at his orders, the Archimandrite Athanasios of the Saint Cyril of White Lake Monastery and the Elder Sabbatius Yushkov were at the foundation of the stone temple. In their presence they began to dig ditches, and when they came to the place where Saint Cyril's tomb was, a completely intact coffin was found among the roots of a tree. a patriarchal decree and the blessing of the Metropolitan and the Archimandrite, Elder Sabbatius did not dare to take the coffin from the earth in order to open and to examine It. The coffin was placed on some boards, and the discovery was reported to Metropolitan Barlaam of Rostov, Patriarch Joseph, and the boyar Morozov. Mozarov, after receiving the news, told the Tsar all this and informed him about the Life and miracles of the venerable Cyril. In October, the Patriarch, at the Tsar's suggestion, sent Archbishop Marcellus of Vologda with a Gramota instructing him to go to New Lake and examine the relics of the Saint, and move the relics to a temporary room, arrange a celebration, and report everything to the Tsar and Patriarch. Marcellus arrived at New Lake Monastery with Archimandrite Athanasios of Saint Cyril of White Lake Monastery and, from the same monastery, the cellarer Sabbatius with the Elders of the cathedral. On November 7, Igoumen Amphilokhios ordered them to remove the coffin from the earth, and then open it in order to inspect the Saint's relics and clothing. After the hierarch completed his inspection he placed the relics in a new coffin and moved it into the wooden church of the Resurrection of Christ. the Feast of the Dormition of the Theotokos Vespers was served at the cathedral in the evening. In the morning, before the Liturgy, a Moleben to the All-Merciful Savior, the Theotokos, and All Saints was served, with the blessing of water. Many sick persons were healed at the celebration. People took pieces of wood from the old coffin and brought them home because they had faith in their healing power. Cyrill is commemorated on November 7 (the discovery of his relics), on January 23 (Synaxis of All Saints of Kostroma), and on the third Sunday after Pentecost (Synaxis of All Saints of Novgorod).

Velikaya River 3 (Ostrov Nicholas Cathedral)

Ostrov Nicholas Cathedral, 1342
Saint Nicholas Cathedral; Ostrov, Ostrovsky District, Pskov Oblast ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated on December 6 ;

Velikaya River 3 (Chirsk)

Chirsk (Pskov)
Chirsk is somewhere near Pskov Icon of the Mother of God of Chirsk-Pskov, Commemorated July 16 ; Chirsk (Pskov) Icon of the Mother of God was initially in the Chirsk village church of the Pskov diocese. On July 16, 1420, during the time of Great Prince Basil Dimitrievich, Archbishop Simeon of Novgorod and Pskov, and Prince Theodore Alexandrovich were present in Pskov. In a time of a deadly pestilence, tears flowed from the eyes of the Chirsk Icon of the Mother of God. This was reported to authorities in the city of Pskov. Priests and devout men carried the wonderworking icon to Pskov. A church procession was formed to meet the icon, which was placed in the cathedral church of the Holy Trinity. the reverse of the icon are depicted the Holy Apostle and Evangelist Luke, and Saint Theodosius of the Kiev Caves.

Russia, Pskov, Southern, Velikaya 3.9, Demyanka River Folder

Demyanka River South Source (Pskov Lakes)

Demyanka River North Source (along the border)

Demyanka River North 1 (Nikander's Wilderness monastery)
River Demyanka, between Pskov and Porkhov.

Nikander's Wilderness monastery, Demyanka River 1, 1585
Nikandrov's monastery, 182648, Porkov District of Pskov; Venerable Nicander the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on September 24;

Omucha, Pskov (Near Demyanka River North, Omucha River Mouth, Shelon River 1) 1396
Omucha, Pskov (Omucha River Mouth, Shelon River 1); Venerable Theophilus the Abbot of Omutch, Pskov, Commemorated on October 21;

Velikaya River 4 (Pskov)
Velikaya River 4 (Pskov); Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on November 11;

Pskov (South End Pskov Lake, Pskov River Mouth, Velikaya River 4 or Mouth)
Pskov; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Chirsk-Pskov, Commemorated July 16 ; Chirsk (Pskov) Icon of the Mother of God was initially in the Chirsk village church of the Pskov diocese. On July 16, 1420, during the time of Great Prince Basil Dimitrievich, Archbishop Simeon of Novgorod and Pskov, and Prince Theodore Alexandrovich were present in Pskov. In a time of a deadly pestilence, tears flowed from the eyes of the Chirsk Icon of the Mother of God. This was reported to authorities in the city of Pskov. Priests and devout men carried the wonderworking icon to Pskov. A church procession was formed to meet the icon, which was placed in the cathedral church of the Holy Trinity. the reverse of the icon are depicted the Holy Apostle and Evangelist Luke, and Saint Theodosius of the Kiev Caves. Icon of the Mother of God of Sviatogorsk, Commemorated on July 17; Icon of the Mother of God of Yuga, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Constantine the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov, Commemorated on July 29; Venerable Cosmas the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov, Commemorated on July 29; Hieromartyr Benjamin the Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdovsk, Commemorated on July 31; Icon of the Mother of God of Narva, Commemorated August 14 ; St Cornelius of Paleostrov and Olonets, Commemorated August 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; St Olga St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen; Synaxis of all Saints of Pskov; St Sava of Pskov, Commemorated August 28 ; Venerable Serapion of Spaso-Eleazar Monastery, Pskov, Commemorated September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God Support of Humble, Commemorated September 16 ; Venerable Nicander the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated September 24; Icon of the Mother of God "Mirozh", Commemorated September 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe ProtectionÂ, Commemorated on October 1; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov "the Protection", Commemorated October 1 ; Venerable Dositheus the Abbot of Verkneostrov, Pskov, Commemorated October 8 ; St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated on October 16 ; Venerable Theophilus the Abbot of Omutch, Pskov, Commemorated on October 21; St John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated October 24 ; Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on November 11 ; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated on November 16 ; Great Battle of the Ice, Novogorodian defeat of Teutonic Knights 1242; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; Venerable Hilarion the Abbot of Gdov and Pskov Lake, Commemorated October 21 ; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; St John the Hermit of Pskov; Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated February 20; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Mark of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on March 29; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Translation of the relics of the Blessed Vsevolod, in Holy Baptism Gabriel, the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on April 22; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Serapion of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19 ; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of TendernessÂ from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God of œTendernessÂ, Commemorated on May 21; Venerable Onuphrius the Abbot of Malsk, Pskov, Commemorated on June 12; Icon of the Mother of God œTendernessÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Vybuty, Pskov (Velikaya River 3.5, birthplace of both Olga and Vladimir)
Vybuty, Pskov (birthplace of Olga and Vladimir); Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir (in Baptism Basil), Enlightener of the Russian Lands, Commemorated on July 15;

Mirozhsky Monastery, Pskov, Savior-Transfiguration Mirozh monastery, 1156
Mirozhsky Monastery; Venerable Abramius the Abbot of Mirozh, Pskov, Commemorated on September 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Mirozh", Commemorated September 24 ; St Abraham of Mirozh, Commemorated September 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe ProtectionÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 1; St. Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated on October 16; Venerable Joasaph of Snetogorsk, Pskov, Commemorated on March 4; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20 ;

St Eupraxia's Monastery for John the Forerunner, 1243
St Eupraxia's Monastery for John the Forerunner; Venerable Abramius the Abbot of Mirozh, Pskov, Commemorated on September 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Mirozh", Commemorated September 24 ; St Abraham of Mirozh, Commemorated September 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe ProtectionÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 1; St. Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated on October 16; Venerable Joasaph of Snetogorsk, Pskov, Commemorated on March 4; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20 ;

Snetogorsk monastery (on the Snyatni hill, now in Pskov itself) 1410 approx.
Snetogorsk monastery (on the Snyatni hill, now in Pskov itself); St Sava of Pskov, Commemorated August 28 ; Venerable Joasaph of Snetogorsk, Pskov, Commemorated on March 4 ; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15 ;

Velikaya River Mouth (Lake Peipus, Lake Pskov)

Russia, Pskov, Northern Pskov, Pskova River Folder, Pskov

Pskova River Source

Pskova River 1 (Krypetsk monastery)

Krypetsk monastery (Pskova River 1) 1485
Krypetsky Monastery; St Sava of Pskov, Commemorated August 28 ; Venerable Nicander the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on September 24; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15;

Krypetsk wilderness, 15 versts from the Tolva
Krypetsk wilderness, 15 versts from the Tolva ; St Sava of Pskov, Commemorated August 28 ; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15;

Pskova River 2

Pskova River 3

Pskova River 4

Lyubyatovo, St Nicholas Church and Monastery (Pskova River 4.5)
Lyubyatovo, St Nicholas Church and Monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19;

Pskova River Mouth (Pskov, Velikaya River 4)

Trinity Cathedral, Pskov, 1589
Trinity Cathedral in Pskov; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Pskov, Trinity Cathedral, 1589
Trinity Cathedral in Pskov; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Pskov Savior-Transfiguration monastery - Trinity Cathedral, 988
Pskov Savior-Transfiguration monastery ; St Abraham of Mirozh, Commemorated September 24 ;

Dovmontov town, Pskov (Pskova River Mouth, Velikaya River Mouth)
Pskov Kremlin; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Pskov Kremlin
Pskov Kremlin; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Verkneostrov Monastery, Pskov, aka Pskov Kremlin, 1470 (Pskov Lake, River Mouth, and Velikaya Mouth)
Verkneostrov, Pskov, aka Pskov Krom or Kremlin; Venerable Dositheus, Abbot of Verkneostrov, Pskov, Commemorated on October 8;

Russia, Pskov, Far North Pskov, Zelcha Gdov Rivers Folder

Russia, Pskov, Far North, Gdov River Folder

Gdov River Source

Gdov River 1

Gdov River 2 (Gdov)

Gdov, Pskov (Lake Gdov or Pskov)
Gdov Lake Gdov; Hieromartyr Benjamin the Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdovsk, Commemorated on July 31; Venerable Hilarion the Abbot of Gdov and Pskov Lake Commemorated on October 21 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15;

Gdovsky District, Pskov
Gdovsky District; Hieromartyr Benjamin the Metropolitan of Petrograd and ; Gdovsk; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15;

Loma, Pskov, Russia, N 58°50′21″ E 28°27′00"
Loma, Pskov, Russia, N 58°50′21″ E 28°27′00"; Venerable Ignatius of Loma and Yaroslav, Commemorated on December 28;

Gdovka River Mouth (Lake Gdov, or Lake Peipus, or Chud Lake)

Russia, Pskov, Far North, Zelcha River Folder

Zhelcha River

Zhelcha River Source

Zelcha River 1

Zelcha River 2 (Ozersk)

Ozersk [Lake] Monastery of the Protection of the Mother of God, 1460
monastery of the Dormition of the Mother of God at the River Dubenka; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28;

Russia, Pskov, Far North, Zhelcha River 2, Dubenka River Folder

Dubenka River 1

Dubenka River Mouth (Zelcha River 2)
Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh;

Pskov Monastery Dormition of the Mother of God (Dubenka River Mouth) 1460
monastery of the Dormition of the Mother of God at the River Dubenka; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28;

Zelcha River 3

Zelcha River 4

Zhelcha River Mouth (Pskov Lake)
Ozersk [Lake] Monastery of the Protection of the Mother of God. Venerable Hilarion the Abbot of Gdov and Pskov Lake;

Russia, Pskov, Western Pskov, Puisa (Tolva) River Folder, P Caves

Puisa (Tolva) River Source (Lake Plaani Kulajarv)

Piusa (Tolva) River 1 (Pskov Caves and St Euphrosyne Monasteries)

Mount Snetna
Mount Snetna St Sava of Pskov, Commemorated August 28 ;

River Tolva (Puisa), not far from Pskov

monastery of St Euphrosyne (May 15)
monastery of St Euphrosyne (May 15) St Sava of Pskov, Commemorated August 28 ;

monastery in honor of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos, 1473 and 1581
monastery of the Mother of God near Pskovy; On the eve of the decisive fighting, the pious blind Elder Dorotheus the Smith had a vision of the Most Holy Theotokos at the spot where the enemy had prepared to attack, at a corner of the fortress of the monastery in honor of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos. The Most Holy Theotokos, having promised the city Her mercy, gave orders to set up the Pechersk icon at the place of Her appearance. During the battle the Polish tried to breach the fortress wall, but through the intercession of the Mother of God and the Saints, they were not able to break through into the city. For the temple of the Protection Most Holy Theotokos, the Pskov-Pechersk icon of the Mother of God was painted, which has also been given the name, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœAppearance of the Mother of God to the Elder Dorotheus.ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ The appearance of the Most Holy Theotokos occurred on September 7, and celebration of the Pskov-Pechersk Icon was established on October 1. A special service was compiled for the Feast of the Most Holy Theotokos. Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe ProtectionÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 1;

monastery of the Mother of God near Pskov, 1473
monastery of the Mother of God near Pskovy; St Sava of Pskov, Commemorated August 28 ;

Pechersk Monastery, Pskov-Caves Monastery (Puisa (Tolva) River 1) 1473
Pskov Caves Monestary ; Icon of the Mother of God of Yuga, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated October 7 ; French invasion of Russia 1812 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, February 20 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Mark of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on March 29; Icon of the Mother of God of œTendernessÂ, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of TendernessÂ from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God œTendernessÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23;

Pskov-Caves Monastery (Puisa (Tolva) River 1) 1473
Pskov Caves Monestary ; Icon of the Mother of God of Yuga, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated October 7 ; French invasion of Russia 1812 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, February 20 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Mark of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on March 29; Icon of the Mother of God of œTendernessÂ, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of TendernessÂ from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God œTendernessÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23;

monastery of St Cornelius, Pskov Caves, 1473
monastery of St Cornelius: Pskov-Caves Monastery; St Sava of Pskov, Commemorated August 28 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ;

Izborsk, Pskov
Izborsk; St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16 ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ; Venerable Onuphrius the Abbot of Malsk, Pskov, Commemorated on June 12;

Piusa (Tolva) River Mouth (Lake Peipus)

Tolvsk wilderness, Estonia (Tolva River not far from Pskov)
Tolvsk wilderness, Estonia (Tolva River not far from Pskov) ; Venerable Serapion of Spaso-Eleazar Monastery, Pskov, Commemorated September 7 ; Venerable Serapion of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15 ;

Russia, Pskov, Central Pskov, Pskov Lakes Folder

Pskov Lakes, Gdov and Peipus
Pskov Lake; Peter and Paul Verkhneostrov monastery at Lake Pskova; Venerable Dositheus the Abbot of Verkneostrov, Pskov, Commemorated on October 8 ; Venerable Hilarion the Abbot of Gdov and Pskov Lake; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15 ;

Pskov Lake (Peipus)
Lake Pskov (Peipus) ; Peter and Paul Verkhneostrov monastery at Lake Pskova; Venerable Dositheus the Abbot of Verkneostrov, Pskov, Commemorated on October 8 ;

Spaso-Eleazar Monastery, Pskov Lake (Peipus), 1447
Spaso-Eleazar Monastery, Pskov, 1447; Eleazar Monastery. Spaso-Eleazarovsky monastery: description, history, interesting facts and reviews. Holy spring in Elizarovo, Pskov region; Venerable Serapion of Spaso-Eleazar Monastery, Pskov, Commemorated on September 7; Venerable Nicander the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on September 24;

Chud Lake, Pskov
Chud Lake; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated on November 16 ; Saint Sergius of Malopinega (in the world Simeon), was born in 1493. His father, Markian Stephanovich Nekliud, was descended from Novgorod nobles. Together with other fellow citizens they left their native-place setting off "to the side of the icy sea," when Great Novgorod was finally subjugated to the power of Moscow by Ivan III........With apostolic zeal he (Sergius) labored over the conversion of the pagan Chud people. Repose of St Alexander Nevsky; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15;

Gudov Lake, Pskov
Lake Gdov; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15;

Lake Peipus

Russia, Pskov, Eastern Pskov (Tver, Novgorod) also Pskov Lakes

Toropets, Pskov, Tver or Novgorod (Toropa River mouth at Lake Solomeno, Volga Trade Route)
Toropets ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7;

Toropetz district of the Pskov diocese
Toropetz district of the Pskov diocese; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7;

Russia, Ryazan Frontier Folder (surrounding Muravsky Trail)

Ryazan frontier (Oka River 1-13, surrounding Muravsky Trail)
Ryazan frontier; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21 ; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated January 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; St Peter, Tonsured David, the Wonderworker of Murom, Commemorated on June 25; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River Folder (Oka River 1-13)

Vyatichi, 9th - 12th Century, Slavic People of the Oka Basin, Kaluga and Ryazan
Vyatichi, 9th - 12th Century, Slavic People of the Oka Basin; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27;

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Muravsky Trail Folder

Muravsky Trail 6 (Livny, Elets)

Elets, Muravsky Trail 6 (Scythia, Bystraya Sosna River Mouth, Don River 4)
Elets; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Elets, Commemorated January 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov"Â, Commemorated on February 5 ; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29;

Oka River Source (along the border)

Oka River 1 (Oryol)

Orlov District, Ryazan (Oka River 1, Kaluga)
Orlov District; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated August 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Leonid of Optina; Icon of the Mother of God the Surety of sinners of Odrino, Orlov, Commemorated on March 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God Surety of Sinners is known by this name because of the inscription on the icon: I am the Surety of sinners for My Son Who has entrusted Me to hear them, and those who bring Me the joy of hearing them will receive eternal joy through Me. The Mother of God embraces Her Child, Who holds Her right hand with both His hands so that Her thumb is in His right hand, and Her small finger in His left hand. This is the gesture of one who gives surety for another. we do not know when or by whom the icon was originally painted, it is believed that the basis of the icon is to be found in the Akathist to the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos: Rejoice, You Who offer Your hands in surety for us to God. icon was first glorified by miracles at the Saint Nicholas Odrino men’s monastery of the former Orlov gubernia in the mid-nineteenth century (the Assuage My Sorrows Icon commemorated on October 9 is also from this monastery). The Surety of Sinners icon of the Mother of God was in an old chapel beyond the monastery gates, and stood between two other ancient icons. Because it was so faded and covered with dust, it was impossible to read the inscription. 1843 it was revealed to many of the people in dreams that the icon was endowed with miraculous power. They solemnly brought the icon into the church. Believers began to flock to it to pray for the healing of their sorrows and sicknesses. The first to receive healing was a crippled child, whose mother prayed fervently before the icon in 1844. The icon was glorified during a cholera epidemic, when many people fell deathly ill, and were restored to health after praying before the icon. large stone church with three altars was built at the monastery in honor of the wonderworking icon. Surety of Sinners Icon is also commemorated on May 29 and on Thursday of the week of All Saints. Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinners, Commemorated on May 29; Icon of the Mother of God “Surety of Sinners” is known by this name because of the inscription on the icon: “I am the Surety of sinners for My Son Who has entrusted Me to hear them, and those who bring Me the joy of hearing them will receive eternal joy through Me.” The Mother of God embraces Her Child, Who holds Her right hand with both His hands so that Her thumb is in His right hand, and Her small finger in His left hand. This is the gesture of one who gives surety for another. we do not know when or by whom the icon was originally painted, it is believed that the basis of the icon is to be found in the Akathist to the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos: “Rejoice, You Who offer Your hands in surety for us to God.” icon was first glorified by miracles at the Saint Nicholas Odrino men’s monastery of the former Orlov gubernia in the mid-nineteenth century (The “Assuage My Sorrows Icon” commemorated on October 9 is also from this monastery). The “Surety of Sinners” icon of the Mother of God was in an old chapel beyond the monastery gates, and stood between two other ancient icons. Because it was so faded and covered with dust, it was impossible to read the inscription. 1843 it was revealed to many of the people in dreams that the icon was endowed with miraculous power. They solemnly brought the icon into the church. Believers began to flock to it to pray for the healing of their sorrows and sicknesses. The first to receive healing was a crippled child, whose mother prayed fervently before the icon in 1844. The icon was glorified during a cholera epidemic, when many people fell deathly ill, and were restored to health after praying before the icon. large stone church with three altars was built at the monastery in honor of the wonderworking icon. 1848, through the zeal of Lt. Col. Demetrius Boncheskul, a copy of the wonderworking image was made and placed in his home. Soon it began to exude a healing myrrh, which was given to many so they might recover their health after grievous illnesses. Boncheskul donated this wonderworking copy to the church of Saint Nicholas at Khamovniki in Moscow, where a chapel was built in honor of the icon. “Surety of Sinners” Icon is also commemorated on March 7 and on Thursday of the week of All Saints. Assuage My Sorrows Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on October 9 ; we commemorate a copy of the “Assuage My Sorrows” Icon (January 25) which is treasured in the Saint Nicholas Odrino Monastery in the Orel Diocese, Karachev district. 1784, this icon belonged to Count Nicholas Borisovitch Samoilov, who regarded it as a holy icon. At first, it was at the Count’s home in Moscow, where it was renowned for many miraculous healings. Later, N.B. Samoilov moved it to his estate adjoining the Saint Nicholas Odrino Monastery. He constructed, at his own expense, a heated chapel in honor of the “Assuage My Sorrows” Icon as part of the Saint Nicholas katholikon (main church).The Count later donated the icon to the monastery. wonderworking icon is celebrated locally twice a year: on January 25, and on October 9. Many people visit the Saint Nicholas Odrino Monastery on both days.

Bolkhov, Orlov, Ryazan (Oka River 1)
Bolkhov; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ;

Belev, Ryazan (Oka River 1)
Belev (Oka River 1) ; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated October 11 ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated January 22 ; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9;

Belev Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross, 1839
Belev Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross ; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated October 11 ; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9;

Zhabyn's Monastery, Belev, Ryazan, 1585
Zhabyn's Monastery was on the Oka River not far from Belev; Zhabyn's Monastery was on the Oka River not far from Belev ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated January 22 ;

Oka River 2 (Upa River Mouth)

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River 2, Upa River Folder, Tula

Upa River Source (near Novomoskovsk)

Upa River 1 (Tula)

Tula, Ryazan, Russia (Upa River 1, Muravsky Trail 7)
Tula, Russia (Upa River 1); œChernigov-GethsemaneÂ Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on September 1; Synaxis of the Saints of Tula, Commemorated on September 22 ; Venerable Leonid of Optina; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ;

Yasnaya Polyana, home of Writer Leo Tolstoy, Ryazan Frontier, near Tula, Kaluga
Yasnaya Polyana, home of Writer Leo Tolstoy; Russia, Moscow, 1848-1910, Writer Leo Tolstoy; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

Upa River 2

Upa River Mouth (Oka River 2)

Oka River 3 (Zhizdra River Mouth)

Oka River 4 (Kaluga, Ugra River Mouth)

Oka River 5 (Protva River Mouth)

Oka River 6 (Serpukhov Crossing, Nara River Mouth)

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River 6, Besputa River Folder

Besputa River

Besputa River Source

Besputa River Mouth (Oka River 6)

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River 6.9, Oayotr River Folder

Osyotr River

Osyotr River Source (along the border)

Osyotr River 1

Osyotr River 2 (Zaraysk)

Zaraysk Nicholas Cathedral, Ryazan Frontier, Osyotr River 2, Oka River 7, 1681
Zaraysk Nicholas Cathedral ; Zaraysk; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10;

Osyotr River Mouth (Oka River 6.9)

Oka River 7 (Kolomna, Moskva River and Osyotr Rivers)

Kolomna, Ryazan Frontier (Moscova River Mouth at Oka River 7)
Kolomna; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26;

Oka River 8 (Ryazan, Vozha River Mouth)

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River 8, Vozha River Folder

Vozha River

Vozha River Source (along the border)

River Vozha Mouth (Ryazan, Oka River 8)

Battle of Vozha River, Russia over Mongol Horde, 1378
Battle of Vozha River, Russia over Mongol Horde, 1378; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26;

Oka River 9 (Ryazem and Pereslavl)

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River 9 Folder, Ryazan (aka old name Pereslavl)

Ryazan (Oka River 9)
Ryazan; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21 ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated January 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated July 3; Basil, Bishop of Ryazan and Murom: His memory is celebrated by the Church on June 10 and July 3 (the day of his death in 1295). On June 10, 1609 the holy relics of Bishop Basil at Ryazan were uncovered and transferred to the Dormition cathedral church. Basil I, Wonderworker of Ryazan, is mentioned in the Lavrentian Chronicles. In the ancient list of Ryazan hierarchs, he is mentioned as the fourth. (Basil II was consecrated as bishop in 1356 by Saint Alexis, Metropolitan of Moscow,). older tradition connects with Saint Basil the transfer to Ryazan of the wonderworking Murom Icon of the Mother of God (April 12). Saint Basil was at first bishop of Murom. But by the slander of the spirit of evil, the citizens rose up against him, unjustly accusing him of transgressions unbecoming an archpastor. Then the saint, after prolonged prayer, left for the River Oka, and spreading out on the water his bishop’s mantiya he stood upon it, holding in his hands the icon of the Most Holy Theotokos of Murom. A strong wind carried him against the current and after several hours he reached Ryazan, where he was received with reverence by the prince and people of Ryazan. during his lifetime Saint Basil was regarded a righteous and pious man. Long before his relics were uncovered at the beginning of the seventeenth century, the Ryazan people cherished his memory and called him “their constant intercessor, helper in sorrows and travail.â€ To him most often they turned before setting out on journeys: seeking his help against problems on dry land, and to protect them from drowning in the water. about the year 1540 the monk Erazm Ermolaev wrote “An Account of Basil, Bishop of Ryazan and Muromâ€. Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Synaxis of the Saints of Ryzan, Commemorated on June 10; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; St Peter, Tonsured David, the Wonderworker of Murom, Commemorated on June 25; St Peter, Tonsured David, the Wonderworker of Murom, Commemorated on June 25; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Ryazan Theological Seminary
Ryazan Theological Seminary (Oka River 9); Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31;

Ryazem (Ryazan, Oka River 9)
Ryazem (Ryazan); Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31 ; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16 ; VDemetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica ; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Pereslavl (Old Name of Ryazan) Oka River 9
Pereslavl, old name of Ryazan; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10;

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River 9.8, Pronya River Folder

Pronya River

Pronya River Source (along the border)

Pronya River 1

Pronya River 2

Pronya River Mouth (Oka River 9.8)

Ryazan - Old Ryazan, Staraya Ryazan
Siege of Ryazan, Old Ryazan; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Oka River 9.8 (Pronya and Para River Mouths)

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River 10, Para River Folder

Para River

Para River Source (along the border)

Para River Mouth (Oka River 10)

Oka River 11 (Pra River Mouth)

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River 11, Pra River Folder

Pra River

Pra River Source (along the Border)

Pra River Mouth (Oka River 11)

Oka River 11 (Zheleznoborov, Gus River Mouth)

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River 11, Gus River Folder

Gus River

Gus River 1 (Gus-Khrustalny)

Gus River 2

Gus River 3 (Gus-Zhelezny)

Gus River Mouth (Oka River 11)

Zheleznoborov, Ryazan (Gus-Zhelezny River, Oka River 11)
Zheleznoborov (Gus-Zhelezny); Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11 ;

Oka River 12 (Moksha River Mouth)

Oka River 13 (Murom, Tyosha River Mouth)

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River 13, Tyosha River Folder, Murom

Toysha River Source (Boldino Heights)

Tyosha River Mouth (Murom, Oka River 13)

Murom, Ryazan (Tyosha River Mouth, Oka River 13)
Murom; Venerable Elias of Murom the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated December 19 ; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; St Peter, Tonsured David, the Wonderworker of Murom, Commemorated on June 25; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Vydropussk near Murom, Ryazan (Oka River 13) conflagration, Vydropussk icon undamaged, stolen, returned by wind
Murom; Icon of the Mother of God of Vydropussk, Commemorated on July 28; Vydropussk Hodegetria Icon of the Mother of God in the fifteenth century was in the church of the Great Martyr George in the village of Vydropussk, Novgorod governia. During the time of a conflagration of the church, this holy icon remained undamaged. After the taking of Novgorod by the Moscow Great Prince Ivan III, his army returned to Moscow. One of the soldiers, a Murom native, having gone into the church took from it the icon of the Mother of God, and going to his own estate put it in a church of Saint Nicholas. they served the first service of thanksgiving before the stolen holy icon, after the reading of the words of the Gospel: “...and returned to Her own house” (Luke. 1:56) suddenly a whirlwind flew, the canopy of the temple opened, the Icon of the Mother of God was raised up in the air and miraculously transported to the church of the village of Vydropussk. guilty thief of the holy icon repented and came on foot to Vydropussk, beseeching the Mother of God to forgive him. In the sixteenth century this holy icon was taken to Moscow, and from it an exact copy was made for the church of the village of Vydropussk, and the original was put in the temple of the Transfiguration in the city of Torzhek.

Oka River 14 (Gorokhovetsa, Klyazma River Mouth)

Oka River Mouth (Nizhny Novgorod, Volga River 9)

Russia, Belarus Folder, White Rus, Southwestern Russia

Belarus (Belorussia, White Russia) Orthodox
Belarus (Belorussia); Belarus lies between latitudes 51° and 57° N, and longitudes 23° and 33° E. is landlocked, relatively flat, and contains large tracts of marshy land.[63] According to a 2005 estimate by the United Nations, 40% of Belarus is covered by forests. Many streams and 11,000 lakes are found in Belarus. Three major rivers run through the country: the Neman, the Pripyat, and the Dnieper. The Neman flows westward towards the Baltic sea and the Pripyat flows eastward to the Dnieper; the Dnieper flows southward towards the Black Sea. Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Brest-Litovsk, Commemorated July 20 ; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God "Chernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ; Venerable Elisha of Lavreshev, Commemorated October 23 ; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; St Simeon the Bishop of Polotsk and Tver, Commemorated February 3 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Belynich, Commemorated on April 12; œMyrrh-Bearing Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 1; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23; St Menas, Bishop of Polotsk, Commemorated on June 20; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26 ; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6;

Kutein Orshansk monastery (somewhere in Belarus)
Kutein Orshansk monastery (somewhere in Belarus); Belarus (Belorussia); Belarus lies between latitudes 51° and 57° N, and longitudes 23° and 33° E. It is landlocked, relatively flat, and contains large tracts of marshy land.[63] According to a 2005 estimate by the United Nations, 40% of Belarus is covered by forests. Many streams and 11,000 lakes are found in Belarus. Three major rivers run through the country: the Neman, the Pripyat, and the Dnieper. The Neman flows westward towards the Baltic sea and the Pripyat flows eastward to the Dnieper; the Dnieper flows southward towards the Black Sea. St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 29;

Russia, Belarus, Western Dvina River Folder

Western Dvina River

Western Dvina River Source (Valdai Hills)

Western Dvina River 1 (Andreapol, Russia)

Western Dvina River 2 (Zapadnaya Dvina)

Western Dvina River 3 (Velizh, Russia)

Western Dvina River 4 (Ruba, Belarus)

Western Dvina River 4 (Vitebsk, Belarus)

Vitebsk, Belarus (Western Dvina River 4)
Vitebsk; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Western Dvina River 5 (Beshankovichy, Belarus)

Western Dvina River 6 (Polotsk, Belarus)

Polotsk, Belarus (Western Dvina River 6)
Polotsk (Dvina River) ; Livonian campaign of Stephen Bathory; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated October 9; Venerable Arethus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky; St Simeon the Bishop of Polotsk and Tver, Commemorated February 3 ; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; œMyrrh-BearingÂ Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 1; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23; St Menas, Bishop of Polotsk, Commemorated on June 20; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Polotsk Cathedral, Saint Sophia Cathedral, 1044 and 1161
Polotsk Cathedral, Saint Sophia Cathedral, 1044; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23;

Polotsk Cadet Corps
Polotsk Cadet Corps: The Polotsk Cadet Corps In 1835, the Polotsk Cadet Corps was opened in the buildings of the former Jesuit collegiums. The children of officers, military officials and hereditary noblemen have the right to study in the university. Education in the corps lasted 7 years. After the end of the main course, the Polotsk cadets got the right to enter military schools. The Cadets studied the Law of God, Russian, German and French, History, Geography, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Natural Science, Drawing, Music, Singing. Considerable attention was paid to drill exercises, swimming, gymnastic exercises, and fencing. Amount the military science there were tactics, artillery, military history and fortification.The Polotsk Cadet Corps worked until September 1914. ; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Western Dvina River 7 (Navapolatsk and Polotsk, Belarus)

Western Dvina River 8 (Dzisna, Belarus, Dysna River Mouth)

Western Dvina River 9 (Verkhnyadzvinsk, Belarus)

Western Dvina River 10 (Kraslava, Latvia)

Western Dvina River 11 (Daugavpils, Latvia)

Western Dvina River 12 (Livani, Latvia)

Western Dvina River 13 (Jekabpils, Latvia)

Western Dvina River 14 (Plavinas, Latvia)

Western Dvina River 15 (Aizkraukle, Latvia)

Western Dvina River 16 (Lielvarde, Latvia)

Western Dvina River 17 (Ogre, Latvia)

Western Dvina River 18 (Salaspils, Latvia)

Western Dvina River 19 (Riga, Latvia)

Western Dvina River Mouth (Gulf of Riga, Balti Sea)

Russia, Belarus, Yash and Stenno Lakes Folder

Yash Lake, Belarus
Yash Lake, near Lake Senno; Venerable Jonah the Abbot of Yashezersk, Commemorated September 22 ;

Lake Senno, Belarus
Lake Senno; Venerable Jonah the Abbot of Yashezersk, Commemorated September 22;

Annunciation Monestary of Yashezersk, Belarus, 1580
Yashezersk or Yash Lake, Yash Lake, near Lake Senno; Venerable Jonah the Abbot of Yashezersk, Commemorated September 22;

Russia, Belarus, Sozh River Folder

Sozh River

Sozh River Source (Valdai Hills)

Mstislav, Belarus (high point, Sozh River Source)
Mstislav, Belarus; Mstislav, Belarus; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Sozh River 1 (Krichev)

Krichev, Belarus (Sozh River 1)
Krichev; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Sozh River 2

Propoisk, Belarus (Slawharad, Sozh river 3)
Slawharad; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Sozh River 4

Sozh River Mouth (Dnieper River 4)

Russia, Belarus, Dnieper River Folder

Mogilev, Belarus (Dnieper River 3)
Mogilev, Mogilev Seminary, Kutein Orshansk monastery ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Belynich, Commemorated on April 12;

Belynich, Belarus (Dnieper River 3)
Belynich; Icon of the Mother of God of Belynich, Commemorated on April 12;

Russia, Belarus, Berezina and Svislocha Rivers Folder, Minsk

Berezina River Source (along the border)

Berezina River 1 (Barysaw)
Barysaw;

Borisov wilderness monastery and convent, Belarus
Borisov wilderness monastery ; Icon of the Mother of God "Chernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated September 1 ;

Borisov, Belarus (Moscow Road to Poland)
Borisov, Belarus ; Venerable Leonid of Optina;

Berezina River 2 (Babruysk)
Babruysk, Belarus;

Berezina River 3 (Svietlaharsk, Belarus, Svislocha River Mouth)
SvietlahÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂÂÂÂÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â¾rsk, Belarus;

Berezina River Mouth (Dnieper River 5)

Svislocha River Source (along the border)

Olshanski (Halshany) Castle, Belarus (Svislocha River Source)
Olshanski (Halshany) Castle, Belarus; Olshanski Family; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6;

Svislocha River 1 (Minsk)

Minsk, Belarus (Svislocha River 1)
Minsk, Belarus (White Rus) ; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7;

Bolsheviks (Majority, Reds, Workers, Communist Party of the Social Democrats), Minsk, Belarus, 1903-1912,
Bolsheviks, 1903-1912, (Majority, Reds, Workers, Communist Party of the Social Democrats); St. George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21;

Cherven, Belarus (Svislocha River 2 near Minsk)
Cherven, Belarus; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir (in Baptism Basil), Enlightener of the Russian Lands, Commemorated on July 15;

Trinity Hill, Boris and Gleb Church, Ascension Monastery, Minsk, Belarus
Trinity Hill, Boris and Gleb Church, Ascension Monastery;

Minsk Region, Belarus
Minsk Region; Icon of the Mother of God "Chernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated September 1 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7;

Svislocha River 2 (Rudens)

Rudens, Belarus (Svislocha River 2)
Rudens (Rudzensk), Belarus ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rudens; Rudens Icon of the Mother of God appeared in the year 1687 in the Rudno locale of Mogilevsk diocese. In 1712 the icon was transferred to the Florovsk Ascension monastery in Kiev, where now it is located.

Zhirovits, Belarus (Moscow Road to Poland 7, Svislocha River 2)
Zhyrovichy Monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7; Zhirovits Icon of the Mother of God appeared in the year 1470 in the vicinity of Zhirovits on the Grodnensk frontier. In the forest, belonging to the Orthodox Lithuanian dignitary Alexander Solton, shepherds beheld an extraordinarily bright light, while peering through the branches of a pear tree that stood over a brook at the foot of a hill. The shepherds came closer and saw a radiant icon of the Mother of God on the tree. With reverence, the shepherds took the icon to Alexander Solton. Alexander Solton did not pay any attention to the report of the shepherds, but he took the icon and placed it in a chest. the following day Solton had guests, and he wanted to show them what had been found. To his amazement, he did not find the icon in the chest, although he had seen it shortly before this. After a certain time the shepherds again found the icon in the same place, and again they brought it to Alexander Solton. This time, however, he received the icon with great reverence and vowed to build a church in honor of the Most Holy Theotokos at the place of the icon’s discovery. Around the wooden church a settlement soon gathered and a parish was formed. the year 1520 the church was completely burned, despite the efforts of the inhabitants to extinguish the blaze and save the icon. Everyone thought that the icon had been destroyed. However, some peasant children returning from school beheld a miraculous vision. The Virgin, extraordinarily beautiful and radiant, sat upon a stone at the burned church, and in Her hands was the icon which everyone believed had been destroyed. The children did not dare approach Her, but they hastened to tell their relatives and acquaintances about the vision. accepted the story about the vision as a divine revelation and they went to the hill with the priest.The Zhirovits Icon of the Mother of God, totally unharmed by the fire, stood on a stone with a burning candle before it. For awhile they placed the icon in the priest’s house, and the stone was fenced in. When they built a stone church, they placed the wonderworking icon there. A men’s monastery later grew up around the church. Its brethren headed the struggle for Orthodoxy against the Unia and Latinism. 1609, the monastery was seized by the Uniates and remained in their hands until 1839. During this time the Zhirovits Icon of the Mother of God was venerated by both Uniates and Catholics. In 1839, the monastery was returned to the Orthodox and became the first place where Orthodox services were restored on the West Russian frontier. the First World War, they brought the Zhirovits Icon of the Mother of God to Moscow, and at the beginning of the 1920s it was returned to the monastery. At present it is in the Dormition cathedral of the Zhirovits monastery, Minsk diocese, and it is deeply revered for its grace-filled help. The icon was carved in stone and measured 43x56 cm.

Zhyrovichy Monastery, Russia, Belarus, 1470
Zhyrovichy Monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7; Zhirovits Icon of the Mother of God appeared in the year 1470 in the vicinity of Zhirovits on the Grodnensk frontier. In the forest, belonging to the Orthodox Lithuanian dignitary Alexander Solton, shepherds beheld an extraordinarily bright light, while peering through the branches of a pear tree that stood over a brook at the foot of a hill. The shepherds came closer and saw a radiant icon of the Mother of God on the tree. With reverence, the shepherds took the icon to Alexander Solton. Alexander Solton did not pay any attention to the report of the shepherds, but he took the icon and placed it in a chest. the following day Solton had guests, and he wanted to show them what had been found. To his amazement, he did not find the icon in the chest, although he had seen it shortly before this. After a certain time the shepherds again found the icon in the same place, and again they brought it to Alexander Solton. This time, however, he received the icon with great reverence and vowed to build a church in honor of the Most Holy Theotokos at the place of the icon’s discovery. Around the wooden church a settlement soon gathered and a parish was formed. the year 1520 the church was completely burned, despite the efforts of the inhabitants to extinguish the blaze and save the icon. Everyone thought that the icon had been destroyed. However, some peasant children returning from school beheld a miraculous vision. The Virgin, extraordinarily beautiful and radiant, sat upon a stone at the burned church, and in Her hands was the icon which everyone believed had been destroyed. The children did not dare approach Her, but they hastened to tell their relatives and acquaintances about the vision. accepted the story about the vision as a divine revelation and they went to the hill with the priest.The Zhirovits Icon of the Mother of God, totally unharmed by the fire, stood on a stone with a burning candle before it. For awhile they placed the icon in the priest’s house, and the stone was fenced in. When they built a stone church, they placed the wonderworking icon there. A men’s monastery later grew up around the church. Its brethren headed the struggle for Orthodoxy against the Unia and Latinism. 1609, the monastery was seized by the Uniates and remained in their hands until 1839. During this time the Zhirovits Icon of the Mother of God was venerated by both Uniates and Catholics. In 1839, the monastery was returned to the Orthodox and became the first place where Orthodox services were restored on the West Russian frontier. the First World War, they brought the Zhirovits Icon of the Mother of God to Moscow, and at the beginning of the 1920s it was returned to the monastery. At present it is in the Dormition cathedral of the Zhirovits monastery, Minsk diocese, and it is deeply revered for its grace-filled help. The icon was carved in stone and measured 43x56 cm.

Grodno Governorate, Belarus, Russian Empire
Grodno Governorate; Icon of the Mother of God of Suprasl, Commemorated July 28 ; Holy Suprasl Icon of the Mother of God was in the Annunciation women’s monastery of Grodnensk governance at the beginning of the sixteenth century. It was glorified by many miracles and both Orthodox and Catholics piously reverence it. icon is one of the Hodegetria type. Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7; Zhirovits Icon of the Mother of God appeared in the year 1470 in the vicinity of Zhirovits on the Grodnensk frontier. In the forest, belonging to the Orthodox Lithuanian dignitary Alexander Solton, shepherds beheld an extraordinarily bright light, while peering through the branches of a pear tree that stood over a brook at the foot of a hill. The shepherds came closer and saw a radiant icon of the Mother of God on the tree. With reverence, the shepherds took the icon to Alexander Solton. Alexander Solton did not pay any attention to the report of the shepherds, but he took the icon and placed it in a chest. the following day Solton had guests, and he wanted to show them what had been found. To his amazement, he did not find the icon in the chest, although he had seen it shortly before this. After a certain time the shepherds again found the icon in the same place, and again they brought it to Alexander Solton. This time, however, he received the icon with great reverence and vowed to build a church in honor of the Most Holy Theotokos at the place of the icon’s discovery. Around the wooden church a settlement soon gathered and a parish was formed. the year 1520 the church was completely burned, despite the efforts of the inhabitants to extinguish the blaze and save the icon. Everyone thought that the icon had been destroyed. However, some peasant children returning from school beheld a miraculous vision. The Virgin, extraordinarily beautiful and radiant, sat upon a stone at the burned church, and in Her hands was the icon which everyone believed had been destroyed. The children did not dare approach Her, but they hastened to tell their relatives and acquaintances about the vision. accepted the story about the vision as a divine revelation and they went to the hill with the priest.The Zhirovits Icon of the Mother of God, totally unharmed by the fire, stood on a stone with a burning candle before it. For awhile they placed the icon in the priest’s house, and the stone was fenced in. When they built a stone church, they placed the wonderworking icon there. A men’s monastery later grew up around the church. Its brethren headed the struggle for Orthodoxy against the Unia and Latinism. 1609, the monastery was seized by the Uniates and remained in their hands until 1839. During this time the Zhirovits Icon of the Mother of God was venerated by both Uniates and Catholics. In 1839, the monastery was returned to the Orthodox and became the first place where Orthodox services were restored on the West Russian frontier. the First World War, they brought the Zhirovits Icon of the Mother of God to Moscow, and at the beginning of the 1920s it was returned to the monastery. At present it is in the Dormition cathedral of the Zhirovits monastery, Minsk diocese, and it is deeply revered for its grace-filled help. The icon was carved in stone and measured 43x56 cm.

Grodno, Belarus, Russian Empire
Grodno, Belarus, Russian Empire; Grodno Governorate; Icon of the Mother of God of Suprasl, Commemorated July 28 ; Holy Suprasl Icon of the Mother of God was in the Annunciation women’s monastery of Grodnensk governance at the beginning of the sixteenth century. It was glorified by many miracles and both Orthodox and Catholics piously reverence it. icon is one of the Hodegetria type. Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7; Zhirovits Icon of the Mother of God appeared in the year 1470 in the vicinity of Zhirovits on the Grodnensk frontier. In the forest, belonging to the Orthodox Lithuanian dignitary Alexander Solton, shepherds beheld an extraordinarily bright light, while peering through the branches of a pear tree that stood over a brook at the foot of a hill. The shepherds came closer and saw a radiant icon of the Mother of God on the tree. With reverence, the shepherds took the icon to Alexander Solton. Alexander Solton did not pay any attention to the report of the shepherds, but he took the icon and placed it in a chest. the following day Solton had guests, and he wanted to show them what had been found. To his amazement, he did not find the icon in the chest, although he had seen it shortly before this. After a certain time the shepherds again found the icon in the same place, and again they brought it to Alexander Solton. This time, however, he received the icon with great reverence and vowed to build a church in honor of the Most Holy Theotokos at the place of the icon’s discovery. Around the wooden church a settlement soon gathered and a parish was formed. the year 1520 the church was completely burned, despite the efforts of the inhabitants to extinguish the blaze and save the icon. Everyone thought that the icon had been destroyed. However, some peasant children returning from school beheld a miraculous vision. The Virgin, extraordinarily beautiful and radiant, sat upon a stone at the burned church, and in Her hands was the icon which everyone believed had been destroyed. The children did not dare approach Her, but they hastened to tell their relatives and acquaintances about the vision. accepted the story about the vision as a divine revelation and they went to the hill with the priest.The Zhirovits Icon of the Mother of God, totally unharmed by the fire, stood on a stone with a burning candle before it. For awhile they placed the icon in the priest’s house, and the stone was fenced in. When they built a stone church, they placed the wonderworking icon there. A men’s monastery later grew up around the church. Its brethren headed the struggle for Orthodoxy against the Unia and Latinism. 1609, the monastery was seized by the Uniates and remained in their hands until 1839. During this time the Zhirovits Icon of the Mother of God was venerated by both Uniates and Catholics. In 1839, the monastery was returned to the Orthodox and became the first place where Orthodox services were restored on the West Russian frontier. the First World War, they brought the Zhirovits Icon of the Mother of God to Moscow, and at the beginning of the 1920s it was returned to the monastery. At present it is in the Dormition cathedral of the Zhirovits monastery, Minsk diocese, and it is deeply revered for its grace-filled help. The icon was carved in stone and measured 43x56 cm.

Grodnensk frontier, Grodno, Belarus, Russian Empire
Grodno, Belarus, Russian Empire; Grodno Governorate; Icon of the Mother of God of Suprasl, Commemorated July 28 ; Holy Suprasl Icon of the Mother of God was in the Annunciation women’s monastery of Grodnensk governance at the beginning of the sixteenth century. It was glorified by many miracles and both Orthodox and Catholics piously reverence it. icon is one of the Hodegetria type. Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7; Zhirovits Icon of the Mother of God appeared in the year 1470 in the vicinity of Zhirovits on the Grodnensk frontier. In the forest, belonging to the Orthodox Lithuanian dignitary Alexander Solton, shepherds beheld an extraordinarily bright light, while peering through the branches of a pear tree that stood over a brook at the foot of a hill. The shepherds came closer and saw a radiant icon of the Mother of God on the tree. With reverence, the shepherds took the icon to Alexander Solton. Alexander Solton did not pay any attention to the report of the shepherds, but he took the icon and placed it in a chest. the following day Solton had guests, and he wanted to show them what had been found. To his amazement, he did not find the icon in the chest, although he had seen it shortly before this. After a certain time the shepherds again found the icon in the same place, and again they brought it to Alexander Solton. This time, however, he received the icon with great reverence and vowed to build a church in honor of the Most Holy Theotokos at the place of the icon’s discovery. Around the wooden church a settlement soon gathered and a parish was formed. the year 1520 the church was completely burned, despite the efforts of the inhabitants to extinguish the blaze and save the icon. Everyone thought that the icon had been destroyed. However, some peasant children returning from school beheld a miraculous vision. The Virgin, extraordinarily beautiful and radiant, sat upon a stone at the burned church, and in Her hands was the icon which everyone believed had been destroyed. The children did not dare approach Her, but they hastened to tell their relatives and acquaintances about the vision. accepted the story about the vision as a divine revelation and they went to the hill with the priest.The Zhirovits Icon of the Mother of God, totally unharmed by the fire, stood on a stone with a burning candle before it. For awhile they placed the icon in the priest’s house, and the stone was fenced in. When they built a stone church, they placed the wonderworking icon there. A men’s monastery later grew up around the church. Its brethren headed the struggle for Orthodoxy against the Unia and Latinism. 1609, the monastery was seized by the Uniates and remained in their hands until 1839. During this time the Zhirovits Icon of the Mother of God was venerated by both Uniates and Catholics. In 1839, the monastery was returned to the Orthodox and became the first place where Orthodox services were restored on the West Russian frontier. the First World War, they brought the Zhirovits Icon of the Mother of God to Moscow, and at the beginning of the 1920s it was returned to the monastery. At present it is in the Dormition cathedral of the Zhirovits monastery, Minsk diocese, and it is deeply revered for its grace-filled help. The icon was carved in stone and measured 43x56 cm.

Molcha, Belarus (Moscow Road to Poland 7, Svislocha River 2)
Molcha, Belarus; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24;

Svislocha River Mouth (Svislocha, Belarus, Berezina River 3)

Vasiliev, Belarus (Svislocha River Mouth, Berezina River 3)
Vasiliev; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Russia, Belarus, Dnieper Bug Canal Folder (Portages and Canals; Russia, Poland and Lithuania)

Brest, Belarus (Bug and Mukhavets Rivers)
Brest, Belarus (Bug and Mukhavets Rivers) ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Brest-Litovsk, Commemorated July 20 ; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Uniates ; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ; Union of Brest (1596);

Brest-Litovsk (Belarus, Bug and Mukhavets Rivers)
Brest, Belarus (Bug and Mukhavets Rivers) ; Uniates; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Brest-Litovsk; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ;

St Simeon Monastery, Bretsk
St Simeon Monastery, Bretsk, Karl Marx St 84, 224032; Martyr Athanasius, Abbot of Bretsk, Commemorated on September 5; Hieromartyr Athansius of Bretsk was Belorussian and was born in about the year 1597 into a pious Christian family named Philippovich. He received a serious upbringing, and he knew the theological and historical literature, as is evidenced in the diary of the saint, which has been preserved. his youth, Saint Athanasius for a while was a teacher in the houses of Polish merchants. In the year 1627, he accepted tonsure under Igumen Joseph at the Vilensk monastery of the Holy Spirit. Saint Athanasius was ordained hieromonk in the year 1632, and made head of the Duboisk [Dubovsk] monastery near Pinsk. Athanasius, with a special blessing of the Theotokos, re-established Orthodoxy within the boundaries of the ancient Russian territories that had been seized by the Polish Reche. Between the years 1638-1648 Saint Athanasius fulfilled his obedience as igumen of the Bretsk-Simeonov monastery. The monk endured much abuse from the Uniates and illegal persecution from the civil authorities. Three times he endured being locked up in prison. saint was sent to the authorities at Kiev to appear before a religious tribunal, but he was acquitted, and returned to his own monastery. For ten years Saint Athanasius, finding himself among persons maliciously disposed towards him, led a constant struggle for Holy Orthodoxy, his faithfulness to which is evidenced by his sufferings. to wear down the spiritual endurance of the saint were to no avail. He again went to trial, after which the monk was sentenced to death by execution, for his cursing of the Unia. Saint Athanasius died as a martyr on the night of September 4-5, 1648 (the Uncovering of Relics was on July 20, 1679).

Russia, Kirzhach Peksha District Folder, Kirzhach and Peksha Rivers

Kirzhachsky District
Kirzhach River (Kirzhachsky District); St Roman of Kirzhachsk, Commemorated on July 29 ; St Roman of Kirzhachsk, Commemorated on July 29 ; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Kirzhach River
Kirzhach River;

Kirzhach River Source (along the border)

Kirzhach River 1 (Kirzhach)

Kirzhach (Kirzach River 1)
Kirzhach; St Roman of Kirzhachsk, Commemorated on July 29 ; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated on September 25;

Kirzhach River 2

Kirzhach River Mouth (Klyazama River 3)

Gorodishchi (Kirzhach Mouth, Klyazama River 3)
Gorodishchi (Kirzhach Mouth, Klyazama River 3); St Roman of Kirzhachsk, Commemorated on July 29 ;

Peksha River Source (along the border)

Peksha River 1 (near Iuriev-Polsk)

Iuriev-Polsk or Yuriev-Polsk, Kirzhachsky, 1152
Iuriev-Polsk or Yuriev-Polsk; Burial of St Andrew the Prince; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Comemorated November 17 ; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Yuriev-Polsk or Iuriev-Polsk , Kirzhachsky, 1152
Iuriev-Polsk or Yuriev-Polsk; Burial of St Andrew the Prince; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Comemorated November 17 ; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Peksha River Mouth (Klyazma River 4)

Russia, Siberia Folder and its rivers

Siberia
Siberia; Siberia Federal District; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye; Siberia; Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17; Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Zosimas of Tuman, Commemorated August 8 ; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated September 19 ; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26 ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ; Righteous Simeon the Wonderworker of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on December 18 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe Rescuer of the DrowningÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 5; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27 ; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10; Translation of the relics of St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on June 30;

Ural Mountains, Siberia, Russia
Ural Mountains; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated September 12 ; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated September 19; Righteous Simeon the Wonderworker of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on December 18 ;

Central Siberian Plateau
Central Siberian Plateau;

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan Folder

Kazakhastan (Polovetsia)
Kazakhastan; Kazakh Steppe; Polovets, first encounter with the Mongol-Tartan Horde; Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Zosimas of Tuman, Commemorated August 8 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26 ; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; In 1223 the first Tatars (Mongols) appeared on the southern steppes, ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœan unknown peopleÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, coming out of Asia. Their first victims were the Polovetsians allied with Rus. The Russian princes, with the Polovetsian khans (many of whom had accepted Holy Baptism), decided to resist the plunderers of the steppes before they reached the Russian Land. St Basil headed an auxiliary detachment, sent by Great Prince Yuri to participate in the Russian steppe campaign. The enemy showed up sooner than they expected. And the centuries-old division of appenage principalities proved incapable of effective action in a large scale war. The detachment of Basil was not in time for the decisive battle, and from Chernigov came the sad news of the destruction of the Russian forces at the River Kalka on June 16, 1223. This was a bad omen, and the storm loomed on the east. Basil and his company returned to Rostov.; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27 ; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6;

Kazak Steppe
Kazak Steppe; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4;

Kazakhastan, Land of the Seljuk Turks (Kazakhstan)
Land of the Seljuk Turks ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12;

Russia, Siberia, Kazakhastan History

Mongol Horde, 1225-1241 (Mongol Origins of the Golden Horde)
Mongol Horde, 1225-1241 (Mongol Origins of the Golden Horde); Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Tokhtamysh Invasions of Russia 1382
Invasions of Russia 1382 by Tokhtamysh , ally and foe of Tammerlane (Timur) ; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan, Irtysh River Folder

Irtysh River

Irtysh River Source (Altay mountains in Xinjiang, China)
From its origins as the Kara-Irtysh (Black Irtysh) in the Mongolian Altay mountains in Xinjiang, China; Irtysh River;

Irtysh River 1 (Lake Zaysan)

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan, Zyryan Folder (Upper Eastside Irtysh River)

Zyryan, Kazakhastan (Upper Irtysh River)
Zyryan; Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Zosimas of Tuman, Commemorated August 8 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; St Tarasius of Glushetsa, Commemorated October 12 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27 ; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6;

Zyryan District (East Kazakhastan)
Zyryan District; Komi-Zyrani People from the rivers: Vychegda, Pechora, and Kama; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 24 ; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6;

Zyryani people, Komi-Zyrians, Komi People (Upper Eastside Irtysh River, Kazakhastan)
Zyryani people, Komi-Zyrians, Komi People; St. Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; St. Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 24;

Irtysh River 2

Irtysh River 3

Maiuma District Kazakhstan, Westside of Irtysh River
Maiuma is May May District, Kazakhstan; St Cosmas the Hymnographer the Bishop of Maiuma

Irtysh River 4

Irtysh River 6 (Omsk, Trans-Siberian Road)

Omsk (Irtysh River 6)
Omsk;

Liubimsk District, Kazakhstan
Liubimsk District; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ;

Irtysh River 11 (Tobolsk, Tobol River Mouth)

Abalak, Siberia (Irtysh River 11, Tobol River Mouth)
Abalak, Siberia (Irtysh River 11, Tobol River Mouth); Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10;

Raphael (Tobolsk)
Raphael (Tobolsk);

Ostyak Khanty People, Irtysh River 11, Tobolsk, Kazakhastan, Siberia
Ostyak Khanty People, Irtysh River 11, Tobolsk, Kazakhastan, Siberia ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8;

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan, Irtysh River 11, Tobol River Folder

Tobol (Iset) River

Tobol (Iset) River Source (along the border)

Tobol River 1 (Lisakovsk)

Tobol River 2 (Rudniy)

Tobol River 3 (Kostanay)

Tobol River 4

Uy River Mouth (Tobol River 4)

Ubagan River Mouth (Tobol River 4)

Tobal River 5 (Kurgan)

Tobol River 6 (Yalutorovsk)

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan, Irtysh River 11, Tobol River 6, Iset River Folder

Iset River

Iset River Source (Ekaterinburg, Western Siberia)

Ekaterinburg, Western Siberia (Iset River Source)
Ekaterinburg; Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17; Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18;

Iset River 1 (Dalmatovo)

Dalmation Monastery, Dalmatovo, Western Siberia (Iset River 1)
Dalmation Monastery, Dalmatovo, Western Siberia (Iset River 1); Icon of the Mother of God of Dalmatia, Commemorated on February 15;

Iset River Mouth (Tobol River 6)

Tobol River 7 (Tura and Tavada Rivers)

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan, Irtysh River 11, Tobol River 7, Tavada River Folder

Tavda River

Tavda River Source (Ural Mountains)

Tavada River 1

Tavada River Mouth (Tobol River 7)

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan, Irtysh River 11, Tobol River 7, Tura River Folder

Tura River

Tura River Source (Ural Mountains)

Tura River 1 (Verkhoturye)

Verkhoturye, Kazakhstan, Siberia (Tura River 1)
Verkhoturye (Tura River) ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated September 12 ; Righteous Simeon the Wonderworker of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on December 18 ;

Tura River 2

Tura River 3

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan, Irtysh River 11, Tobol River 7, Tura River 3, Nevya River Folder

Nevya River

Neyva River Source (Ural Mountains)

Berezovsk, Belsk district, Smolensk diocese (Neyva River Source)
St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan;

Nevya River 1 (Abalaka)

Abalaka, Kazakhstan, Siberia (Alopaevsk River Mouth, Neyva River 1)
Abalaka, Kazakhstan, Siberia (Alopaevsk River Mouth, Neyva River) ; Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18; Icon of the Mother of God of Abalaka, Commemorated on November 27 ;

Alapaikha River Mouth (Alopaevsk, Neyva River 1)

Tura River 4 (Tuman)

Tuman, Kazakhstan, Siberia (Tiumen.Tura River 4)
Tuman, Kazakhstan, Siberia (Tiumen.Tura River 4) ; Venerable Zosimas of Tuman, Commemorated August 8 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ;

Tura River 5

Tura River Mouth (Tobol River 7)

Tobol River Mouth (Tobolsk, Irtysh River 11)

Tobolsk, K., Capital of Siberia (Tobol Mouth at Irtysh River 11)
Tobolsk; Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10 ; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ; Righteous Simeon the Wonderworker of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on December 18 ; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska; Icon of the Mother of God of Abalaka, Commemorated on November 27 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27 ; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10;

Irtysh River 14 (Overview)

Irtysh River Mouth (Ob River 13)
Irtysh River, land of the Polovetsians first to be attacked by the Asians (Mongols or Tartars); The Irtysh is actually longer than the Ob at their confluence, so seeing the two rivers together is a better view of the Irtysh: Ob River; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4;

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan, Ural River Folder

Orenburg, Kazakhstan (Ural River 4)
Orenburg ; Orenburg Cossacks; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Kholmogor, Kzakhstan, Siberia, 52ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â° 43' 0" North, 55ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â° 46' 0" East (Ural River 3, near Orenburg)
Kholmogor, Kzakhstan, Siberia 52ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â° 43' 0" North, 55ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â° 46' 0" East; Saint Metrophanes (in schema Macarius), Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on November 23;

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan, Lake Balkhash Folder

Kazakhastan, Capital of the White Horde - Lake Balkhash
Capital of the White Horde - Lake Balkhash; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Ili River

Ili Rive Source

Ili River Mouth (Lake Balkhash)

Karatal River

Karatal River Mouth (Lake Balkhash)

Asku River

Aksu River Mouth (Lake Balkhash)

Qapal River

Lepsi River

Lepsi River Mouth (Lake Balkhash)

Alakol River

Dzungarian Gate (a pass for invasion)
Dzungarian Gate (a pass for invasion);

Dzungarian Basin
Dzungarian Basin;

Dzungarian Alatau Mountains
Dzungarian Alatau Mountains;

Alakol River Mouth (Lake Balkhash)

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan, Turkestan Folder

Turkestan, Kazakhstan
Turkestan literally means land of the Turks; Turks; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated December 10 ; New-martyr John of Thasos, Commemorated December 20 ; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Polovets, Kazakhstan (Polotsians)
Polovetsian ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated October 27 ;

Syr Darya River

Syr Darya Source ( confluence of Naryn and Kara Darya Rivers)

Syr Darya River Mouth (Aral Sea)

Russia, Siberia, Southwestern Siberia, Uzbekistan Folder

Uzbekistan (from Syr Darya River to Oxus River)
Uzbekistan ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17;

Uzbekistan History Folder

Timurid Empire, 1370-1507, Tamurlane's Dynasty
Timurid Empire, 1370-1507, Tamurlane's Dynasty, founded by Tamur the Lame or Tamurlane; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17;

Russia, Siberia, Uzbekistan, Timurid Empire, 1370-1507, Sunni, Persia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Afganistan
Timurid Empire, 1370-1507, Sunni, Persia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Afganistan ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17;

Timurid Emperor, 1370-1405, Tammerlane aka Timur
Timurid Emperor, 1370-1405, Tammerlane aka Timur ; Timurid Empire, 1370-1507, Sunni, Persia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Afganistan ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17;

Russia, Siberia, Uzbekistan, 1395, Tammerlane retreats after Dream, Vladimir Icon Mother of God (Don River 1, Kulikovo Pole)
Kulikovo Pole (Kulikovo Field); Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26 ; Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. Awakening in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat.

Khwarazm Oasis Region
100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols;

Syr Darya Mouth (Aral Sea)

Naryn River

Naryn River Source (Tian Shan Mountains)

Naryn River Mouth (Syr Darya River Source)

Kara Darya River

Kara Darya River Source (a confluence)

Kara Darya River Mouth (Syr Darya River Source)

Fergana Valley
Fergana Valley; Fergana Range; Tar River (Kyrgystan); Kara Darya River; Naryn River; Syr Darya River;

Tar River

Tar River (Kyrgyzstan) Source (Kegart River)

Tar River (Kyrgyzstan) Mouth (Kara Darya River Source)

Russia, Siberia, Westcentral Siberia, Ob River Folder

Ob River

Ob River Source (Biya and Katun River Confluence)

Russia, Siberia, Westcentral Siberia, Orb River Source, Katun and Biya Rivers Folder

Katun River

Biya River

Katun River Source (Mt. Belukha Glacier)
Katun River Source (Mt. Belukha Glacier);

Biya River Source (Lake Teletskoye )

Katun River Mouth (Ob River Source)

Biya River Mouth (Ob River Source)

Ob River 1 (Altai Krai)

Altai Krai (near Ob River 1)
Altai Krai;

Ob River 2

Ob River 3

Ob River 4 (Novosibirsk and Sibirsk Crossing of the RWY)

Sibirsk (Siberian Federal District, Ob River 4)
Sibirsk (Siberian Federal District); Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Novosibirsk (Ob River 4), Siberia
Novosibirsk; Translation of the relics of St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on June 30;

Ob River 5 (near Tomsk on Tomsk River)

Russia, Siberia, Westcentral Siberia, Ob River 5, Tom River Folder

Tom River

Abakan Range

Tom River Source (Abakan Range)

Tom River 1

Tom River 2

Tom River 3

Tom River Mouth (Ob River 5)

Tomsk (Tom River Mouth, Ob River 5)
Tomsk;

Ob River 6 (Chulym River)

Russia, Siberia, Westentral Siberia, Ob River 6, Chulym River Folder

Chulym River

Chulym River Source (Abakan Range)

Chulym River 1 (Nazarovo, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Trans-Siberian Road)

Achinsk (Chulym River 1, Ob River)
Achinsk;

Chulym River 2

Chulym River 3 (Asino)

Chulym River 4

Chulym River Mouth (Ob River 6)

Ob River 7

Ob River 12 (Vogul District, near Asyka)

Ob River 13 (Irtysh River Mouth)

Ob River 14 (Vogul District)

Asyka, Vogul District (Ob River 14)
Asyka, Vogul District (Ob River 14); Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Yugra or Iuhra (Old Russian ÃƒÂÂÂÂÃ‚Â®ÃƒÂÂÂÂÃ‚Â³ÃƒÂ‘Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂÂÂÂÃ‚Â°, c.f. Byzantine Greek ÃƒÂŽÃ‚ÂŸÃƒÂ¡Ã‚Â½Ã‚Â”ÃƒÂŽÃ‚Â³ÃƒÂŽÃ‚Â³ÃƒÂÂÂÂÃ‚ÂÂÂÂÃƒÂŽÃ‚Â¿ÃƒÂŽÃ‚Â¹[clarification needed]) was the name of the lands between the Pechora River and Northern Urals in the Russian annals of the 12thÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“17th centuries, as well as the name of the Khanty and partly Mansi tribes inhabiting these territories, later known as Voguls. The KhantyÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“Mansi Autonomous Okrug of Russia is also called Yugra. The name Yugra also gave rise to the modern adjective Ugric.; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19 ;

Vogul District, Ob River, Siberia (Land of the Vogulians)
Mansi people; Voguls; Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ;

Ob River 16 (Vogul District)

Ob River Mouth (Gulf of Ob, Artic Ocean)
Ob River ;

Khe on the mouth of the Ob
Khe on the mouth of the Ob; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10 ;

Russia, Siberia, Southern Siberia, Kyrgyzstan Folder, Tarim Basin

Tarim Basin
Tarim Basin;

Kalmyks People in Kyrgyzstan, Tarim Basin
Kalmyks People in Kyrgyzstan; Icon of the Mother of God of Dalmatia, Commemorated on February 15;

Toshkan River Mouth (Asku River)

Toshkan River

Yarkand River Mouth (Tarim River Source)

Yarkund River

Hotan River (Summer Only)

Hotan River Mouth (Terin River, Summer Only)

Torugart Pass

Chatyrkol Lake
Chatyrkol Lake;

a River to Kashgar Oasis, China

Kegart River Source (southwest slope of Fergana Range)

Kegart River 1

Fergana Range
Fergana Range;

Tian Shan Mountains
Tian Shan Mountains;

Aksu River Source (Tian Shan Mountains)

Asku River 1

Aksu River (Xinjiang) Mouth (Tarim River Source)

Aksu River

Tarim River Source ( a confluence)

Tarim River Mouth (Tarim Lake)

Tarim River

Russia, Siberia, Northcentral Siberia, Taz River Folder

Taz River

Taz River Source (along the border)

Taz River 1

Taz River 2

Taz River 3 (Mangazeya)

Mangazeya, Siberia (Taz River 3)
Mangazea; Icon of the Mother of God of Abalaka, Commemorated November 26 ; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23 ;

Taz River 4

Taz River Mouth (Taz Estuary)

Caselka River

Russia, Siberia, Central Siberia, Yenisei River Folder

Yenisei River

Ostyak Ket People (Yenisei River, Siberia)
Ostyak Ket People (Yenisei River, Siberia) ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8;

Yenisei (Tungsa) River Source (Mungaragyin-Gol Ridge, Mongolia)

Yenisei River 1

Kyzyl (Yenisei River 1)
Kyzyl

Shagonar (Yenisei River 2)
Shagonar;

Yenisei River 2

Sayanogorsk (Yenisei River 3)
Sayanogorsk;

Yenisei River 3 (Chernogorsk and Abakan)

Chernogorsk, Siberia (Yenisei River 3)
Chernogorsk (Yenisei River 3) ; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated on August 22 ;

Chernogorsk monastery in the Arkhangelsk diocese
Chernogorsk monastery in the Arkhangelsk diocese Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; Near the dvina (a common word for river) When Stephen returned home in 1629 and showed the icon to George Lytkin, he remembered his vision and he set off to the Dvina outskirts to the Chernogorsk monastery (so called because it was built on a hilly and somber place. From of old it had been named "Black Hill", but afterwards the monastery changed the name to "Pretty Hill".

Black Hill or Pretty Hill, Siberia (Yenisei River 3)
Chernogorsk monastery in the Arkhangelsk diocese Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ;

Abakan (Yenisei River 3)
Abakan;

Yenisei River 4 (Trans-Siberian Road, Krasnoyarsk)

Divnogorsk, Siberia (Yenisei River 4)
Divnogorsk, Siberia (Yenisei River 4) ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Rescuer of the DrowningÂ, Commemorated on February 5;

Krasnoyarsk (Yenisei River 4)
Krasnoyarsk;

Yenisei River 5 (Angora River Mouth)

Russia, Siberia, Central Siberia South, Yenisei River 5, Angara River Folder

Angara River

Baikal Region, Lake Baikal, Siberia
Lake Baikal; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 2;

Angara River Source (Lake Baikal)

Russia, Siberia, Central Siberia South, Yenisei River 5, Angara River Source, Selenga River Folder

Selenga River

Selenga River Delgermoron or Ider headwaters 2

Selenga River Delgermoron or Ider headwaters 1

Selenga River headwaters Khovsgol River

Selenga River Source (Confluence Delgermoron and Ider Rivers)

Selenga River 1

Selenga River 2

Selenga River 3

Selenga River 10 (Orkhon River Mouth)

Selenga River 30 (Buryatia, Trans-Siberian Road)

Buryatia, Siberia (Selenga River 30)
Buryatia; Buryats; Lake Baikal Region; (Upper and Lower) Angara River St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Buryats, Land of the Buryats
Buryats; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Selenga River Mouth (Lake Baikal, Angara River Source)

Russia, Siberia, Central Siberia South, Yenisei River 5, Angara River Source, Barguzin River Folder, Buryatia

Barguzin River

Buryatia, Siberia (Land of the Buryats)
Buryatia; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ; St. Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 29;

Daurian peoples, Buryatia, Siberia (Land of the Buryats)
Buryatia; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ; St. Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 29;

Barguzin Nature Reserve, Siberia
Barguzin Nature Reserve;

Barguzin River Mouth (Lake Baikal, Angara River Source

Upper Angara River

Upper Angara River 1

Upper Angara River 2 (Novy Uoyan)

Upper Angara River Source (Barguzin, Buryatia)

Upper Angara River Mouth (Lake Baikal)

Angara River 1 (Irkutsk)

Irkutsk, Siberia (Angara River 1, Lake Baikal, Trans-Siberian Road 14)
Irkutsk; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated July 26 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made FleshÂ, Commemorated on March 9 ; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; Translation of the relics of St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on June 30; Sophronius, Bishop of Irkutsk and All Siberia, reposed on March 30, 1771, the second day of Holy Pascha. While they awaited a decision of the Holy Synod concerning the burial, his body remained unburied for six months, and during this time it was not subject to decay. Then, in view of this circumstance, and also knowing about the strict ascetic life of Saint Sophronius, the flock began to venerate him as a saint of God. (in 1833, 1854, 1870, 1909) his relics were seen to be incorrupt, and a source of grace-filled miracles. A fire occurring on April 18, 1917 at the Theophany Cathedral at Irkutsk left only the bones of the holy bishop. This did not diminish, but on the contrary, it increased the reverent veneration of the saint by the faithful of the nation. local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church in its deliberations of April 10/23, 1918 decided to glorify Bishop Sophronius, numbering him among the holy saints of God. This solemnity of adding Saint Sophronius to the list of the saints was done on June 30. At a second session of this Council under the presidency of His Holiness Patriarch Tikhon (now Saint Tikhon) a Service to Saint Sophronius was approved, with a Troparion composed by Archbishop John, who at that time guided the Irkutsk diocese, so that all believers would have the possibility of adding prayer to the holy saint into the voice of the Siberian churches, deeply venerating the memory of their illuminator and intercessor. at the present time believers turn for help to Saint Sophronius. Prayers witness to this, having been composed on the day of the 40th year celebration of the glorification of the holy hierarch on July 13,1958, by Metropolitan Nestor (Anisimov), then Metropolitan of Novosibirsk and Barnaulsk, and a solemn feast of the 200 year anniversary of the day of death of Saint Sophronius took place at the Zolotonoshsk Krasnogorsk women’s monastery and in the Irkutsk diocese (Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate, 1971, No. 9), and he is venerated by all believers of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Siberian Ukrainian Baroque Churches, St. Sophronius, 1790's
Siberian Ukrainian Baroque Churches, St. Sophronius, 1790's; St. Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Tungusk, Land of the Tunguska People - Angara River 1, Siberia
The Tunguska Rivers including the Angara are the Eastern tributaries of the north flowing Yenisei River. The people of the Tunguska Language are the people of the land of these Tunguska rivers. The Tunguska settlers were moved down to Zeya River that flows south into the Amur River. Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Angara River 2

Angara River 3

Angara River 4 (Bratsk)

Bratsk, Siberia (Angara River 4)
Bratsk; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, not Bratsk, Siberia, Commemorated September 6 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated December 10 ;

Angara River 5

Russia, Siberia, Central Siberia South, Yenisei River 5, Angara River 5, Ilim River Folder

Ilim River

Ilim River Source (Irkutskaya)

Ilimsk, Siberia (flooded 1970 by Ilim River Reservoir)
Ilimsk; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26 ;

Ilim River Mouth (Angara River 5)

Angara River Mouth (Yenisei River 5)

Lesosibirsk (Yenisei River 6)
Lesosibirsk;

Yeniseysk (Yenisei River 6)
Yeniseysk;

Yenisei River 6

Stony Tunguska River Mouth (Yenisei River 8)

Tungus People, Siberia (3 Tunguska Rivers: Angara, Stony and Lower Tanguska)
Tungus People (3 Tunguska Rivers: Angara, Stony and Lower Tanguska rivers: Tributaries of the Yeniesei in Eastern Siberia) ; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31;

Turuhan region, Siberia (Yenisei River 10)
Turuhan region; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 4 ;

Tunguska People - From Right Tributaries of the Yenisei River to Pacific Ocean
Tunguska People - From Right Tributaries of the Yenisei River to Pacific Ocean; St. Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 29;

Lower Tunguska River Mouth (Yenisei River 11)

Igarka (Yenisei River 13)
Igarka;

Dudinka (Yenisei River 14)
Dudinka;

Yenisei (Tungsa) River Mouth (Artic Ocean)

Russia, Siberia, Far Nortcentral Siberia, Mikhailov Folder

River Sii

Mikhailov Island, Siberia
Mikhailov Island, Siberia ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated December 7 ;

Mikhailov Penninsula, Siberia
Mikhailov Penninsula ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated December 7 ;

Russia, Siberia, Eastcentral Siberia, Lena River Folder

Lena River

Verkhoyansk Range
Verkhoyansk Range;

Lena River Source (above Lake Baikal)

Lena River 1

Lena River 2 (Kirensk)

Kirensk, Siberia (Lena River 2)
Kirensk Holy Trinity monastery; Kirensk ; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made FleshÂ, Commemorated on March 9;

Lena River 3

Lena River 4

Lena River 9 (Yakutsk, Aldan River Mouth)

Yakutsk, Siberia (Lena River 9, Tract from Y to Okhotsk)
Yakutsk; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20 ;

Yakut People
Yakut People; Yakutsk; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ;

Tract from Yakutsk to Okhotsk
St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Lena River 11 (Aldan River Mouth)

Russia, Siberia, Eastcentral Siberia, Lena River 11, Aldan River Folder

Aldan River

Aldan River Source (Stanovoy Range)

Stanovoy Range (seperates Artic from Pacific drainage)
Stanovoy Range;

Aldan River 1 (Aldan, Russia)

Aldan River 2 (Tommot, Russia)

Aldan River 3 (Ust-Maya, Russia)

Aldan River 4 (Eldikan, Russia)

Aldan River 5 (Khandyga, Russia)

Aldan River Mouth (Lena River 11)
Aldan River; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Lena River 12 (Overview)

Vilyuy River Mouth (Lena River 12)

Lena River Mouth (Lena Delta Artic Ocean)

Artic Sea (Artic Ocean)
Artic Sea (Artic Ocean); St. Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 29;

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk Sea Region Folder

Okhotsk (Okhotska River, Sea of Okhotsk, Siberia)
Okhotsk, on the Okhotsa River; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made FleshÂ, Commemorated on March 9; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Tungusian peoples, Okhotsk Region
Tungusian peoples, Okhotsk Region; Okhotsk, on the Okhotsa River; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk History Folder

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia,Okhotsk, 1603-1671, Hierotheus Khabarov
Hierotheus Khabarov 1603-1671; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made FleshÂ, Commemorated on March 9;

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, 1652-1695, China War of the Amur Region
Russia China War of the Amur Region (1652-1695) ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9;

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, 1684-1686, Chinese Invasions of Albazin
Chinese Invasions of Albazin (1684-1686) ; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made FleshÂ, Commemorated on March 9; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, 1685-1686, Defense of Albazin
Defense of Albazin (1685-1686); Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, Russo-Japanese War of 1904, 1905
Siberia, Okhotsk, Russo-Japanese war in 1904, 1905; Liaodong Peninsula; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, Russo-Japanese War over Port Arthur 1904-1905
Okhotsk, Russo-Japanese War over Port Arthur 1904-1905; Port Arthur (Lushunkou District) ; Liaodong Peninsula; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk River Folder, with Ulya River

Left Okhota River

Left Okhota River Source

Right Okhota River

Right Okhota River Source

Okhaota River

Okhota River Source

Okhota River Mouth (Sea of Okhotsk)

Ulya River

Ulya River Mouth (Sea of Okhotsk)

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk Sea Region, Amur River Folder

Okhotsk Sea
Sea of Okhotsk; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; St. Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 29;

Chukchei People (Chukchei Penninsula)
Chukchei People (Chukchei Penninsula) ; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31;

Koryak People (Kamchatka Penninsula)
Koryak People (Kamchatka Penninsula, Southeast Siberia); Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31;

Amur (Argun) River

Amur River

Amur River Primary Source (Khan Khentii Strictly Protected Area)
Khan Khentii Strictly Protected Area;

Amur River Second Source (Hentiyn Mountains)
Hentiyn Mountains

Armur River A

Armur River B

Armur River C

Armur River D

Armur River E

Armur River F (Selingin)

Selingin, Okhotsk, Siberia (Armur River F) China border
The saint was compelled to spend three years at Selingin on the Chinese border. Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ;

Armur River G

Armur River H

Argun River (Asia) Mouth (Amur River Source)
Russia China Border;

Amur River 1

Albazin, Okhotsk, Siberia (Amur River 1) 1651, Cossacks, 1655 Chernigovsky the Pole, Jaxa
Albazin; is a village (selo) in Skovorodinsky District of Amur Oblast, Russia, noted as the site of Albazin, the first Russian settlement on the Amur River. the arrival of Russians, Albazino belonged to the Daur people, the Mongolic peoples indigenous to this area. The town was originated by prince Albaz as the capital of Solon Khanate. in the 17th century, the town was center of a petty kingdom known as Yagsi. the late 1640s, a team of Russian Cossacks under Yerofey Khabarov arrived to explore Dauria. They were keen to gain a foothold in the proximity of the Amur River and, after several clashes with the Daurs under Prince Albaza or Albaasi, established a Russian fort of Albazin in 1651. The Russians were defeated here by Qing China in 1686 (see below). By the Treaty of Nerchinsk the area was assigned to China. the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 a new Amur Cossack stanitsa appeared on the site. A municipal museum is sited among the remains of the 17th-century Russian fort. 1 The History of Albazin 1.1 Foundation of Jaxa 1.2 The Russian–Chinese conflict over Albazin 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History of Albazin[edit] also: Sino-Russian border conflicts late 1650 Albazin was built as winter quarters by Yerofei Khabarov on the northernmost part of the Amur River, 125 miles downstream from the junction of the Argun and Shilka. Thereafter it was little used as the Russians concentrated on the richer grain-growing lands downriver. In 1652 the Manchus drove the Russians out of the Amur country and the land was left to outlaws and adventurers. of Jaxa[edit] 1655 Nikifor Chernigovsky, a Pole who had been exiled to Siberia after an unsuccessful attempt to run away from the Russian's custody, murdered the voyevoda of Ilimsk in retaliation for the rape of his daughter, and fled to the Amur where he reoccupied the ruins of Albazin and gathered a band of supporters. Chernigovsky soon gained the support of the local Tungusic population, whom he treated with respect, in contrast to several assaults they had suffered under Russian (Cossack) sovereignty. He made a great stronghold on the ruins of Albazin, giving it the name of Jaxa. the coming years, Siberian governors made several failed attempts to regain control over Albazin; however, Chernigovsky was able to keep his position by playing the Russians against the Chinese, and vice versa. From 1669, the Russian tsar received a tribute from the Jaxa country (Albazin and surrounding villages), which impacted the tsar's decision to formally acknowledge Chernigovsky as the lord of Jaxa in 1674. The Chinese government, for its part, communicated with Chernigovsky using Polish as the main language. In 1675, he raided Chinese lands with the help of the local population. This remains the last recorded reference to Chernigovsky in history.[1][2] Russian–Chinese conflict over Albazin[edit] is on the northern loop of the Amur. Nerchinsk is on the lower Shilka' Qing did little about Albazin because their forces were tied up in southern China and because they were concerned about possible Russian backing for their enemies in Mongolia. With the southern problem nearly solved (Taiwan was conquered in 1683), in the spring of 1682 the Kangxi Emperor made a tour through Manchuria and began preparations to deal with the Amur problem. His plan was to build up such a large force that the Russians would withdraw without fighting, for, as he said "The use of force is not a good thing. We use it only under compulsion." Troops were moved up to Aigun and crops were planted to feed them. An attack was delayed due to disagreements among the planners and the difficulty of moving supplies northward. 1681 there were Qing threats against Albazin, talks were held on the Nun River and minor Russian forts were destroyed along the Zeya. By the end of 1683 all Russian bases except Albazin had been eliminated. Moscow responded by making Ivan Vlasov voyevoda of Nerchinsk and appointing Akeksey Tolbuzin to a new voyevodstvo at Albazin (July 1684). An attempt to move men and supplies east failed due to shortages and inefficiency. The siege began on June 23, 1685. On the 26th there was an indecisive day-long battle. The Qing army thereupon piled dry wood along the fort's wooden walls and when they began to light it, Tolbuzin surrendered (exact date uncertain). The 600 or so defenders were allowed to withdraw to Nerchinsk. About 45 opted to go with the Qing army where they joined the Russian colony in Peking. The Qing army burned the fort and withdrew, but did not destroy the crops. When news of the defeat reached Moscow in November it was decided to abandon the Amur and send an ambassador to Peking. The Qing troops constituted of former Southern Ming marines from Taiwan, renowned for their knowledge of nautical warfare.[3][4][5][6][7][8] One day after leaving Albazin, the retreating Russians met a group of reinforcements who brought word that an even larger group under Baiton had reached Nerchinsk. Since the fort was lost they continued their withdrawal. Some time after July 10, 1685, scouts reported that the Qing were gone and the crops still standing. Vlasov sent 669 well-armed men under Tolbuzin to gather the harvest. The crops were gathered, Albazin was refortified with earthen walls and efforts were made to bring the natives back into subjection. The Qing arrived on July 18, 1686, and began a tight siege and a steady cannonade. On the fifth day of the siege Tolbuzin was killed by a cannon ball and replaced by Afanasii Baiton.[9] The Russians had enough food to last until Easter, but were short of water. The siege continued until early winter. In late October messengers arrived in Peking announcing Moscow's desire to negotiate. An order was issued to relax the siege. At this time less than 66 men, out of an original 826, were left alive (most had died of disease, especially scurvy). On December 25 Baiton sent one of his men to request provisions. A few more than twenty men remained in the fort, all ill and undernourished. When, in August 1687, Kangxi heard (incorrectly) that the Russian ambassador had reached Mongolia, he ordered the Qing troops withdrawn. the treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), Albazin was abandoned and destroyed. Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made FleshÂ, Commemorated on March 9; Albazin Icon of the Mother of God “the Word made Fleshâ€ is of great religious significance in the Amur River region. It received its name from the Russian fortress of Albazin (now the village of Albazino) along the Amur river, founded in the year 1650 by the famous Russian frontier ataman Hierotheus Khabarov on the site of a settlement of the Daurian prince Albaza. hue and cry over the Amur Albazinsk fortress became an object of enmity for the Chinese emperor and his generals, who then already dreamed of expanding their influence over all of Russian Siberia. the eve of the Feast of the Annunciation, on March 24, 1652, the first military clash of the Russians with the Chinese occurred at the Amur. Through the prayers of the Most Holy Theotokos the pagans were scattered and fled to their own territory. This victory seemed like a portent for the Russians. But the struggle had only just begun. Many sons of Holy Russia died in the struggle for the Amur, and for the triumph of Orthodoxy in the Far East. June of 1658 an Albazin military detachment, 270 Cossacks under the leadership of Onuphrius Stepanov, fell into an ambush and in a heroic fight they were completely annihilated by the Chinese. enemy burned Albazin, overran Russian lands, and carried off the local population into China. They wanted to turn the fertile cultivated area back into wilderness. these difficult years the Most Holy Theotokos showed signs of Her mercy to the land of Amur. In 1665, when Russians returned and rebuilt Albazin, together with a priest there came to the Amur the Elder Hermogenes from the Kirensk Holy Trinity monastery. He carried with him a wonderworking icon of the Mother of God “the Word made Fleshâ€, called the Albazinsk Icon since that time. In 1671 the holy Elder built a small monastery on the boundary mark of the Brusyan Stone (one and a half kilometers from Albazin near the Amur), where the holy icon was later kept. was built up. At two churches in the city, the Ascension of the Lord and Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, Albazin priests offered the Bloodless Sacrifice. Not far from the city (along the Amur) another monastery was built, the Spassky. The fertile soil produced bread for Eastern Siberia. The local populace adapted itself to Russian Orthodox culture, peacefully entering into the multi-national Russian state, and found Russian protection from the plundering raids of Chinese feudal war-lords. Moscow they did not forget the needs of the far-away Amur frontier. They strengthened military defenses and improved regional government. In 1682 the Albazin Military-Provincial Government was formed. They concerned themselves about the spiritual nourishment of the Amur region peoples. A local Council of the Russian Church in 1681 adopted a resolution to send “archimandrites, igumens, or priests, both learned and good, to enlighten unbelievers with the law of Christ.â€ The Daurian and Tungusian peoples as a whole accepted Holy Baptism. Of great significance was the conversion of the Daurian prince Hantimur (renamed Peter) and his eldest son Katana (renamed Paul) to Orthodoxy. servants of the Chinese emperor planned for a new attack. After several unsuccessful forays, on July 10, 1685, they marched against Albazin with an army of 15,000 and encircled the fortress. In it were 450 Russian soldiers and three cannon. The first assault was repulsed. The Chinese then from all sides piled up firewood and kindling against the wooden walls of the fortress and set it on fire. Further resistance proved impossible. With its military standards and holy things, among which was the wonderworking Albazin Icon, the soldiers abandoned the fortress. Mother of God did not withhold Her intercession from Her chosen city. Scouts soon reported that the Chinese suddenly began to withdraw from Albazin, ignoring the Chinese emperor’s command to destroy the crops in the Russian fields. The miraculous intervention of the Heavenly Protectress not only drove the enemy from Russian territories, but also preserved the grain which sustained the city for the winter months. On August 20, 1685 Russians were in Albazin again. year went by, and the fortress was again besieged by Chinese. There began a five-month defense of Albazin, which occupies a most honored place in Russian military history. Three times, in July, in September, and in October, the forces of the Chinese emperor made an assault on the wooden fortifications. A hail of fiery arrows and red-hot cannon balls fell on the town. Neither the city nor its defenders could be seen in the smoke and fire. And all three times, the Mother of God defended the inhabitants of Albazin from their fierce enemy. December 1686, when the Chinese lifted the siege of Albazin, of the city’s 826 defenders only 150 men remained alive. forces were inadequate to continue the war against the Chinese emperor. In August 1690 the last of the Cossacks departed from Albazin under the leadership of Basil Smirenikov. Neither the fortress, nor its holy things, fell into the hands of the enemy. The fortifications were razed and leveled by the Cossacks, and the Albazin Icon of the Mother of God was taken to Sretensk, a city on the river Shilka, which flows into the Amur. even after the destruction of Albazin, God destined its inhabitants to do another service for the good of the Church. By divine Providence the end of the military campaign contributed to the increase of the influence of the grace of Orthodoxy among the peoples of the Far East. During the years of war, a company of about a hundred Russian cossacks and peasants from Albazin and its environs were taken captive and sent to Peking. Chinese emperor even gave orders to give one of the Buddhist temples in the Chinese capital for an Orthodox church dedicated to Sophia, the Wisdom of God. In 1695 Metropolitan Ignatius of Tobolsk sent an antimension, chrism, service books, and church vessels to the Sophia church. In a letter to the captive priest Maximus, 'the Preacher of the Holy Gospel to the Chinese Empire,' Metropolitan Ignatius wrote: 'Be not troubled, nor troubled in soul for yourself and the captives with you, for who is able to oppose the will of God? Your captivity is not without purpose for the Chinese people, so that you may reveal to them the light of Christ’s Orthodox Faith.' preaching of the Gospel in the Chinese Empire soon bore fruit and resulted in the first baptisms of Chinese. The Russian Church zealously looked after the new flock. In 1715 the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Saint Philotheus “the Apostle to Siberiaâ€ (+ May 31, 1727), wrote a letter to the Peking clergy and the faithful living under the Peking Spiritual Mission, who continued with the Christian work of enlightening pagans. years went by, and the new epoch brought the Russian deliverance of the Amur. On August 1, 1850, the Procession of the Precious Wood of the Life-Giving Cross, Captain G. I. Nevelsky raised up the Russian Andreev flag at the mouth of the Amur River and founded the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. Through the efforts of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, N. N. Muraviev-Amursky (+ 1881), and Saint Innocent, Archbishop of Kamchatka (March 31), and through the spiritual nourishment which obtained in the Amur and coastal regions, in several years the left bank of the Amur was built up with Russian cities, villages and Cossack settlements. year brought important advances in the development of the liberated territory, its Christian enlightenment and welfare. In the year 1857 on the bank of the Amur fifteen way-stations and settlements were established (the Albazin on the site of the old fortress and the Innokentiev, named in honor of Saint Innocent). In a single year, 1858, there were more than thirty settlements, among which were three cities: Khabarovsk, Blagoveschensk and Sophiisk. May 9, 1858, on the Feast of Saint Nicholas, N. N. Muraviev-Amursky and Archbishop Innocent of Kamchatka arrived in the Cossack post at Ust’-Zeisk. Saint Innocent was there to dedicate a temple in honor of the Annunciation of the Mother of God (Blagoveschenie, in Slavonic), the first building in the new city. Because of the name of the temple, the city was also called Blagoveschensk, in memory of the first victory over the Chinese on the Feast of the Annunciation in 1652, and in memory of the Annunciation church at Irkutsk, in which Saint Innocent began his own priestly service. It was also a sign that “from that place proceeded the blessed news of the reintegration of the Amur region territory under Russian sovereignty.â€ New settlers on the way to the Amur, journeying through Sretensk, fervently offered up their prayers to the Holy Protectress of the Amur region before her Wonderworking Albazin Icon. Their prayers were heard: the Aigunsk (1858) and Peking (1860) treaties decisively secured the left bank of the Amur and coastal regions for Russia. 1868 the Bishop of Kamchatka, Benjamin Blagonravov, the successor to Saint Innocent, transferred the holy icon from Sretensk to Blagoveschensk, thereby returning the famous holy icon to the Amur territory. In 1885, a new period began in the veneration of the Albazin Icon of the Mother of God and is associated with the name of the Kamchatka bishop Gurias, who established an annual commemoration on March 9 and a weekly Akathist. the summer of 1900, during the “Boxer Rebellionâ€ in China, the waves of insurrection reached all the way to the Russian border. Chinese troops suddenly appeared on the banks of the Amur before Blagoveschensk. For nineteen days the enemy stood before the undefended city, raining artillery fire down upon it, and menacing the Russian bank with invasion. shallows of the Amur afforded passage to the adversary. In the Annunciation church services were celebrated continuously, and Akathists were read before the Wonderworking Albazin Icon. The Protection of the Mother of God was again extended over the city, just as it had been in earlier times. Not daring to cross the Amur, the enemy departed from Blagoveschensk. According to the accounts of the Chinese themselves, they often saw a Radiant Woman over the bank of the Amur, inspiring them with fear and rendering their missiles ineffective. more than 300 years the Wonderworking Albazin Icon of the Mother of God watched over the Amur frontier of Russia. Orthodox people venerate it not only as Protectress of Russian soldiers, but also as a Patroness of mothers. Believers pray for mothers before the icon during their pregnancy and during childbirth, 'so that the Mother of God might bestow the gift of abundant health from the Albazin Icon’s inexhaustible well-spring of holiness.' icon depicts Christ as a child standing in a mandorla before His Mother’s breast. Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, Amur River 1, Shilka River Folder

Shilka River

Shilka River Source (Chita)

Shilka River 1 (Sretensk and Nerchinsk)

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, Amur River 1, Shilka River 1, Nercha River Folder

Nercha River

Nercha River Source (Barguzin, Buryatia)

Nercha River Mouth (Nerchinsk, Shilka River 1)

Nerchinsk, Okhotsk, Siberia (Nercha Mouth at Shilka River 1)
Nerchinsk, Siberia (Nercha River Mouth at Shilka River1); Martyr Juvenal of Alaska, Commemorated on September 24 ; Russia China Border; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ;

Sretensk, Okhotsk, Siberia (Shila River 1)
Sretensk; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made FleshÂ, Commemorated on March 9;

Shilka River 2

Shilka River 3

Shilka River Mouth (Amur River 1)
Russia China Border;

Amur River 2

Amur Oblast (Amur River Region)
Amur Oblast (Amur River Region); Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made FleshÂ, Commemorated on March 9; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31;

Amur River 3

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, Amur River 3, Zeya River Folder

Zeya River

Zeya River Source (Tokiysky Stanovik Range)

Zeya River 1

Zeya River 2

Zeya River 3

Zeya River 6 (Zeya)

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, Amur River 3, Zeya River 6, Gilyuy River Folder

Gilyuy River

Gilyuy River Upper Gilyuy

Gilyuy River (Tynda)

Gilyuy River Mouth (Zeya River 6)

Zeya River 7 (Svobodny)

Zeya, Zea River Valley
Zea River Valley Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Zeya River 8 (Blagoveshchensk)

Zeya River Mouth (Amur River 3)

Blagoveschensk (Ust-Zeisk), Okhotsk (Zeya River Mouth, Amur River 3)
Blagoveschensk (Ust-Zeisk), Okhotsk, Siberia (Zeya River, Aur River 3); Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9;

Innokentiev (Amur River 3.9)
Innokentiev (Amur River 3.9); Icon of the Mother of God, œAlbazinÂ or œThe Word was made FleshÂ, Commemorated on March 9;

Amur River 5 (Manchuria, Black Dragon River)

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, Amur River 5, Black Dragon River Folder, Manchuria

Port Arthur, Russo-Japanese War over Port Arthur 1904-1905
Siberia, Russo-Japanese War over Port Arthur 1904-1905; Port Arthur (Lushunkou District) ; Liaodong Peninsula; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Black Dragon River (Heilongjiang or Amur)

Black Dragon River Source (along the border)

Manchuria, Eastern Siberia (Black Dragon River, Amur Region)
Manchuria or Northeast China; Harbin on the railway to Vladivostok. Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24;

Black Diamond River Mouth (Amur River 5)

Amur River 6 (Amur Crossing at Khabarovsk)

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, Amur River 6, Ussuri River Folder

Ussuri River

Ussuri River Source (near the coast)

Ussuriysk, Siberia (Ussuri River Source, near Vladivostok, Trans-Siberian RWY)
Ussuriysk; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31;

Ussuri River 1

Ussuri River 2

Ussuri River 3

Ussuri River Mouth (Khabarovsk, Amur river 6)

Khabarovsk (Ussuri River Mouth, Amur River 6)
Khabarovsk (Amur River 6) ; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made FleshÂ, Commemorated on March 9;

Khabarov frontier, Okhotsk Sea (Vladivostok, Khabarovsk River, Amur River 6, Trans-Siberian Road 17)
Khabarovsky District; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ;

Amur River 8 (Komsomolsk-on-Amur)

Amur River Mouth (Tartary Strait, Sea of Oskosh)

Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, Okhotsk, Siberia
Nikolayevsk-on-Amur; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made FleshÂ, Commemorated on March 9;

Lake Orel
Venerable Macarius of Optina;

Strait of Tartary
Strait of Tartary;

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk Sea Region, Kamchatka Penninsula and Kurile Islands Folder

Kurile Islands, Okhotsk Region, Siberia
Kurile Islands; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Kamchatka Penninsula, Okhotsk Sea, Siberia
Kamchatka Penninsula; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made FleshÂ, Commemorated on March 9; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; Hudson Stuck of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ;

Russia, Vologda Folder, Large area North of the Volga and West of the Urals

Russia, Vologda, Vologda River Folder (Sukhona River 1) Komel or Vologda

Vologda River

Vologda River Source (Western Vologda District)

Vologda River 1

Vologda River 2

Vologda River 3 (Komel aka Vologda)

Komel, Vologda (AKA Vologda, Vologda River 3)
Komel (Vologda) is what you find when you look up Komel in Wikipedia; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Seven Arrows"Â, Commemorated on August 13 "; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated January 28 ; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Vologda (aka Komel, Vologda River 3)
Vologda; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14; Blessed Basil of Kubensk, August 2nd ; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Seven ArrowsÂ, Commemorated on August 13 "; St Philip of Sukhona, Commemorated on August 17; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Bassian of Tikhsnen, Vologda, Commemorated September 12 ; St Demetrius of Tsilibinsk, Commemorated on October 26 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7 ; Venerable Joseph of Zaonikiev Monastery, Vologda; Martyr Galacteon of Vologda, Commemorated September 24 ; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Pelsheme and Wonderworker of Vologda, Commemorated September 30 ; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated November 16; Malopinega is somewhere in Vologda or on the Vologda River. Saint Sergius of Malopinega (in the world Simeon), was born in 1493. His father, Markian Stephanovich Nekliud, was descended from Novgorod nobles. Together with other fellow citizens they left their native-place setting off "to the side of the icy sea," when Great Novgorod was finally subjugated to the power of Moscow by Ivan III........With apostolic zeal he (Sergius) labored over the conversion of the pagan Chud people; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24 ; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated December 18 ; Venerable Ignatius of Loma and Yaroslav, Commemorated December 27 ; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated January 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sumorin-Totem, Commemorated on January 28 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated January 28 ; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; Venerable Abraham of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Venerable Coprius of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11 ; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Cassian the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Laurence the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Right-believing John the Prince of Uglich, Tonsured As Ignatius, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Avnezh, Vologda, Commemorated on June 15; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Makhrishche, Vologda (Komel, Vologda River 3)
Makhrishche, Vologda Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14;

Priluki (Spaso-Prilutsky) Monastery, Komel, Vologda, 1371
Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated on February 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Sumorin-Totem, Commemorated on January 28 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated January 28 ;

Vologda River Mouth (Sukhona (Kuben) River 1)

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma Folder (water flows south into Volga)

Kostroma forest
Kostroma forest, much of Kostroma Oblast is forest; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Icon of the Mother of God "Chukhloma" from Galich, Commemorated July 20 ; Repose of the Venerable Abramius of Galich or Chukhom Lake, and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated July 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Igritsa, Commemorated on July 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Kostroma, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on August 16; Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17 ; Synaxis of the Saints of Kostroma, Commemorated on January 23 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; Venerable Abraham of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Coprius of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; "œMyrrh-Bearing"Â Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, Volga River 8.3, Kostroma River Folder, Chukhloma, Vyoksa, Obnora Rivers

Kostroma (Pisma) River

Kostroma (Pisma) River Source (along the border)

Kostroma (Pisma) River 1 (Soligalich)

Soligalich, Kostroma (Kostroma (Pisma) River 1)
Soligalich; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kostroma, Commemorated on July 28 ;

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, Volga River 8.3, Kostroma River 1, Chukhloma River Folder, Chukhloma Lake

Chukhloma River (drains northwest, aka River Monza thru Chukhloma Lake)

Chukhloma River Source (Chukhloma Lake , Kostroma Forest)

Chukhloma River 1 (Chukhloma Lake)

Chukhloma, Kostroma (Chukhloma Lake)
Chukhloma (Chukhloma Lake) Icon of the Mother of God "Chukhloma" from Galich, Commemorated July 20 ; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov, Commemorated September 20 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Monza, Kostroma 25 Versts from Galich, at Chukhloma Lake
Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated on December 12;

Theraponov Monasteery, Monza, Kostroma 25 Versts from Galich, at Chukhloma Lake, 1597
Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated on December 12;

Chukhloma River Mouth (Kostroma River 1)

Kostroma (Pisma) River 2 (near Galich and Chukhom Lake)

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, Volga River 8.3, Kostroma River 2, Vyoksa River Folder, Galich Salt Mining Center

Vyoksa River

Vyoksa River Source (Lake Galich, Kostroma Forest)

Vyoksa River 1 (Galich Lake)

Galich, Kostroma (Salt Mining Center, Vyoksa River 1, Galich Lake) Chukhoma Icon in a tree, Jesus
Galich (Lake Galich); Icon of the Mother of God "Chukhloma" from Galich, Commemorated July 20 ; Chukhloma Icon of the Mother of God of Galich appeared in the year 1350 to Saint Abraham of Galich, who came there from the north for ascetical labors with the blessing of Saint Sergius of Radonezh. On the wild shores of the Galich lake near the large mountain, hidden in the dense forest, he turned with prayer to the Mother of God, asking Her blessing for his endeavors. After completing his prayer the saint sat down to rest, and suddenly a bright light appeared on the nearby mountainside and he heard a voice: “Abraham, come up the mountain, where there is an icon of My Mother.” monk went up the mountain where the light shone, and indeed found an icon of the Mother of God with the Infant on a tree. With tenderness and in gratitude to God, the holy ascetic took the revealed icon and, strengthened by prayers to the Most Holy Theotokos, he built a chapel at that place, in which he put the icon. a certain time the Galich prince Demetrius Feodorovich, learned about the Elder’s trip, and asked him to bring the icon. Saint Abraham rowed across the Galich lake in a boat and, accompanied by clergy and a throng of people, he took the wonderworking icon to the cathedral church of the city of Galich. this day a large number of the sick were healed by this icon. When Saint Abraham told about the appearance of the icon, the Prince offered money to build a monastery. a church was built in honor of the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos, around which a monastery grew. Saint Abraham founded several more monasteries, the last being founded was the Chukhloma, not far from the city of Chukhloma, from the name of this monastery the ascetic was named “of Chukhloma,” and the wonderworking icon became known as the Chukhloma Icon of Galich. icon is also commemorated on May 28, July 4, and August 15. Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov, Commemorated September 20 ; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Pelsheme and Wonderworker of Vologda, Commemorated September 30 ; Blessed Andrew of Totma the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on October 10 ; Saint John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated December 12 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Large Mountain with a forest near Galich Lake
Icon of the Mother of God œChukhloma from Galich, Commemorated on July 20 ;

Galich Lake, Kostroma
Galich or Chukhom Lake; Repose of the Venerable Abramius of Galich or Chukhom Lake, and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated July 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Chukhloma" from Galich, Commemorated July 20 ; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov, Commemorated September 20 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated December 12 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Paisiev Monastery of St Paisiev, 1350, Chukhloma Icon of Mother of God
Paisiev Monastery of St Abraham, 1350, Chukhloma Icon of Mother of God; monastery of St Abraham Galich; Icon of the Mother of God œChukhloma from Galich, Commemorated on July 20; Repose of the Venerable Abramius of Galich or Chukhom Lake, and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated July 20 ;

Abraham Monastery of St Abraham, 1350, Chukhloma Icon of Mother of God
Paisiev Monastery of St Abraham, 1350, Chukhloma Icon of Mother of God; monastery of St Abraham Galich; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœChukhlomaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from Galich, Commemorated on July 20; Repose of the Venerable Abramius of Galich or Chukhom Lake, and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated July 20 ;

Vyoksa River Mouth (Buy, Kostroma River 2)

Kostroma (Pisma) River 3 (Obnora, Obnora River Mouth)

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, Volga River 8.3, Kostroma River 3, Obnora River Folder

Obnora River

Obnora River Source (Komel Forest)
Komel Forest ;

Obnora River 1 (Nurma River Mouth)

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, Volga 8.3, Kostroma 3, Obnora River 1, Nurma River Folder, Commanded Grove

Nurma River

Nurma (Gryazovetsk) River 1

Korniliyevo-Komelsky Monastery ruins (St Arsenius' Komel Monastery) 1530
Korniliyevo-Komelsky Monastery ruins, 1530 (St Arsenius' Komel Monastery); Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24;

Gryazovetsk District, Kostroma
Gryazovetsk District ; Venerable Abraham of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated on February 4 ;

Gryazovetsky District
Gryazovetsky District;

Nurma (Gryazovetsk) River 2 (Komel Monastery)

Komel Monastery, Kostroma (Nurma River 2), Vologda, 1414
Komel Monastery; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on September 21; St Philip the Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod, Commemorated on November 14; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25;

Pavlo-Obnorsky Monastery, Kostroma (Nurma River 2) 1414
Pavlo-Obnorsky Monastery; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on September 21 ; Venerable Sergius the Abbot of Nurma and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Vologda, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25;

Commanded Grove, Komel Forest, Kostroma
Commanded Grove is the portion of Komel Forest that Sylvester commanded that it should not be cut down. Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on September 21 ; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25;

River Eda Mouth (River Nurma 2)
St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19;

Komel Forest, Kostroma, Vologda
Komel Forest, Vologda; Pavlo-Obnorsky Monastery; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on September 21 ; St Philip the Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod, Commemorated on November 14; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Nurma (Gryazovetsk) River Mouth (Obnora River 1)
Nurma River; Venerable Sergius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 7;

Nurma, Kostroma (Nurma River Mouth, Obnora River 1)
Nurma River; Venerable Sergius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Sergius the Abbot of Nurma and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Vologda, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ;

Obnora River 2 (Obnora)

Obnora, Kostroma, Vologda (Obnora River, Kostroma River 3)
Obnora, Vologda Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated January 10 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pisma, Commemorated January 10 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Obnora River Mouth (Kostroma River 3)

Kostroma (Pisma) River Mouth (Kostroma, Volga River 8.3)

Kostroma, Vologda (Kostroma (Pisma) River Mouth, Volga River 8.3)
Kostroma, and Kostroma Region; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Icon of the Mother of God "Chukhloma" from Galich, Commemorated July 20 ; Repose of the Venerable Abramius of Galich or Chukhom Lake, and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated July 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kostroma, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Igritsa, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on August 16; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Slovenka, Commemorated on September 23; Blessed Simon of Yurievets, Commemorated November 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Slovenka; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated December 12 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pisma, Commemorated January 10 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Synaxis of the Saints of Kostroma, Commemorated on January 23 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; Venerable Abraham of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Coprius of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable James the Abbot of Zhelezny Bor, Commemorated on May 5; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; "œMyrrh-Bearing" Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Tikhon of Luchov, Kostroma, Commemorated on June 16; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Pisma, Vologda (Kostroma (Pisma) River Mouth, Volga River 8.3)
Kostroma, and Kostroma Region; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Icon of the Mother of God "Chukhloma" from Galich, Commemorated July 20 ; Repose of the Venerable Abramius of Galich or Chukhom Lake, and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated July 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kostroma, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Igritsa, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on August 16; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Slovenka, Commemorated on September 23; Blessed Simon of Yurievets, Commemorated November 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Slovenka; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated December 12 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pisma, Commemorated January 10 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Synaxis of the Saints of Kostroma, Commemorated on January 23 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; Venerable Abraham of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Coprius of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable James the Abbot of Zhelezny Bor, Commemorated on May 5; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; ; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Tikhon of Luchov, Kostroma, Commemorated on June 16; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Igritsa (Kostroma River Mouth) icon left neglected after a plague, shone w bright hues, as newly painted
Igritsa, not far from Kostroma, Pesochna River Mouth; Icon of the Mother of God of Igritsa, Commemorated July 28 ; Holy Igritsa Icon of the Mother of God appeared in the year 1624 in Igritsa at the River Pesochna not far from the city of Kostroma. Local peasants found the icon in an old half-ruined church, for fifty years it was left neglected after a deadly plague. The icon stood in the altar and shone with bright hues, as though newly painted. the first service of thanksgiving served in front of this holy icon, a boyar’s (nobleman’s) blind son Emilian gained his sight. Then four devout Christians stayed to live around the desolate church and took monastic vows. At the place of the appearance of the icon of the Mother of God there afterwards was built a new church and a monastic community emerged.

Theophany monastery, Kostroma (Volga River 8.3) 1400
Theophany Convent and monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Kostroma, Commemorated on July 28 ; Blessed Simon of Yurievets, Commemorated November 4 ;

Kostroma, Theodore, or Fyodorovskaya Icon Location
Kostroma, St Theodore, or Fyodorovskaya Icon Location; Theophany Convent and monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Kostroma, Commemorated on July 28 ; Blessed Simon of Yurievets, Commemorated November 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14;

Hypasian monestary, Kostroma, 1330
Hypasian monestary; Hypasians; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated August 22 ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated November 16;

Makariev Transfiguration monastery, Kostroma, Pisma, 1330
Makariev Transfiguration monastery, near Kostroma; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pisma, Commemorated January 10 ; St Hypatius of Gangra; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31;

Ipatiev monastery, near Kostroma, 1330
Ipatiev monastery, near Kostroma; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated November 16 ; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31 ;

Liubimograd and Kostroma
Liubimograd and Kostroma;

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, Volga River 8.4, Gridenka River Folder, Nerekhta

Nerekhta, Kostroma, Yaroslav, Rostov (River Gridenka, near Volga River 8.4)
Nerekhta; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15;

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, Volga River 8.6, Unzha River Folder, Unzha and Makaryev

Unzha River

Unzha River Source (along the border)

Unzha River Published Source (a confluence)
Unzha River; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha;

Unzha River 2 (Makaryev)

Makaryev (Macarius), Kostroma (Unzha River 2, Volga River 8.6)
Makaryev on the Unzha River; Macarius of the Unza; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26;

Unzha River Mouth (Yurievets, Volga River 8.6)

Unzha, Kostroma (Unzha River Mouth, Volga River 8.6)
Unzha (Unzha River Mouth, Volga River 9) Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11;

Yurievets, Kostroma (Unzha River Mouth, Volga River 8.6)
Yurievets; Blessed Simon of Yurievets, Commemorated on November 4 ; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11;

Yurievets District, Kostroma (Unzha River Mouth, Volga River 8.6)
Yurievets District; Volga Region; Blessed Simon of Yurievets, Commemorated November 4; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11;

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, Volga River 9, Kerzhenets River Folder, Yellow Lake, Zheltovod

Nizhegorod District, Kostroma (Oka, Volga, Kerzhenets, and Vetluga Rivers)
Nizhegorod Oblast; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated October 15 ;

Kerzhenets River

Kerzhenets River Source (along the border)

Kerzhenets River 1 (Miracle of the Moose)
Miracle of the Moose ; Macarius' Miracle of the Moose is a miracle associated with the name of Venerable Macarius of the Yellow Water Lake and the Unzha (1349-1444), a Saint of the Russian Orthodox Church. It is thought to have occurred in June 1439 in the woodlands of what today is Semyonov District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. account of the miracle in the Life of Venerable Macarius[edit] the invasion of Russia by the Khan Olug Moxammat of Kazan in 1439, Zheltovodsky (Yellow Lake) Monastery of Holy Trinity was destroyed. Venerable Macarius, the founder of the monastery, was taken prisoner along with a few other survivors. After meeting with Macarius, the khan was so impressed by the nonagenarian abbot's piety and love of his neighbor, that he released him and his disciples, on the condition that they leave the Yellow Lake site. Yellow Lake (which was located at the fall of the Kerzhenets into the Volga) being too perilously close to the invasion route taken by the Kazan Khanate armies invading Russian principalities and vice versa, the released survivors decided to relocate a few hundred kilometers to the north, into the fastness of the Galich forests, which are located along the Unzha River in what today is Kostroma Oblast. Taking the easy route along the Volga would not be a safe thing to do in this year of war; so the Saint and his followers choose to travel through the dense woodlands and swamps of the Kerzhenets basin — the land which is even today is almost deserted by people. a few days of travel, the monks ran out of food. One day they somehow managed to capture a moose[1] (some later sources say that the moose had been trapped "at a narrow place", perhaps between trees[2]). The followers of Macarius wanted to slaughter and eat the animal. But as this was the time of the Fast of the Holy Apostles, Venerable Macarius prohibited them to do that. Instead, he told them to cut off the moose's right ear and to release the animal. He told them that they only need to wait for three days, until the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul, and the moose will be theirs. "Don't be aggrieved", said Macarius, " but pray to the Lord. He who fed the people of Israel in the desert with manna for 40 years, can also feed you these days in a manner invisible. Have a strong faith in Him who fed five thousand people, not counting women and children, with five loaves and two fish!" the next three days of the fast the travellers marched along without fatigue. No one died of starvation; no one even felt hunger or thought of food. the Feast day of Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, Venerable Macarius went away from his companions and praised the Lord, praying to Him that His people may be fed as had been the people of Israel in the desert or the five thousand people in the days of Apostles. When Macarius returned to his brethren, they saw the moose with no right ear approaching them. And this time, the animal was not wild: it behaved as if it was tame. the dinner of bonfire-roasted venison, the travellers praised the Lord for His great kindness. Venerable Macarius told his companions not to worry about food anymore, but rely on God Who will give them food and everything else they need. Life of Venerable Macarius does not tell us whether everyone who had left the Yellow Lake with him reached the Unzha alive. But it is said that God had protected them from hunger and from wild beasts during their travel, delivering moose, deer, and other game into their hands. Commemoration of the miracle[edit] Kontakion of the Hymn for the Feast of Venerable Macarius (July 25 Julian calendar) refers to this miracle when it says of Macarius: "You were revealed as the second Moses, O Venerable One. For he divided the sea with a staff, You have conquered the passions like Amalek, And you passed through the impassable wilderness with an unwavering mind, And in it you performed great wonders through your prayers. You abundantly fed the hungry people."[3] of the Miracle of the Moose in Pechersky Ascension Monastery. Note the clipped left ear of the animal: presumably, the fresco depicts the moment when the moose that had been marked by Macarius in this way returned to the Saint and his party The Miracle of the Moose appears on some of the icons of Venerable Macarius, sometimes as the main topic of the icon, sometimes as one of the episodes. It is also the topic of one of the new frescoes in the Refectory section of the Ascension Cathedral of Pechersky Ascension Monastery in Nizhny Novgorod Skete[edit] Kerzhenets River woodlands, where the Miracle of the Moose purportedly happened, became in the late 17th century one of the main areas of refuge for the Old Believers. According to their legend, the main community of the Kerzhenets Old Believers, known as the Olenevsky Skete (Russian: Оленевский скит) had been founded soon after the Miracle of the Moose by some of the monks expelled from Venerable Macarius' Yellow Waters Monastery, at the site where the animal was captured by the Venerable's prayers. The skete's name comes from the Russian Russian: Олень (olen), which means "deer", thus commemorating the miracle. It is said that during the Raskol two hundred years later the Skete's hermits rejected Nikon's reforms, thus making it the center of attraction for Old Believer refugees from other parts of the country, who then founded numerous other sketes in the area.[4] Skete was one of the centers of the so-called Beglopopovtsy ("those who accepted the fleeing priests"), the school of Old Believers who thought that, since the Old Believers had no bishops of their own who could ordain priest, it was acceptable for them to accept priests who had been ordained by the established church but later left it for the Old Believier sketes. It is reported that the Skete was mostly destroyed during one of the Old Believer suppression campaigns in 1737, but restored after Catherine II's "amnesty" of 1762. It was known as a women's skete, with 49 nuns reported as living there at the time of its official closre in 1854, pursuant to Nicholas I anti-skete executive order of 1853. A number of nuns in fact continued to live at the site long after the official disbandment.[4] former skete is now known as the village of Bolshoye Olenevo, and is located 24 km south-east of the town of Semyonov (Nizhny Novgorod Oblast). It remains the site of pilgrimage for the Old Believers of the area.[4] Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ;

Miracle of the Moose, Macarius prays for food and tame moose walks into camp
Miracle of the Moose ; Macarius' Miracle of the Moose is a miracle associated with the name of Venerable Macarius of the Yellow Water Lake and the Unzha (1349-1444), a Saint of the Russian Orthodox Church. It is thought to have occurred in June 1439 in the woodlands of what today is Semyonov District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. account of the miracle in the Life of Venerable Macarius[edit] the invasion of Russia by the Khan Olug Moxammat of Kazan in 1439, Zheltovodsky (Yellow Lake) Monastery of Holy Trinity was destroyed. Venerable Macarius, the founder of the monastery, was taken prisoner along with a few other survivors. After meeting with Macarius, the khan was so impressed by the nonagenarian abbot's piety and love of his neighbor, that he released him and his disciples, on the condition that they leave the Yellow Lake site. Yellow Lake (which was located at the fall of the Kerzhenets into the Volga) being too perilously close to the invasion route taken by the Kazan Khanate armies invading Russian principalities and vice versa, the released survivors decided to relocate a few hundred kilometers to the north, into the fastness of the Galich forests, which are located along the Unzha River in what today is Kostroma Oblast. Taking the easy route along the Volga would not be a safe thing to do in this year of war; so the Saint and his followers choose to travel through the dense woodlands and swamps of the Kerzhenets basin — the land which is even today is almost deserted by people. a few days of travel, the monks ran out of food. One day they somehow managed to capture a moose[1] (some later sources say that the moose had been trapped "at a narrow place", perhaps between trees[2]). The followers of Macarius wanted to slaughter and eat the animal. But as this was the time of the Fast of the Holy Apostles, Venerable Macarius prohibited them to do that. Instead, he told them to cut off the moose's right ear and to release the animal. He told them that they only need to wait for three days, until the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul, and the moose will be theirs. "Don't be aggrieved", said Macarius, " but pray to the Lord. He who fed the people of Israel in the desert with manna for 40 years, can also feed you these days in a manner invisible. Have a strong faith in Him who fed five thousand people, not counting women and children, with five loaves and two fish!" the next three days of the fast the travellers marched along without fatigue. No one died of starvation; no one even felt hunger or thought of food. the Feast day of Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, Venerable Macarius went away from his companions and praised the Lord, praying to Him that His people may be fed as had been the people of Israel in the desert or the five thousand people in the days of Apostles. When Macarius returned to his brethren, they saw the moose with no right ear approaching them. And this time, the animal was not wild: it behaved as if it was tame. the dinner of bonfire-roasted venison, the travellers praised the Lord for His great kindness. Venerable Macarius told his companions not to worry about food anymore, but rely on God Who will give them food and everything else they need. Life of Venerable Macarius does not tell us whether everyone who had left the Yellow Lake with him reached the Unzha alive. But it is said that God had protected them from hunger and from wild beasts during their travel, delivering moose, deer, and other game into their hands. Commemoration of the miracle[edit] Kontakion of the Hymn for the Feast of Venerable Macarius (July 25 Julian calendar) refers to this miracle when it says of Macarius: "You were revealed as the second Moses, O Venerable One. For he divided the sea with a staff, You have conquered the passions like Amalek, And you passed through the impassable wilderness with an unwavering mind, And in it you performed great wonders through your prayers. You abundantly fed the hungry people."[3] of the Miracle of the Moose in Pechersky Ascension Monastery. Note the clipped left ear of the animal: presumably, the fresco depicts the moment when the moose that had been marked by Macarius in this way returned to the Saint and his party The Miracle of the Moose appears on some of the icons of Venerable Macarius, sometimes as the main topic of the icon, sometimes as one of the episodes. It is also the topic of one of the new frescoes in the Refectory section of the Ascension Cathedral of Pechersky Ascension Monastery in Nizhny Novgorod Skete[edit] Kerzhenets River woodlands, where the Miracle of the Moose purportedly happened, became in the late 17th century one of the main areas of refuge for the Old Believers. According to their legend, the main community of the Kerzhenets Old Believers, known as the Olenevsky Skete (Russian: Оленевский скит) had been founded soon after the Miracle of the Moose by some of the monks expelled from Venerable Macarius' Yellow Waters Monastery, at the site where the animal was captured by the Venerable's prayers. The skete's name comes from the Russian Russian: Олень (olen), which means "deer", thus commemorating the miracle. It is said that during the Raskol two hundred years later the Skete's hermits rejected Nikon's reforms, thus making it the center of attraction for Old Believer refugees from other parts of the country, who then founded numerous other sketes in the area.[4] Skete was one of the centers of the so-called Beglopopovtsy ("those who accepted the fleeing priests"), the school of Old Believers who thought that, since the Old Believers had no bishops of their own who could ordain priest, it was acceptable for them to accept priests who had been ordained by the established church but later left it for the Old Believier sketes. It is reported that the Skete was mostly destroyed during one of the Old Believer suppression campaigns in 1737, but restored after Catherine II's "amnesty" of 1762. It was known as a women's skete, with 49 nuns reported as living there at the time of its official closre in 1854, pursuant to Nicholas I anti-skete executive order of 1853. A number of nuns in fact continued to live at the site long after the official disbandment.[4] former skete is now known as the village of Bolshoye Olenevo, and is located 24 km south-east of the town of Semyonov (Nizhny Novgorod Oblast). It remains the site of pilgrimage for the Old Believers of the area.[4] Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ;

Kerzhenets River Mouth (Volga River 9)
Kerzhenets River;

Yellow Lake (Kerzhenets River Mouth, Volga River 8.6, see Miracle of the Moose)
Yellow Lake (Kerzhenets River Mouth) the invasion of Russia by the Khan Olug Moxammat of Kazan in 1439, Zheltovodsky (Yellow Lake) Monastery of Holy Trinity was destroyed. Venerable Macarius (Russian: Макарий, Makariy), the founder of the monastery, was taken prisoner along with a few other survivors. After meeting with Macarius, the khan was so impressed by the nonagenarian abbot's piety and love of his neighbor, that he released him and his disciples, on the condition that they leave the Yellow Lake site. Yellow Lake (which was located at the fall of the Kerzhenets into the Volga) being too perilously close to the invasion route taken by the Kazan Khanate armies invading Russian principalities and vice versa, the released survivors decided to relocate a few hundred kilometers to the north, into the fastness of the Galich forests, which are located along the Unzha River in what today is Kostroma Oblast. Taking the easy route along the Volga would not be a safe thing to do in this year of war; so the Saint and his followers choose to travel through the dense woodlands and swamps of the Kerzhenets basin — the land which is even today is almost deserted by people. St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25;

Macarius Monestary at Yellow Lake (Volga River 9) 1435
Macarius Monestary at Yellow Lake (Volga River); Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated September 17; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26;

Zheltovod, Kostroma, Macarius Monestary at Yellow Lake (Volga River 8.6) 1435
Macarius Monestary at Yellow Lake (Volga River); Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated September 17; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Macarius of Zheltovod and Unzha was born in the year 1349 at Nizhni-Novgorod into a pious family. At twelve years of age he secretly left his parents and accepted monastic tonsure at the Nizhni-Novgorod Caves monastery under Saint Dionysius (June 26). With all the intensity of his youthful soul he gave himself over to the work of salvation. He stood out among the brethren for his extremely strict fasting and precise fulfillment of the monastic rule. parents of Saint Macarius only learned three years later where he had gone. His father went to him and tearfully besought his son merely that he would come forth and show himself. Saint Macarius spoke with his father through a wall, saying that he would see him in the future life. “Extend your hand, at least,” implored the father. The son fulfilled this small request and the father, having kissed his son’s hand, returned home. by fame, the humble Macarius set off for the shores of the River Volga, and here he pursued asceticism near the waters of Yellow Lake. Here by firm determination and patience he overcame the abuse of the Enemy of salvation. Lovers of solitude gathered to Saint Macarius, and in 1435 (at 86?) he organized a monastery for them in the Name of the Most Holy Trinity. also he began to preach Christianity to the surrounding Cheremis and Chuvash peoples, and he baptized both Mohammedans and pagans in the lake, which received its name from the saint. When the Kazan Tatars destroyed the monastery in 1439, they took Saint Macarius captive. Out of respect for his piety and charitable love, the Khan released the saint from captivity and freed nearly 400 Christians with him. But in return, Saint Macarius promised not to settle by Yellow Lake. Macarius reverently buried those killed at his monastery, and he went 200 versts to the Galich border. During the time of this resettlement all those on the way were fed in miraculous manner through the prayers of the saint. Having arrived at the city of Unzha, Saint Macarius set up a cross 15 versts from the city, and built a cell on the shores of Lake Unzha. Here he founded a new monastery. During the fifth year of his life at Lake Unzha, Saint Macarius took sick and reposed at age 95. yet alive, Saint Macarius was granted a gift: he healed a blind and demon-afflicted girl. After the death of the monk, many received healing from his relics. The monks built a temple over his grave, and established a cenobitic rule at the monastery. 1522, Tatars fell upon Unzha and wanted to destroy the silver reliquary in the Makariev monastery, but they fell blind. In a panic, they took to flight. Many of them drowned in the Unzha. In 1532, through the prayers of Saint Macarius, the city of Soligalich was saved from the Tatars. In gratitude, the inhabitants built a chapel in the cathedral church in honor of the saint. More than 50 people received healing from grievous infirmities through the prayers of Saint Macarius. This was certified by a commission sent by Patriarch Philaret in 1619. Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26;

Makariev (Kerzhenets River Mouth, Volga River9)
Makariev (Volga River 9); Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated September 17 ; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11;

Lyskov, Kostroma, Vologda (Volga River 9) near Yellow Lake, Okonsk Icon
Lyskov Town; Icon of the Mother of God of Okonsk, Commemorated July 30 ; Okonsk Icon of the Mother of God, by tradition, was received by the Georgian emperor Vakhtang IV from Jerusalem and initially it was at the Gaenat monastery in Georgia. Georgian emperor’s son George Alexandrovich transferred the holy icon to the cathedral church of the village of Lyskov, Nizhegorod diocese.

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, Volga River 9.3, Vetluga River Folder, Vetluga and Varnavinsk

Vetluga River

Vetluga River Source (along the border)

Vetluga River 1

Vetluga River 2

Vetluga River 3

Vetluga River 5 (Vetluga)

Vetluga (Red Hill, Vetluga River 5)
Vetluga; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11;

Vetluga River 6 (Varnavinsk)

Varnavinsk (Vetluga River 6)
Varnavinsk; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11;

Varnavinsky District
Varnavinsky District;

Vetluga River Mouth (Volga River 9)

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, Volga River 9.6, Mataya Kokshaga River Folder

Malaya Perm, Kostroma (Lesser Perm, Malaya River Area)
Malaya Perm (Lesser Perm); Saint Stephen, Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26;

Malaya Kokshaga River

Land of the Cheremis People - Mari El
Land of the Cheremis People - Mari El;

Bolshaya Kuznetsa, 15 Versts from Tsarevokokshiask
Bolshaya Kuznetsa, 15 Versts from Tsarevokokshiask œMyrrh-BearingÂ Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 1;

Tsarevokokshaisk, Kostroma, Vologda (Malaya Kokshaga River 1, near Kazan)
Tsarevokokshaisk ; œMyrrh-BearingÂ Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 1;

Malaya Kokshaga River Source (Mari El)

Malaya Kokshaga River 1 (Tsarevokokshaisk)

Malaya Kokshaga River (Volga River 9.6)

Russia, Vologda, Mologa Folder (water flows south into Volga)

Mologa (now under water)
Mologa (now under water), These rivers flow to the Volga, but are sometimes called Vologda with the rivers that flow to the White Sea and Artic Ocean. ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Ustiuzhena, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on July 28 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9;

Russia, Vologda, Mologa, Sheksna River Folder, White Lake

Sheksna River

Sheksna River Source (White Lake)

Eastern Regions of White Lake
Eastern Regions of White Lake; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7;

White Lake, Mologa, Vologda, Sheksna River Source
White Lake; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on July 28 ; White Lake Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos resembles the Vladimir Icon (May 21, June 23, August 26) in appearance. It was originally in the cell of Saint Cyril of White Lake (June 9), who often prayed before it. day, while he was chanting the Akathist before this icon, the Mother of God appeared to Saint Cyril and told him to establish a monastery on White Lake. Archangels Michael and Gabriel are seen on either side of the Virgin’s head, and various saints are depicted around the border of the icon. White Lake Icon is also commemorated on June 8. Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Herodion the Abbot of Iloezersk, Commemorated on September 28 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; Saints Paul and Theodore of Rostov, Commemorated on October 22; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated on December 8 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated July 28 ; Venerable Herodion the Abbot of Iloezersk; St Philip the Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated on December 8; Venerable Ignatius of Loma and Yaroslav, Commemorated December 28 ; St Anthony of Krasny Kholm, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9;

New Lake, Mologa, Vologda, Sheksna River Source
White Lake; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Herodion the Abbot of Iloezersk, Commemorated on September 28 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated on December 8 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated July 28 ; Venerable Herodion the Abbot of Iloezersk; St Philip the Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated on December 8; Venerable Ignatius of Loma and Yaroslav, Commemorated December 28 ; St Anthony of Krasny Kholm, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9;

Byeloezersk, Mologa (South side, Lake Beloye, White Lake)
Byeloezersk (Lake Beloye, White Lake); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated on December 8 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Iloezersk, Mologa (Lake Beloye, White Lake)
Iloezersk (Lake Beloye, White Lake); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated on December 8 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Elias Lake
White Lake, Saint Herodion settled at Elias Lake, 20 kilometers from White Lake ;

Elias Lake Ozadsk monastery, White Lake, Mologda, Vologda, 1537
White Lake, Saint Herodion settled at Elias Lake, 20 kilometers from White Lake, and there on a peninsula he built himself a cell and established a church in honor of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos, marking the beginning of the Elias Lake Ozadsk monastery; Venerable Herodion the Abbot of Iloezersk, Commemorated on September 28 ;

Shug Hill? Shuzhgorsk? (the only hill in the White Lake area)
Shug Hill? Shuzhgorsk? (the only hill in the White Lake area). Turn up the gain by exaggerating Elevation to 3 in Tools Options to see it; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on September 21;

Vorbozomsk monastery, Mologa, Vologda, 1470 approx.
Vorbozomsk monastery, Mologa, Vologda Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Saint Zosimas of Vorbozomsk was the founder of a monastery dedicated to the Annuniciation of the Most Holy Theotokos on an island in Lake Vorbozoma, twenty-three versts south of White Lake.

Lake Vorbozoma
Lake Vorbozoma Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Saint Zosimas of Vorbozomsk was the founder of a monastery dedicated to the Annuniciation of the Most Holy Theotokos on an island in Lake Vorbozoma, twenty-three versts south of White Lake.

White Lake monastery, Mologa (Lake Siverskoye, Sheksna River) 1390
White Lake Monestary; Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on July 28 ; White Lake Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos resembles the Vladimir Icon (May 21, June 23, August 26) in appearance. It was originally in the cell of Saint Cyril of White Lake (June 9), who often prayed before it. day, while he was chanting the Akathist before this icon, the Mother of God appeared to Saint Cyril and told him to establish a monastery on White Lake. Archangels Michael and Gabriel are seen on either side of the Virgin’s head, and various saints are depicted around the border of the icon. White Lake Icon is also commemorated on June 8. St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated September 19 ; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on September 21 ; Saints Paul and Theodore of Rostov, Commemorated on October 22; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Sabbatius the Wonderworker of Solovki; Venerable Ignatius of Loma and Yaroslav, Commemorated December 28 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9;

St Cyril Belozersky (White Lake) Monestary, Mologda, 1390
St Cyril Belozersky Monestary; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on July 28 ; White Lake Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos resembles the Vladimir Icon (May 21, June 23, August 26) in appearance. It was originally in the cell of Saint Cyril of White Lake (June 9), who often prayed before it. day, while he was chanting the Akathist before this icon, the Mother of God appeared to Saint Cyril and told him to establish a monastery on White Lake. Archangels Michael and Gabriel are seen on either side of the Virgin’s head, and various saints are depicted around the border of the icon. White Lake Icon is also commemorated on June 8. Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9;

Cyrillov (Kirillov) monastery, Mologa Vologda (Sheksna River, White Lake monastery)1390
Kirillov monastery ; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on July 28 ; White Lake Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos resembles the Vladimir Icon (May 21, June 23, August 26) in appearance. It was originally in the cell of Saint Cyril of White Lake (June 9), who often prayed before it. day, while he was chanting the Akathist before this icon, the Mother of God appeared to Saint Cyril and told him to establish a monastery on White Lake. Archangels Michael and Gabriel are seen on either side of the Virgin’s head, and various saints are depicted around the border of the icon. White Lake Icon is also commemorated on June 8. Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on September 21 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9;

Kirillov (Cyrillov) monastery, Mologa Vologda (Sheksna River, White Lake monastery)1390
Kirillov monastery ; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on July 28 ; White Lake Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos resembles the Vladimir Icon (May 21, June 23, August 26) in appearance. It was originally in the cell of Saint Cyril of White Lake (June 9), who often prayed before it. day, while he was chanting the Akathist before this icon, the Mother of God appeared to Saint Cyril and told him to establish a monastery on White Lake. Archangels Michael and Gabriel are seen on either side of the Virgin’s head, and various saints are depicted around the border of the icon. White Lake Icon is also commemorated on June 8. Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on September 21 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9;

Therapon's Ferapontov Monastery, Mologda, Vologda, 1398
Therapon's Ferapontov Monastery; Theraponov monastery was 50 versts from St Cyril's White Lake Monastery betwee two lakes: St Therapon moved to another place fifteen versts away from Cyril, between two lakes, Borodava and Pava. Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated on October 2 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on January 12 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on June 8;

Lake Siverskoye, Mologa (Siversk)

Sheksna River 1 (Cherepovets and White Lake Monastery)

Russia, Vologda, Mologa, Sheksna River 1, Yagorba River Folder

Yagorba River

Yagorba River Source (Valdai Hills)

Yagorba River Mouth (Cherepovets, Sheksna River 1)

Cherepovetsk district of Novgorod governance
Cherepovetsk district of Novgorod governance; Icon of the Mother of God of Voroninsk, Commemorated July 28 ; St Athanasius, "the Iron Staff" and disciple of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated November 26 ;

Cherepovets Resurrection monastery, Yagorba Mouth, Mologa, 1362
Cherepovets Resurrection monastery, Yagorba Mouth, Mologa, 1362; Icon of the Mother of God of Voroninsk, Commemorated on July 28; St Athanasius, "the Iron Staff" and disciple of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated November 26 ; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated on February 26; St Theodosius of Cherepovets, Commemorated ;

Cherepovets, Yagorba Mouth, Sheksna River 1 , Mologa, Vologda
Cherepovets ; Icon of the Mother of God of Voroninsk, Commemorated on July 28; St Philip the Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod, Commemorated November 13; St Athanasius, "the Iron Staff" and disciple of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated November 26 ; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated on February 26; St Theodosius of Cherepovets, Commemorated ;

Cherepovets Resurrection monastery, 1363
Cherepovets Resurrection monastery, 1363; Saint Athanasius, œthe Iron Staff and Saint Theodosius of Cherepovets, disciples of Saint Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on November 26;

Irap near Novgorod, 45 versts from Cherepovets, Yagorba Mouth, Sheksna River 1 , Mologa, Vologda
Irap near Novgorod, 45 versts from Cherepovets, Yagorba Mouth, Sheksna River 1 , Mologa, Vologda Cherepovets ; Saint Philip, Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod, Commemorated on November 14; Philip, Abbot of Irap near Novgorod, in the world Theophilus, was the founder of the Irap wilderness-monastery. As an orphan and not remembering his parents, the twelve-year-old Theophilus wandered about and eventually settled near the Komel monastery and lived on charity. Cornelius (May 19) accepted the pious youth into the monastery and after three years tonsured him a monk with the name Philip. Meek, humble and hard-working, at the request of the brethren he was ordained to the priesthood. His striving for greater efforts led him to withdraw to the outskirts of White Lake. having the patronage of Prince Andrew Sheleshpansky, who had allotted him land near the River Irapa, 45 versts from Cherepovets, the monk built a chapel in the Name of the Most Holy Trinity and a cell for himself. News about the holy wilderness-dweller spread throughout all the surrounding area, and monks began to flock to him. The laity also went to him for spiritual counsel, and Saint Philip would instruct them in the virtues which those living in the world ought to possess. at the place of the chapel a church was built in the Name of the Holy Life-Creating Trinity. Saint Philip dwelt in the wilderness for fifteen years and died in 1537 at age 45. His relics were placed beneath a crypt in the Trinity temple. Over his grave was an icon, painted by the monk Theodosius. Soon after the death of Saint Philip, the Krasnoborsk Philippov monastery arose on the place of his struggles. celebration of Saint Philip was established at the end of the sixteenth century. The manuscript service to him dates from the end of the sixteenth century.

Sheksna River Mouth (Volga River 7)

Russia, Vologda, Mologda, Sheksna River Mouth, Sogozha (Sokhota) River Folder, Poshekhonsky District

Sogozha River

Sogozha River Source (along the border)

Sogozha River 1

Sogozha River 2 (Transfiguration Monastery)

Sogozha River 3 (Poshekhonye)

Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Mologa, Vologda (Sogozha River 3)
Poshekhonye; Finding of the relics of Monastic Martyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on December 18 ; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated February 26 ; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Transfiguration of the Lord monastary, Poshekhonye District, Mologa
Transfiguration of the Lord monestary, located at the River Sokhota, 90 versts from the city of Romanov (now Tutaev) in the Yaroslav district. Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye Commemorated on February 26 Saint Sebastian of Sokhota, Poshekhonye, founded a monastery in honor of the Transfiguration of the Lord, located at the River Sokhota, 90 versts from the city of Romanov (now Tutaev) in the Yaroslav district. The monks of the monastery themselves cultivated the soil and ate through the work of their own hands. The founder of the monastery taught the ascetics this by his own example and guidance. Saint Sebastian reposed about the year 1500. The Transfiguration monastery on the River Sokhota was later annexed to the Cherepovets Ascension monastery, and in 1764 closed down. In the mid-nineteenth century a stone church was built over the relics of Saint Sebastian. The saint is also commemorated on December 18. . Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on December 18 ;

Sogozha River Mouth (Sheksna River 7, Volga River 7)

Poshekhonsky District, Yaroslavl, Mologa, Vologda (Mouth of the Sogozha)
Poshekhonsky District; Finding of the relics of Monastic Martyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Russia, Vologda, Mologa, Mologa River Folder, Glushitsa, Battle of Sita River

Mologa River

Mologa River Source (Valdai Hills)

Mologa River North

Mologa River North Source (along the border)

Mologa River 2 (Bezhetsk)

Bezhetsk, Mologa, Vologda (Mologa River 2)(one of five Novgorod Districts)
Bezhetsk (Mologa River 1); St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20;

Mologa River 1 (Krasny Kholm)

Krasny Kholm, Mologa, Vologda (Mologa River 1)
Krasny Kholm; St Anthony of Krasny Kholm, Commemorated January 17 ;

Mologa River 3 (Pestovo)

Mologa River 4 (Ustiuzhena and Zhelezny Bor)

Zhelezny Bor (Mologa River 4)
Zhelezny Bor (Mologa River 4); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable James the Abbot of Zhelezny Bor, Commemorated on May 5; Venerable James, Abbot of Zheleznoborov Commemorated on April 11 James of Zheleznoborov, a son of the noble Anosov (or Amosov) line, which had their lands at Kostroma Galich, was born in the second half of the fourteenth century. As a youth he went to Saint Sergius of Radonezh, received monastic tonsure from him, and lived at the Trinity monastery for several years. 1392 Saint James settled in a dense forest near iron mines, at a place which was called the Iron Pines, at the banks of the rivulet Tebza. His sanctity of life was already known in his own time. In 1415 the wife of Great Prince Basil (1389-1425), Sophia (in monasticism Syncletica, + 1453) fell seriously ill before childbirth. The Great Prince sent a message to Saint James begging the monk to pray for his wife, and asking whether she would live. The saint told him to pray to the holy Martyr Longinus and foretold the happy birth of a son, Basil. (In 1450, this son, Great Prince Basil (1425-1462), visited the monastery of Saint James and prayed there with gratitude for his victory over Prince Demetrius Shemyaka). grateful Prince Basil generously rewarded Saint James and gave him money to build a monastery with a church in honor of the holy Prophet John the Forerunner. In 1429, the Khazan Tatars laid waste the surroundings of Galich. Saint James hid deep in the forest with his disciples. When they returned, they found the monastery in ruins. Everything had to be rebuilt. saint built a church dedicated to Saint Nicholas, and he dug out ponds with the brethren. On the example of the Trinity-Sergiev monastery a strict cenobitic rule was introduced. Many of the hungry and destitute people, devastated by the Tatars, were fed at the monastery. many years of common ascetical efforts, the monks entreated Saint James to be their igumen. He humbly submitted to their request and journeyed to Moscow, where he was ordained a priest. Saint James died on April 11, 1442 and was buried at the John the Forerunner church of the monastery he founded.

Ustiuzhena, Mologa, Vologda (Mologa 4) delivered from Swedes and Polish by intercession of Queen of Heaven
Ustiuzhena; Icon of the Mother of God of Ustiuzhena, Commemorated July 28 ; Ustiuzhena Icon of the Mother of God (1290), glorified by many miracles, was situated in the city of Ustiuzhna under Novgorod governance (now Vologda district). At the beginning of the seventeenth century the inhabitants of Ustiushna, praying for salvation before this holy icon, were delivered from an invasion of the Swedes and Polish by the intercession of the Queen of Heaven. Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20 ; Euphrosynos of Blue Jay Lake, (Ephraim in the world) was born in Karelia near Lake Ladoga in the second half of the XVI century. When he was young he lived near Valaam Monastery, and later he moved to Novgorod the Great. After spending some time there, the Saint then withdrew to a place on the outskirts of Novgorod - the Bezhetsk “pentary” (one fifth of the “Pyatiny Novgorodskiya,” comprising five outlying districts of Novgorod the Great). became a Reader for the Church services in the village of Doloska, twenty versts from the city of Ustiuzhna of Zhelezopolska. He was tonsured at the Tikhvin Dormition Monastery with the name Euphrosynos. After living there for some time, he told the Superior of his desire to go into the wilderness for greater solitude, and a life of fasting and silence. The Superior told him about some of the dangers of the eremetic life, and then gave his blessing. So, in 1600 he began his solitary life in the wild marshlands by the shore of Blue Jay Lake. Here the Saint planted a Cross and dug a cave. He lived here for two years, eating nothing but wild vegetation, berries, and mushrooms. people from neighboring villages found him, and they came to him for instruction, prayer, and spiritual counsel. Several of them remained with him. Soon it became necessary to build a church, where all the brethren could pray together. They cleared the forest, hewed the timber, and built a log church. Since the Elder, out of humility, had not been ordained, the church was consecrated by his fellow ascetic Saint Gurias of Shalatsk (November 15), and dedicated to the Annunciation to the Most Holy Theotokos. This was done with the blessing of Archbishop Isidore of Novgorod (1603-1609). Saint Gurias sometimes visited Blue Jay Lake in order to pray with the brethren, converse with them about spiritual matters, and to give them Holy Communion. On one of these visits Saint Euphrosynos was tonsured into the Great Schema by Saint Gurias. 1612, when Polish troops were laying waste to Russia, many people saved their lives by hiding at the Monastery of the Annunciation in the wilderness. On March 19, Saint Euphrosynos revealed to everyone that the Poles were on their way to the monastery, and he advised everyone to flee. brethren and beloved children in Christ, whoever wishes to escape certain death, leave the Monastery of the Mother of God and save yourselves from this great calamity, for it is pleasing to God's righteous judgment that enemies will come soon to this holy place." did not believe him. “Then why don’t you leave this place yourself?” they asked. Elder replied, “I have come here to die for Christ.” who obeyed the Saint and left the monastery were spared, but all those who remained met a horrible death. Jonah was one of the monks at the monastery. Frightened by the Elder's clairvoyant prediction, he wanted to flee with the others, but Saint Euphrosynos held him back, inspiring him with zeal for the house of God. “Brother Jonah,” he said, "why do you allow faint-hearted fear into your soul? When the battle begins, that is the time for courage. For the love of Christ, let us not be afraid of some passing fear. We have vowed to live and die here in the wilderness. We must be faithful to our vow, made before the Lord. It is different for laymen, who are not bound by a vow. They must spare themselves for the sake of their children.” inflamed in spirit, Saint Jonah placed all his hope in God, and decided to die there in the wilderness with his Elder. this Saint Euphrosynos clothed himself in the Great Schema, and spent the entire night in prayer. On the following day, March 20, Polish forces descended upon the monastery. In the garb of a Schema-monk, the Saint emerged from his cell and stood beside the Cross he had planted. The enemy said to him, “Old man, give us all the monastery’s possessions." “All my possessions, and those of this monastery, are in the church of the All-Pure Theotokos,” he replied. was referring to spiritual treasures which cannot be stolen (Matthew 6:19-21). Failing to comprehend this, the Poles rushed to the church. One of them drew a sword and struck Saint Euphrosynos. His neck was cut half way through, and the holy Elder fell to the ground dead. When the Poles returned, angry because they had found nothing in the church, one of them struck the Saint's head with an axe. Saint Jonah perished in the attack along with his Elder, and he is also commemorated today with Saint Euphrosynos. certain pious Christian, Ioann Suma, had also stayed at the monastery with the monks. When the Poles attacked, he was in the Elder's cell. Despite the grievous wounds he received from these ruffians, Ioann remained alive, but unconscious. After the Poles left, he regained his senses and told his son Emilian what had transpired. From them, the nearby inhabitants learned about the destruction of the monastery and the martyric death of Saint Euphrosynos. March 28, the bodies of Saint Euphrosynos, Saint Jonah, and all the others who had perished by the sword, were buried with due reverence by the Cross where they suffered martyrdom. years after the death of the Saint, a new church was built by a man named Moses, and dedicated to the Most Holy Trinity. With the blessing of Metropolitan Makarios of Novgorod, the incorrupt relics of Saint Euphrosynos were transferred to a new reliquary beneath the belfry on March 25, 1655. to the Monastery's records, the Monastic Martyr Euphrosynos was of medium height, with wide shoulders and a broad chest. His hair was brown, with traces of gray. His beard was long, and divided in two at the bottom. Euphrosynus was glorified by the Russian Orthodox Church on June 29, 1912.

Blue Jay Lake? (a lake 20 Versts from Ustiuzhena)
Blue Jay Lake? (a lake 20 Versts from Ustiuzhena) Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20;

Mologa River Mouth (Volga River 7)

Glushitsa, Mologa, Vologda (Mologa River Mouth, Volga River 7)
Glushitsa, Mologa, Vologda; St. Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushitsa, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1;

Sit River

Sit River Source

Battle of the Sit (Sita) River, 1238
Battle of the Sit (Sita) River; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4;

Sit River Mouth (Mologa River Mouth, Volga River 7)

Russia, Vologda, Mologa, Kouzha River Folder

Kouzha River

Lake Kovzhskoye, Kouzha Source, Mologa, Vologda
Lake Kovzhskoye; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9;

Kouzha River Source (Lake Kovzhskoye)

Kouzha River 1

Oshevensk - the most beautiful village in Russia
Oshevensk - the most beautiful village in Russia, Museum and Exhibition Complex Oshevensk, 50 miles northwest of Kargopol on the Churyuga River.; Kargopol; Venerable Diodorus the Abbot of Yuregorsk, Commemorated November 20 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated on December 8 ; Righteous Athanasius of Novolotsk, Commemorated January 18 ; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20;

Oshevensk, 50 miles northwest of Kargopol on the Churyuga River.
Oshevensk, 50 miles northwest of Kargopol on the Churyuga River.; Kargopol; Venerable Diodorus the Abbot of Yuregorsk, Commemorated November 20 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated on December 8 ; Righteous Athanasius of Novolotsk, Commemorated January 18 ; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20;

Kouzha River Mouth (White Lake)

Russia, Vologda, White Sea Folder (Water goes to White Sea)

White Sea
White Sea; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Zosimas of Solovki, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; St Barlaam of Keretsk, Commemorated January 15 ; Righteous Athanasius of Novolotsk, Commemorated January 18 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; Venerable Abraham of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Venerable Coprius of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Glorification of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on June 8 ; Venerable Elisha of Suma, Solovki, Commemorated on June 14 ; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28;

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Vyg River Folder, Karelia

Vyg River

Vyg River - Upper Vyg River
Vyg River - Upper Vyg River; St. Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19;

Upper Vyg River, Karelia, White Sea Region, Vologda
Upper Vyg River, White Sea Region, Vologda; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ;

Karelian People (from St Petersburg up to the White Sea)
Karelian People; Karelia; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28;

Karelia, White Sea Region, Vologda, Vyg River
Karelia; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28;

Karelia, Republic of Karelia, White Sea Region, Vologda
Republic of Karelia ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated Decimber 4 ; St Barlaam of Keretsk, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ;

Vyg River Mouth (Solovki, Onega Bay, White Sea)
Venerable Sabbatius the Wonderworker of Solovki, Commemorated on September 27;

Suma, Karelia (Sumiskiy Posad) (Suma River near Vyg River Mouth)
Suma, Karelia (Sumiskiy Posad); Venerable Elisha of Suma, Solovki, Commemorated on June 14;

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Solovki Folder

Solovki Island, White Sea, Vologda
Solovki prison camp and monestary: seven versts (Kilometers) from Solovki.; Venerable Irenarchus the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on July 17; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Venerable Job of Ushchelsk, Commemorated August 5; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; Icon of the Mother of God "œO All-Hymned Mother"Â, Commemorated on October 6; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28;

Filomonov Wharf, Solovki, White Sea Area
Filomonov Wharf: at the Solovki Prison Camp and Solovetsky monestary seven versts (kilometers) from Solovki. Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ;

Keretsk, Lake Keretsk, White Sea Region
Lake Keretsk ; St Barlaam of Keretsk, Commemorated January 15 ;

Solovetsky Monastery, White Sea, 1436
Solovetsky Monastery ; Venerable Irenarchus the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on July 17; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Translation of the relics of Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow; Venerable Job of Ushchelsk, Commemorated on August 5; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Zosimas of Solovki, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17 ; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5 ; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki; Venerable Diodorus the Abbot of Yuregorsk, Commemorated on November 20 ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated December 4 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Elisha of Suma, Solovki, Commemorated on June 14; Translation of the relics of Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on July 3 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Solovki Preobrazhensky (Transfiguration) cathedral, Solovki, 1556
Solovki Preobrazhensky (Transfiguration) cathedral, Solovki, 1556; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sabbatius of Solovki, Commemorated on August 8;

Solovki prison camp, White Sea
Solovki prison camp: seven versts (Kilometers) from Solovki. Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ;

Kemperpunkt camp, Solovki prison camp, White Sea
Solovki prison camp: seven versts (Kilometers) from Solovki. Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25;

Solovki Islands, White Sea
Solovki Islands; Venerable Irenarchus the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on July 17; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki ; Second Translation of the relics of the Venerable Zosimas of Solovki; Venerable Sabbatius the Wonderworker of Solovki, September 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœO All-Hymned MotherÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 6; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5 ; Venerable Elisha of Suma, Solovki, Commemorated on June 14 ;

Anzersk Island, Solovki
Anzersk Island, Solovki; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated January 13 ;

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Onega River Folder (Onega Bay)

Onega Lake and River, Land of the Chud People (east of St Petersburg)
Chud People; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated on November 16 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8;

Onega River

Onega River Source (Lake Lacha)
Lake Lacha ;

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Onega River Source, Lake Vozha and Sora River Folder

Sovza River (Sora River?)

Sora, Vologda (Sora River Mouth, Vozhe Lake)
Sora? Since the Sora river of Vologda and Lake Kuben is described as this river, the Sora would probably be this location. Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Lake Vozha, Onega Source, White Sea
Lake Vozha; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk;

Vazheozersk, Vologda
Vazheozersk; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9;

Svid River

Svid River from Vozhe to Lacha

Oshevensk is 50 miles NW of Kargopol on Kouzha River

Kargopol, White Sea, Vologda (Onega River Source, Lake Lacha)
Kargopol; Venerable Diodorus the Abbot of Yuregorsk, Commemorated November 20 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated on December 8 ; Righteous Athanasius of Novolotsk, Commemorated January 18 ; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20;

Kargopolsky District, White Sea Region, Vologda
Kargopolsky District; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated December 8 ; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20;

Lake Lacha
Lake Lacha ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated on December 8 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9;

Onega River 1

Onega River 2 (Pachomiev Monastery, Kena River)

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Onega River 2, Kena River Folder

Kena River

Kena River Source (Lake Kenozero)

Keno Lake, Onega River, White Sea, Vologda (Lake Kenozero, Kena River)
Keno Lake (Lake Kenozero, Kena River); St Brannock of Braunton, Commemorated January 7 ;

Kena River 1

Pachomiev wilderness monastery, White Sea Region, Vologda, 1493
Pachomiev wilderness monastery somewhere on the short River Kena. Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated December 7; St. Pachomius of Keno Lake, Commemorated on January 7;

Ancient church of st. paraskeva. village izmailovskaya .arkhangelsk region, russia
Ancient church of st. paraskeva. village izmailovskaya .arkhangelsk region, russia; St. Paraskeva-Pyatnitsa monastery; Multiplier of Wheat Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on October 15;

Kena River Mouth (Onega River 2)

Onega River 3

Onega River 4 (near Kozhe Lake)

Onega River 5 (Koza River Mouth)

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Onega River 5, Koza River Folder

Koza River

Koza River 1 (Kozhe Lake)

Kozheozersky Monastery (Onega Basin)
Kozheozersky Monestary; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27 ; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Kozhe Lake (Lake Kozhozero)
Lake Kozhozero; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27 ; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Koza River Mouth (Onega River 5)

Koza River Source

Onega River Mouth (Onega Bay, White Sea)
Venerable Sabbatius the Wonderworker of Solovki, Commemorated on September 27; Venerable Diodorus the Abbot of Yuregorsk, Commemorated on November 20;

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina River Folder

Northern Dvina River

Northern Dvina River Source (Yug and Sukhona (Kuben) Rivers

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina Source, Sukhona River Folder, Lake Kuben, Ustiug

Sukhona (Kuben) River

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina, Sukhona River Source, Lake Kuben Folder, Kubena,Sora Rivers

Lake Kuben Folder

Lake Kuben
Lake Kuben or Lake Kubenskoye; Blessed Basil of Kubensk, Commemorated on August 2; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda; Venerable Joseph of Zaonikiev Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on September 21;

Savior-Kamen monastery, Lake Kuben, Vologda, 1260
Savior-Kamen monastery; Blessed Basil of Kubensk, August 2nd ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated January 20 ; +- Venerable Joseph of Zaonikiev Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on September 21 ;

Kamenny monastery, Lake Kuben, Vologda, 1260
Kamenny monastery, Lake Kuben, Vologda, 1260; Blessed Basil of Kubensk, August 2nd ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated January 20 ; +- Venerable Joseph of Zaonikiev Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on September 21 ;

Zaonikev Monastery (Lake Kuben, Kubensk, Vologda, Kamenny Monastery) 1260
Kamenny Monastery; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Joseph of Zaonikiev Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on September 21 ;

Kubena River Folder

Kubena River

Kubena River Source (along the border, to the Volga)

Vologda forest (Vologda Region)
Vologda forest; Vologda Oblast is mostly forest, the saints referred to Vologda Region as the whole drainage to the north and east, and sometimes everything north of the Volga. Venerable Sergius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 7; Venerable Coprius of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4 ;

Kubena River Mouth (Lake Kuben)

Kubensk, Vologda (Lake Kuben)
Kubensk, Vologda (Lake Kuben) is not defined in wikipedia, but it is probably right here next to the Kubena River at the mouth of Lake Kuben. If not then Kubensk may be another name for Kamenny Monastery. ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Joseph of Zaonikiev Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on September 21 ;

Syanzhema River Folder

Syanzhema River

Syanzhemsk River Source (along the border, to the Volga)

Syanzhema River Mouth (Kubena River, Vologda)
Syamzhena River; Venerable Chariton of Syanzhemsk, Vologda;

Syanzhemsk (Sukhona (Kuben) River Source, Syanzhema River Mouth)
Syanzhemsk (Sukhona (Kuben) River Source, Syanzhema River Mouth) Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20;

Sukhona (Kuben) River Source (Lake Kuben)

Sukhona (Kuben) River 1 (Vologda River Mouth)

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina, Sukhona River 1, Lezha River Folder

Lezha River

Lezha River Source (along the border)

Lezha River Mouth (Sukhona River 1)

Sukhona (Kuben) River 2 (Sodima River Mouth)

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina, Sukhona River 2, Sodima River Folder

Sodima River

Kadnikova (Sodima and Rabanga Rivers, Vologda)
Kadnikova (Sodima River); Martyr Galacteon of Vologda, Commemorated on September 24 ; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15 ;

Rabanga River

Rabanga (Sodima and Rabanga Rivers, Vologda)
Kadnikova (Sodima River); Martyr Galacteon of Vologda, Commemorated on September 24 ; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15 ;

Sodima River Mouth (Sukhona (Kuben) River 2)

Sukhona river 3 (Dvinista River Mouth)

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina, Sukhona River 3, Dvinista River Folder

Dvinista River

Dvinista River Source (southeast of the town of Kharovsk, to the Volga)

Dvinista River 1

Dvinista River 2

Dvinista River 3

Dvinitsa River Mouth (Sukhona River 3)

Sukhona River 4

Sukhona River 5 (Totma)

Totma Ephraimov (Spaso-Sumorin) monastery, Vologda, 1554 & 1685
Spaso-Sumorin monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Sumorin-Totem, Commemorated on January 28 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 28 ;

Totma, Vologda (Sukhona River 5)
Totma (Sukhona River 5); Venerable Bassian of Tikhsnen, Vologda, Commemorated September 12 ; Blessed Andrew of Totma the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on October 10 ; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated January 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sumorin-Totem, Commemorated January 28 ;

Spaso-Sumorin (Totma Ephraimov) monastery, Vologda, 1554 & 1685
Spaso-Sumorin monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Sumorin-Totem, Commemorated on January 28 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 28 ;

Tiksnensk [Totemsk] District (Sukhona River 5)
Totemsk District; Venerable Bassian of Tikhsnen, Vologda, Commemorated September 12 ; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated January 16 ;

Sukhona River 6

Sukhona River 7

Sukhona (Kuben) River Mouth (Ustiug, Yug River Mouth, Northern Dvina River Source)
St Philip of Sukhona, Commemorated August 17 ;

Ustiug, Vologda (Skukhona and Yug Rivers, Northern Dvina Source)
Ustiug, Vologda; Icon of the Mother of God of Seven Lakes, Commemorated on July 28; St Philip of Sukhona, Commemorated on August 17 ; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug ; St Cyprian of Ustiug, Commemorated September 29 ; Venerable Amphilochius the Abbot of Glushetsa, Commemorated October 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated on October 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated July 28 ; Righteous Procopius the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Ustiug, Vologda; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Repose of the Blessed John of Ustiug the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on May 29; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug, Commemorated on July 8 ; Righteous Procopius the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Ustiug, Vologda, Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina Source, Yug River Folder, Ustiug

Yug River

Yug River Source (along the border)

Yug River 1 (Sharzhenga River)

Sharzhenga River Mouth (Yug River 1)

Yug River 2 (Volomsk Forest)

Volomsk forest (Yug River 2)
Volomsk forest is 80 versts southwest of Ustiug at Kichmenga River; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Volomsk, Commemorated on July 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Yuga, Commemorated on July 28;

Yuga Monastery, Volomsk forest (Yug River 2) 1605
Volomsk forest is 80 versts southwest of Ustiug at Kichmenga River; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Volomsk, Commemorated on July 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Yuga, Commemorated on July 28; Wonderworking Yuga Icon of the Mother of God appeared at the beginning of the seventeenth century to the Elder Saint Dorotheus, schemamonk of the Pskov Caves monastery. The Mother of God, during an invasion of the Swedes, commanded him to take Her image to a place She specified, and to bring the icon to Yaroslav diocese and to start a monastery there . igumen of the monastery would not agree to give up the Icon of the Mother of God, but She appeared to him in a vision commanding him to fulfill Her will and let Elder Dorotheus take Her icon. Elder Dorotheus came to the place specified in the vision, stopped to rest, and put the holy icon upon a tree. he wanted to continue the journey, then some invisible power prevented him from taking the holy icon from the tree. Saint Dorotheus realized that the Queen of Heaven wanted to remain in this place. He then built a small hut and stayed near the holy icon. News of the Elder’s arrival quickly spread through the surrounding villages. Pilgrims came to venerate the holy icon, from which many healings took place. Money was collected by the pious local inhabitants, and construction of a new monastery began. Dorotheus died in the year 1622. Clergy presented accounts of miracles to Patriarch Philaret. They received his blessing to establish a monastery at the River Yuga with church dedicated to the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos. The monastery became known as the Yuga. In 1654, by the intercession of the Mother of God, a deadly pestilence was halted in that place.

Kichmenga River Mouth (at Yug River 2)

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina Source, Yug River 3, Luza River Folder

Luza River

Lalsk (Lala River Mouth at Luza River 7)
Lalsk (Lala River Mouth at Luza River 7); Venerable Leonid of Ustnedumsk, Commemorated July 17 ;

Luza (Luza River 8)
Luza (Luza River 8) ; Venerable Leonid of Ustnedumsk, Commemorated July 17 ;

Luza River Source (along the border)

Luza River 1

Luza River 2

Luza River 3

Luza River 7 (Lalsk, Lala River Mouth)

Luza River 8 (Luza)

Luza River Mouth (Yug River 3)

Yug River Mouth (Ustiug, Skukhona (Kuben) River Mouth, Northern Dvina River Source)

Ustiug, Vologda (Yug and Skukhona Rivers, Northern Dvina Source)
Ustiug, Vologda; Icon of the Mother of God of Seven Lakes, Commemorated on July 28; St Philip of Sukhona, Commemorated on August 17 ; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug ; St Cyprian of Ustiug, Commemorated September 29 ; Venerable Amphilochius the Abbot of Glushetsa, Commemorated October 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated on October 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated July 28 ; Righteous Procopius the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Ustiug, Vologda; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Repose of the Blessed John of Ustiug the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on May 29; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug, Commemorated on July 8 ; Righteous Procopius the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Ustiug, Vologda, Commemorated on July 8;

Gledeno, Troitse-Gledensky Monastery, 1492
Troitse-Gledensky Monastery, 1492; St. Cyprian of Ustiug, Commemorated on September 29;

Holy Trinity Monastery at Gledeno, 1212
Holy Trinity Monastery at Gledeno, 1212; St. Cyprian of Ustiug, Commemorated on September 29;

Great Ustiug, Vologda (Veliky Ustiug, Northern Dvina Source)
Veliky Ustiug, Vologda (Great Ustiug), the confluence of the Sukhona and Yug Rivers. and the source of the Northern Dvina River; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug ; St Cyprian of Ustiug; Icon of the Mother of God of Seven Lakes, Commemorated on July 28; St Philip of Sukhona, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Amphilochius the Abbot of Glushetsa, Commemorated October 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated on October 13 ; Righteous Procopius the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Ustiug, Vologda; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated November 23 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Repose of the Blessed John of Ustiug the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on May 29; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11;

Northern Dvina River 1 (Solvychegodsk, Vychegda River Mouth)

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina River 1, Vychegda River Folder

Vychegda River

Vychegda River Source (Central Timan Ridge, Komi Republic)
Komi Republic;

Timan Ridge, Central
Timan Ridge;

Vychegda River 1

Vychegda River 2

Vychegda River 3 (Sysola, Sysola River)

Sysola (Sysola River Mouth, Vychegda River 3)
Syktyvkar or Sysola;

Sysola River Mouth (Vychegda River 3)

Ust-Sysolsk (Sysola)

Zelenets Transmitter (Komi Republic)
Zelenets, Volkhovsky District, Zelenets Trinity Monastery; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1;

Ust-Vym District, Vologda (Centered in Aykino)
Ust-Vym District; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; St. Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 24; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6;

Ust-Vym, Vologda (Vym River Mouth, Vychegda River 3)
Ust-Vym; St. Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ;

Vym River

Vym River Source (Timan Ridge, South)

Timan Ridge, South
Timan Ridge;

Aykino, Ust-Vym, Vologda (Vychegda River 4)
Aykino, Ust-Vym (Vychegda River 4); St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6;

Vychegda River 4 (Soyga, Yarenga River Mouth, Ust-Vym)

Soyga, Vologda (Vychegda River 4.5) 1541
Soyga (located approximately half-way between Solvychegodsk and Yarensk Soyga is 60k or Versts from Solvychegodsk; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24 ;

Soyga Monastery, Vologda (Vychegda River 4.5) 1541
Soyga (located approximately half-way between Solvychegodsk and Yarensk Soyga is 60k or Versts from Solvychegodsk; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24 ;

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina River 1, Vychegda River 4, Yarenga River Folder, Vologda

Yarenga River

Yarenga River Source (Komi Republic)

Yarenga River 1

Yarenga, Vologda, Zyryan (Yarenga River 1)
Yarenga; Venerable Longinus of Yarenga; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26 ;

Yarenga River 2

Yarenga River 3

Yarenga River Mouth (Vychegda River 4)

Yarenga, Vologda, Zyryan (Yarensk, Yarenga River Mouth)
Yarenga (Yarensk) ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26 ;

Vychegda River Mouth (Northern Dvina River 1)

Zyrian Church No. 1 (Vychegda River Mouth, Northern Dvina 1)
Zyrian Church No. 1 (Vychegda River Mouth, Northern Dvina 1) ; St. Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26 ;

Vychegda, Vologda (Vychegda River Mouth, Northern Dvina 1) St Christopher icon and Spring
Koryazhemsk monastery, Vychegda, Vologda (Vychegda River Mouth, Northern Dvina 1); Solvychegodsk (Vychegda River 5) ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Christopher, Commemorated July 28 ; 1555, the Icon of the Mother of God “Of Saint Christopher” was put in the church of the monastery founded by Saint Christopher of Solvychegodsk (July 25), a disciple of Saint Longinus of Koryazkemsk (February 10). icon was glorified by many miracles, and near the monastery a spring of healing water flows from the earth. Saint Christopher Icon is one of the Hodegetria type. Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Longinus of Koryazhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated February 10 ;

Solvychegodsk, Vologda (Vychegda River Mouth, Northern Dvina 1) St Christopher Icon and spring
Solvychegodsk (Vychegda River 5) ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Christopher, Commemorated July 28 ; 1555, the Icon of the Mother of God “Of Saint Christopher” was put in the church of the monastery founded by Saint Christopher of Solvychegodsk (July 25), a disciple of Saint Longinus of Koryazkemsk (February 10). icon was glorified by many miracles, and near the monastery a spring of healing water flows from the earth. Saint Christopher Icon is one of the Hodegetria type. Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Longinus of Koryazhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated February 10 ;

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina River 1, Vychegda River Mouth, Koryazhma River Folder

Koryazhma River

Koryazhma River Source (along the border)

Koryazhma River Mouth

Koryazhma, Vologda (Koryazhma River Mouth, near Vychegda River Mouth)
Koryazhma (near Vychegda River Mouth), ; Koryazhemsk monastery; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Longinus of Koryazhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated February 10 ;

Koryazhemsk monastery, Vologda, 1535
Koryazhemsk monastery; Koryazhma (near Vychegda River Mouth), ; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Longinus of Koryazhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated February 10;

Northern Dvina River 2

Northern Dvina River 3 (Vaga River Mouth)

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina River 3, Vaga River Folder

Vaga River

Vaga River Source (along the border west of Pakhtusovo)
Vaga River;

Verkhovazhye (Vega River 1)
Verkhovazhye (Vega River 1); Righteous Athanasius of Novolotsk, Commemorated on January 18;

Vaga River 1 (Pezhma River)

Pezhma River Mouth (Vaga River 1)

Vaga River 2 (Kuloy River)

Kuloy River Mouth (Vaga River 2)

Vaga River 3 (Vel River and Arkhangelsk Oblast)

Vel River (Arkhangelsk Oblast) Mouth (Vaga River 3)

Vaga River 4 (Ustya River)

Ustya River Mouth (Vaga River 4)

Vaga River 5 (Shenkursk, Puya River Mouth)

Puya River Mouth (Vaga River 5)

Vaga River 6 (Led River)

Shenkursk, White Sea, Vologda (Vaga River 6)
Shenkursk (Vaga River) ; Righteous Athanasius of Novolotsk, Commemorated January 18 ;

Led River Mouth (Vaga River 6)

Vaga River Mouth (Northern Dvina River 3)

Northern Dvina River 4

Northern Dvina River 5 (Pinega River Mouth)

Kholmogor, White Sea, Vologda (Piinyega River, Northern Dvina 5)
Kholmogor ; Because it has a church, Kholmogor is a selo. St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated November 23 ;

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina River 5, Pinega River Folder

Pinega River

Pinyega, Archangelesk (Pinega River 5)
Pinyega, Archangelesk ; Righteous Artemius of Verkola, Commemorated on June 23 ; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25;

Pinezhsky District, White Sea, Vologda (Pinega River)
Pinezhsky District; Righteous Child Artemius of Verkhol, Commemorated October 20 ; Righteous Artemius of Verkola, Commemorated on June 23 ; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25;

Pinega River Source (Belaya and Chyornaya Rivers confluence)

Pinega River 1

Pinega River 2

Pinega River 3

Pinega River 4 (Verkola)

Verkola, village in Pinezhsky Uyezd (Pinega River 4)
village of Verkola in Pinezhsky; Uyezd in Arkhangelsk Governorate; Righteous Child Artemius of Verkhol, Commemorated October 20; Righteous Artemius of Verkola was born in the village of Dvina Verkhol around the year 1532. son of pious parents, Artemius was a child who was courageous, meek and diligent for every good deed. June 23, 1545 the twelve-year-old Artemius and his father were taken by surprise in a field by a thunderstorm. A clap of thunder broke right over their heads, and the child Artemius fell dead. thought that this was a sign of God’s judgment, therefore they left the body in a pine forest without a funeral, and without burial. years later, the village reader beheld a light over the place where the incorrupt body of the Righteous Artemius lay. to the church of Saint Nicholas in 1577, the holy relics were shown to be a source of numerous healings. this village a monastery was later built, called the Verkhol. 1918, the impious Soviets chopped the holy relics into pieces and threw them into a well. The memory of Saint Artemius is also celebrated on October 20. Righteous Artemius of Verkola, Commemorated on June 23;

Pinega River 5 (Pinyega)

Pinega River Mouth (Kholmogor, Northern Dvina River 5)

Malopinyega district (Pinyega River and Northern Dvina 5) Malopinyega d probably somewhere near here
Malopinyega (Pinyega River and Northern Dvina 5) Malopinyega probably somewhere near here Saint Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated on November 16

Northern Dvina River Mouth (Archangelsk, Dvina Bay of White Sea)
Dvina River;

Archangelsk (Dvina Bay White Sea, Northern Dvina Mouth)
Archangelsk; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated on August 22; 1622, the Persian Shah Abbas I, after the devastating invasion of Orthodox Georgia, took part of the Robe of the Lord, and some especially revered icons. Three years later, when the Russian clerk Stephen Lazarev, who was in Persia to do some trading, a certain person from the Shah's retinue offered to let him purchase one of the stolen Georgian icons: an icon of the Most Holy Theotokos. At the same time, at Yaroslavl, the merchant Gregory Lytkin, by whom Stephen was employed, had a revelation of his clerk's imminent arrival with the precious acquisition. had been instructed by a voice from above to take the Icon from Yaroslavl to Arkhangelsk, near the Pinega River. Here, 16 versts from Kholmogorsk, was the Black Mountain monastery (which took its name from the mountain, on which a church was built in 1603.) Later, it was called Krasnogorsk (Beautiful Mountain). the merchant delivered the Georgian Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos in 1629, during the reign of Tsar Michael. On August 22, with a large contingent of the faithful, the Icon was reverently placed in the monastery. At the same time, the miraculous healing of the blind and deaf monk Pitirim took place. The subsequent manifestations of the Icon's miraculous power prompted Metropolitan Nikon of Novgorod (later the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia) to investigate. Afterward, from 1650, the annual celebration of this Icon took place on August 22, the day of its arrival at Krasnogorsk Monastery. that time, the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God was brought to Arkhangelsk each year with honors. The revered Icon was left for a certain time in the main cathedral of the city, for the sanctification of the city and of the Christ-loving people. During the reign of Tsar Alexei (1645-1676), the miraculous Icon was taken to Vologda, Great Ustyug, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, and Siberia. 1654, Hieromonk Makarios of Krasnogorsk Monastery brought the Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos (which had been brought from Persia) to Moscow for restoration, and to be covered with a new riza. It was placed in the newly-built church, dedicated to the Life-giving Trinity, at Nikitnikov Lane near the Saint Barbara Gate, where the Kremlin masters carried on their iconographic work. Gregory Nikitnikov had built the church on his property at his own expense (1628-1651). In the church was a chapel dedicated to Saint Nikḗtas (September 15). Members of the Nikitnikov family were also entombed there. that time, a plague or pestilence was raging in Moscow. At the request of the master silversmith Gabriel Evdokimov, whose son was near death, a Moleben was served in his house before the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God from Krasnogorsk Monastery. The patient soon recovered. In gratitude for this miraculous healing, a copy of Georgian Icon was made and placed in Holy Trinity church. From that time, the church was also called Georgian. gracious help of the Most Holy Theotokos continued to be conferred by the aforementioned copy of her Icon. During the plague epidemic of 1654, the Moscow merchant Stephanov prayed continuously to the Queen of Heaven. The Most Holy Virgin appeared to him three times in a dream saying: "Pray to the Georgian Theotokos, on the Glinishchi at the mills, and you will be spared." The Holy Trinity church at Nikitniki was also called the church of the Great Martyr Nikḗtas (one of the chapels) on Glinishchi, near the mills. The merchant did not take his family from Moscow as he intended, but began to pray fervently in the Holy Trinity church. The epidemic did not touch him or his family. Churchwide celebration of the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God was established with the blessing of Patriarch Nikon in 1654. In 1698, the caretaker of the Moscow printing house Theodore Polikarpov compiled a second edition of the Service. the liberation of Moscow from Napoleon's troops, on December 1, 1812 the wonderworking Georgian Icon of the Mother of God, along with other miraculous Icons of the Most Holy Theotokos (Vladimir, Iveron, and Assuage my Sorrows) were carried in solemn procession around the Kremlin. 1904, a chapel was built in Holy Trinity church in honor of the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God. Now this Icon is in the church of the Holy Trinity in Nikitnikov (Razin Street). healings were granted by the Most Holy Theotokos through her wonderworking Icon, which were documented and verified at the end of the XIX century. For example, on June 17, 1887, Lydia Tserkovnitskaya, the wife of a priest in the village of Shuysk, Vologda Province, was critically ill. She recovered after praying before the wonderworking Georgian Icon. There is historical evidence of four more Georgian icons of the Most Holy Theotokos. the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God, which was in Moscow's Alekseevsky Convent, church evidence reports that it is not a copy of the Icons from Krasnogorsk Monastery nor from Holy Trinity church at Nikitnikov, which were brought from Georgia. In the same deadly plague epidemic of 1654, one of the nuns at the Alekseev Convent fell ill. While she addressed long prayers to the Heavenly Healer, the sick woman suddenly remembered the miraculous recovery she had heard about from the Icon of the Mother of God, which is in the church of the Life-giving Trinity by Saint Barbara's Gate. However, there was no one to send there. After some time, an unknown monk came to the Convent. Turning to the sick nun, he said: "Do not be sad that the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God cannot be brought here. You have here exactly the same Icon as the one brought from Georgia. You will find it in the cave, and you shall behold God's mercy." allegorical meaning of these words became clear afterward in the monastery sacristy, which was laid out like caves, when a hitherto unknown Icon of the Mother of God was discovered. After a Moleben, the miraculous Icon was carried to the cells of the nuns who were suffering from the pestilence. All of them were healed. From that time, the epidemic in Moscow began to abate. the prayerful intercession of the Georgian Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos at the Alekseev Convent, the blind Princess Martha Prozorovskaya received miraculous healing in 1662. She gained her sight by the prayers of her parents, after seven years of serious illness. the northwest of Kazan, 18 versts from the city of Sviyazhsk, in the middle of the XVII century was the Raithu communal Hermitage of the Theotokos, which got its name from one of its churches, which was dedicated to the Venerable Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu (January 14). Tradition states that during the construction of the monastery, Metropolitan Laurence of Kazan, by a revelation from above, sent the best local iconographers to Pinega, to the Krasnogorsk Monastery, which was very far from Kazan, in order to make a faithful copy of the wonderworking Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos, which was brought from Persia. 1661, a skillfully executed copy of the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God was delivered from Arkhangelsk. It became highly revered by the local population. Subsequently, this Icon was placed in the cathedral church in honor of the Most Holy Theotokos. the XVIII century, the pious peasants of the village of Klyucharev, Korchev county, Tver Province, presented the caretaker of the Moscow Archangel Cathedral with a copy of the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God, which became highly regarded by the locals, when the rye crop was threatened with destruction in the late 1860s. Vast fields of newly-sprouted crops were being eaten by an unknown worm, and nothing they did was of any use. Then the peasants prayed for help to the Most Holy Theotokos, whose Georgian Icon they revered. After a Cross Procession around the fields with the Icon, a sudden, unprecedented torrential rain fell. Streams of water washed the worms out of the ground, which were eaten by a large flock of birds. See also other revered copies of the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God in the Protection church at Vorontsov Field, and in the Holy Cross Church in the city of Tula. Icon disappeared after the closure of the monastery (1920-1922), and later it was returned to the monastery. In his 1946 report to the Moscow Patriarchate, Bishop Leonty (Smirnov) of Arkhangelsk states that the Georgian Icon was carried in a procession, which took place at Arkhangelsk in 1946. The further fate of the Georgian Icon is unknown. St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated December 20 ; Glorification of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on June 8 ; Venerable Elisha of Suma, Solovki, Commemorated on June 14; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25 ;

Archangelsk monastery, White Sea area, 1520
Archangelsk monastery; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ;

Antonievo-Siysky Monastery, White Sea Region, Vologda (Northern Dvina Mouth) 1520
Antonievo-Siysky Monastery; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated December 7 ; Venerable Elisha of Suma, Solovki, Commemorated on June 14 ;

Mikhailov Island (Northern Dvina River Mouth)
Mikhailov Island; Antonievo-Siysky Monastery; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated December 7 ;

Karelian Nikolaev monastery, White Sea Region (Northern Dvina Mouth) 1410
Karelian Nikolaev monastery; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18;

Keurola, Resurrection monastery in the city of Keurola, Probable Location, (Northern Dvina Mouth) 1410
Karelian Nikolaev monastery; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18;

Pertominsk, Arkhanglsk (Northern Dvina River Mouth)
Pertominsk, Arkhanglsk; is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Pertominskoye Rural Settlement of Primorsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. The population was 252 as of 2010.[2] There are 12 streets. concentration camp was the site of a concentration camp established by the Soviet Union in which various political rivals of the Bolsheviks were detained. This was one of the first such camps, established by the Cheka in 1919.[3] Along with the death camp set up by Mikhail Kedrov in Kholmogory it was part of the Northern Camps of Special Designation.[3] Finding of the Relics of Venerable Bassian and Jonah, Monks of , Commemorated on June 5; Bassian and Jonah were monks of the Solovki Transfiguration monastery and disciples of Igumen Philip, who later became Metropolitan of Moscow (January 9). holy monks were glorified by the Lord after their death in 1561. and sailors came to pray in the chapel, built in 1599 over their grave by the Trinity-Sergiev monastery Elder Mamant. There in 1623 the hieromonk James founded a monastery, called Pertominsk.

The side of the Icy Sea
Karelian Nikolaev monastery; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18;

Siya (Sura), White Sea Region, Vologda (Archangelsk, Northern Dvina Mouth)
Siya; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated December 7 ; Venerable Elisha of Suma, Solovki, Commemorated on June 14;

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Kola Peninsula Folder

Kola Peninsula, White Sea Region, Vologda
Kola Peninsula; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated December 15 ; St Barlaam of Keretsk, Commemorated January 15 ;

Kola Peninsula - Lapland
Lapland: land of the Sapmi People (Laplanders). Lapland has no capital but Murmansk is its largest city. Above the Artic Circle, it is the northern part of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated December 15 ;

Lapland - Kola Peninsula
Lapland: land of the Sapmi People (Laplanders). Lapland has no capital but Murmansk is its largest city. Above the Artic Circle, it is the northern part of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated December 15 ;

Sura Lake, White Sea Region, Vologda
Lake Sura

Kola River

Kola River Source

Kola River Mouth
Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17 ; 9 Martyred brothers of Kola;

Murmansk (Kola River, Lapland)
Murmansk (Kola River) is the largest city in Murmansk Oblast and all of Lapland; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated December 15 ;

Kola (Murmansk, Kola River, Lapland)
Murmansk (Kola River) is the largest city in Murmansk Oblast and all of Lapland; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated December 15 ;

Novoezersk, Novgorod (nearMurmansk and Kola River in Lapland)
Novoezersk, Novgorod; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4;

New Lake, Novoezersk (nearMurmansk and Kola River in Lapland)
Novoezersk, Novgorod; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4;

Pechenga River

Pechenga Bay (Barrents Sea)

Pechenga River Source

Pechenga River 1

Pechenga River 2

Pechenga River 3 (Pechenga)

Pechenga, White Sea Region, Vologda (Pechenga River Mouth)
Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk); Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15 ; Venerable Abraham of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Venerable Coprius of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ;

Pechenga Monastery, White Sea Region, Vologda, Kola, 1492 or 1533
Pechenga Monastery; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk); Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated December 15 ; Venerable Abraham of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Venerable Coprius of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ;

Pechenga River Mouth (Kola Penninsula)

Russia, Vologda, Pechora River Folder (Artic Ocean)

Pechora River

Pechora River Source (Pechora, Komi Republic)
Komi Republic;

Pechora River 1 (Yugra Land)

Pechora River 2

Pechora River Mouth (Artic Ocean)

Pechora, Komi Republic ( Pechora River Source)
Pechora, Komi Republic; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19;

Zyryani, Lands of the Zyryani people 1 (Komi Republic, Vologda)
Lands of the Zyryani (Komi) people 1 (Komi Republic, Vologda); St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26;

Yugra Land (Land of the Voguls, Pechora River, Vologda)
Yugra Land; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19;

Russia, Vologda, Mezen River Folder (Mezen Bay, White Sea)

Mezen River

Mezen Bay (Mezen Frontier)
Mezen Bay (Mezen Frontier); Venerable Job of Ushchelsk, Commemorated August 5;

Mezen River Source (North Timan Ridge, Komi Republic)
Komi Republic;

Timan Ridge, North
Timan Ridge;

Mezen River Mouth (Mezen Bay, White Sea)

Ushchelsk, Mezen (Confluence of Ezeg abd Vazhka Rivers)
Ushchelsk (Confluence of Ezeg abd Vazhka Rivers); Venerable Job of Ushchelsk, Commemorated August 5;

Ezeg River

Ezeg River Source (Komi Republic)

Vazhka River

Vazhka River Source (Komi Republic)

Vazhka River Mouth (Ushchelsk, Mezen River)

Russia, Volhynia Folder, Up the Rivers, in Southwestern Russia

Volhynia Region (western trade route, up rivers, Horyn, Styr, Prypiat, Southern Bug and Western Bug Rivers)
Volhynia (Rivers Horyn, Styr, Prypiat, and Western Bug) ; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Martyr Basil of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated August 28 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated September 8 ; St Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, Commemorated October 10 ; Synaxis of the Saints of Volhynia, Commemorated on October 10 ; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated on December 4 ; The Conception by Righteous Anna of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on December 9 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; Venerable Alphan with his brother of Novgorod, founder of the Sokolnitzky Monastery, Commemorated on May 4; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6;

Russia, Volhynia, Horyn River Folder

Horyn River Source (Ternopil)

Horyn River 1 (Izyaslav)

Izyaslav (Horyn River 1)
Izyaslav (Horyn River 1);

Zaslavsk (Horyn River 1)
Zaslavsk (Horyn River 1); Saint Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11;

Starokostiantyniv Castle, Principality of Turov and Pinsk, (Horyn River 1)
Starokostiantyniv Castle, Principality of Turov and Pinsk; Repose of Venerable Job the Wonderworker, Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28;

Ozerianka, Volhynia, Ukraine, Drevlyany Lands, Turnopol Oblast
Ozerianka, Volhynia, Ukraine; Ozerianka Icon of the Mother of God of Shuiu-Smolensk, Commemorated on November 2 ; Shuiu-Smolensk Wonderworking Icon of the Mother of God was painted in the years 1654-1655 in the Resurrection parish of the city of Shuiu, where an unrelenting pestilence raged. Trusting in the mercy of God and the intercession of the Mother of God, the parishioners of the Resurrection church commissioned a certain pious monk to paint the icon of the Smolensk Mother of God, an icon long attributed with being a rescuer of the Russian people from enemies and misfortune. parishioners spent the whole week in prayer and fasting while the image was being painted. When the icon was finished, the priest and the people took it to the church and set it in a specially built place. From that time the pestilence began to ease, at first in the area of the Resurrection parish, and then also in all the city. the Icon of the Mother of God many miracles of healing took place, especially of eye diseases. The icon is also celebrated on July 11, July 28, and Bright Tuesday.

Horyn River 2 (Slavuta)

Horyn River 3 (Netishyn)

Horyn River 4 (Ostrog)

Ostrog, Volynia, Ukraine (Horyn River 4)
Ostrog, Ukraine St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11 ; Theodore, Prince of Ostrog, gained fame with the construction of churches and by his defense of Orthodoxy in Volhynia against the enroachment of Papism. He was descended from Saint Vladimir (July 15), through a great-grandson Svyatopolk-Michael, prince of Turov (1080-1093) and later Great Prince of Kiev (+1113). first time the name of the holy Prince Theodore is mentioned is in the year 1386, when the Polish king Jagiello and the Lithuanian prince Vitovt affirmed his hereditary possession of the Ostrog district, and they augmented the Zaslavsk and Koretsk surroundings. 1410 Saint Theodore participated in the defeat of the Teutonic Knights of the Catholic Order at the Battle of Gruenwald. In 1422 the holy prince, because of sympathy for the Orthodox in Bohemia, supported the Hussites in their struggle with the German emperor Sigismund. Theodore introduced the Hussite formation (i.e., the Taborite, adopted by the Ukrainian Cossacks) into Russian military strategy. 1432, after winning a series of victories over the Polish forces, Saint Theodore compelled Prince Jagiello to guarantee the freedom of Orthodoxy in Volhynia under the law. Prince Svidrigailo, apprehensive of the strengthening of his ally, locked Saint Theodore into prison, but the people who loved the saint rose up in rebellion, and he was freed. Theodore was reconciled with the offender and went to him for help in the struggle against the Lithuanians and the Poles. In 1438, the holy prince took part in a battle with the Tatars. In 1440, with the accession to the Polish throne of Cazimir, youngest son of Prince Jagiello, Saint Theodore received the rights of administration of the city of Vladimir, Dubno, Ostrog, and he was granted extensive holdings in the best regions of Podolia and Volhynia. Theodore left all this behind, together with princely power and fame. After 1441 he entered the Kiev Caves monastery, where he received the monastic tonsure with the name Theodosius, he struggled there for the salvation of his soul until the time of his blessed repose. year of Saint Theodore’s death is unknown, but it is probable that he died in the second half of the fifteenth century at a great old age (S. M. Soloviev in his History of Russia gives the year of his death as 1483). The saint was buried in the Far Caves of Saint Theodosius. His glorification apparently took place at the end of the sixteenth century, since in the year 1638 the hieromonk Athanasius Kal’nophysky testified that “Saint Theodore rests in the Theodosiev Cave, where his body was discovered incorrupt.” Theodore is also commemorated on the Synaxis of the Monastic Fathers of the Far Caves on August 28.

Horyn River 5 (Rivne)

Koretsk Region, Korets and Korets Castle
Koretsk Region and Korets; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11;

Horyn River 6 (Sarne)

Horyn River 7

Horyn River 8 (Stolin)

Horyn River Mouth (Turov, Pripyat River 3)

Turov, Volhynia (Horyn River Mouth, Pripyat River 2)
Turov; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Martin of Turov, Commemorated on June 27;

Russia, Volhynia, Stry River Folder

Styr River Source (near Brody)

Pochaev, Volynia (Styr, Seret, Western Bug, Horyn, and Ikva Rivers Sources)
Pochaev; Pochayiv Lavra; Uniates; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks Pochaev Icon of the Mother of God is among the most revered sacred objects of the Orthodox Church. Located in the Dormition Cathedral at Pochaev, Ukraine, the Icon is reknowned throughout the entire Slavic world, and is venerated in Russia, Bosnia, Serbia, Bulgaria, and in other places. Christians of other confessions also venerate the Pochaev Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos. The wonderworking Icon has been treasured at the Pochaev Lavra for over 400 years. miracles have taken place before the holy Icon, and these are recorded in special books at the monastery. The books contain the personal testimonies of people who prayed before the Pochaev Icon and were healed of their illnesses, delivered from unclean spirits, or freed from captivity. Many sinners were also brought to repentance. Feast Day in honor of the Pochaev Icon of the Mother of God was appointed to commemorate the deliverance of the Dormition Lavra from a siege by the Turks on July 20-23, 1675. the summer of 1675 during the Zbarazhsk War with the Turks, in the reign of the Polish King Jan Sobesski (1674-1696), regiments composed of Tatars under the command of Khan Nurredin via Vishnevets fell upon the Pochaev monastery, surrounding it on three sides. The weak monastery walls and its stone buildings did not offer much protection against a siege. Igoumen Joseph Dobromirsky urged the brethren and laypeople to pray to their heavenly intercessors, the Most Holy Theotokos and Saint Job of Pochaev (October 28). monks and the people prayed fervently, prostrating themselves before the wonderworking Icon of the Mother of God, and the reliquary containing the relics of Saint Job. At sunrise on the morning of July 23, as the Tatars prepared to attack the monastery, the Igoumen ordered an Akathist to the Theotokos to be sung. At the opening words, “O Queen of the Heavenly Hosts,” the Mother of God suddenly appeared over the church, in “an unfurled radiant white omaphorion,” with angels holding unsheathed swords. Saint Job stood beside the Mother of God, bowing to her and beseeching her to defend the monastery. Tatars believed that the heavenly army was a vision, and in their confusion they started shooting arrows at the Most Holy Theotokos and Saint Job, but the arrows turned backwards and wounded those who shot them. The enemy, gripped by terror, fled in panic, trampling upon and killing each other. The defenders of the monastery pursued them and took many prisoners. Later, some of the prisoners converted to the Orthodox Faith and remained at the monastery thereafter. the year 1721, Pochaev was occupied by the Uniates. Even during this difficult time for the Lavra, the monastery Chronicle lists 539 miracles of the Pochaev Icon. In the second half of the eighteenth century, a Uniate nobleman, Count Nicholas Pototski, became a benefactor of the Pochaev Lavra through the following miraculous circumstance. After accusing his coachman of overturning the carriage with runaway horses, the Count took out a pistol to shoot him. The coachman, turning towards the mountain of Pochaev, stretched out his hands and cried: "Mother of God, depicted in the Pochaev Icon, save me!” times Pototski tried to shoot the pistol, which had never failed him, but the weapon misfired and the coachman remained alive. Pototski went at once to the wonderworking Icon and resolved to devote himself and all his property to building up the monastery. With the money he contributed, the Dormition cathedral was built, as well as other buildings for the brethren. return of the Pochaev Monastery to the Orthodox Church in 1832 was marked by the miraculous healing of the blind maiden Anna Akimchukova, who had come on pilgrimage to the holy shrine along with her seventy-year-old grandmother from Kremenets-Podolsk, 200 versts away. In memory of this event, the Archbishop of Volhynia and Archimandrite Innocent of the Lavra (1832-1840) appointed that an Akathist be read on Saturdays before the wonderworking Icon. During the time of Archimandrite Agathangelus, Archbishop of Volhynia (1866-1876), a separate chapel was built in the galleries of the Holy Trinity church, which was dedicated on July 23, 1875 in memory of the victory over the Tatars. wonderworking Pochaev Icon is also commemorated on Friday of Bright Week, and on September 8. Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated August 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated September 8 ; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated October 10 ; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28;

Pochaev Lavra Dormition Cathedral, Volhynia, 1527
Pochaev Lavra in Volhynia; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks,1675 Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated September 8 ; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated October 10 ; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated August 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev,Commemorated September 8 ; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 4 ; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23;

Volynia Sprirtual Academy, Lavra Dormition Cathedral, Volhynia, 1527
Pochaev Lavra in Volhynia; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks,1675 Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated September 8 ; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated October 10 ; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated August 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev,Commemorated September 8 ; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 4 ; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23;

Volynia Seminary, Lavra Dormition Cathedral, Volhynia, 1527
Pochaev Lavra in Volhynia; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks,1675 Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated September 8 ; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated October 10 ; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated August 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev,Commemorated September 8 ; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 4 ; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23;

Volyn Region (Volynia, Styr, Bug, Horyn River Source)
Volyn Region; Location: West Ukraine, East Poland, Southwest Belarus; it is located between the rivers Prypiat and Southern Bug, to the north of Galicia and Podolia. The region is named for the former city of Volyn or Velyn, said to have been located on the Southern Bug River, whose name may come from the Proto-Slavic root *vol/vel- 'wet.'; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Synaxis of the Saints of Volhynia; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6;

Styr River 1 (Berestechko)

Styr River 2 (Lutsk, Ikva River Mouth)

Lutsk, Volhynia (Styr River 2)
Lutsk; Venerable Nicholas Sviatosha Prince of Chernigov, and Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 14 ; Burial of St Andrew the Prince; Venerable Amphilochius the Abbot of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12 ; St Macarius, Abbot of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12 ; St Tarasius of Glushetsa of Glushetsa, October 12 ; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4;

Glushetsa suburb of Lutsk, Volynia
Glushetsa suburb of Lutsk; Venerable Amphilochius the Abbot of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12; St Tarasius of Glushetsa of Glushetsa, October 12 ; St Macarius, Abbot of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12 ;

Vladimir-Volhynia Diocese, 988
Volhynia; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated August 24 ; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated October 10 ; St Stephen, Commemorated October 10 ; St Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, Commemorated October 10 ;

Russia, Volhynia, Styr River 2, Ikva River Folder

Ikva River

Ikva River Source (On the Border)

Ikva River 1 (Kremenetz, Volhynia)

Kremenetz, Volhynia (Ikva River 1)
Kremenetz - Kremenetz city of Kremenetz district and rests 18 km north-east of the great Pochayiv Lavra ; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 4 ;

Ikva River 2 (Dubno, Volhynia)

Dubno, Volynia (Ikva River 2)
Dubno; Rivne Oblast St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev;

Dubensk district of Volhynia, Dubno, Eastern Front WWI, Trade Rte with Poland (Ikva River 2)
Dubno; Rivne Oblast St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev;

Ikva River Mouth (Styr River 2, Lutsk)

Styr River 3 (Kolky)

Styr River 4 (Staryi Chortoryisk)

Styr River 5 (Kuznetsovsk)

Styr River 6 (Zarichne)

Styr River Mouth (Pinsk, Pripyat River 3)

Russia, Volhynia, Pripyat River Folder, Wormwood, Chenoble

Russia, Volhynia, Pripyat River Source, Dnieper Bug Canal Folder (Portages and Canals; Russia, Poland and Lithuania)

Pripyat River 1 (Pinsk, Styr River)

Pinsk, Volhynia (Pripyat River 1)
Pinsk; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kupyatitich, Commemorated on November 15; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ;

Pripyat River 2 (Turov and Mazyr, Horn River)

Turov and Pinsk Principality, Volhynia
Principality of Turov and Pinsk; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28;

Turov, Volhynia, Ukraine (Horyn River Mouth, Pripyat River 2)
Turov; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Martin of Turov, Commemorated on June 27;

Russia, Volhynia, Western Bug River Folder (West to Warsaw Poland)

Russia, Volhynia, Western Bug River 1, Poltva River Folder, Volhynia

Galicia, Principality of Galicia-Volynia, Kingdom of Rus, High up the Rivers, Ukraine
Principality of Galicia-Volynia, Kingdom of Rus, Ukraine; Repose of Saint Peter, Metropolitan of Moscow, Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21;

Galicia, Volhynia, Western Ukraine (Russian Carpathians) Poland to Chernigov trade route
Galicia (Eastern Europe), Ukraine; Repose of Saint Peter, Metropolitan of Moscow, Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21;

Galich Kingdom, Volhynia (Western Bug River 1 , 2 and 3)
Galich or Kingdom of Galicia, Volhynia; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12;

Galicia Volhynia, Kingdom of (Western Bug River 1 , 2 and 3)
Galich or Kingdom of Galicia,“Volhynia; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12;

Pokutia (around the corner, from Galicia in Volhynia, Cheremosh R. in Moldovia)
Pokutia (around the corner, from Galicia in Volhynia, Cheremosh R. in Moldovia, but still up the rivers); Repose of Venerable Job the Wonderworker, Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28;

Western Bug River Source (Central Ukraine)

Western Bug River 1 (Poltva River)

Western Bug River 2 (Sokal, Volhynia)

Sokal, Volhynia, Ukraine (Western Bug River 2)
Sokal, Volhynia, Ukraine (Western Bug River 1); Venerable Alphan with his brother of Novgorod, founder of the Sokolnitzky Monastery, Commemorated on May 4;

Belz, Fortress of Belz (Bug River 2), Eastern Poland, Western Ukraine
Belz, Fortress of Belz; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Western Bug River 3 (Vladimir-Volynsk)

Vladimir, Volhynia (Vladimir-Volynsk, Western Bug River 3)
Vladimir in Volhynia, Vladimir-Volynsk; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated August 24 ; St Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, Commemorated October 10 ; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated on November 22 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ;

Vladimir Holy Mountain monastery at Vladimir, Volhynia, Zymne M, 1091
Vladimir Holy Mountain monastery at Volhynia, Zymne Monastery, 1000; Venerable Barlaam, Abbot of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Stephen, Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27; 1078 Saint Stephen was removed from office and driven from the monastery through the malice of an evil monk. He endured this meekly and without bitterness, and continued to pray for those who had turned against him. Stephen learned that master builders had come from Greece with an icon of the Theotokos, and they told him of the appearance of the Heavenly Queen at Blachernae. Because of this, Saint Stephen also built a church at Klovo in honor of the Theotokos (in memory of the Placing of Her Robe at Blachernae). The monastery was founded in thanksgiving for solicitude of the Most Holy Theotokos for the Caves monastery. 1091 Saint Stephen was made Bishop of Vladimir in Volhynia, and he participated in the transfer of the relics of Saint Theodosius from the cave to the monastery (August 14). He also labored to convert the inhabitants of Volhynia to Christianity.

Hrubieszow, Volynia or Poland (Western Bug River 3, Vladimir-Volynsk)
Hrubieszow; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Teratyn, Volynia or Poland (Western Bug River 3, Vladimir-Volynsk)
Teratyn, Poland; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Western Bug River 4 (near Kholm Theological Seminary)

Russia, Volhynia, Western Bug River 4.5, Rata River Folder, Rata Monastery

Rata River

Rata River Source (along the border)

Rata River 1 (Ratne, Novodvorsk Monastery)

Ratne, Volhynia (Rata River 1)
Ratne, Volhynia; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21;

Rata Monastery, Ratne, Volhynia, whose hegumen was Peter of Moscow, 1299 approx.
+Ratne, Volhynia; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos “Of Saint Peter” was so called because it was painted by Saint Peter, Metropolitan of Moscow (+ December 21, 1326) while he was igumen of the Ratsk monastery near Volhynia. During a visit to the Ratsk monastery by Saint Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia (+ December 6, 1306), Saint Peter gave him this icon as a gift. The Metropolitan took it to Vladimir at Klyazma, where his cathedral was then located. the death of Saint Maximus, the igumen Gerontius, who wished to become the new metropolitan, intended to take this icon to Patriarch Athanasius of Constantinople (October 24). The journey of Igumen Gerontius was delayed, however, by a terrible storm at sea. During this storm, the Most Holy Theotokos appeared to him and said: “The office of bishop will not be conferred upon you, but rather on the one who painted My Icon.” he came before Patriarch Athanasius, Saint Peter was already in Constantinople and had been consecrated as Metropolitan. The Patriarch gave the icon to Saint Peter with the words: “Take the holy icon of the Mother of God, which you painted with your own hands, for this reason the Ever-Virgin Herself has granted you this gift, and She foretold your path.” Peter took the icon to Vladimir, and when the metropolitan cathedral was transfered to Moscow in the year 1325, the icon was placed in the Dormition Cathedral above the table of oblation. Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21;

Novodvorsk Monastery, Ratne, Volhynia, whose hegumen was Peter of Moscow, 1299 approx.
Ratne, Volhynia; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21;

Rata River Mouth (Bug River 4.5)

Western Bug River 5

Western Bug River 6 (Brest)

Russia, Volhynia, Western Bug 6.5, Mukhavets River Folder, part of Dneiper Bug Canal)

Mukhavets River

Mukhavets River Source

Mukhavets River 1 (Kupyatich, Kobrin)

Kupyatich monastery, Kobrin, Volhynia, 1180, Mukhavets River 1, near Brest
Kupyatich monastery, Kobrin, Belarus, Leposovsky monastery today; Icon of the Mother of God of Kupyatich, Commemorated on November 15;

Mukhavets River Mouth (Brest, Western Bug River 6.5)

Brest-Litovsk (Vohlynia, Western Bug 6.5, Mukhavets River Mouth)
Brest, Belarus (Bug and Mukhavets Rivers) ; Uniates; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Brest-Litovsk; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ;

Western Bug River 7

Western Bug River 8

Western Bug River Mouth (Warsaw, Narew River 13)

Russia, Volhynia, Southern Bug River Ukraine Folder, Volhynia is the Source

Podolia, Volhynia, area between Southern Bug and Dniester Rivers, North and West of Moldova
Podolia, Southwest Ukraine; Saint Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11;

Russia, Volhynia, Drevlyany Lands Ukraine Folder

Ovruch, Volhynia, Ukraine (the center of Drevlyany Lands)
Ovrucha; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Russia, Crimea Folder

Taurida (Taurica, the Crimean Penninsula and surrounding area, including Odessa and Tomis)
Taurida; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Vladimir indulged himself in a wild, sensuous life, he was far from the libertine that they sometimes portray him as being. He “shepherded his land with truth, valor and reasonâ€, as a good and diligent master, of necessity he extended and defended its boundaries by force of arms, and in returning from military campaigns, he made for his companions and for all Kiev liberal and merry feasts. the Lord prepared him for another task. Where sin increases, there, in the words of the Apostle, grace abounds (Rom. 5: 20). “And upon him came visitation of the Most High, and the All-Merciful eye of the Good God gazed upon him, and shone forth the thought in his heart, of understanding the vanity of idolous delusion, and of appealing to the One God, Creator of all things both visible and invisible.â€ The matter of accepting Baptism was facilitated through external circumstances. The Byzantine Empire was in upheaval under the blows of the mutinous regiments of Bardas Skliros and Bardas Phocas, each of whom sought to gain the imperial throne. In these difficult circumstances the emperors, the coregent brothers Basil the Bulgar-Slayer and Constantine, turned for help to Vladimir. unfolded quickly. In August 987 Bardas Phocas proclaimed himself Emperor and moved against Constantinople, and in autumn of that same year the emissaries of Emperor Basil were at Kiev. “And having exhausted his (Basil’s) wealth, it compelled him to enter into an alliance with the Emperor of the Russians. They were his enemies, but he besought their help,â€ writes one of the Arab chronicles of events in the 980s. “And the Emperor of the Russians consented to this, and made common cause with him.â€ a reward for his military help, Vladimir asked for the hand of the emperors’ sister Anna, which for the Byzantines was an unheard of audacity. Princesses of the imperial lineage did not marry “barbarianâ€ rulers, even if they were Christians. At the same time the emperor Otto the Great was seeking the hand of Anna for his son, and he was refused. However, in Vladimir’s case Constantinople was obliged to consent. agreement was concluded, according to which Vladimir had to send the emperors six thousand Varangians, and to accept holy Baptism. Under these conditions he would receive the hand of the imperial daughter Anna. Thus in the strife of human events the will of God directed the entering of Rus into the grace-filled bosom of the Ecumenical Church. Great Prince Vladimir accepted Baptism and sent the military assistance to Byzantium. With the aid of the Russians, the mutineers were destroyed and Bardas Phocas killed. But the Greeks, gladdened by their unexpected deliverance, were in no hurry to fulfill their part of the bargain. at the Greek duplicity, Prince Vladimir “hastened to collect his forcesâ€ and he moved “against Korsun, the Greek city,â€ the ancient Chersonessos. The “impenetrableâ€ rampart of the Byzantine realm on the Black Sea fell. It was one of the vitally important hubs of the economic and mercantile links of the empire. This blow was so much felt, that its echo resounded throughout all the regions of Byzantium. again had the upper hand. His emissaries, the commanders Oleg and Sjbern soon arrived in Constantinople for the imperial daughter. Eight days passed in Anna’s preparation, during which time her brothers consoled her, stressing the significance of the opportunity before her: to enable the enlightening of the Russian realm and its lands, and to make them forever friends of the Byzantine realm. At Taurida Saint Vladimir awaited her, and to his titles there was added a new one: Caesar (Tsar). The haughty rulers of Constantinople had to accede also in this, to bestow upon their new brother-in-law the imperial insignia. In certain of the Greek historians, Saint Vladimir is termed from these times as a “mighty basileios-kingâ€, he coins money in the Byzantine style and is depicted on it with the symbols of imperial might: in imperial attire, and on his head the imperial crown, and in his right hand the sceptre with cross. with the empress Anna, there arrived for the Russian See Metropolitan Michael ordained by holy Patriarch Nicholas II Chrysoberges. He came with his retinue and clergy, and many holy relics and other holy things. In ancient Chersonessos, where each stone brings to mind Saint Andrew the First-Called, there took place the marriage-crowning of Saint Vladimir and Blessed Anna, both reminiscent and likewise affirming the oneness of the Gospel of Christ in Rus and in Byzantium. Korsun, the “empress’s dowryâ€, was returned to Byzantium. In the spring of 988 the Great Prince and his wife set out through the Crimea, Taman and the Azov lands, which had come into the complexion of his vast realm on the return trip to Kiev. Leading the princely cortege with frequent Services of Thanksgiving and incessant priestly singing they carried crosses, icons and holy relics. It seemed, that the Ecumenical Holy Church was moving into the spacious Russian land, and renewed in the font of Baptism, Holy Rus came forth to meet Christ and His Church. followed an unforgettable and quite singular event in Russian history: the morning of the Baptism of the Kievans in the waters of the River Dneipr. On the evening before, Saint Vladimir declared throughout the city: “If anyone does not go into the river tomorrow, be they rich or poor, beggar or slave, that one shall be my enemy.â€ The sacred wish of the holy Prince was fulfilled without a murmur: “all our land glorified Christ with the Father and the Holy Spirit at the same time.â€ is difficult to overestimate the deep spiritual transformation of the Russian people effected by the prayers of Saint Vladimir, in every aspect of its life and world-view. In the pure Kievan waters, as in a “bath of regenerationâ€, there was realized a sacramental transfiguration of the Russian spiritual element, the spiritual birth of the nation, called by God to unforeseen deeds of Christian service to mankind. “Then did the darkness of the idols begin to lift from us, and the dawn of Orthodoxy appear, and the Sun of the Gospel illumined our land.â€ In memory of this sacred event, the regeneration of Rus by water and the Spirit, the Russian Church established the custom of an annual church procession “to the waterâ€ on August 1. Later, the Feast of the Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Creating Cross of the Lord, which Russia celebrated with the Greek Church, was combined with the Feast of the All-Merciful Savior and the Most Holy Theotokos (established by Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky in the year 1164). In this combination of feasts there is found a precise expression of the Russian theological consciousness, for which both Baptism and the Cross are inseparable. throughout Holy Rus, from the ancient cities to the far outposts, Saint Vladimir gave orders to destroy the pagan sanctuaries, to flog the idols, and in their place to clear land in the hilly woods for churches, in which altars would be consecrated for the Bloodless Sacrifice. Churches of God grew up along the face of the earth, at high elevated places, and at the bends of the rivers, along the ancient trail “from the Variangians to the Greeksâ€ figuratively as road signs and lamps of national holiness. Concerning the famed church-building activity of Saint Vladimir, the Metropolitan of Kiev Saint Hilarion (author of the “Word on Law and Graceâ€) exclaimed: “They demolished the pagan temples, and built up churches, they destroyed the idols and produced holy icons, the demons have fled, and the Cross has sanctified the cities.â€ the early centuries of Christianity it was the custom to raise up churches upon the ruins of pagan sanctuaries or upon the blood of the holy martyrs. Following this practice, Saint Vladimir built the church of Saint Basil the Great upon a hill, where a sanctuary of Perun had been located, and he built the stone church of the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos (Desyatinnaya) on the place of the martyrdom of the holy Varangian Martyrs (July 12). The magnificent temple was intended to become the cathedral for the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus, and thus the primal altar of the Russian Church. It was built in five years, and was richly adorned with frescoes, crosses, icons and sacred vessels, brought from Korsun. The day of the consecration of the church of the Most Holy Theotokos, May 12 (in some manuscripts May 11), was ordered by Saint Vladimir to be inserted into the Church calendar as an annual celebration. This event was linked with other events celebrated on May 11, and it provided the new Church a twofold sense of continuity. Under this day in the calendar is noted the churchly Founding of Constantinople “dedicated by the holy emperor Saint Constantine as the new capital of the Roman Empire, the city of Constantine is dedicated to the Most Holy Theotokos (330). On this same day of May 11, the church of Sophia, the Wisdom of God was consecrated at Kiev (in the year 960 under Saint Olga). Saint Vladimir, having had the cathedral church consecrated to the Most Holy Theotokos, followed the example of Saint Constantine in dedicating the capital city of the Russian Land (Kiev) to the Queen of Heaven. a tithe or tenth was bestown on the Church; and since this church had become the center of the All-Russian collection of churchly tithes, they called it the Tithe church. The most ancient text of the grant, or church rule by holy Prince Vladimir spoke thus: “For I do bestow on this church of the Holy Mother of God a tenth of all my principality, and also throughout all the Russian Land from all the princely jurisdiction a tithe of squirrel-pelts, and from the merchant, a tithe of the week, and from households each year, a tenth of every herd and every livelihood, to the wondrous Mother of God and the wondrous Savior.â€ The grant also specified “church peopleâ€ as being free from the jurisdictional power of the prince and his “tiuniâ€ (officials) and placed them under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan. chronicle has preserved a prayer of Saint Vladimir, with which he turned to the Almighty at the consecration of the Dormition Tithe church: “O Lord God, look down from Heaven and behold, and visit Your vineyard, which Your right hand has planted. And make this new people, whom You have converted in heart and mind to know You, the True God. And look down upon this Your church, which Your unworthy servant has built in the name of the Mother Who gave birth to Thee, the Ever-Virgin Theotokos. And whoever prays in this church, let his prayer be heard, through the prayers of the All-Pure Mother of God.â€ the Tithe church and Bishop Anastasius, certain historians have made a connection with the beginnings of Russian chronicle writing. At it were compiled the Life of Saint Olga and the account of the Varangian Martyrs in their original form, and likewise the “Account, How in the Taking of Korsun, Vladimir came to be Baptized.â€ Here also originated the early Greek redaction of the Lives of the Holy Martyrs Boris and Gleb. the time of Saint Vladimir, the Kiev Metropolitan See was occupied successively by the Metropolitan Saint Michael (September 30), Metropolitan Theophylactus, who transferred to Kiev from the See of Armenian Sebaste (991-997), Metropolitan Leontius (997-1008), and Metropolitan John I (1008-1037). Through their efforts the first dioceses of the Russian Church were opened: at Novgorod (its first representative was Saint Joachim of Korsun (+ 1030), compiler of the Joachimov Chronicle), Vladimir-Volyn (opened May 11, 992), Chernigov, Pereslavl, Belgorod, and Rostov. “And thus throughout all the cities and villages there were set up churches and monasteries, and the clergy increased, and the Orthodox Faith blossomed forth and shone like the sun.â€ advance the Faith among the newly enlightened people, learned people and schools were needed to help prepare them. Therefore, Saint Vladimir and the holy Metropolitan Michael “commanded fathers and mothers to take their young children and send them to schools to learn reading and writing.â€ Saint Joachim of Korsun set up such a school at Novgorod, and they did the same in other cities. “And there were a multitude of schools of scholars, and of these were there a multitude of philosophers.â€ a firm hand Saint Vladimir held in check enemies at the frontiers, and he built fortified cities. He was the first in Russian history to set up a “notched boundary,â€ a line of defensive points against nomadic peoples. “Volodimir began to set up cities along the Desna, along the Vystra, along the Trubezha, along the Sula and along the Stugna. And he settled them with the Novgorodians, the Smolyani, the Chuds and the Vyatichi. He made war against the Pechenegs and defeated them.â€ But the real reason for his success was the peaceful Christian preaching among the pagans of the steppes. the Nikol’sk Chronicles under the year 990 was written: “And in that same year there came to Volodimir at Kiev four princes from the Bulgars and they were illumined with Divine Baptism.â€ In the following year “the Pecheneg prince Kuchug came and accepted the Greek faith, and he was baptized in the Name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and served Vladimir with a pure heart.â€ Under the influence of the holy prince several apparent foreigners were also baptized. For example, the Norwegian “koenigâ€ (king) Olaf Trueggvason (+ 1000) who lived several years at Kiev, and also the renowned Torvald the Wanderer, founder of a monastery of Saint John the Forerunner along the Dneipr near Polotsk, among others. In faraway Iceland the poet-skalds called God the “Protector of the Greeks and Russians.â€ addition to the Christian preaching, there were the renowned feasts of Saint Vladimir. After Liturgy on Sundays and Church Feasts there were put out abundant feasting tables for the Kievans, they rang the bells, choirs sang praise, the “transported infirmâ€ sang bylini-ballads and spiritual verses. On May 12, 996, for example, on the occasion of the consecration of the Tithe church, the prince “made a bright feast.â€ He distributed goods “to many of the poor, and destitute and wanderers, and through the churches and the monasteries. To the sick and the needy he delivered through the streets casks and barrels of mead, and bread, and meat, and fish, and cheese, desiring that all might come and eat, glorifying Godâ€. Feasts were likewise celebrated in honor of the victories of Kievan warriors, and the regiments of Vladimir’s retinue: of Dobrynya, Alexander Popovich, Rogda the Bold. the year 1007 Saint Vladimir transferred the relics of Saint Olga to the Tithe church. Four years later, in 1011, his spouse and companion in many of his undertakings, the Blessed Empress Anna, was also buried there. After her death the prince entered into a new marriage with the young daughter of the German Graf Kuno von Enningen, granddaughter of the emperor Otto the Great. era of Saint Vladimir was a crucial period for the formation of Orthodox Rus. The unification of the Slavic lands and the formation of state boundaries under the domain of the Rurikovichi resulted from a strenuous spiritual and political struggle with neighboring tribes and states. The Baptism of Rus by Orthodox Byzantium was a most important step in its self-definition as a state. The chief enemy of Vladimir became Boleslav the Brave, whose plans included the extensive unification of the West Slavic and East Slavic tribes under the aegis of Catholic Poland. This rivalry arose back when Vladimir was still a pagan: “In the year 6489 (981). Volodimir went against the Lakhs and took their cities, Peremyshl, Cherven, and other cities, which be under Rus.â€ The final years of the tenth century are likewise filled with the wars of Vladimir and Boleslav. a brief lull (the first decade of the eleventh century), the “great stand-offâ€ entered into a new phase: in the year 1013 a conspiracy against Saint Vladimir was discovered at Kiev. Svyatopolk the Accursed, who was married to a daughter of Boleslav, yearned for power. The instigator of the conspiracy was Boleslav’s cleric, the Kolobzheg Catholic bishop Reibern. conspiracy of Svyatopolk and Reibern was an all-out threat to the historical existence of the Russian state and the Russian Church. Saint Vladimir took decisive measures. All the three involved were arrested, and Reibern soon died in prison. Vladimir did not take revenge on those that “opposed and hatedâ€ him. Under the pretense of feigned repentance, Svyatopolk was set free. new misfortune erupted in the North, at Novgorod. Yaroslav, not yet “the Wise,â€ as he was later to be known, in the year 1010 having become ruler of Novgorod, decided to defect from his father the Great Prince of Kiev. He formed his own separate army, moving on Kiev to demand the customary tribute and tithe. The unity of the Russian land, for which Saint Vladimir had struggled all his life, was threatened with ruin. In both anger and in sorrow Saint Vladimir gave orders to “secure the dams and set the bridges,â€ and to prepare for a campaign against Novgorod. His powers were on the decline. In the preparations for his final campaign, happily not undertaken, the Baptizer of Rus fell grievously ill and surrendered his soul to the Lord in the village of Spas-Berestov on July 15, 1015. He had ruled the Russian realm for thirty-seven years (978-1015), twenty-eight of these years after his Baptism. for a new struggle for power and hoping for Polish assistance, and to play for time, Svyatopolk attempted to conceal the death of his father. But patriotically inclined Kievan nobles, by night, secretly removed the body of the deceased sovereign from the Berestov court, where Svyatopolk’s people were guarding it, and they conveyed the body to Kiev. At theTithe church the coffin with the relics of Saint Vladimir was met by Kievan clergy with Metropolitan John at the head of the procession. The holy relics were placed in a marble crypt, set within the Saint Clement chapel of the Dormition church beside the marble crypt of Empress Anna. name and deeds of the holy Equal of the Apostles Saint Vladimir, whom the people called the Splendid Sun, is interwoven with all the successive history of the Russian Church. “Through him we too have come to worship and to know Christ, the True Life,â€ testified Saint Hilarion. His deeds were continued by his sons, and grandsons and descendants, rulers of the Russian land for almost six centuries, from Yaroslav the Wise, who took the first steps towards the independent existence of the Russian Church, down to the last of the Rurikovichi, Tsar Theodore Ioannovich, under whom (in 1589) the Russian Orthodox Church became the fifth independent Patriarchate in the dyptichs of Orthodox Autocephalous Churches. festal celebration of the holy Equal of the Apostles Vladimir was established under Saint Alexander Nevsky, in memory of the intercession of Saint Vladimir on May 15, 1240, for his help in gaining the renowned victory by Nevsky over Swedish crusaders. the first veneration of the holy prince began in Rus rather earlier. The Metropolitan of Kiev Saint Hilarion (+ 1053), in his “Word on Law and Grace,â€ spoken on the day of memory of Saint Vladimir at the saint’s crypt in the Tithe church, calls him “an apostolic sovereignâ€, like Saint Constantine, and he compares his apostolic evangelisation of the Russian Land to the evangelisation by the holy Apostles.

Alma River Source

Alma River 1

Alma River Mouth (Black Sea)

Perekop Isthmus, Crimea (meaning œto dig throughÂ)
Perekop Isthmus; between Crimea and Ukraine; Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16 ;

Kerchensk (Kerch) straits
Kerchensk (Kerch) straits; Venerable Nikon, Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Tmutarakan (Taman) Peninsula, Crimea
Taman Peninsula; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Taman (Tmutarakan) Peninsula, Crimea
Taman Peninsula; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Surozh, Crimea, Russia
Sudak (Surozha, Surrentium), Crimea;; Icon of the Mother of God of Novgorod; St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ;

Sudak (Surozha, Surrentium), Russian Crimea
Sudak (Surozha, Surrentium), Crimea; St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ;

Korsun, Crimea, Russia, Korsun is the Slavic Name
Korsun, Crimea ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Korsun, , the Greek name for Cherson; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11 and April 6 ; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Cherson, Crimea, Russia, Cherson is the Greek Name
Korsun, Crimea ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Korsun, , the Greek name for Cherson; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11 and April 6 ; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Russia, Crimea, Cherson, Muravsky Trail Folder

Russia, Crimea, Cherson, Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route Folder

The chief trade route of Rus, from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, was then called œthe Way from the Varangians to the Greeks.

Russia, St Petersburg Folder, its roads and rivers

St Petersburg, Russia (Peterburg or Petrograd)
St Petersburg; Icon of the Mother of God of Konevits, Commemorated on July 10 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Joy of All who sorrow"Â (with coins) in St Petersburg, Commemorated on July 23; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Hieromartyr Benjamin the Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdovsk, Commemorated July 31 ; Martyr Sergius the Archimandrite of Petrograd, Commemorated July 31 ; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 3; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Converser"Â, Commemorated on August 14; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated on September 7 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11 ; Martyr Juvenal of Alaska, Commemorated September 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Joy of All Who Sorrow", Commemorated October 24 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated December 20 ; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated January 3 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping "œTikhvin"Â on Mt Athos, Commemorated on February 17 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, February 20 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Icon of the Mother of God "œCzestochowa"Â, Commemorated on March 6; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20 ; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Icon of the Mother of God"œStaro Rus"Â Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; Glorification of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on June 8 ; Commemoration of the Appearance of the Archangel Gabriel to a Monk on Mt. Athos, and the Revelation of the Hymn, "œIt Is Truly Meet..."Â Or Axion Estin, Commemorated on June 11; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28; Icon of the Mother of God"œOur Lady of Sitka"Â, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Petrograd (Peterburg, St Petersburg, Neva River)
Petrograd: St Petersburg; Hieromartyr Benjamin the Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdovsk, Commemorated on July 31; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ;

Gulf of Finland
Gulf of Finland;

Russia, St Petersburg, North Side Folder, Karelian Isthmus, Sestra River

Sestra River Source (Karelian Istmus)
The Sestra River is the natural boundary between both Russia and Sweden, and Russia and Finland.

Karelian Isthmus, North Side St Petersburg
Karelian Isthmus; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18;

Vysotsk, North St Petersburg, Russia
Vysotsk; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Venerable Athanasius of Serpukhov, Commemorated on September 12

Kakisalmi, Russia (Karelian Isthmus)
Kakisalmi; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7;

Sestra River 1

Sestra River Mouth (Gulf of Finland)

Peter and Paul cathedral, northside St Petersberg, 1712
Peter and Paul Cathedral St. Petersburg; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Petrograd’s Military Medical Academy
Petrograd’s Military Medical Academy; Uncovering of the relics of Venerable Alexander, Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17;

Russian Thebaid of the North, Saint Petersburg
Russian Thebaid of the North; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1;

Kronstadt Island, St Petersburg
Kronstadt Island (Kotlin Island, St Petersburg); Kronshtadtsky District; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated December 20 ; John of Kronstadt was born in the village of Sura in Archangel province on October 19, 1829, and was called John in honor of Saint John of Rila (August 18). parents were very poor but were very devoted to the Church. Even though he was poor, as a young boy John learned to feel compassion for others in their misfortune. His neighbors frequently asked him to pray for them, as they noticed this special grace-endowed gift in him. When John was ten, his parents were able to raise some money and send him to the local school which was attached to the church. At first, the boy had an extremely difficult time with his studies. He worked for days on end, but still failed to keep up. about his life he once recalled an evening when everyone had already gone to bed. “I could not sleep, and I still failed to understand anything I was taught. I still read poorly and could not remember anything I was told. I became so depressed I fell to my knees and began to pray. I don’t know whether I had spent a long time in that position or not, but suddenly something shook my whole being. It was as if a veil had fallen from my eyes, and my mind had been opened, and I remembered clearly my teacher of that day and his lesson. I also recalled the topic and the examples he had given. I felt so light and joyous inside.â€ After this experience he did so well he became one of the first in his class to be chosen to go to seminary, and after seminary to the Theological Academy in Saint Petersburg (a great honor at that time). his studies, John thought about the importance of forgiveness, meekness, and love, and came to believe that these were the very center and power of Christianity, and that only one path—the path of humble love—leads to God and the triumph of His righteousness. He also thought a great deal about the Savior’s death on the Cross at Golgotha, and pitied those who did not know Jesus Christ. He wished to preach to them about His death and Resurrection. He dreamed about becoming a missionary to distant China, but saw that there was a great deal of work for a genuine pastor of Christ’s flock both in his own city and the surrounding towns. John graduated from the Academy he met Elizabeth Nesvitsky who lived in the town of Kronstadt. They dated, he proposed, and they were married. After his studies, John still desired to learn more about his faith and his Church. was in this frame of mind that he prepared to be a priest and to enter public ministry. He was ordained a deacon on December 10, 1855, and then priest on December 12. He was assigned to Saint Andrew’s Cathedral in the city of Kronstadt. He said, “I made myself a rule to be as sincere as possible in my work, and of strictly watching myself and my inner life.â€ John wanted most of all to earn the love of the people in his care, because only a loving attitude could provide the firm support and help he needed as he faced the difficult work of the priesthood. His constant thought was how he would come before the Last Judgment and have to give an account, not only for his own deeds, but also the deeds of his flock, for whose education and salvation he was responsible. To him no one was a stranger; everyone who came to him for help became a friend and relative. He would tell people “The Church is the best heavenly friend of every sincere Christian.â€ He conducted divine services daily and offered the prayers of the faithful. He called all who rarely receive Holy Communion to prepare themselves and live their lives in a Christian way so that they could receive more often. Listening to Father John, many people changed their lifestyle, repented sincerely, and joyfully received Holy Communion on a regular basis. that time the government exiled murderers, thieves and other criminals to Kronstadt. Life was horrible for the exiles. Even children of exiles would become thieves and criminals. He would go to their dugouts, hovels and shacks to visit with them. Not satisfied with staying for five or ten minutes to administer some rite and then leave, Father John believed he was coming to visit a priceless soul, his brothers and sisters. He would stay for hours, talking, encouraging, comforting, crying, and rejoicing together with them. the beginning he also concerned himself with the material needs of the poor. He would shop for food, go to the pharmacy for prescriptions, to the doctor for help, many times giving the poor his last few coins. The inhabitants of Kronstadt would see him returning home barefoot and without his cassock. Often parishioners would bring shoes to his wife, saying to her, “Your husband has given away his shoes to someone, and will come home barefoot.â€ He would also write articles for the newspaper exhorting the people of Kronstadt to “support the poor morally and materially.â€ These appeals touched the hearts of many and Father John organized many charitable efforts. Realizing that his individual charity was insufficient for aiding the needy, he founded the Orthodox Christian House Parish Trusteeship of Saint Andrew the First-Called. This brotherhood coordinated many charitable efforts throughout the city and helped many needy people. 1857, he began teaching in the local city schools. He would tell people, “If children cannot listen to the Gospel, it is only because it is taught like any other subject, with boredom and indifference. Such teaching defeats the purpose of the Gospel. It fails because it forces students only to read words and memorize them instead of making them live in their lives.â€ To Father John there were no incapable students. He taught in such a way that poor pupils as well as good ones were able to understand. His attention was aimed not so much at forcing students to memorize as to fill their souls with the joy of living according to Christian values, sharing with them the holy thoughts which filled his soul. speaking to other priests about their vocation he would say, “You are a representative of the faith of the Church, O priest; you are a representative of Christ the Lord Himself. You should be a model of meekness, purity, courage, perseverance, patience, and lofty spirit. You are doing the work of God and must not let anything discourage you.â€ John has performed more miracles than almost any other saint, with the possible exception of Saint Nicholas. Through his prayers he healed the sick, gave hope to the hopeless, and brought sinners to repentance. John labored endlessly in his work for the Lord preaching, teaching, and helping those in need. Having spent his entire life serving God and His people, Father John fell ill and died on December 20, 1908. Almost immediately, people from near and far began to make pilgrimages to the monastery where he was buried. Even today millions of Orthodox Christians in Russia and around the world pray to him to intercede for them as he had always done from his childhood. John was glorified by the Russian Orthodox Church on June 8, 1990. Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; Glorification of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on June 8 ; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25 ;

Saint Andrew's Cathedral, Kronstadt Island, North St Petersburg
Saint Andrew's Cathedral, Kronstadt; Repose of Saint John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on December 20; John of Kronstadt was born in the village of Sura in Archangel province on October 19, 1829, and was called John in honor of Saint John of Rila (August 18). parents were very poor but were very devoted to the Church. Even though he was poor, as a young boy John learned to feel compassion for others in their misfortune. His neighbors frequently asked him to pray for them, as they noticed this special grace-endowed gift in him. When John was ten, his parents were able to raise some money and send him to the local school which was attached to the church. At first, the boy had an extremely difficult time with his studies. He worked for days on end, but still failed to keep up. about his life he once recalled an evening when everyone had already gone to bed. “I could not sleep, and I still failed to understand anything I was taught. I still read poorly and could not remember anything I was told. I became so depressed I fell to my knees and began to pray. I don’t know whether I had spent a long time in that position or not, but suddenly something shook my whole being. It was as if a veil had fallen from my eyes, and my mind had been opened, and I remembered clearly my teacher of that day and his lesson. I also recalled the topic and the examples he had given. I felt so light and joyous inside.â€ After this experience he did so well he became one of the first in his class to be chosen to go to seminary, and after seminary to the Theological Academy in Saint Petersburg (a great honor at that time). his studies, John thought about the importance of forgiveness, meekness, and love, and came to believe that these were the very center and power of Christianity, and that only one path—the path of humble love—leads to God and the triumph of His righteousness. He also thought a great deal about the Savior’s death on the Cross at Golgotha, and pitied those who did not know Jesus Christ. He wished to preach to them about His death and Resurrection. He dreamed about becoming a missionary to distant China, but saw that there was a great deal of work for a genuine pastor of Christ’s flock both in his own city and the surrounding towns. John graduated from the Academy he met Elizabeth Nesvitsky who lived in the town of Kronstadt. They dated, he proposed, and they were married. After his studies, John still desired to learn more about his faith and his Church. was in this frame of mind that he prepared to be a priest and to enter public ministry. He was ordained a deacon on December 10, 1855, and then priest on December 12. He was assigned to Saint Andrew’s Cathedral in the city of Kronstadt. He said, “I made myself a rule to be as sincere as possible in my work, and of strictly watching myself and my inner life.â€ John wanted most of all to earn the love of the people in his care, because only a loving attitude could provide the firm support and help he needed as he faced the difficult work of the priesthood. His constant thought was how he would come before the Last Judgment and have to give an account, not only for his own deeds, but also the deeds of his flock, for whose education and salvation he was responsible. To him no one was a stranger; everyone who came to him for help became a friend and relative. He would tell people “The Church is the best heavenly friend of every sincere Christian.â€ He conducted divine services daily and offered the prayers of the faithful. He called all who rarely receive Holy Communion to prepare themselves and live their lives in a Christian way so that they could receive more often. Listening to Father John, many people changed their lifestyle, repented sincerely, and joyfully received Holy Communion on a regular basis. that time the government exiled murderers, thieves and other criminals to Kronstadt. Life was horrible for the exiles. Even children of exiles would become thieves and criminals. He would go to their dugouts, hovels and shacks to visit with them. Not satisfied with staying for five or ten minutes to administer some rite and then leave, Father John believed he was coming to visit a priceless soul, his brothers and sisters. He would stay for hours, talking, encouraging, comforting, crying, and rejoicing together with them. the beginning he also concerned himself with the material needs of the poor. He would shop for food, go to the pharmacy for prescriptions, to the doctor for help, many times giving the poor his last few coins. The inhabitants of Kronstadt would see him returning home barefoot and without his cassock. Often parishioners would bring shoes to his wife, saying to her, “Your husband has given away his shoes to someone, and will come home barefoot.â€ He would also write articles for the newspaper exhorting the people of Kronstadt to “support the poor morally and materially.â€ These appeals touched the hearts of many and Father John organized many charitable efforts. Realizing that his individual charity was insufficient for aiding the needy, he founded the Orthodox Christian House Parish Trusteeship of Saint Andrew the First-Called. This brotherhood coordinated many charitable efforts throughout the city and helped many needy people. 1857, he began teaching in the local city schools. He would tell people, “If children cannot listen to the Gospel, it is only because it is taught like any other subject, with boredom and indifference. Such teaching defeats the purpose of the Gospel. It fails because it forces students only to read words and memorize them instead of making them live in their lives.â€ To Father John there were no incapable students. He taught in such a way that poor pupils as well as good ones were able to understand. His attention was aimed not so much at forcing students to memorize as to fill their souls with the joy of living according to Christian values, sharing with them the holy thoughts which filled his soul. speaking to other priests about their vocation he would say, “You are a representative of the faith of the Church, O priest; you are a representative of Christ the Lord Himself. You should be a model of meekness, purity, courage, perseverance, patience, and lofty spirit. You are doing the work of God and must not let anything discourage you.â€ John has performed more miracles than almost any other saint, with the possible exception of Saint Nicholas. Through his prayers he healed the sick, gave hope to the hopeless, and brought sinners to repentance. John labored endlessly in his work for the Lord preaching, teaching, and helping those in need. Having spent his entire life serving God and His people, Father John fell ill and died on December 20, 1908. Almost immediately, people from near and far began to make pilgrimages to the monastery where he was buried. Even today millions of Orthodox Christians in Russia and around the world pray to him to intercede for them as he had always done from his childhood. John was glorified by the Russian Orthodox Church on June 8, 1990. Glorification of Saint John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on June 14;

Russia, St Petersburg, Volkhov River Folder

Volkhov River 5 (Volkhov)

Volkhov, St Petersburg (Volkhov River 5)
Volkhov; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, commemorated August 3;

Zelenets (Green Island), Trinity Zelenets Monestary, Volkhov District, St Petersburg, 1582
Zelenets, Trinity Zelenets Monestary, Volkhov District, Zelenets (Green Island); Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1;

Russia, St Petersburg, Syas River Folder

Syas River Source (Valdai Hills)

Syas River 1

Syas River 2 (Overview)

Syas River 3

Syas River 4

Syas River 6 (Tikhvinka River)

Russia, St Petersburg, Syas River 6, Tikhvin River Folder

Tikhvinka River Source (Lake Yeglino)

Tikhvinka River 1

Tikhvinka River 2 (Tikhvin)

Tikhvin, St Petersburg area (Tikhvinka River 2)
Tikhvin; Icon of the Mother of God œthe ConverserÂ, Commemorated on August 14; Translation of the Icon of the Mother of God in Triumph to Russia, Commemorated on September 18; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7 ; Venerable Anthony of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated January 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping "Tikhvin" on Mt Athos, Commemorated February 17; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping œTikhvinÂ on Mt Athos, Commemorated on February 17 ; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Icon of the Mother of God œStaro RusÂ Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Tikhvin Assumption Monastery, 1560
Tikhvin Assumption Monastery; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7 ;

Dymsk, Novgorod (near Tikhvin, St. Petersburg)
Dymsk on Lake Dyma on the outskirts of Tikhvin; Venerable Anthony of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Dyma Lake, Tikhvin, St Petersburg
but Anthony, shunning glory, left the monastery and settled at the shores of Lake Dyma, on the outskirts of the city of Tikhvin Venerable Anthony of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24;

Tikhvinka River Mouth (Syas River 6)

Syas River Mouth (Lake Ladoga, St Petersburg)

Russia, St Petersburg, South Side Folder, Winter Palace, Spiritual Academy, Gatchina Road

Trinity-St. Sergius Hermitage (near St Petersburg) 1734
St Sergius Hermitage; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; HERMAN OF ALASKA, MISSIONARY TO THE ALEUT, 9 August 1837; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Sergius Coastal Monastery of Saint Sergius of Radonezh, in Petrograd, 1734
Sergius Coastal Monastery of Saint Sergius of Radonezh, in Petrograd The poustinia was founded in 1734 as a branch of the great Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius in the immediate vicinity of the new Russian capital, St. Petersburg. Catherine Ivanovna, Peter the Great's niece, owned a manor on the bank of the Gulf of Finland. After her death Empress Anna presented the land to her confessor Varlaam, who was also in charge of the Trinity Lavra. katholikon, as photographed by Count von Nostitz in the 1860s earliest buildings of the monastery, including the pentacupolar cathedral, the outer wall and the towers, were designed by Pietro Antonio Trezzini. They were Baroque in character. It was not until 1764 that Strelna Monastery was designated a separate poustinia. Many monks from Strelna entered the Navy to serve as ship chaplains. Saint Herman of Alaska was one of those monks. golden age of the monastery is associated with Saint Ignatius Bryanchaninov who was in charge of the poustinia between 1834 and 1857. Bryanchaninov had the monastery transformed by Aleksey Gornostayev into a showcase for the Russian Revival style. The new Ascension Cathedral was built to a Neo-Byzantine design. the Russian Revolution the Soviets suppressed the monastery (1931), destroyed the cemetery and adapted the grounds to serve as a labor camp, or a work farm. The buildings sustained further damage during World War II. After the property was occupied by a police school in the early 1960s, Trezzini's cathedral and several other churches were blown up. The remaining buildings were returned to the Russian Orthodox Church in 1993. Martyr Sergius the Archimandrite of Petrograd; - Martyr Sergius the Archimandrite of Petrograd, Commemorated on July 31 Sergius (Shein) was executed along with Metropolitan Benjamin of Petrograd on July 31, 1922. During his trial, he explained that as a monk he had renounced the world in order to dedicate himself to God. Only the flimsiest of threads still connected him with the outside world, he asserted. “Does this tribunal imagine,” he said, “that severing this thread which connects me with life could frighten me? Do your deed. I pity you, and I pray for you.” a short deliberation, the chairman of the tribunal announced that Metropolitan Benjamin and ten others were to be shot. The prisoners were taken from jail and executed a few miles from Petrograd.

Kopore Fortress (southwest of St Petersburg)
Kopore; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23, The Teutonic Knights remained a dangerous enemy. In a lightning-quick campaign in 1241 St Alexander recaptured the ancient Russian fortress of Kopore, expelling the knights. But in 1242, the Germans succeeded capturing Pskov.;

Orlov (Gatchina Palace)
Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated October 11 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, October 12 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ;

Gatchina Palace, 1766
Gatchina Palace; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated August 27 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, October 12 ;

Gatchina (Road St Petersburg to Pskov)
Gatchina (Road St Petersburg to Pskov); Gatchina Palace; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated October 12 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, October 12 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ;

Pavlovsk Institute - Pavlovsk Palace, St Petersburg, 1777
Pavlovsk Institute - Pavlovsk Palace; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated on December 4

Sophia Cathedral, Pushkin, St Petersburg
Sophia Cathedral, in Sophia, near Pushkin and St. Petersburg ; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23;

Tsarskoye Selo, St Petersburg
Tsarskoye Selo; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated October 31 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated November 27 ;

Saint Katherine'™s Cathedral, Tsarskoye Selo, St Petersburg
Saint Katherine'™s Cathedral, Tsarskoye Selo, St Petersburg; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31;

St. Petersburg University, 1724
St. Petersburg University; St Euthymius (Takaishvili);

Moscow Triumphal Gate, St Petersburg, 1834, for 1829 victory over Turks
Moscow Triumphal Gate; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19 ; Metropolitan Philaret was asked to dedicate the new Triumphal Gate in Moscow, and Tsar Nicholas I was also present. Seeing statues of pagan gods on the Gate, the Metropolitan refused to bless it. The Tsar became angry, and many people criticized the saint™s refusal to participate. He felt that he had followed his conscience in this matter, but still felt disturbed by it, and so he prayed until he finally dropped off to sleep. He was awakened around 5 A.M. by the sound of someone opening the door which he usually kept locked. The Metropolitan sat up and saw Saint Sergius of Radonezh (September 25) leaning over his bed. œDon'™t worry,Â he said, It will all pass.Then he disappeared.

Resurrection-New Divyevo Monastery, Moskovskiy Ave., 100, St. Petersburg 196084
Resurrection-New Divyevo Monastery, Moskovskiy Ave., 100, St. Petersburg 196084; Moscow Triumphal Gate; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19 ; Metropolitan Philaret was asked to dedicate the new Triumphal Gate in Moscow, and Tsar Nicholas I was also present. Seeing statues of pagan gods on the Gate, the Metropolitan refused to bless it. The Tsar became angry, and many people criticized the saint™s refusal to participate. He felt that he had followed his conscience in this matter, but still felt disturbed by it, and so he prayed until he finally dropped off to sleep. He was awakened around 5 A.M. by the sound of someone opening the door which he usually kept locked. The Metropolitan sat up and saw Saint Sergius of Radonezh (September 25) leaning over his bed. œDon'™t worry,Â he said, It will all pass.Then he disappeared. Venerable Seraphim of Vyritsa, Commemorated on March 21;

St Petersburg Theological Academy, 1797
St Petersburg Theological Academy; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated October 9 ; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 3; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Glorification of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on June 8 ;

St Alexander Nevsky Spiritual Academy, St Petersburg, 1797
St Alexander Nevsky Spiritual Academy; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated December 20 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ;

St Petersburg Naval Academy, 1701
St Petersburg Naval Academy; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26;

Kazan Cathedral, St. Petersburg, 1801, western, enlightened, modeled on Peter's Basilica Rome
Kazan Cathedral, St. Petersburg; Cathedral or Kazanskiy Kafedralniy Sobor , also known as the Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan, is a cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church on the Nevsky Prospekt in Saint Petersburg. It is dedicated to Our Lady of Kazan, one of the most venerated icons in Russia. of the cathedral started in 1801 and continued for ten years under the supervision of Alexander Sergeyevich Stroganov.[2] its completion in 1811, the new temple replaced the Church of Nativity of the Theotokos, which was disassembled when the Kazan Cathedral was consecrated. architect Andrey Voronikhin[3] modelled the building on St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.[2] Some art historians assert that Emperor Paul (reigned 1796–1801) intended to build a similar church on the other side of Nevsky Prospect that would mirror the Kazan Cathedral, but such plans failed to materialize.[citation needed] Although the Russian Orthodox Church strongly disapproved of the plans to create a replica of a Catholic basilica in Russia's then capital, several courtiers supported Voronikhin's Empire Style design. Napoleon invaded Russia (1812) and the commander-in-chief General Mikhail Kutuzov asked Our Lady of Kazan for help, the church's purpose altered. The Patriotic War over, Russians saw the cathedral primarily as a memorial to their victory over Napoleon.[3] Kutuzov himself was interred in the cathedral in 1813; and Alexander Pushkin wrote celebrated lines meditating over his sepulchre. In 1815 keys to seventeen cities and eight fortresses were brought by the victorious Russian army from Europe and placed in the cathedral's sacristy. In 1837, Boris Orlovsky designed two bronze statues of Kutuzov and of Barclay de Tolly which stand in front of the cathedral. 1896 Photochrom print 1876 the Kazan demonstration, the first political demonstration in Russia, took place in front of the church. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 the authorities closed the cathedral (January 1932). In November 1932 it reopened as the pro-Marxist "Museum of the History of Religion and Atheism".[4] or, as one contemporary writer put it more baldly, "Leningrad's largest antireligious museum", complete with Spanish Inquisition waxworks.[5] Services resumed in 1992, and four years later the cathedral was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church. As of 2017 it functions as the mother cathedral of the metropolis of St. Petersburg. cathedral's interior, with its numerous columns, echoes the exterior colonnade and is reminiscent of a palatial hall, being 69 metres in length and 62 metres in height. The interior features numerous sculptures and icons created by the best Russian artists of the day. A wrought-iron grille separating the cathedral from a small square behind it is sometimes cited as one of the finest ever constructed.[6][7] cathedral's huge bronze doors are one of four copies of the original doors of the Baptistery in Florence, Italy (the other three are at Grace Cathedral in San Francisco, United States, at the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, United States, and at the Florence Baptistery itself). Kazan Cathedral is considered to be the model for the neoclassical style of Helsinki Cathedral, one of the most iconic landmarks of Helsinki, Finland.[8] Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Alexandrovsky (Shuvalov) Palace
Alexandrovsky Shuvalov Palace; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31;

Alexander Nevsky Lavra, St Petersburg, 1710
Alexander Nevsky Lavra ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925);

Trinity Cathedral, Alexander Nevsky Lavra, St Petersburg, 1778
Alexander Nevsky Lavra ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925);

Smolensk cemetery, St Petersburg
Smolensk cemetery; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated January 24 ;

Vasili Island, St Petersburg
Vasili Island; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7;

Petersburg Cossack Staff Officers"™ School
Petersburg Cossack Staff Officers™ School or Imperial Military Aademy in Saint Petersberg; Orenburg Cossacks; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Imperial Military Academy
Petersburg Cossack Staff Officers' School or Imperial Military Aademy in Saint Petersberg; Orenburg Cossacks; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Academy of Arts in St Petersburg, Russia
Academy of Arts in St Petersburg, Russia; Icon of the Mother of God "œOur Lady of Sitka"Â, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Saint Petersburg State University, 1724
Saint Petersburg State University; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20;

Winter Palace Cathedral, southside St Petersburg, 1763
Winter Palace Cathedral; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Winter Palace, southside St. Petersburg, 1732
Winter Palace; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ;

Izhora Plateau
Izhora Plateau;

Izhora River Source (Skvoritsy springs, Izhora Plateau)

Izhora River 1

Izhora River 2

Izhora River Mouth (Neva River)
Izhora River;

Russia, St Petersburg, Lakes Onega and Lagoda Folder

Lake Onega, Eastern St Petersburg area
Lake Onega; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19;

Lake Ladoga, St Petersburg area
Lake Ladoga; Icon of the Mother of God of Konevits, Commemorated on July 10 ; St Macarius of Oredezhsk, Commemorated August 9; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated on September 7 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28;

Valaam Island (Lake Ladoga near St Petersburg) settled 1329
Valaam Island (Lake Ladoga); Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated August 26 ; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11 ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated December 4 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ; Venerable Antipas of Valaam Monastery, Commemorated January 10 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20 ; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28;

Shlisselburg Fortress, 1323, Lake Ladoga
Shlisselburg Fortress; Translation of the relics of Saint Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30;

Russia, St Petersburg, 1329-1353, Saint, Herman of Valaam
Valaam Island (Lake Ladoga); Venerable Herman the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11 ;

Russia, St Petersburg, 1329-1353, Saint, Sergius of Valaam
Valaam Island (Lake Ladoga); Venerable Herman the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11 ;

Valaamo monastery (Valaam Island, Lake Ladoga) 1329
Valaam Monastery ; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated on October 11; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated December 4 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ; Venerable Antipas of Valaam Monastery, Commemorated January 10 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28;

an island, Sala (the Thicket)
Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated on August 26;

The Peninsula of Lake Ladoga
Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated on August 26;

Serdobol (near St Petersburg) marble quarry, Father Herman of Alaska
Serdobol at the north end of Lake Ladoga. Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ;

Konevits Island, , Lake Ladoga, St Petersburg
Konevits; Icon of the Mother of God of Konevits, Commemorated on July 10 ; Konevits Icon of the Mother of God: It was with this icon of Greek origin that John, igumen of one of the Athonite monasteries, blessed Saint Arsenius, founder of the Konevits monastery (June 12). The holy icon was glorified by many miracles. the year 1610, during an invasion of the Swedes into the Novgorod territory, the icon was transferred from the Konevits monastery to the Novgorod Derevianits monastery with the blessing of Archbishop Isidore of Novgorod. Each year on July 10 a festal celebration of the Most Holy Theotokos took place at this monastery in honor of Her holy icon. In the year 1799, with the blessing of the Metropolitan Gabriel of Petersburg and Novgorod (+ January 26, 1801), the wonderworking icon was returned to the Konevits monastery. The return of the icon to the Konevits Monastery is celebrated on September 3. Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12;

Konevits Monestary, Lake Ladoga, St Petersburg, 1393
Konevits Monestary; Konevits; Icon of the Mother of God of Konevits, Commemorated on July 10 ; Konevits Icon of the Mother of God: It was with this icon of Greek origin that John, igumen of one of the Athonite monasteries, blessed Saint Arsenius, founder of the Konevits monastery (June 12). The holy icon was glorified by many miracles. the year 1610, during an invasion of the Swedes into the Novgorod territory, the icon was transferred from the Konevits monastery to the Novgorod Derevianits monastery with the blessing of Archbishop Isidore of Novgorod. Each year on July 10 a festal celebration of the Most Holy Theotokos took place at this monastery in honor of Her holy icon. In the year 1799, with the blessing of the Metropolitan Gabriel of Petersburg and Novgorod (+ January 26, 1801), the wonderworking icon was returned to the Konevits monastery. The return of the icon to the Konevits Monastery is celebrated on September 3. Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12;

Russia, St Petersburg, Lakes Onega and Lagoda, Svir River Folder

Chud People, Land of the Chud People (east of St Petersburg)
Chud People; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated on November 16 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8;

Kizhi Island in Lake Onega, St Petersburg area
Mucha (Murom) Island in Lake Onega; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19;

Mucha (Murom) Island in Lake Onega, St Petersburg area
Mucha (Murom) Island in Lake Onega; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19;

Murom monastery, Church of the Ressurection of Lararus, 1360
Mucha (Murom) Island in Lake Onega; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8;

Kizhi Pogost, 1360 & 1690
Kizhi Pogost, 1690; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8;

Pali island in Lake Onega
Pali island in Lake Onega; St Cornelius of Paleostrov and Olonets, Commemorated on August 21; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19;

Petrozavodsk, Lake Onega, St. Petersburg, Svir River side
Petrozavodsk; Righteous Athanasius of Novolotsk, Commemorated on January 18 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5;

Svir River Source (Lake Onega)

Obonezh Pyatina, division of Novgorod Northeast of Novgorod to White Sea, Svir River
Pyatina; Obonezhskaya Pyatina; Obonezhskaya Pyatina was located to the northeast of Novgorod, on the right bank of the Volkhov. This pyatina continued north to Lake Onega and further to the White Sea. In terms of the current administrative division, it included parts of Novgorod, Leningrad, Vologda, and Arkhangelsk Oblasts, and the Republic of Karelia.

Khavronin on the River Svira, St Petersburg
Khavronin on the River Svira; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30;

Svir River 1 (Holy Lakes, Svir)

Holy Lakes
Holy Lakes ; Alexander-Svirsky Monastery ; Alexander-Svirsky Monastery was founded in 1487, when a monk of the Valaam Monastery, named Alexander, settled between Roschinsky and Holy lakes, 20 km to the east from Lake Ladoga and 6 km from the Svir River. Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17;

Alexander-Svirsky Monastery of the Holy Trinity, St Petersburg area, 1487
Alexander-Svirsky Monastery ; This monastery was orignally the rich estate Andreevschina of Saint Adrian of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated August 26 ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated on August 26; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated on September 7 ; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated on October 11; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17;

Svir (Siya), St Petersburg area (Lake Ladoga, Svir River 1)
Svir River; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; St Macarius of Oredezhsk, Commemorated on August 9 ; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated August 26 ; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Nicander the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on September 24; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9 ; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17;

Russia, Moscow, 1641, Finding incorrupt relics of Venerable Alexander, Abbot of Svir
Russia, Moscow, 1641, Finding incorrupt relics of Venerable Alexander, Abbot of Svir ; Svir River; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17;

Andreevschina Estate
Alexander-Svirsky Monastery ; This monastery was orignally the rich estate Andreevschina of Saint Adrian of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated August 26 ; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated on August 26; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17;

Svir River Mouth (Lake Ladoga)

Mandera (River Oyata Mouth at Svir River near Lake Ladoga)
Mandera (River Oyata Mouth at Svir River near Lake Ladoga); Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated August 30 ;

Olonets Land (Northwestern Imperial Russia, Finland to White Sea)
Olonets Land; St Cornelius of Paleostrov and Olonets, Commemorated on August 21; Righteous Athanasius of Novolotsk, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19;

Olonets, near St Petersburg (Olonka River, Lake Ladoka)
Olonets; St Cornelius of Paleostrov and Olonets, Commemorated on August 21; Righteous Athanasius of Novolotsk, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19;

Paleostrov and Olonets, Karelia, Russia
Paleostrov and Olonets, Karelia, Russia ; St Cornelius of Paleostrov and Olonets, Commemorated August 21 ; Cornelius of Paleostrov and Olonets, born at Pskov, was the founder of monastic life on Pali island in Lake Onega at the end of the fourteenth century. Despite the desolation of the island, brethren soon gathered near him. He built for them a church in honor of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos, and a trapeza church in honor of the holy Prophet Elias. saint spent the final years of his life in a cave half a verst from the monastery, in unceasing prayer. The ascetic added the wearing of heavy chains to his struggles. saint’s blessed repose occurred around the year 1420. His relics were transferred to the monastery church by his disciple, Saint Abramius of Paleostrov (August 21), who was also glorified by his ascetical life, and was buried in the Paleostrov monastery beside his Elder. St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19;

Russia, St Petersburg, Lakes Onega and Lagoda, Neva River Folder

Neva River Source (Lake Ladoga)

Shlisselburg, Neva River Source, Lake Ladoga
Shlisselburg; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30;

Neva River Mouth (Neva Bay, Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea)

Battle of the Neva, 1240, Orthodox over Catholic Swedes, Norwegians and Finns, and Teutonic Knights
St Petersburg, 1240, Battle of the Neva; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23 ; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28;

Russia, St Petersburg, Lakes Onega and Lagoda, Volda Lake Folder

Ileksa River Source, Above Vodla Lake

Yuregorsk Monastery?, Mt Yurev? (above Vodla Lake)
Yuregorsk Monastery?, Mt Yurev? This is the location of the only church in the area. Venerable Diodorus the Abbot of Yuregorsk, Commemorated on November 20;

Ileksa River Mouth (Vodla Lake)
Ileksa River;

Vodla River Source (Vodla Lake)

Vodla Lake, St Petersburg drainage
Lake Vodla or Lake Vodlozero; Venerable Diodorus the Abbot of Yuregorsk, Commemorated November 20 ;

Vodla River Mouth (Lake Onega)
Vodla River;

Russia, St Petersburg, Luga River Folder

Luga River Source (along the border)

Luga River 1 (Oredezh, Oredezh River Mouth)

Russia, St Petersburg, Luga River 1, Oredezh River Folder

Oredezh River 1

Oredezh River 2 (Vyritsa)

Vyritsa, South of St Petersburg (Oredezh River 2)
Vyritsa; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21;

Oredezh River 3

Oredezh River Mouth (Luga River 2)

Oredezhsk (O River Mouth, Luga River 1)
Oredezhsk; St Macarius of Oredezhsk, Commemorated on August 9 ;

Luga River 3

Luga River 4

Luga River Mouth (Gulf of Finland)

Batetsky District (basin of Rivers Verenda and Sheldon)
Batetsky District (basin of Rivers Verenda (southeast) and Sheldon (southwest));

Russia, St Petersburg, St Petersburg Roads Folder

Volga Trade Route 1 (Ladoga, Lake Ladoga, St Petersburg)

Moscow to St Petersburg 12 (St Petersburg)

Gatchina Road to Peskov

Russia, Kaluga Folder, and its rivers, North side of the Oka, along M Trail

Kaluga district (East European Plain)
Kaluga Oblast ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; HERMAN OF ALASKA, MISSIONARY TO THE ALEUT, 9 August 1837; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated on September 18; Icon of the Mother of God the "Multiplier of Wheat", Commemorated October 15 ; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœElets-ChernigovÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9;

Kaluga governance
Kaluga governance; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated September 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ;

Russia, Kaluga, Oka River 1, Orlov Folder

Oryol, Kaluga (Orel, Oka River 1)
Oryol (Orel, Oka River 1) ; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated August 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God œAssuage My SorrowsÂ, Commemorated on October 9; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ;

Orel Diocese, Kaluga
Orel Diocese; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated August 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœAssuage My SorrowsÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 9 ; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated October 11 ;

Russia, Kaluga, Oka River 2, Upa River Folder, Tula

Tula, Kaluga, Russia (Upa River 1, Muravsky Trail 7)
Tula, Russia (Upa River 1); œChernigov-GethsemaneÂ Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on September 1; Synaxis of the Saints of Tula, Commemorated on September 22 ; Venerable Leonid of Optina; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ;

Yasnaya Polyana, home of Writer Leo Tolstoy, near Tula, Kaluga
Yasnaya Polyana, home of Writer Leo Tolstoy; Russia, Moscow, 1848-1910, Writer Leo Tolstoy; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

Russia, Kaluga, Oka River 3, Zhizdra River Folder, Optima and Shamordino

Zhizdra River Source (Lower Valdai Hills)

Zhizdra River 1 (Kozelsk and Optina Monestary)

Optina Monastery, Kaluga (Zhizdra River 1) 1821
Optina Monestary ; Venerable Anatole II of Optina, Commemorated on July 30; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Anatole II of Optina; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated on September 18; Venerable Ambrose of Optina, Commemorated October 10 ; Synaxis of the Venerable Fathers of Optina, Commemorated on October 11 ; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated on October 11; Icon of the Mother of God the "Multiplier of Wheat", Commemorated October 15 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19 ; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25;

Kozelsk, Kaluga (Zhizdra River 1, near Optima Monastery)
Kozelsk; Venerable Anatole II of Optina, Commemorated on July 30; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25;

Dolgomost, near Smolensk, referred to, Seige of Kozelsk, 1239
Dolgomost and Kozelsk near Smolensk, Seige of Kozelsk, 1239; Martyr Mercurius of Smolensk, Commemorated on November 24; Background[edit] Taking the city of Torzhok on 5 March 1238 after a two-week siege, the Mongols continued to Novgorod. However, they failed to reach the city, mainly because they had difficulties moving in the woods, and after advancing around 100 kilometers at the unknown place designated in the chronicles as the Ignach Cross, they abandoned the plans to conquer Novgorod, turned south, and divided into two groups. Some of the forces led by Kadan and Storms passed over the Eastern route through the Ryazan land. The main forces led by Batu Khan passed through Dolgomost 30 km east of Smolensk, then entered the Chernigov Principality on the upper Gums, burned Vshchizh, but then abruptly turned to the northeast, bypassing the Bryansk and Karachev, at the end of March 1238 went to the Kozelsk on the Zhizdra River.

Zhizdra River 2 (Shamordino Monastery and Convent)

Shamordino monastery, Kaluga (Zhizdra River 2) 1884
Shamordino Manastery ; Icon of the Mother of God the "Multiplier of Wheat", Commemorated October 15 ; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1;

Shamordino Convent, Kaluga, 1884
Shamordino Convent; Venerable Ambrose of Optina, Commemorated October 10 ; Icon of the Mother of God the "Multiplier of Wheat", Commemorated October 15 ; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Zhizdra River Mouth (Oka River 3)

Russia, Kaluga, Oka River 4, Ugra River Folder, City of Kaluga

Ugra River Source (Valdai Hills)

Ugra River Mouth (Oka River 4)

Kaluga (Ugra River Mouth, Oka River 4)
Kaluga; Venerable Anatole II of Optina, Commemorated on July 30 ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; HERMAN OF ALASKA, MISSIONARY TO THE ALEUT, 9 August 1837; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated August 10 ; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated on September 18; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated October 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated October 12 ; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Kaluga Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Home of the Kaluga Icon
Kaluga Cathedral of the Holy Trinity; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated on September 2; Kaluga Icon of the Mother of God appeared in 1748 in the village of Tinkova, near Kaluga, at the home of the landowner Basil Kondratevich Khitrov. Two servants of Khitrov were cleaning out junk from the attic of his home. One of them, Eudokia, noted for her temper, was given to rough and even indecorous language. Her companion was modest and serious. discovered a large package covered in a linen cloth. Undoing it, the girl saw the picture of a woman in dark garments with a book in her hands. Considering it to be the portrait of a woman monastic and wanting to bring Eudokia to her senses, she accused her of being disrespectful to the abbess. jeered at the scolding words of her companion, and becoming increasingly angry, she spit on the picture. Immediately, she became convulsed and fell down senseless. She also became blind and mute. Her frightened companion reported what had happened to the household. next night, the Queen of Heaven appeared to Eudokia’s parents and told them that their daughter had behaved impertinently toward Her and She ordered them to serve a Molieben before the insulted icon, then sprinkle the invalid with holy water at the Molieben. the Molieben Eudokia recovered, and Khitrov took the wonderworking icon into his own home, where it granted healing to those approaching it with faith. Later, the icon was placed in the parish temple of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos in the village of Kaluga. At the present time it is located in the cathedral church of Kaluga. this icon the Mother of God has repeatedly manifest Her protection of the Russian land during difficult times. The celebration of the Kaluga Icon on September 2 was established in remembrance of the deliverance from a plague in 1771. A second celebration was established October 12, in memory of the preservation of Kaluga from the French invasion of 1812. In 1898, a celebration was established on July 18 in gratitude to the Mother of God for protection against cholera. The icon is also commemorated on the first Sunday of the Apostles’ Fast.

Kaluga, 1748, Appearance of the Kaluga Icon in Kaluga
Kaluga, 1748, Appearance of the Kaluga Icon in Kaluga; Russia, Kaluga, 1812, Appearances of the Kaluga Icon, seen by French invaders.; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated on October 12; The Kaluga Icon of the Mother of God appeared in the year 1748 (September 2). In 1812 many Russian and French soldiers beheld the Kaluga icon of the Mother of God, standing in the air. Thus also it was around Kaluga and Maloyaroslavl. During such appearances the Russian armies were always victorious. This vision was also granted to the peasant Paraskeva Alekseeva.

Kaluga, 1812, Appearances of the Kaluga Icon, seen by French invaders.
Russia, Kaluga, 1812, Appearances of the Kaluga Icon, seen by French invaders.; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated on October 12; The Kaluga Icon of the Mother of God appeared in the year 1748 (September 2). In 1812 many Russian and French soldiers beheld the Kaluga icon of the Mother of God, standing in the air. Thus also it was around Kaluga and Maloyaroslavl. During such appearances the Russian armies were always victorious. This vision was also granted to the peasant Paraskeva Alekseeva.

Russia, Kaluga, Oka River 5, Protva River Folder, Vereiya and Borovsk

Protva River Source (Valdai Hills)

Vereiya, Kaluga
Vereiya; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ;

Protva River 1 (Vereya)

Borovsk, Kaluga (Protva River 1.5)
Borovsk; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1;

Protva River 2 (Borovsk and Maloyaroslavl)

Russia, Kaluga, Oka River 5, Protva River 2, Luzha River Folder

Luza River Source (Valdai Hills, Kaluga)

Luzha (Vepreika) River Mouth (Maloyaroslavl, Protva River 2)

Maloyaroslavl, Kaluga (near Luzha River Mouth)
Maloyaroslavl; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated October 12 ; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16;

Medin (a district of Kaluga)
Medin (a district of Kaluga); Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16;

Baryatinsky District, Kaluga - Prince Daniel Baryatinsky
Baryatinsky District, Kaluga - Prince Daniel Baryatinsky; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœElets-ChernigovÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 5 ;

Bor of Kaluga in Zhukovsky District (Protva River 2.5)
Bor of Kaluga in Zhukovsky District; Icon of the Mother of God “the Seeker of the Lostâ€, Commemorated on February 5;

Protva River 3 (Protvino)

Protva River Mouth (Oka River 5)

Russia, Kaluga, Oka River 6, Nara River Folder, Serpukhov

Nara River Source

Nara River 1

Nara River Mouth (Oka River 6, Serpukhov)

Serpukhov, Kaluga (Nara River Mouth and Oka River 6)
Serpukhov; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; HERMAN OF ALASKA, MISSIONARY TO THE ALEUT, 9 August 1837; St Athanasius of Serpukhov, Commemorated September 12 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated November 17 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Inexhaustible ChaliceÂ, Commemorated on May 5; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Serpukhov monastery of St Athanasius, Kaluga, 1373
The monastery of St Athanasius was built near the city of Serpukhov, on the high bank of the River Nara ; Vysotsky (of the heights) Monastery at Serpouchoff; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; St Athanasius of Serpukhov, Commemorated September 12 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated November 17 ;

Vysotsky (of the heights) Monastery at Serpouchoff, Kaluga, 1373
Vysotsky (of the heights) Monastery at Serpouchoff; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; St Athanasius of Serpukhov, Commemorated September 12 ;

monastery of St Athanasius, Kaluga, 1373
The monastery of St Athanasius was built near the city of Serpukhov, on the high bank of the River Nara ; Vysotsky (of the heights) Monastery at Serpouchoff; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; St Athanasius of Serpukhov, Commemorated September 12 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated November 17 ;

Russia, Kaluga, Muravsky Trail Folder, M Trail 6-9 from Livny and Tula to Serpukhov Crossing at Oka 6

Russia, Mordovia Folder, and its rivers on the South side of the Oka

Mordovia (Alatyr, Moksha, Tyosha, and Sura Rivers)
Mordovia; Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28 ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated October 15 ; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated on January 24 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœElets-ChernigovÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5 ;

Russia, Mordovia, Oka River Folder, Oka 12 and 13, south side of the Oka

Oka River 10 (Pronya and Para River Mouths)

Russia, Mordovia, Oka River 12, Moksha River Folder

Moksha River Source

Boldino Heights, Mordovia
Boldino Heights ; Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœElets-ChernigovÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 5 ;

Moksha River 1

Moksha River 2 (Tsna River)

Russia, Mordovia, Oka River 12, Moksha River 2, Tsna River Folder, Tambov

Tsna River Source (along the border)

Tsna River 1 (Tambov, Studenets River Mouth)

Russia, Mordovia, Oka River 12, Moksha River 2, Tsna River 1, Studenets River Folder, Tambov

Studenets River Source (along the border)

Studenets River 1 (Kozlov)

Kozlov, Mordovia (Studenets River 1)
Kozlov, Mordovia; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ;

Studenets River Mouth (Tambov, Tsna River 1)

Tambov, Mordovia (Studenets River Mouth at Tsna River 1)
Tambov; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated November 23 ; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ;

Tambov Theological Seminary at Kazan Monastery, Tambov, 1670
Tambov Theological Seminary at Kazan Monastery, Tambov; Monastery of Our Lady of Kazan (Tambov); Tambov; Venerable Ambrose of Optina, Commemorated on October 10;

Kozlov, Monastery of Our Lady of Kazan (Tambov) 1670
Kozlov, Monastery of Our Lady of Kazan (Tambov) 1670; St. Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated on January 25;

Kazan Church of the Vysha Monastery, Tambov, Mordovia, 1670
Kozlov, Monastery of Our Lady of Kazan (Tambov) 1670; Kazan Church of the Vysha Monastery, Tambov, Mordovia, assumed to be in or near Tambov based on Saint Theophan's story.; St. Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on January 10; Theophan the Recluse, 1835 - 1894;

Vysha Monastery, Tambov, Mordovia, 1670
Kozlov, Monastery of Our Lady of Kazan (Tambov) 1670; Kazan Church of the Vysha Monastery, Tambov, Mordovia, assumed to be in or near Tambov based on Saint Theophan's story.; St. Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on January 10; Theophan the Recluse, 1835 - 1894;

Tsna River 2 (Moksha basin)

Iron Pines, Mordovia, Moksha River 2, Tsna River 2, Tebza River
In 1392 Saint James of Zhelezny Bor settled in a dense forest near iron mines, at a place which was called the Iron Pines, at the banks of the rivulet Tebza. Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11;

Tsna River Mouth (Moksha River)

Moksha River Mouth (Oka River 12)
Moksha River Mouth (Oka River 14) ;

Russia, Mordovia. Oka River 13, Tyosha River Folder, Sarov and Sanaxar

Tyosha River 1 (Arzamas)

Arzamas, Mordovia (Tyosha River 1, major transit center to the East)
Arzamas; St Nicholas Convent in Arzamas; Icon of the Mother of God "Seraphim-Ponetaevka", Commemorated November 27 ;

Sarov, Mordovia (Tyosah River 1, near Volga River 9)
Sarov; Sarov Monestary 1910; Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; of the Relics of Saint Seraphim, Wonderworker of Sarov: The glorification of Saint Seraphim of Sarov (January 2), took place in 1903, seventy years after his repose. On July 3, 1903 Metropolitan Anthony of Saint Petersburg, assisted by Bishop Nazarius of Nizhni-Novgorod and Bishop Innocent of Tambov, transferred the saint’s relics from their original burial place to the church of Saints Zosimus and Sabbatius. Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra provided a new cypress coffin to receive the relics. This cypress coffin was then placed inside an oak coffin and remained in the church until the day of the saint’s glorification. noon on July 16, the first day of the festivities, Metropolitan Anthony offered a Memorial Service for the ever-memorable Hieromonk Seraphim in the Dormition Cathedral. Services also took place in the monastery’s other churches. next day Metropolitan Anthony and Bishop Nazarius served a Memorial Liturgy in the Dormition Cathedral. At 5:00 that afternoon, the bells of Sarov began to ring, announcing the arrival of Tsar Nicholas and his family. Metropolitan Anthony greeted them and then led them to the Dormition Cathedral for a Service of Thanksgiving. royal family attended the early Liturgy on July 18th and received the Holy Mysteries. Later that morning, the final Memorial Service for the repose of Hieromonk Seraphim’s soul was offered in the Cathedral. These would be the last prayers offered for him as a departed servant of God. From that time forward, prayers would be addressed to him as a saint. At 6 P.M. the bells rang for Vigil, the first service with hymns honoring Saint Seraphim, and during which his relics would be exposed for public veneration. the time of the Litia during Vespers, the saint’s coffin was carried from the church of Saints Zosimus and Sabbatius and into the Dormition Cathedral. Several people were healed of various illnesses during this procession. During Matins, as “Praise ye the Name of the Lordâ€ was sung, the coffin was opened. After the Gospel, Metropolitan Anthony and the other hierarchs kissed the holy relics. They were followed by the royal family, the officiating clergy, and all the people in the cathedral. July 19, the saint’s birthday, the late Liturgy began at 8 o’clock. At the Little Entrance, twelve Archimandrites lifted the coffin from the middle of the church, carried it around the altar, then placed it into a special shrine. The long awaited event was accompanied by numerous miraculous healings of the sick, who had gathered at Sarov in large numbers. More than 200,000 people came to Sarov from all across Russia. The festivities at Sarov came to an end with the dedication of the first two churches to Saint Seraphim. The first church to be consecrated was over his monastic cell in Sarov. The second church was consecrated on July 22 at the Diveyevo convent. 1991, Saint Seraphim’s relics were rediscovered after being hidden in a Soviet anti-religious museum for seventy years. Widely esteemed in his lifetime, Saint Seraphim is one of the most beloved saints of the Orthodox Church. Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œSeraphim-Ponetaevka"Â, Commemorated on November 27 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov; Icon of the Mother of God of Tenderness from Seraphim-Diveyevo, Commemorated July 28 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ; Seraphim of Sarov, a great ascetic of the Russian Church, was born on July 19, 1754. His parents, Isidore and Agathia Moshnin, were inhabitants of Kursk. Isidore was a merchant. Toward the end of his life, he began construction of a cathedral in Kursk, but he died before the completion of the work. His little son Prochorus,the future Seraphim, remained in the care of his widowed mother, who raised her son in piety. the death of her husband, Agathia Moshnina continued with the construction of the cathedral. Once she took the seven-year-old Prochorus there with her, and he fell from the scaffolding around the seven-storey bell tower. He should have been killed, but the Lord preserved the life of the future luminary of the Church. The terrified mother ran to him and found her son unharmed. Prochorus, endowed with an excellent memory, soon mastered reading and writing. From his childhood he loved to attend church services, and to read both the Holy Scripture and the Lives of the Saints with his fellow students. Most of all, he loved to pray or to read the Holy Gospel in private. one point Prochorus fell grievously ill, and his life was in danger. In a dream the boy saw the Mother of God, promising to visit and heal him. Soon past the courtyard of the Moshnin home came a church procession with the Kursk Root Icon of the Sign (November 27). His mother carried Prochorus in her arms, and he kissed the holy icon, after which he speedily recovered. still in his youth Prochorus made his plans to devote his life entirely to God and to go to a monastery. His devout mother did not object to this and she blessed him on his monastic path with a copper cross, which he wore on his chest for the rest of his life. Prochorus set off on foot with pilgrims going from to Kiev to venerate the Saints of the Caves. The Elder Dositheus (actually a woman, Daria Tyapkina), whom Prochorus visited, blessed him to go to the Sarov wilderness monastery, and there seek his salvation. Returning briefly to his parental home, Prohkor bid a final farewell to his mother and family. On November 20, 1778 he arrived at Sarov, where the monastery then was headed by a wise Elder, Father Pachomius. He accepted him and put him under the spiritual guidance of the Elder Joseph. Under his direction Prochorus passed through many obediences at the monastery: he was the Elder’s cell-attendant, he toiled at making bread and prosphora, and at carpentry. He fulfilled all his obediences with zeal and fervor, as though serving the Lord Himself. By constant work he guarded himself against despondency (accidie), this being, as he later said, “the most dangerous temptation for new monks. It is treated by prayer, by abstaining from idle chatter, by strenuous work, by reading the Word of God and by patience, since it is engendered by pettiness of soul, negligence, and idle talk.â€ the blessing of Igumen Pachomius, Prochorus abstained from all food on Wednesdays and Fridays, and went into the forest, where in complete isolation he practiced the Jesus Prayer. After two years as a novice, Prochorus fell ill with dropsy, his body became swollen, and he was beset with suffering. His instructor Father Joseph and the other Elders were fond of Prochorus, and they provided him care. The illness dragged on for about three years, and not once did anyone hear from him a word of complaint. The Elders, fearing for his very life, wanted to call a doctor for him, but Prochorus asked that this not be done, saying to Father Pachomius: “I have entrusted myself, holy Father, to the True Physician of soul and body, our Lord Jesus Christ and His All-Pure Mother.â€ asked that a Molieben be offered for his health. While the others were praying in church, Prochorus had a vision. The Mother of God appeared to him accompanied by the holy Apostles Peter and John the Theologian. Pointing with Her hand towards the sick monk, the Most Holy Virgin said to Saint John, “He is one of our kind.â€ Then She touched the side of the sick man with Her staff, and immediately the fluid that had swelled up his body began to flow through the incision that She made. After the Molieben, the brethren found that Prochorus had been healed, and only a scar remained as evidence of the miracle. at the place of the appearance of the Mother of God, an infirmary church was built for the sick. One of the side chapels was dedicated to Saints Zosimas and Sabbatius of Solovki (April 17). With his own hands, Saint Seraphim made an altar table for the chapel out of cypress wood, and he always received the Holy Mysteries in this church. eight years as a novice at the Sarov monastery, Prochorus was tonsured with the name Seraphim, a name reflecting his fiery love for the Lord and his zealous desire to serve Him. After a year, Seraphim was ordained as hierodeacon. in spirit, he served in the temple each day, incessantly praying even after the service. The Lord granted him visions during the church services: he often saw holy angels serving with the priests. During the Divine Liturgy on Great and Holy Thursday, which was celebrated by the igumen Father Pachomius and by Father Joseph, Saint Seraphim had another vision. After the Little Entrance with the Gospel, the hierodeacon Seraphim pronounced the words “O Lord, save the God-fearing, and hear us.â€ Then, he lifted his orarion saying, “And unto ages of ages.â€ Suddenly, he was blinded by a bright ray of light. up, Saint Seraphim beheld the Lord Jesus Christ, coming through the western doors of the temple, surrounded by the Bodiless Powers of Heaven. Reaching the ambo, the Lord blessed all those praying and entered into His Icon to the right of the royal doors. Saint Seraphim, in spiritual rapture after this miraculous vision, was unable to utter a word, nor to move from the spot. They led him by the hand into the altar, where he just stood for another three hours, his face having changed color from the great grace that shone upon him. After the vision the saint intensified his efforts. He toiled at the monastery by day, and he spent his nights praying in his forest cell. 1793, Hierodeacon Seraphim was ordained to the priesthood, and he served the Divine Liturgy every day. After the death of the igumen Father Pachomius, Saint Seraphim received the blessing of the new Superior Father Isaiah, to live alone in a remote part of the forest three and a half miles from the monastery. He named his new home “Mount Athos,â€ and devoted himself to solitary prayer. He went to the monastery only on Saturday before the all-night Vigil, and returned to his forest cell after Sunday’s Liturgy, at which he partook of the Divine Mysteries. Seraphim spent his time in ascetical struggles. His cell rule of prayer was based on the rule of Saint Pachomius for the ancient desert monasteries. He always carried the Holy Gospels with him, reading the entire New Testament in the course of a week. He also read the holy Fathers and the service books. The saint learned many of the Church hymns by heart, and sang them while working in the forest. Around his cell he cultivated a garden and set up a beehive. He kept a very strict fast, eating only once during the entire day, and on Wednesdays and Fridays he completely abstained from food. From the first Sunday of the Great Fast he did not partake of food at all until the following Saturday, when he received the Holy Mysteries. holy Elder was sometimes so absorbed by the unceasing prayer of the heart that he remained without stirring, neither hearing nor seeing anything around him. The schemamonk Mark the Silent and the hierodeacon Alexander, also wilderness-dwellers, would visit him every now and then. Finding the saint immersed in prayer, they would leave quietly, so they would not disturb his contemplation. the heat of summer the righteous one gathered moss from a swamp as fertilizer for his garden. Gnats and mosquitoes bit him relentlessly, but he endured this saying, “The passions are destroyed by suffering and by afflictions.â€ solitude was often disturbed by visits from monks and laymen, who sought his advice and blessing. With the blessing of the igumen, Father Seraphim prohibited women from visiting him, then receiving a sign that the Lord approved of his desire for complete silence, he banned all visitors. Through the prayers of the saint, the pathway to his wilderness cell was blocked by huge branches blown down from ancient pine trees. Now only the birds and the wild beasts visited him, and he dwelt with them as Adam did in Paradise. They came at midnight and waited for him to complete his Rule of prayer. Then he would feed bears, lynxes, foxes, rabbits, and even wolves with bread from his hand. Saint Seraphim also had a bear which would obey him and run errands for him. order to repulse the onslaughts of the Enemy, Saint Seraphim intensified his toil and began a new ascetical struggle in imitation of Saint Simeon the Stylite (September 1). Each night he climbed up on an immense rock in the forest, or a smaller one in his cell, resting only for short periods. He stood or knelt, praying with upraised hands, “God, be merciful to me, a sinner.â€ He prayed this way for 1,000 days and nights. robbers in search of money or valuables once came upon him while he was working in his garden. The robbers demanded money from him. Though he had an axe in his hands, and could have put up a fight, he did not want to do this, recalling the words of the Lord: “Those who take up the sword will perish by the swordâ€ (Mt. 26: 52). Dropping his axe to the ground, he said, “Do what you intend.â€ The robbers beat him severely and left him for dead. They wanted to throw him in the river, but first they searched the cell for money. They tore the place apart, but found nothing but icons and a few potatoes, so they left. The monk, regained consciousness, crawled to his cell, and lay there all night. the morning he reached the monastery with great difficulty. The brethren were horrified, seeing the ascetic with several wounds to his head, chest, ribs and back. For eight days he lay there suffering from his wounds. Doctors called to treat him were amazed that he was still alive after such a beating. Seraphim was not cured by any earthly physician: the Queen of Heaven appeared to him in a vision with the Apostles Peter and John. Touching the saint’s head, the Most Holy Virgin healed him. However, he was unable to straighten up, and for the rest of his life he had to walk bent over with the aid of a stick or a small axe. Saint Seraphim had to spend about five months at the monastery, and then he returned to the forest. He forgave his abusers and asked that they not be punished. 1807 the abbot, Father Isaiah, fell asleep in the Lord. Saint Seraphim was asked to take his place, but he declined. He lived in silence for three years, completely cut off from the world except for the monk who came once a week to bring him food. If the saint encountered a man in the forest, he fell face down and did not get up until the passerby had moved on. Saint Seraphim acquired peace of soul and joy in the Holy Spirit. The great ascetic once said, “Acquire the spirit of peace, and a thousand souls will be saved around you.â€ new Superior of the monastery, Father Niphon, and the older brethren of the monastery told Father Seraphim either to come to the monastery on Sundays for divine services as before, or to move back into the monastery. He chose the latter course, since it had become too difficult for him to walk from his forest cell to the monastery. In the spring of 1810, he returned to the monastery after fifteen years of living in the wilderness. his silence, he shut himself up in his cell, occupying himself with prayer and reading. He was also permitted to eat meals and to receive Communion in his cell. There Saint Seraphim attained the height of spiritual purity and was granted special gifts of grace by God: clairvoyance and wonderworking. After five years of solitude, he opened his door and allowed the monks to enter. He continued his silence, however, teaching them only by example. November 25, 1825 the Mother of God, accompanied by the two holy hierarchs commemorated on that day (Hieromartyr Clement of Rome, and Saint Peter, Archbishop of Alexandria), appeared to the Elder in a vision and told him to end his seclusion and to devote himself to others. He received the igumen’s blessing to divide his time between life in the forest, and at the monastery. He did not return to his Far Hermitage, but went to a cell closer to the monastery. This he called his Near Hermitage. At that time, he opened the doors of his cell to pilgrims as well as his fellow-monks. Elder saw into the hearts of people, and as a spiritual physician, he healed their infirmities of soul and body through prayer and by his grace-filled words. Those coming to Saint Seraphim felt his great love and tenderness. No matter what time of the year it was, he would greet everyone with the words, “Christ is Risen, my joy!â€ He especially loved children. Once, a young girl said to her friends, “Father Seraphim only looks like an old man. He is really a child like us.â€ Elder was often seen leaning on his stick and carrying a knapsack filled with stones. When asked why he did this, the saint humbly replied, “I am troubling him who troubles me.â€ the final period of his earthly life Saint Seraphim devoted himself to his spiritual children, the Diveyevo women’s monastery. While still a hierodeacon he had accompanied the late Father Pachomius to the Diveyevo community to its monastic leader, Mother Alexandra, a great woman ascetic, and then Father Pachomius blessed Saint Seraphim to care always for the “Diveyevo orphans.â€ He was a genuine father for the sisters, who turned to him with all their spiritual and material difficulties. Seraphim also devoted much effort to the women’s monastic community at Diveyevo. He himself said that he gave them no instructions of his own, but it was the Queen of Heaven who guided him in matters pertaining to the monastery. His disciples and spiritual friends helped the saint to feed and nourish the Diveyevo community. Michael V. Manturov, healed by the monk from grievous illness, was one of Diveyvo’s benefactors. On the advice of the Elder he took upon himself the exploit of voluntary poverty. Elena Vasilievna Manturova, one of the Diveyevo sisters, out of obedience to the Elder, voluntarily consented to die in place of her brother, who was still needed in this life. Alexandrovich Motovilov, was also healed by the monk. In 1903, shortly before the glorification of the saint, the remarkable “Conversation of Saint Seraphim of Sarov with N. A. Motovilovâ€ was found and printed. Written by Motovilov after their conversation at the end of November 1831, the manuscript was hidden in an attic in a heap of rubbish for almost seventy years. It was found by the author S. A. Nilus, who was looking for information about Saint Seraphim’s life. This conversation is a very precious contribution to the spiritual literature of the Orthodox Church. It grew out of Nicholas Motovilov’s desire to know the aim of the Christian life. It was revealed to Saint Seraphim that Motovilov had been seeking an answer to this question since childhood, without receiving a satisfactory answer. The holy Elder told him that the aim of the Christian life is the acquisition of the Holy Spirit, and went on to explain the great benefits of prayer and the acquisition of the Holy Spirit. asked the saint how we can know if the Holy Spirit is with us or not. Saint Seraphim spoke at length about how people come to be in the Spirit of God, and how we can recognize His presence in us, but Motovilov wanted to understand this better. Then Father Seraphim took him by the shoulders and said, “We are both in the Spirit of God now, my son. Why don’t you look at me?â€ replied, “I cannot look, Father, for your eyes are flashing like lightning, and your face is brighter than the sun.â€ Seraphim told him, “Don’t be alarmed, friend of God. Now you yourself have become as bright as I am. You are in the fulness of the Spirit of God yourself, otherwise you would not be able to see me like this.â€ Saint Seraphim promised Motovilov that God would allow him to retain this experience in his memory all his life. “It is not given for you alone to understand,â€ he said, “but through you it is for the whole world.â€ knew and esteemed Saint Seraphim as a great ascetic and wonderworker. A year and ten months before his end, on the Feast of the Annunciation, Saint Seraphim was granted to behold the Queen of Heaven once more in the company of Saint John the Baptist, the Apostle John the Theologian and twelve Virgin Martyrs (Saints Barbara, Katherine, Thekla, Marina, Irene, Eupraxia, Pelagia, Dorothea, Makrina, Justina, Juliana, and Anysia). The Most Holy Virgin conversed at length with the monk, entrusting the Diveyevo sisters to him. Concluding the conversation, She said to him: “Soon, My dear one, you shall be with us.â€ The Diveyevo nun Eupraxia was present during this visit of the Mother of God, because the saint had invited her. the last year of Saint Seraphim’s life, one of those healed by him saw him standing in the air during prayer. The saint strictly forbade this to be mentioned until after his death. Seraphim became noticeably weaker and he spoke much about his approaching end. During this time they often saw him sitting by his coffin, which he had placed in the ante-room of his cell, and which he had prepared for himself. saint himself had marked the place where finally they would bury him, near the altar of the Dormition cathedral. On January 1, 1833 Father Seraphim came to the church of Saints Zosimas and Sabbatius one last time for Liturgy and he received the Holy Mysteries, after which he blessed the brethren and bid them farewell, saying: “Save your souls. Do not be despondent, but watchful. Today crowns are being prepared for us.â€ January 2, Father Paul, the saint’s cell-attendant, left his own cell at six in the morning to attend the early Liturgy. He noticed the smell of smoke coming from the Elder’s cell. Saint Seraphim would often leave candles burning in his cell, and Father Paul was concerned that they could start a fire. “While I am alive,â€ he once said, “there will be no fire, but when I die, my death shall be revealed by a fire.â€ When they opened the door, it appeared that books and other things were smoldering. Saint Seraphim was found kneeling before an icon of the Mother of God with his arms crossed on his chest. His pure soul was taken by the angels at the time of prayer, and had flown off to the Throne of the Almighty God, Whose faithful servant Saint Seraphim had been all his life. Seraphim has promised to intercede for those who remember his parents, Isidore and Agathia. Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16;

Sarov Monastery, Mordovia, 1664
Sarov Monastery, Mordovia, 1664; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7;

Sanaxar, Mordovia (Tyosha River 1, near Volga River 9)
Sanaxar; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on December 13 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated January 24 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ;

Alekseevo, Mordovia (near the Sanaxar Monastery) 1773
Serafimo-Diveyevsky Monastery, Within its immediate vicinity are situated two other cloisters: those of Sarov and Sanaxar ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15 ; Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet, Commemorated October 2 ;

Domition Cathederal, Sarov, 1773
Domition Cathederal, Sarov; Sarov Monestary 1910; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ;

Sanaxar monastery, Mordovia, 1773
Seraphim-Diveyevo monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Tenderness from Seraphim-Diveyevo, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œSeraphim-Ponetaevka"Â, Commemorated on November 27 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated January 24 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof Tenderness" from Seraphim-Diveyevo, Commemorated on July 28 ;

Seraphim-Diveyevo monastery, Mordovia, 1773, anointed with oil from the icon's lampada, they received healing
Seraphim-Diveyevo monastery; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tenderness from Seraphim-Diveyevo, Commemorated July 28 ; Seraphim-Diveyevo Tenderness Icon of the Mother of God belonged to Saint Seraphim of Sarov, and was the icon he kept in his cell. saint anointed the sick with oil from the lampada burning before this icon, and they received healing . holy ascetic reposed while praying before the icon on January 2, 1833. Father Niphon, the Superior of the monastery, gave the holy Tenderness icon to the sisters of the Seraphim-Diveyevo monastery. Icon of the Mother of God œSeraphim-Ponetaevka, Commemorated on November 27 ; Seraphim-Ponetaevka Icon of the Mother of God of the Sign was painted in the year 1879 by the nuns of the Seraphim-Ponetaevka women’s monastery, not far from Arzamas, near the village of Ponetaevka. The monastery was named after Saint Seraphim of Sarov by the founder of the monastery, a sister of the Diveyevo community. years after it was painted, the icon became known for its numerous miracles and became the chief holy item of the monastery. When the sisters were praying during the services, they noticed distinct changes in the countenance of the Mother of God: Her All-Pure face became bright and life-like. Numerous pilgrims thronged to the icon, and many were healed from blindness and crippling. In all, about seventy instances of healing were noted. Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated January 24 ;

Diveyevo women's monastery, Sanazar, Mordovia, 1773
Diveyevo women's monastery; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ;

St Seraphim's Diveyevo Convent, Mordovia, 1773
St Seraphim's Diveyevo Convent; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ;

Murom, Mordovia (Tyosha River Mouth, Oka River 13)
Murom; Venerable Elias of Murom the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated December 19 ; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; St Peter, Tonsured David, the Wonderworker of Murom, Commemorated on June 25; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Russia, Tver Folder, and its Volga rivers

Russia, Tver History Folder

Russia, Tver, 900, 10th C Folder, Wonderworker Ephraim oNovy Torg

Russia, Tver, 990-1075, Ephraim oNovy Torg, wonderworker, founder oBoris&Gleb Monastery iNovy Torg, Tver, Arcadius' Elder
Russia, Tver, 990-1075, Ephraim oNovy Torg, Tver (Tvertsa River 2), wonderworker, founder oBoris&Gleb Monastery iNovy Torg, wBrothers George&Moses left Hungary fRostov Russia, Served Prince Boris, Vladimir's son, George died wBoris 1015 River Alta, Moses tKiev Caves Monastery, Ephraim found George's head, took it to Tversta River fSolitary monk life, founded B&G m 1038, wWanderers home on Merchant's Road tNovgorod, Died old age, George's head buried wHim, relics found 1572; Novy Torg, an important post on the Moscow to St Petersburg Highway, and key to the source of grain for Novgorod; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated on January 28; Ephraim of Novy Torg, founder of the Saints Boris and Gleb monastery in the city of Novy Torg, a native of Hungary. with his brothers, Saint Moses the Hungarian (July 26) and Saint George (in Hungarian “Sandor,” pronounced “Shandor”), he quit his native land, because he was Orthodox. come to Russia, all three brothers entered into the service of the Rostov prince Saint Boris, son of Saint Vladimir (July 15). Ephraim’s brother George also perished in the year 1015 at the River Alta, with holy Prince Boris. murderers cut off his head, and took the gold medallion which he had received from Saint Boris. managed to save himself by flight, and became a monk at the Kiev Caves monastery. Ephraim, evidently in Rostov at this time, and arriving at the place of the murder, found the head of his brother and took it with him. service at the princely court, Saint Ephraim withdrew to the River Tvertsa in order to lead a solitary monastic life. several other monks settled near him, he founded a monastery in honor of the holy Passion-Bearers Boris and Gleb in the year 1038. brethren chose him to lead them. the monastery, not far from a merchant’s road to Novgorod, a wanderer’s home was built, where the poor and travelers stayed for free. Ephraim died in old age. His body was buried at the monastery he founded. head of his brother, Saint George was also placed in the grave, in accordance with his last wishes. relics of Saint Ephraim were uncovered in the year 1572. Russia, Rostov, 1020-1077, Arcadius oNovtorsk, Novy Torg, Rostov (Ust River 1), from rich pious merchant family iVyazama, free from world early age, Rus earliest Fool FC, copied early Greek fools Symeon&Andrew, fools not anxious fLife, eats, drink, clothes, life more tFood, body more tClothing, Paul wFool FC, weak, dishonored, hungry, thirsty, naked, buffeted, no home, work wHands, bless wReviled, endure wPersecuted, entreat wMaligned, refise otWorld, offscouring oAll things, Fool by day, Prayer aNight, concealed angelic life, people mocked appearance simplicity kindness &Ignorance oNecesities, people discovered his prayer, noted radiant face, tears, so not madman, advise always good, predictions happened, preferred silence, spoke rarely, broom before any Cross Procession, so purity required before feast, Ephraim stopped iVyzama because heard about Arcadius, A becomes disciple, E helps him avoid pride from Foolishness, so A strengthened self by spiritual struggles, tNovotorsk aEphraim, schema, founding church&B&Gmonastery, monk there, appeared iDreams aVyazma, departed peacefully 1077 ; Boris and Gleb monastery, Novy Torg. Saint Ephraim of Novy Torg, founder of the Sts Boris and Gleb monastery in the city of Novy Torg, was a native of Hungary ; Boris and Gleb monastery; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated on December 13; Venerable Arcadius was born at the beginning of the XI century in the city of Vyazma, was a member of the Syreishchikov family of merchants, were distinguished for their fervent piety. a young age, and loving the Lord with all his heart and soul, he resolved to devote his entire life to His service, and to free his soul from worldly attachments. was one of the earliest fools for the sake of Christ in Russia, may have been inspired by reading the Lives of Greek fools such as Saint Symeon of Emesa (July 21) and Saint Andrew of Constantinople (October 2). holy fools for Christ tried to live according to the words of Christ: “Do not be anxious for your life, what you shall eat, or what you shall drink, nor for your body, what you shall put on. Is not life more than food, and the body more than clothing?” (Matthew 6:25). holy fools were also mindful of Saint Paul’s words: “We are fools for Christ, but you are wise in Christ. are weak, but you are strong. You are held in honor, but we are dishonored. Until the present hour we both hunger and thirst; we are naked and buffeted, and have no fixed abode; we labor with our own hands. When we are reviled, we bless; when persecuted, we endure. When we are maligned, we entreat. We have become as the refuse of the world, the offscouring of all things, until now” (I Corinthians 4:10-13). the day, Saint Arcadius concealed his exalted angelic life by foolish behavior, people mocked his appearance, as well as his child-like simplicity, kindness, and ignorance of the necessities of life. made him seem strange and incomprehensible to worldly individuals, and his conduct became more unusual with every passing day. night, however, he devoted his time to prayer, standing atop a stone on a hill in the forest outside of town. the venerable one’s love of solitude helped him to remain unknown for a time, people soon became aware of the Saint’s virtuous life. noticed that when he prayed in church, his very appearance seemed to change. face became radiant, and his attention was completely focused on the prayers. he would weep, shedding tears of compunction and repentance. never occurred to anyone who observed him at such times that he might be a madman. his advice always seemed to be good, and his predictions always came to pass. He spoke only rarely, however, preferring to remain silent. there was a Cross Procession, Saint Arcadius would take a broom, and for two days ahead of time he swept the streets, starting from the cathedral to the church. this way he demonstrated that one must have inner purity and keep God’s commandments, especially when preparing for a Church Feast. that time, Saint Ephraim of Novotorsk (January 28) would often travel to Kiev to visit the more experienced Elders. on the way from Kiev, he stopped at Vyazma, where he heard about Arcadius. that moment, the young ascetic became the disciple of Elder Ephraim, who helped him to avoid the spiritual dangers inherent in the difficult and unusual exploit of foolishness for the sake of Christ. Ephraim taught him that being despised by others could lead the mind away from God, because knowing that one was suffering unjustly often leads to pride. such a way of life could also darken one’s mind and heart, instead of leading one to enlightenment and the renewal of the inner man (2 Corinthians 4:16). time Arcadius strengthened himself by constant spiritual struggles. joined his Spiritual Father in Novotorsk, where Saint Ephraim tonsured him into the angelic Schema. this the people of Vyazma witnessed several miracles which were accomplished through the prayers of Blessed Arcadius, he fled from worldly glory and went to a place along the upper Tvertsa River. Arcadius also participated in founding a church and monastery dedicated to the royal Passion-Bearers Boris and Gleb (May 2). moving into the new monastery, Saint Arcadius cut off his own will and obeyed his Spiritual Father, Saint Ephraim, in all things. Arcadius never missed a service; he and his spiritual guide were always the first to come to church for Matins. his Elder’s repose, the Venerable Arcadius continued to labor according to his precepts, living a life of prayer, fasting and quietude. he had lived in the Monastery of Saints Boris and Gleb for several years, he departed peacefully to the Lord on December 13, 1077. body was buried next to his Spiritual Father, Saint Ephraim. inhabitants of Torzhok and the surrounding areas frequently experienced the power of the grace-filled actions of the Venerable Arcadius, and clearly saw in them a sign of God’s favor. they turned to him with faith and prayer, they always received relief from their illnesses and deliverance from their sorrows through his intercession. holy monk often appeared to the inhabitants of the city of Vyazma in dreams and visions and delivered them from troubles and sorrows. In their minds there was no doubt concerning his holiness. canonization of Saint Arcadius of Novotorsk for local veneration apparently took place around 1584-1587. Vyazma’s church of the All-Merciful Savior (built in 1594), and a side chapel dedicated to Saint Arcadius was built soon after his glorification. combined celebration of Saints Arcadius and Ephraim was established by Metropolitan Dionysius sometime around 1584-1587. relics of Saint Arcadius, glorified by miracles of healing, were uncovered on June 11, 1572. July 11, 1677, with the blessing of Metropolitan Cornelius of Novgorod and Velikiy Luki, Archimandrite Eustathios of Novotorsk monastery solemnly recovered the incorrupt relics of the Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk and transferred them to a crypt in Saints Boris and Gleb cathedral at Novotorsk (New Market); in 1841, the left side chapel of Saints Boris and Gleb cathedral church was dedicated to Saint Arcadius. August 14, 1798 the Saint’s holy relics were placed in a stone coffin, which had served as the resting place of Saint Ephraim until 1572. solemn celebration of the 300th anniversary of the transfer of the holy relics of Saint Arcadius to the cathedral of Saints Boris and Gleb in 1677 took place in the city of Novotorsk in July of 1977. July 21, 2019, a portion of the relics of Saint Arcadius of Novotorsk were presented to the Cathedral church of Saints Boris and Gleb Monastery by Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia. Arcadius is also commemorated on August 14 (the day of his blessed repose), July 11 (the transfer of his relics in 1677), and June 11 (the discovery of his relics).

Russia, Tver, 1000, 11th C Folder, Fool for Christ Arcadius oNovy Torg

Russia, Tver, 1020-1077, Arcadius oNovy Torg, Fool fChrist aVyzama then founding monk aB&G Monastery aNovtorsk under Ephraim
Russia, Rostov, 1020-1077, Arcadius oNovtorsk, Novy Torg, Rostov (Ust River 1), from rich pious merchant family iVyazama, free from world early age, Rus earliest Fool FC, copied early Greek fools Symeon&Andrew, fools not anxious fLife, eats, drink, clothes, life more tFood, body more tClothing, Paul wFool FC, weak, dishonored, hungry, thirsty, naked, buffeted, no home, work wHands, bless wReviled, endure wPersecuted, entreat wMaligned, refise otWorld, offscouring oAll things, Fool by day, Prayer aNight, concealed angelic life, people mocked appearance simplicity kindness &Ignorance oNecesities, people discovered his prayer, noted radiant face, tears, so not madman, advise always good, predictions happened, preferred silence, spoke rarely, broom before any Cross Procession, so purity required before feast, Ephraim stopped iVyzama because heard about Arcadius, A becomes disciple, E helps him avoid pride from Foolishness, so A strengthened self by spiritual struggles, tNovotorsk aEphraim, schema, founding church&B&Gmonastery, monk there, appeared iDreams aVyazma, departed peacefully 1077 ; Boris and Gleb monastery, Novy Torg. Saint Ephraim of Novy Torg, founder of the Sts Boris and Gleb monastery in the city of Novy Torg, was a native of Hungary ; Boris and Gleb monastery; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated on December 13; Venerable Arcadius was born at the beginning of the XI century in the city of Vyazma, was a member of the Syreishchikov family of merchants, were distinguished for their fervent piety. a young age, and loving the Lord with all his heart and soul, he resolved to devote his entire life to His service, and to free his soul from worldly attachments. was one of the earliest fools for the sake of Christ in Russia, may have been inspired by reading the Lives of Greek fools such as Saint Symeon of Emesa (July 21) and Saint Andrew of Constantinople (October 2). holy fools for Christ tried to live according to the words of Christ: “Do not be anxious for your life, what you shall eat, or what you shall drink, nor for your body, what you shall put on. Is not life more than food, and the body more than clothing?” (Matthew 6:25). holy fools were also mindful of Saint Paul’s words: “We are fools for Christ, but you are wise in Christ. are weak, but you are strong. You are held in honor, but we are dishonored. Until the present hour we both hunger and thirst; we are naked and buffeted, and have no fixed abode; we labor with our own hands. When we are reviled, we bless; when persecuted, we endure. When we are maligned, we entreat. We have become as the refuse of the world, the offscouring of all things, until now” (I Corinthians 4:10-13). the day, Saint Arcadius concealed his exalted angelic life by foolish behavior, people mocked his appearance, as well as his child-like simplicity, kindness, and ignorance of the necessities of life. made him seem strange and incomprehensible to worldly individuals, and his conduct became more unusual with every passing day. night, however, he devoted his time to prayer, standing atop a stone on a hill in the forest outside of town. the venerable one’s love of solitude helped him to remain unknown for a time, people soon became aware of the Saint’s virtuous life. noticed that when he prayed in church, his very appearance seemed to change. face became radiant, and his attention was completely focused on the prayers. he would weep, shedding tears of compunction and repentance. never occurred to anyone who observed him at such times that he might be a madman. his advice always seemed to be good, and his predictions always came to pass. He spoke only rarely, however, preferring to remain silent. there was a Cross Procession, Saint Arcadius would take a broom, and for two days ahead of time he swept the streets, starting from the cathedral to the church. this way he demonstrated that one must have inner purity and keep God’s commandments, especially when preparing for a Church Feast. that time, Saint Ephraim of Novotorsk (January 28) would often travel to Kiev to visit the more experienced Elders. on the way from Kiev, he stopped at Vyazma, where he heard about Arcadius. that moment, the young ascetic became the disciple of Elder Ephraim, who helped him to avoid the spiritual dangers inherent in the difficult and unusual exploit of foolishness for the sake of Christ. Ephraim taught him that being despised by others could lead the mind away from God, because knowing that one was suffering unjustly often leads to pride. such a way of life could also darken one’s mind and heart, instead of leading one to enlightenment and the renewal of the inner man (2 Corinthians 4:16). time Arcadius strengthened himself by constant spiritual struggles. joined his Spiritual Father in Novotorsk, where Saint Ephraim tonsured him into the angelic Schema. this the people of Vyazma witnessed several miracles which were accomplished through the prayers of Blessed Arcadius, he fled from worldly glory and went to a place along the upper Tvertsa River. Arcadius also participated in founding a church and monastery dedicated to the royal Passion-Bearers Boris and Gleb (May 2). moving into the new monastery, Saint Arcadius cut off his own will and obeyed his Spiritual Father, Saint Ephraim, in all things. Arcadius never missed a service; he and his spiritual guide were always the first to come to church for Matins. his Elder’s repose, the Venerable Arcadius continued to labor according to his precepts, living a life of prayer, fasting and quietude. he had lived in the Monastery of Saints Boris and Gleb for several years, he departed peacefully to the Lord on December 13, 1077. body was buried next to his Spiritual Father, Saint Ephraim. inhabitants of Torzhok and the surrounding areas frequently experienced the power of the grace-filled actions of the Venerable Arcadius, and clearly saw in them a sign of God’s favor. they turned to him with faith and prayer, they always received relief from their illnesses and deliverance from their sorrows through his intercession. holy monk often appeared to the inhabitants of the city of Vyazma in dreams and visions and delivered them from troubles and sorrows. In their minds there was no doubt concerning his holiness. canonization of Saint Arcadius of Novotorsk for local veneration apparently took place around 1584-1587. Vyazma’s church of the All-Merciful Savior (built in 1594), and a side chapel dedicated to Saint Arcadius was built soon after his glorification. combined celebration of Saints Arcadius and Ephraim was established by Metropolitan Dionysius sometime around 1584-1587. relics of Saint Arcadius, glorified by miracles of healing, were uncovered on June 11, 1572. July 11, 1677, with the blessing of Metropolitan Cornelius of Novgorod and Velikiy Luki, Archimandrite Eustathios of Novotorsk monastery solemnly recovered the incorrupt relics of the Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk and transferred them to a crypt in Saints Boris and Gleb cathedral at Novotorsk (New Market); in 1841, the left side chapel of Saints Boris and Gleb cathedral church was dedicated to Saint Arcadius. August 14, 1798 the Saint’s holy relics were placed in a stone coffin, which had served as the resting place of Saint Ephraim until 1572. solemn celebration of the 300th anniversary of the transfer of the holy relics of Saint Arcadius to the cathedral of Saints Boris and Gleb in 1677 took place in the city of Novotorsk in July of 1977. July 21, 2019, a portion of the relics of Saint Arcadius of Novotorsk were presented to the Cathedral church of Saints Boris and Gleb Monastery by Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia. Arcadius is also commemorated on August 14 (the day of his blessed repose), July 11 (the transfer of his relics in 1677), and June 11 (the discovery of his relics). Russia, Tver, 990-1075, Ephraim oNovy Torg, Tver (Tvertsa River 2), wonderworker, founder oBoris&Gleb Monastery iNovy Torg, wBrothers George&Moses left Hungary fRostov Russia, Served Prince Boris, Vladimir's son, George died wBoris 1015 River Alta, Moses tKiev Caves Monastery, Ephraim found George's head, took it to Tversta River fSolitary monk life, founded B&G m 1038, wWanderers home on Merchant's Road tNovgorod, Died old age, George's head buried wHim, relics found 1572; Novy Torg, an important post on the Moscow to St Petersburg Highway, and key to the source of grain for Novgorod; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated on January 28; Ephraim of Novy Torg, founder of the Saints Boris and Gleb monastery in the city of Novy Torg, a native of Hungary. with his brothers, Saint Moses the Hungarian (July 26) and Saint George (in Hungarian “Sandor,” pronounced “Shandor”), he quit his native land, because he was Orthodox. come to Russia, all three brothers entered into the service of the Rostov prince Saint Boris, son of Saint Vladimir (July 15). Ephraim’s brother George also perished in the year 1015 at the River Alta, with holy Prince Boris. murderers cut off his head, and took the gold medallion which he had received from Saint Boris. managed to save himself by flight, and became a monk at the Kiev Caves monastery. Ephraim, evidently in Rostov at this time, and arriving at the place of the murder, found the head of his brother and took it with him. service at the princely court, Saint Ephraim withdrew to the River Tvertsa in order to lead a solitary monastic life. several other monks settled near him, he founded a monastery in honor of the holy Passion-Bearers Boris and Gleb in the year 1038. brethren chose him to lead them. the monastery, not far from a merchant’s road to Novgorod, a wanderer’s home was built, where the poor and travelers stayed for free. Ephraim died in old age. His body was buried at the monastery he founded. head of his brother, Saint George was also placed in the grave, in accordance with his last wishes. relics of Saint Ephraim were uncovered in the year 1572.

Russia, Tver, 1200, 13th C Folder, GP Yaroslav III, Maximus Met all Russia, GP Mikhail lost to Yury oM, Tver saved by Daniel oM

Russia, Tver, 1263-1271, Great Prince, Yaroslav Yaroslavich (Yaroslav III of Tver) made Tver great power
Vladimir Great Prince, 1263-1271, Yaroslav Yaroslavich (Yaroslav III of Tver); III Yaroslavich (1230-“1271) was the first Prince of Tver and the tenth Grand Prince of Vladimir from 1264 to 1271. Yaroslav and his son Mikhail Yaroslavich presided over Tver's transformation from a sleepy village into one of the greatest centres of power in medieval Russia. All the later dukes of Tver descended from Yaroslav Yaroslavich. was a son of Yaroslav II and younger brother of Alexander Nevsky. In 1247, while still a minor, he received from his uncle the town of Tver. 1252, Yaroslav and his brother Andrey seized Alexander's capital, Pereslavl-Zalessky. Reinforced by Tatar units, Alexander presently fought it back, taking prisoner Yaroslav's children and leaving his wife as a casualty on the field of battle. Yaroslav fled to Ladoga whence he was summoned by Novgorodians to succeed Alexander as their military commander. In 1258 he visited the khan's capital in Sarai, and two years later led the Novgorod army against the Teutonic Knights. Alexander's death in 1263, Yaroslav quarrelled with Andrey as to who should become Grand Duke next. They went to the Golden Horde for arbitration, which was in favour of Yaroslav. The latter, however, settled in Novgorod and married a daughter of one local boyar. Various Novgorodian factions still conspired against him and sought to place his brother Vasily of Kostroma or Alexander's son Dmitri of Pereslavl on the throne. 1270, the armies of three princes stood for a week near the town of Staraya Russa, ready for battle. The metropolitan, however, managed to reconcile them. Yaroslav, on surrendering Novgorod to his nephew, accompanied him to Sarai. He died on his way back to Tver on 9 September 1271 and was succeeded in Tver by his eldest son Svyatoslav and then by a more famous one, Mikhail Yaroslavich. Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated on February 3; St Simeon the Bishop of Polotsk and Tver, Commemorated on February 3; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11;

Russia, Tver, 1283-1305, Maximus, Met of all Rus, throne north, MOG stay Vladimir, need Yuri D peace Michael of T, & go Horde
Russia, Kiev, 1283-1305, Maximus, Metropolitan of all Rus, from Greece in 1283, to Kiev, Tartars there, to Briansk, to Suzdal, to Volhynia, terrible times throne north to Tver, prayer, MOG stay in Vladimir 1299, recognizing needs, need Yuri D of M peace w Michael of T, need Yuri D go to Horde, Michael of T throne of V, rules for fasting, lawful marriage, gilded over grave 1305, Maximov Icon 1299 from his vision, v on crypt ; Saint Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6; Maximus, successor of Metropolitan Cyril III of Kiev (1243-1280), was a Greek by birth, and he arrived in Rus, then suffering under the Mongol (Tatar) Yoke, in 1283 as Metropolitan. saint decided to remain at Kiev, but the city was completely devastated by the plundering incursions of the Tatars. Metropolitan Maximus withdrew to Briansk, and from there to Suzdal. During his visit to Volhynia the saint met with Saint Peter the igumen of the Rata monastery, (December 21), who would succeed him as metropolitan. 1295 the saint deposed James from the bishop’s cathedra at Vladimir and replaced him with Simon. these terrible times the throne of the Great Prince was first at Vladimir, then at Pereslavl, then at Tver. lest he insult the South Russian princes by moving to the north, the saint offered fervent prayers to the Mother of God, and She indicated Vladimir as the place of his residence. the year 1299 Metropolitan Maximus went to Vladimir, and in the following year he established Saint Theoctistus (December 23) as Bishop of Novgorod. 1301, Metropolitan Maximus was in Constantinople for a Patriarchal Council, where at the urging of Saint Theognostus, Bishop of Zaraisk, he set forth questions concerning the needs of the Russian Church to be resolved by the Council. the need to build up the strength of subjugated Rus, the saint urged Prince Yuri Danilovich of Moscow to make peace with the holy Prince Michael of Tver. also advised Yuri to journey to the Horde to receive the throne. 1304, the saint installed Saint Michael of Tver (November 22) upon the Great-princely throne of Vladimir. an example of intense spiritual life for others, Metropolitan Maximus was concerned about the spiritual growth of his proverbial flock. the saint established rules for fasting for other times in addition to Great Lent. He ordained it for the Apostles’, Dormition and Nativity lenten periods, and he defined when fasting on Wednesdays and Fridays is allowed (in Russia until the fourteenth century they did not fast on the Midfeast and Leave-taking of Pascha). holy metropolitan was particularly concerned with upholding lawful marriage: “I write, therefore, about this, so that you my children, born and newly-sanctified in the baptismal font, will take your wife from the Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church, for the woman is for the salvation of the man. If you cleave to them in promiscuity without marriage, does it benefit you? No, but rather beseech and implore them, whether young or old, to be married in the Church.” saint reposed on December 6, 1305, and his body was buried in the Dormition cathedral in Vladimir. A gilded covering was built over the saint’s grave. Maximov Icon of the Mother of God (April 18) was placed on the wall above the grave of the saint. It was painted in the year 1299 following a vision to Metropolitan Maximus. A description of this vision was inscribed on the left side of the crypt. Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Icon of the Mother of God of St. Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; Saint Maximus Icon is in the cathedral church of the city of Vladimir. Metropolitan Maximus (December 6), a Greek by birth, painted the Icon in 1299, as he was told to do in a vision while he slept in his cell. When St. Maximus arrived in Vladimir from Kiev, the Mother of God appeared to him in a dream and gave him an omophorion saying, "My servant Maximus, it is good that you have come to visit my city. Take this omophorion and shepherd the rational flock of my city." he awoke, he found he was holding an omophorion. The appearance of the Mother of God was regarded as a sign of approval for the transfer of the metropolitan See from Kiev to Vladimir. description of this vision was inscribed on the left side of his crypt. The Mother of God is shown in full stature, holding the Divine Child on her left arm. With her right hand, she offers the omophorion to Saint Maximus, who is standing on a pillar. The contrast in the size of their figures is meant to show the difference in their spiritual states. A variant Icon depicts Saint Maximus kneeling at the feet of the Theotokos. a golden coffer was made, and the omophorion was placed inside. This omophorion was kept in the Vladimir cathedral as a relic for 112 years. It was hidden by the cathedral’s doorkeeper Patrick in 1412 during an invasion by the Tartars, Patrick was killed when he refused to show them where the cathedral's treasures were hidden. The coffer has not yet been found. Icon, which measures five feet by two and a half feet, has been glorified by many miracles.

Russia, Tver, 1292-1318, Mikhail oTver, G Prince, Nervsky's b, lost to Yury of M, while M was in Sarai
Russia, Moscow, 1292-1318, Mikhail of Tver, G Prince, Nervsky's b, lost to Yury of M, while M was in Sarai, born after monk father's death going to Horde, raised w love fGod by his mother, educated by Novgorod Archbishop, Tver Prince after bro Svyatoslav, 1285 built stone church, 1305 tHorde&appointed Great Prince, but Yuri oMoscow sought title, Yuri often aHorde&married Khan Uzbek's daughter& given GPrince title, Yuri began Civil war wTver, Tartar detachment wKavgadi heading, sent by Uzbek, but Tver wMichael defeated Yuri 1317, m captives incl K and Yuri's wife, wife dies, Yuri slandered M before Khan, Khan demands Michael appear Sarai and give account, M does knowing he will be killed, M farewell family&Tver, receives blessing, guilty unjust trial, death sentence, heavy wooden stocks, read Psalter wBoy turning pages, blessed Lord for allowing him to suffer for him, not deprived Christian solace, Orthodox priests, confession, Holy Mysteries, but Yuri&Kavgadi want revenge for defeat, sent assassins, tortured and cut out heart, Tartars & Orthodox see radiant clouds over body, wild animals no touch, everyone said M a saint unjustly murdered, bod to Moscow Kremlin, but wife Anna not aware, 1319 Yuri returns wMichaels yarlyk (trial edict) Tver boyars&Prince Constantine, 1319 Tver learns about M&hisMoscow burial, Anna asks Yuri permission cary M to Tver, Boyers sent, miracles arriving Moscow, incorrupt relics, Anna&sons went out toward Volga to meet wTears, relics transferred tTver 1320, local veneration soon after, 1606 M helped Russia riding out on white horse wSword forcing Poles Lithuanians to flee; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; Holy Right-Believing Prince Michael of Tver was born in the year 1272, the death of his father Great Prince Yaroslav Yaroslavich, the brother of Saint Alexander Nevsky (November 23). his journey to the Horde, Prince Yaroslav fell ill, and was tonsured as a monk with the name Athanasios, then he reposed. ’s mother, Xenia, raised her son with fervent love for God. Michael was educated and studied under the guidance of an Archbishop (probably Clement) of Novgorod. took the place of his older brother Svyatoslav in the principality of Tver. 1285 Michael built a stone church in honor of the Savior’s Transfiguration to replace of the wooden church of Saints Cosmas and Damian. the death of Great Prince Andrew Alexandrovich (+1305), Michael went to the Horde and was appointed as Great Prince by right of seniority. Yurii of Moscow would not submit to this, however, because he sought the princely title for himself. He was often at the Golden Horde of the new Khan Uzbek, who had converted to Mohammedanism, and was known for his cruelty and fanaticism. Yurii knew how to please the Khan, so he married the Khan's sister Konchaka and was given the title of Great Prince. then he did not calm down, but instead began a civil war with Tver. Yurii’s army was a detachment of Tatars sent by Uzbek, with Kavgadi at the head. the men of Tver, led by Prince Michael, defeated Yurii on December 22, 1317. Many captives were taken, including Kavgadi, whom Saint Michael released, and the Moscow Prince Yurii's wife Konchaka, who died unexpectedly at Tver. Yurii slandered Prince Michael before the Khan, accusing him of poisoning Konchaka. Khan became enraged, threatening to destroy Saint Michael’s princely holding, and demanded that he appear to give an account. wishing to spill Russian blood in an unequal struggle with the Khan, Saint Michael went humbly to the Horde, knowing that this meant certain death for him. bade farewell to his family and the people of Tver, and received a blessing for his exploit of martyrdom from his Spiritual Father Igoumen John. “Father,” said Michael, “I was much concerned for the peace of Christians, but because of my sins, I was not able to stop this civil war. give me your blessing, so that if my blood is shed for them, they might have some respite, and so the Lord may forgive my sins.” unjust trial was held at the Horde, which found the Saint guilty of disobedience to the Khan, and sentenced him to death. removed him under guard and put him in heavy wooden stocks. As was his habit, Saint Michael constantly read the Psalter in prison blessed the Lord for allowing him to suffer for Him. asked not to be abandoned in his present torments. the hands of the holy sufferer were secured in the stocks, a boy sat before him and turned the pages of the Psalter. holy captive languished at the Horde for a long time, enduring beatings and ridicule. suggested that he flee, but the Saint replied, “Never in my life have I fled from an enemy. If I save myself and my people remain in peril, what glory is that for me? No, let it be as the Lord wills.” the mercy of God, he was not deprived of Christian solace: Orthodox priests attended to him, the Igoumens Alexander and Mark. week he made his Confession and received the Holy Mysteries of Christ, thus receiving a Christian preparation for his death. the instigation of Prince Yurii and Kavgadi, who wanted revenge on Michael for their defeat, were sent into the encampment where the captive was held. November 22, 1318, they beat the Martyr severely and kicked him, then one of them stabbed Prince Michael with a knife and cut out his heart. royal Martyr’s naked body was exposed for abuse, and later they covered him with a cloth and placed him on a large board attached to a cart. Two guards were posted to watch the body that night, but fear overcame them and they fled. the morning, the body was not on the board. the previous night many, not only Orthodox but Tatars as well, had seen two radiant clouds shining over the place where the Martyr's body lay. many wild animals roamed the steppes, not one of them touched him. the morning everyone said, “Prince Michael is a Saint, and was unjustly murdered." the body of the martyred Prince was brought to Moscow and buried in the Kremlin's Monastery of the Savior in the Transfiguration church. Anna was not yet aware of her husband's martyrdom. year later, Prince Yurii returned from the Khan with Michael's yarlyk.1 He brought with him the Tver boyars and Prince Constantine from the Horde. year later, in 1319, the people of Tver learned the fate of their Prince, his death, and his burial in Moscow. Anna and her children asked Prince Yurii of Moscow for permission to carry the holy relics to Tver, and he barely gave his consent. boyars from Tver were sent to Moscow to bring Saint Michael's body back to Tver. they arrived in Moscow they witnessed a remarkable miracle by which the Lord was pleased to glorify His Saint: his body showed no signs of decay. boyars took the coffin with the Holy Prince's relics and carried them to Tver with much honor. the procession approached the city, Princess Anna and her sons Dēmḗtrios, Alexander and Basil went toward the Volga, and Bishop Barsanuphios, with all the priests of the cathedral and countless people, met the holy relics on the shore. was much sobbing, so loud that the choir could not be heard, and Princess Anna wept bitter tears. the request of his wife, Saint Anna of Kashin (October 2), and the people of Tver, the relics of Saint Michael were transferred to his native city, on September 6, 1320 they were placed in the church he had built in honor of the Lord's Transfiguration. veneration of the Holy Prince began soon after the transfer of his relics to Tver, his Church-wide glorification took place at the Council of 1549. November 24, 1632 the incorrupt relics of Saint Michael were uncovered. martyred Prince has often helped the Russian land. 1606 the Polish and Lithuanians besieging Tver repeatedly saw an unknown horseman ride out from the city on a white horse, with sword in hand, forcing them to flee. when they saw an icon of Saint Michael, they affirmed with an oath to Archbishop Theoktistos of Tver that the horseman was indeed Saint Michael. 1 ярлык: An emblem of Saint Michael's office as Great Prince. Tver, 1304-1318, Vladimir Great Prince, Mikhail of Tver; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8 ; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Zachariah the Ascetic of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8;

Russia, Tver, 1293, Mozhaisk and Tver joined to and saved by Daniel of Moscow
Russia, Tver, 1293, Mozhaisk and Tver joined to and saved by Daniel of Moscow; 1272, Prince Daniel received as his allotted portion the city of Moscow and its adjacent lands. The holy prince built a church (and a monastery beside it) in honor of his patron saint, Saint Daniel the Stylite (December 11) on the banks of the River Moskva. this period, the Moscow principality was small and unobtrusive. While growing up, Prince Daniel strengthened and expanded it, not in unjust or coercive ways, but peacefully and with benevolence. It was a time of unrest. Fratricidal strife among the appanage princes was rife. Often bloodshed was averted, thanks to Prince Daniel and his incessant striving for unity and peace in the Russian Land. 1293 his brother, the Great Prince Alexander, with Tatars summoned from the Horde and headed by Diuden (“the Diudenev Hostâ€), laid waste to Russian cities: Murom, Suzdal, Kolomna, Dmitrov, Mozhaisk, and Tver. Prince Daniel decided to join them to Moscow to save their people from perishing, for they were not strong enough to resist. prince braced himself for terrible destruction and pillaging. Standing up for his rights, Saint Daniel was compelled to come out against his brother near a place called Yurievo Tolchische (“Yurievo Threshing-Millâ€), but his desire for peace prevailed, and bloodshed was averted. Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4;

Russia, Tver, 1300, 14th C Folder, Mikhail oT lost GP tYury D, Mike's wife Anna, Civil War wMoscow, St Sava, Yuri oS, Yuri oZ

Russia, Tver, 1304-1318, Mikhail of T, Nervsky's n, lost GP to Yury D, Novgorod, Khan's sister, k by Horde, incorrupt relics
Tver, 1304-1318, Vladimir Great Prince, Mikhail of Tver; Yaroslavich (1271 - 22 November 1318), also known as Michael of Tver, was a Prince of Tver (from 1285) who ruled as Grand Prince of Vladimir from 1304 until 1314 and again from 1315–1318. was canonized and counted among the saints of the Russian Orthodox Church. Yaroslavich was the second son of Yaroslav III (Yaroslav Yaroslavich), the younger brother of Aleksandr Nevsky; he succeeded his elder brother Yaroslav as Prince of Tver in 1285. mother Xenia was the second spouse to Yaroslav III and is known as the saint Xenia of Tarusa. the death of Andrei Aleksandrovich (Aleksandr Nevsky's son and Yaroslav's nephew), Mikhail became the Grand Prince of Vladimir in 1304, as was consistent with the rota system of collateral succession that had been practised in Rus since the time of Yaroslav the Wise. He was confirmed in office by Tokhta, Khan of the Golden Horde.[1] as Grand Prince and Rivalry with Moscow[edit] he seemed secure in the throne, being the legitimate heir and having been confirmed by the Khan in Sarai, Grand Prince Mikhail suffered a series of setbacks as grand prince which led to him losing the grand princely office for both himself and, in some ways, ultimately for his descendants. He was, like most Grand Princes of Vladimir, accepted as Prince of Novgorod the Great in 1309,[2] but fought with Novgorod, going so far as to withdraw his lieutenants (namestniki) and cut off grain shipments into the city in 1312. Last Words, by Pimen Orlov he was on decent terms with Tokhta Khan, and initially with his successor, Uzbeg Khan (Mikhail paid homage on Uzbeg's accession to the throne in 1313 and remained in Sarai until 1315), he eventually lost influence to Yury of Moscow, who gained influence in Novgorod while the grand prince was away in Sarai. Mikhail did manage to finally take control of the city in 1316 with Mongol aid, but the following year Uzbeg Khan gave the yarlik or patent of office of the Grand Prince of Vladimir to Yury, who also married Uzbeg's sister.[3] granting Yury the iarlyk or patent of office, the Khan sent his army under the Mongol general Kavgadii to help Yuri in his struggle with Mikhail Yaroslavich. On 22 December 1317 Mikhail defeated Yuri at a village called Bortenevo (40 km from Tver). Mikhail captured Yuri's wife, who was the Khan's sister. When she died in Mikhail's custody, he was blamed for her death, although it seems unlikely that he would have killed her knowing how much it would hurt him politically for such little gain. He released Kavgadii, who returned to Sarai and accused Mikhail of murdering the Khan's sister, withholding tribute, and warring against his Mongol overlord. As a result, Mikhail was summoned to the Horde by the Khan and executed on 22 November 1318.[4] and the Church[edit] also alienated the Church, particularly Metropolitan Petr (ruled 1308-1326). When Metropolitan Maksim died in 1305, Mikhail nominated another candidate, but Petr was consecrated by the Patriarch of Constantinople. Petr sided with Moscow and opposed Mikhail on several occasions. In 1309, he appointed David as Archbishop of Novgorod and David was instrumental in the argument that led Mikhail to withdraw his lieutenants and cut the grain supplies to the city. In 1314, Novgorod called on Yury to be named grand prince and for Mikhail to be deposed. Thus the support of the Church aided Yury to Mikhail's detriment.[5] his having been unfavored by the Russian Orthodox Church during his lifetime, the Church later declared Mikhail a saint because of his piousness during his summons by the Khan which he knew was to certain death and because his relics, when transported to his hometown, were discovered to be incorrupt.[6] and children[edit] In 1294 Mikhail married Princess Anna of Rostov, daughter of Dimitry of Rostov. They had five children: Prince Dmitry of Tver (1299–1326) Prince Alexander of Tver (1301–1339) Prince Konstantin of Tver (1306–1346) Prince Vasily of Kashin (d. after 1368) Feodora of Tver Mikhail's sons and successors Dmitry the Terrible Eyes and Alexander were both also loved in the Horde, as was Alexander's elder son, Mikhail. Both Aleksandr Mikhailovich, and Mikhail Aleksandrovich briefly held the Grand Princely office (in 1326-1327 and 1371-1372 respectively)[7] but Mikhail's failure to defeat Yury of Moscow, followed by Aleksandr's role (real or perceived) in the Tver Uprising of 1327, led the Tver branch to lose the favor of the Khans, and the Danilovich - the Muscovite princes, held the title for all but two years after 1317. wife took the veil in Kashin's nunnery and died there on 2 October 1368. She is commemorated as Anna of Kashin by the Russian Orthodox Church and was canonized in 1677. Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8 ; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Zachariah the Ascetic of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8;

Russia, Tver, 1305-1368, Anna, Mike of T's wife, righteous sons, miracles at her grave, old Believers, 2nd glorification
Moscow, 1305-1368, Saint Anna of Kashin; Anna of Kashin (Russian: Ð¡Ð²ÑÑ‚Ð°Ñ [Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑ€Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ½ÑÐ³Ð¸Ð½Ñ - Ð¸Ð½Ð¾ÐºÐ¸Ð½Ñ] ÐÐ½Ð½Ð° ÐšÐ°ÑˆÐ¸Ð½ÑÐºÐ°Ñ) (1280 – 2 October 1368) was a Russian princess from the Rurik Dynasty, who was canonized in 1650. was a daughter of Prince Dmitry Borisovich of Rostov and a great-granddaughter of Prince Vasily of Rostov. From her earliest years, Anna was brought up strictly Christian. She was taught the virtues of humility and obedience. Her teacher was Saint Ignatius, Bishop of Rostov (died 1288), who was noted for strict selflessness and pacifism. Like all royal daughters of her time, Anna learned different kinds of needlework. When the princess grew up, Princess Xenia of Tver, second wife of Grand Prince Yaroslav of Tver sent ambassadors to Rostov with a request to marry Anna to her son Mikhail. The embassy was successful, and Anna became the wife of Prince Mikhail. Anna's marriage to Prince Mikhail took place on 8 November 1294 in the Preobrazhensky cathedral of Tver. In celebration of this event, dwellers in the city of Kashin built the Saint Michael Church and the triumphal gates from the local Kremlin to the Tver road, naming the gates also "Mikhaylovsky." In the Kashin Uspensky cathedral a special Feast was established and celebrated annually on 8 November. Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, a daughter of the Rostov prince Demetrius Borisovich, in 1294 became the wife of the holy Great Prince Michael Yaroslavich of Tver, who was murdered by the Mongol-Tatars of the Horde in 1318, (November 22). After the death of her husband, Anna withdrew into Tver’s Sophia monastery and accepted tonsure with the name Euphrosyne. Later, she transferred to the Kashin Dormition monastery, and became a schemanun with the name Anna. She fell asleep in the Lord on October 2, 1338. Anna’s sons also imitated their father’s steadfast confession of faith in Christ. Demetrius Mikhailovich (“Dread Eyesâ€) was murdered at the Horde on September 15, 1325; and later, Alexander Mikhailovich, Prince of Tver, was murdered together with his son Theodore on October 29, 1339. at Saint Anna’s grave began in 1611, during the siege of Kashin by Polish and Lithuanian forces. There was also a great fire in the city which died down without doing much damage. The saint, dressed in the monastic schema, appeared to Gerasimus, a gravely ill warden of the Dormition cathedral. She promised that he would recover, but complained, “People show no respect for my tomb. They ignore it and my memory! Do you not know that I am supplicating the Lord and His Mother to deliver the city from the foe, and that you be spared many hardships and evils?â€ She ordered him to tell the clergy to look after her tomb, and to light a candle there before the icon of Christ Not-Made-By-Hands. the Council of 1649 it was decided to uncover her relics for general veneration and to glorify the holy Princess Anna as a saint. But in 1677 Patriarch Joachim proposed to the Moscow Council that her veneration throughout Russia should be discontinued because of the Old Believers Schism, which made use of the name of Saint Anna of Kashin for its own purposes. When she was buried her hand had been positioned to make the Sign of the Cross with two fingers, rather than three. However, the memory of Saint Anna, who had received a crown of glory from Christ, could not be erased by decree. People continued to love and venerate her, and many miracles took place at her tomb. June 12, 1909 her second glorification took place, and her universally observed Feast day was established. Her Life describes her as a model of spiritual beauty and chastity, and an example to future generations.

Russia, Tver, 1317, Moscow Civil War with Tver, Yuri D defeated by Michael T, Yuri's wife d, slander, k, radiant clouds
Tver, 1317, Moscow Intercene (Civil) War with Tver , Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22 ; Holy Right-Believing Prince Michael of Tver was born in the year 1272, after the death of his father Great Prince Yaroslav Yaroslavich, a brother of holy Prince Alexander Nevsky (November 23). On the journey to the Horde, Prince Yaroslav fell ill, and was tonsured a monk with the name Athanasius, then died. Michael’s mother, Xenia, raised her son in fervent love for God. Michael was educated and studied under the guidance of the Archbishop (probably Clement) of Novgorod. He took the place of his older brother Svyatoslav in the principality of Tver. 1285 he built a stone church in honor of the Savior’s Transfiguration in place of the wooden church of Saints Cosmas and Damian. the death of Great Prince Andrew Alexandrovich (+1305), Michael went to the Horde and received the grant to the great princely throne by right of seniority. Prince Yurii Danilovich of Moscow would not submit to this, because he sought the princely rule for himself. He was often at the Golden Horde of the new Khan Uzbek, who had accepted Mohammedanism and was distinguished by his cruelty and fanaticism. Prince Yurii knew how to please the Khan, and he married his sister Konchaka and became Great Prince. then he did not calm down, but instead began an internecine war with Tver. In Yurii’s army was a detachment of Tatars sent by Uzbek, with Kavgadi at the head. But the men of Tver, with holy Prince Michael at the head, on December 22, 1317 defeated Yurii. Many captives were taken, including Kavgadi, whom Saint Michael released, and the Moscow prince’s wife Konchaka, who unexpectedly died at Tver. Yurii slandered Saint Michael before the Khan, accusing him of poisoning Konchaka. The Khan became enraged, threatening to destroy Saint Michael’s princely holding, and demanded that he appear to give an account. Not wishing to spill Russian blood in an unequal struggle with the Khan, Saint Michael humbly went to the Horde, knowing that this meant death for him. He bid his his family and the Tver people farewell, and received a blessing for his exploit of martyrdom from his spiritual Father Igumen John. “Father,” said the saint, “I was much concerned for the peace of Christians, but through my sins, I was not able to stop internecine war. Now give me your blessing, so that if my blood is spilled for them, they might have some respite, and that the Lord will forgive my sins.” the Horde an unjust trial was held, which found the saint guilty of disobedience to the Khan, and sentenced him to death. They removed him under guard and put him in a heavy wooden stock. As was his habit, Saint Michael constantly read the Psalter in prison and blessed the Lord for granting him to suffer for Him. He asked not to be abandoned in his present torments. Since the hands of the holy sufferer were secured in the stock, a boy sat before him and turned the pages of the Psalter. The holy captive languished at the Horde for a long time, enduring beatings and ridicule. They suggested that he flee, but the saint bravely answered, “In all my life I never fled from an enemy. If I save myself and my people remain in peril, what glory is that to me? No, let it be as the Lord wills.” the mercy of God, he was not deprived of Christian solace: Orthodox priests attended to him, the igumens Alexander and Mark. Each week he made his Confession and received the Holy Mysteries of Christ, thus receiving a Christian preparation for his death. At the instigation of Prince Yurii and Kavgadi, who took revenge on the holy prince for their defeat, assassins rushed into the encampment where the captive was held. They fiercely beat the martyr and kicked him with their feet, then one of them stabbed Saint Michael with a knife. holy martyr’s naked body was exposed for abuse, and later they covered him with a cloth and placed him on a large board attached to a cart. By night two guards were set to watch the body, but fear seized them and they fled. In the morning, his body was not on the board. the previous night many, not only Orthodox but also Tatars, had seen two radiant clouds shining over the place where the body of the martyr lay. Although many wild animals roamed the steppes, not one of them had touched him. In the morning everyone said, “Prince Michael is a saint, and was innocently murdered.” From the Horde the body of the prince was transferred to Moscow, where they buried him in the church of the Savior-Wood in the Kremlin. a year later, in 1318, the people of Tver learned the fate of their prince. At the wish of his wife, the right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin (October 2), and at the request of the people of Tver, the relics of Saint Michael were transferred to his native city, and on September 6, 1320 were placed in the church he built in honor of the Transfiguration of the Lord. Local veneration of the holy Prince began soon after the transfer of his relics to Tver, and the general Church glorification of the saint took place at a 1549 Council. November 24, 1632 the incorrupt relics of Saint Michael were uncovered. The holy Prince has often helped the Russian land. In 1606 the Polish and Lithuanians besieging Tver repeatedly saw a wondrous horseman ride out from the city upon a white horse with sword in hand, turning them to flight. Later, when they saw an icon of holy Prince Michael, they affirmed with an oath to Archbishop Theoctistus of Tver that the horseman was indeed Saint Michael himself. Prince Yurii Danilovich of Moscow; Yuri was often at the Golden Horde of the new Khan Uzbek, who had accepted Mohammedanism and was distinguished by his cruelty and fanaticism.; Yuri'™s army was a detachment of Tatars sent by Uzbek, with Kavgadi at the head. the men of Tver, with holy Prince Michael at the head, on December 22, 1317 defeated Yurii. captives were taken, including Kavgadi, whom St Michael released, and the Moscow prince'™s wife Konchaka, who unexpectedly died at Tver. released Kavgadii, who returned to Sarai and accused Mikhail of murdering the Khan's sister, withholding tribute, and warring against his Mongol overlord. As a result, Mikhail was summoned to the Horde by the Khan and executed on November 22, 1318.

Russia, Tver, 1325-1362, Moses, 1325 Archbishop oNovogrod, first bishop by Moscow, built many N churches&M, incorrupt relics
Russia, Novgorod, 1325-1362, Moses tArchbishop oNovgorod & Archmandrite oYuriev Monastery, Novgorod (Volkhov River 1), fNovgorod, ran away tTver's Otroch m, became monk &hieromonk (priestmonk), later archimandrite(important m abbot) oYuriev m, his parents found him, transferred to N, then Archbishop oNovgorod i1325, the first bishop consecration in Moscow, quarrels, factions, conflagrations, misfortunes, so he sought monastic solitude, 4yrs retired to asceticism, suceeded by Basil, 1330 tKolmov m tranquility, soon found desolate Derevyuanitsa, built stone church, 20 yrs monastic deeds, returned N after Basils death, defended downtrodden, protected destitute widows, employed copyists, many books written, confirmed many, 1354 permission wear many crosses, sent him a set, permission deal directly with Constantinople Patriarch, hierarch till 1361, built many churches in N, 1352 stone church aVolotva, 1355 m & stone church iSkovordka, 1357 churches for 3 m (Radogovitsa near Volotov, Holy S m, woman's m founded by Moses), 1359 sick withdrew tSkovorodsk founded bM, died 1362, incorrupt relics uncovered 1686 Yuriev Monastery; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 25 ; Moses, Archbishop of Novgorod (1325-1330, 1352-1359), in the world Metrophanes, was born at Novgorod. his youth he secretly left his home and entered Tver’s Otroch monastery, where he became a monk. parents found him, and at their insistence he transferred to a monastery near Novgorod. this monastery he was ordained as a hieromonk, later he was appointed archimandrite of the Yuriev monastery. the death of Archbishop David of Novgorod, Saint Peter (December 21) consecrated Moses as Archbishop of Novgorod in 1325. was the first episcopal consecration to be performed in Moscow. Moses did not guide his Novgorod flock for long, however. quarrels and contentious factions, the conflagrations and other misfortunes weighed heavily on his soul, which sought monastic solitude. four years, he petitioned to be allowed to retire and live in asceticism. He was succeeded by Saint Basil. 1330 the saint withdrew to the Kolmov monastery for tranquillity. did not remain here very long, either. found a desolate spot at Derevyanitsa, where he built the stone church of the Resurrection of Christ. this place the monk spent more than twenty years at monastic deeds. Basil’s death, Saint Moses yielded to the requests of the Novgorod people to be their archpastor once again. ancient chronicler describes Saint Moses in this way: “He shepherded his flock as a good pastor; defended the downtrodden, and protected destitute widows; employed a company of copyists, and because of him many books were written, he confirmed many in piety by his guidance.” the year 1354 Patriarch Philotheus of Constantinople (1354-1355, 1364-1376), as a token of his deep respect for Saint Moses gave him permission to wear polystavrion vestments (“many crosses”), and even sent him a set. also permitted Saint Moses to deal directly with the Patriarch of Constantinople without intermediaries. Moses continued as hierarch for seven years, period marked by the building of many churches in Novgorod and its environs. 1352 the saint built a stone church in honor of the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos at Volotova; 1355 a monastery was built in a place named Skovorodka, with a stone church in honor of the holy Archangel Michael. 1357, churches were also built at three monasteries: Radogovitsa near the Volotov Dormition church, the Holy Spirit monastery, at a women’s monastery. churches were named for Saint John the Theologian (the first and third of these monasteries were founded by Saint Moses). 1359, feeling weak and sick, the saint withdrew into the Monastery of the Archangel Michael in Skovorodsk which he had founded. Moses labored here in asceticism until his death on January 25, 1362. was buried at the cathedral church. Feast of Saint Moses on April 19 commemorates the uncovering of his incorrupt relics in 1686.

Russia, Tver, 1337-1407, Sabbas of Storozhi and Radonezh, Saint Sava
Russia, Tver, 1337-1407, Sabbas of Storozhi and Radonezh, Saint Sava ; Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, Tver; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated November 17 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Tver, 1345-1406, Sava of Zvenigorod, constant toil, lamenting, trembling, model of humility, confessor tAll, incorrupt r
Russia, Tver, 1345-1406, Sava of Zvenigorod, constant toil, lamenting, trembling, model of humility, confessor to all, incorrupt relics, tonsured bSergius oRadonezh, his mentor, loved solitude, avoided conversation, constant toil, lamenting his soul's poverty, trembling God's judgement, model oSimplicity humility, attained spiritual wisdom, Radonezh confessor, excedingly learned, became igumen aDemetry otDon's Dubenka River monastery, ate plants, wore coarse clothing, slept oGround, 1392 igumen Trinity-Sergius, built well, Yuri oZ, Sergius' godson, chose Savva spiritual father, come bless my whole family, begged to stay, prayed before icon, accepted, new Storozhi monastery 1399, dug well, carried water, wooden palisade circling m, hollow cell above it, 1399 blessed Yuri campaign, speedy victory, stone church, died 1406, appointed Savva II igumen, miraculous curative power from his grave, numerous appearances, divine light illuminating all, 1539 called wonderworker, 1480 appeared t4th igumen, I am Savva tFounder othis place, dream verified by one who knew him, obeyed command paint Icon oSavva, incorrupt relics 1652; Russia, Tver, 1345-1406, Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Tver, Moscow River 3, Trinity-Sergiev Lavra 1345, solitude, constant toil, lamenting, trembling, model of simplicity and humility, father confessor to all, Donskoy's Dubenka River monastery 1380, 1392 Trinity monastery, Yuri of Z's monastery 1399 , Opening incorrupt relics 1652; Cape of Storozhev (Zvenigorod, Moscova River 2), Steep Banks of the Moscova River; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; we commemorate opening of the incorrupt relics of Saint Savva of Storozhev and Zvenigorod on January 19, 1652. Savva is also also commemorated on December 3, as determined by the Moscow Council of 1547. Venerable Savva, Igoumen of Zvenigorod, Disciple of Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; Savva of Zvenigorod forsook the world in his early youth, and received the monastic tonsure from Saint Sergius of Radonezh (September 25 and July 5), and was his disciple and fellow-ascetic. Savva loved solitude, and avoided conversing with people. He lived in constant toil, lamenting the poverty of his soul, and trembling before the judgment of God. He was a model of simplicity and humility, and he attained such a depth of spiritual wisdom that “in the monastery of Saint Sergius he was the Father Confessor to all the brethren, a venerable and exceedingly learned Elder.” Great Prince Demetrios of the Don built the monastery of the Dormition of the Mother of God at the Dubenka River, in gratitude for the victory over Mamai, Savva became the Igoumen, with the blessing of Saint Sergius. Maintaining the simple manner of his life of asceticism, he ate plants, wore coarse clothing and slept on the ground. the departure of their Igoumen Saint Nikon (November 17) into the wilderness in 1392, the brethren of the Trinity-Saint Sergius Lavra asked Saint Savva to become the Igoumen of the monastery. Here he “shepherded the flock entrusted to him well, to the best of his ability, helped by the prayers of his Spiritual Father, Saint Sergius.” According to Tradition, the well outside the Lavra walls was built while he was Igoumen. Yuri of Zvenigorod, a godson of Saint Sergius, regarded Saint Savva with much love and esteem. He chose Saint Savva as his Spiritual Father and begged him to come and bestow his blessing upon his entire household. The Saint had hoped to return to his monastery, but the Prince begged him to stay and establish a new monastery, “in his fatherland, near Zvenigorod, at a place called Storozhi.” Savva acceded to the request of Prince Yuri, and praying tearfully before an icon of the Mother of God, he entreated her protection for that site in the wilderness. On Storozhi Hill, he built a small wooden church in honor of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos, and nearby a small cell for himself. Here he established a monastery in 1399, with paternal love he accepted all who came seeking a life of quietude and seclusion. Savva worked very hard to build up the monastery. He dug a well at the foot of the hill, from which he carried water on his own shoulders. He encircled the monastery with a wooden palisade, and in a hollow above it, he dug out a cell where he could live in solitude. 1399 Saint Savva blessed his spiritual son, Prince Yuri, to go on a military campaign, predicting that the enemy would be defeated. Through the prayers of the holy Elder, the forces of the Prince won a speedy victory. Through the efforts of Saint Savva, a stone church of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos was built to replace the old wooden one. Savva went to the Lord at an advanced age on December 3, 1406. He appointed his disciple, who was also named Savva, as his successor. of the holy God-pleaser by the local people began immediately after his death. The miraculous curative power issuing from the Saint's grave, and his numerous appearances, convinced everyone that Igoumen Savva was "truly an unsetting sun of divine light, illumining all with its miraculous rays.” In a letter of 1539 Saint Savva was called a wonderworker. Tsar Alexis Mikhailovich had a special veneration for him, repeatedly visiting the monastery of Saint Savva on foot. Tradition has preserved for us a remarkable account of how Saint Savva was saved from a ferocious bear. Life of Saint Savva, compiled in the XVI century, relates how at the end of the XV century (1480-1490), the Saint appeared to Father Dionysios, the fourth Igoumen of Saint Savva Monastery and said: “Dionysios! Wake up and paint my icon.” When Father Dionysios asked who he was, he replied, “I am Savva, the founder of this place.” Father Dionysios had not known the Saint personally, so he summoned Elder Habakkuk, who had known Saint Savva in his youth, hoping to convince himself that his dream was not a delusion. He described the Saint's outward appearance, and Father Habakkuk assured him that the Saint looked exactly as the Igoumen had seen him in the dream. Then Father Dionysios obeyed the command and painted an icon of Saint Savva. Feast Day of Saint Savva was established at the Moscow Council of 1547. His incorrupt relics were recovered on January 19, 1652.

Russia, Tver, 1386-1408, Prince Yury of Smolensk, Killed Juliana
Tver, 1386-1408, Prince Yury of Smolensk; St. Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21;

Russia, Tver, 1394-1434, Prince Yury of Zvenigorod
Tver, 1394-1434, Prince Yury of Zvenigorod; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3;

Russia, Tver, 1400, 15th C Folder, Sabbatius oTver, Joseph oVolokolamsk

Russia, Tver, 1401-1434, Sabbatius oTver, wArsenitus, estab monastery, taught famous ascetics, strict, holy, chains, silence
Russia, Tver, 1401-1434, Sabbatius oTver (Tversta River Mouth, Volga River 4), wArsenitus, estab monastery 15V away, taught famous ascetics, strict, holy, chains, silence; Tver; Saint Sabbatius of Tver, Commemorated on March 2; Sabbatius of Tver pursued asceticism with the blessing of Saint Arsenius, Bishop of Tver, at a distance 15 versts from Tver. Sabbatius established a monastery there, known for the strictness and holiness of its rule. ascetics as Saint Joseph of Volokolamsk (September 9) and Saint Cornelius of Komel (May 19) went there to be instructed in monasticism. chains found in the cave where Saint Sabbatius practiced silence testify to his ascetic deeds. died no later than the year 1434.

Russia, Tver, 1406, Juliana oVyazma, virtues&chastity, wYuri fled Vitovt over hill tTver, adultry, J wounded Y, Y killed J
Russia, Kiev, 1406, Juliana oVyazma, Ukraine (Vyazna River 1) &Novy Torg Tver close by across the hill in Vladai Hills, Princess oVyazma&Novy Torg, Maximus Danilov daughter, known virtues&chastity, Husband Prince Simeon oV wPrince Yuri oSmolensk fled because Lithuanian P Vitovt had seized their lands, then Basil oMoscow gave Torzhok Tver tThem, Yuri wanted adultry wJ, but J faithful, Yuri killed husband Simeon, tried to rape, but J wounded him wKnife, J ordered her hands feet cut off and body thrown into Tversta River, Yuri fled tTartars, no peace, tRyazan wilderness; Vyazma; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated December 21 ; Juliana, Princess of Vyazma and Novy Torg, daughter of the noble Maximus Danilov, known for her virtues and her chastity. spouse, Prince Simeon of Vyazma, and also Prince Yuri of Smolensk, were compelled to flee their native lands, which the Lithuanian prince Vitovt had seized. Prince Basil of Moscow bestowed the Tver city of Torzhok upon the exiled princes. Yuri became captivated by Juliana’s beauty and tried in every way to persuade her to commit adultery, Juliana remained faithful to her husband. a feast, Prince Yuri killed Juliana’s husband, in the hope of taking her by force. Juliana resisted the ravisher, wounding him with a knife. enraged Prince Yuri ordered that her hands and feet be cut off, and that her body be thrown into the Tvertsa River. by his conscience and censured by everyone, Prince Yuri fled to the Tatars, even there he did not find peace. settled in the Ryazan wilderness where he died in 1408. martyrdom of Saint Juliana occurred in the winter of 1406. the spring of 1407, they saw the body of Princess Juliana floating in the river. A certain peasant heard a voice from above, commanding that the body of Saint Juliana be buried in the Torzhok cathedral on the right side by the south doors. tomb for her body was afterwards built at the Savior-Transfiguration cathedral, where many received healing from her. connection with the glorification of Saint Juliana on June 2, 1819 a chapel was built on the right-hand side, and dedicated to her. the cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Lord, where earlier there had been a chapel over the grave of the saint, a church was built and also dedicated to Saint Juliana in 1906.

Russia, Tver, 1444-1504, Paisius oUglich, copied spiritual books, founded 2Monasteries, wonderwrkr, relics glorified bMiracles
Russia, Rostov, 1444-1504, Paisius oUglich, Rostov (Uchma River, Volga River 7), founded 2Monasteries, wonderworker, Igumen, fKashin, Tver, tUncle Macarius oKalyazin a11, obedience fasting prayer, copying soul-saving books, famed teacher, 1464 founded cenobitic Protection m for Prince Andrew, 1489 founded organized N G m, lived old age died 1504, relics glorified bMiracles; Uglich; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8 ; Paisius of Uglich was igumen of the Protection monastery, near Uglich. was born in the Tver district near the city of Kashin, he was a nephew of Saint Macarius of Kalyazin (March 17). Paisius entered his uncle’s monastery after the death of his parents, when he was just an eleven-year-old child. his uncle’s guidance, Saint Paisius led a monastic life of obedience, fasting and prayer, he was put to work copying soul-saving books. “A man wondrous of spirit, famed teacher of holiness and most astounding wonderworker, founded (in 1464) the cenobitic Protection monastery three versts from Uglich the wish of Prince Andrew, he was chosen igumen.” Paisius was also “founder and organizer of the holy Nikolsky Grekhozaruchnya monastery in 1489.” at the Protection monastery, Saint Paisius lived into old age and died on June 6, 1504. relics, glorified by miracles, rest beneath a crypt in the Protection monastery.

Russia, Tver, 1460-1515, Saint and Author, Joseph of Volokolamsk
Russia, Tver, 1460-1515, Saint and Author, Joseph of Volokolamsk; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18;

Russia, Tver, 1500, 16th C Folder, Nilus oStolbensk Lake, Volokolamsk Icon

Russia, Tver, 1504-1554, Nilus oStolbensk Lake, strict fasting, stillness, never lie down, aroused enemy, woods fire, blind robbers
Russia, Tver, 1504-1554, Nilus oStolbensk Lake, Tver (Volga River Source), 1505 Savva oKrypetsk monk, Pskov, 10yrs, River Sereml&Ostashkova, 13yrs, incl devil as reptiles wild beasts, people came so led by voice tLake Seliger&Stolobnoye island, dense forest, dug cave from small hill, built hut, 26 yrs, strict fasting, stillness, never lie down, enemy aroused, fire to woods, flames out miraculously, robbers to Icon treasure in corner, blinded, repentence tears, many other miracles, refused gifts from impure, prepared his own grave, ltime of death ast Holy mysteries, censed icons and died; Stolbensk Lake; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Nilus of Stolobnoye was born into a peasant family in a small village of the Novgorod diocese. the year 1505 he was tonsured at the monastery of Saint Savva of Krypetsk (August 28) near Pskov. ten years in ascetic life at the monastery he set out to the River Sereml, on the side of the city of Ostashkova; for thirteen years he led a strict ascetic life in incessant struggle against the snares of the devil, who took on the appearance of reptiles and wild beasts. of the inhabitants of the surrounding area started coming to the monk for instruction, but this became burdensome for him and he prayed God to show him a place for deeds of quietude. after long prayer he heard a voice saying, “Nilus! Go to Lake Seliger. upon the island of Stolobnoye you can be saved!” Saint Nilus learned the location of this island from people who visited him. When he arrived there, he was astonished by its beauty. island, in the middle of the lake, was covered over by dense forest. Nilus found a small hill and dug out a cave, after a while he built a hut, in which he lived for twenty-six years. his exploits of strict fasting and stillness [ie. hesychia] added another —he never lay down to sleep, but permitted himself only a light nap, leaning on a prop set into the wall of the cell. pious life of the monk frequently roused the envy of the Enemy of mankind, evidenced itself through the spiteful action of the local inhabitants. time someone set fire to the woods on the island where stood the saint’s hut, the flames went out in miraculous manner upon reaching the hill. time robbers forced their way into the hut. The monk said to them: “All my treasure is in the corner of the cell.” In this corner stood an icon of the Mother of God, but the robbers began to search there for money and became blinded. Then with tears of repentance they begged for forgiveness. Nilus performed many other miracles. He would refuse gifts if the conscience of the one offering it to him was impure, or if they were in bodily impurity. of his approaching end, Saint Nilus prepared a grave for himself. the time of his death, an igumen from one of the nearby monasteries came to the island and communed him with the Holy Mysteries. the igumen’s departure, Saint Nilus prayed for the last time, censing around the holy icons and the cell, and surrendered his soul to the Lord on December 7, 1554. translation of his holy relics (now venerated at the church of the Icon of the Mother of God “Of the Sign” in the city of Ostashkova) took place in the year 1667, with feastdays established both on the day of his death, and on May 27.

Russia, Tver, 1505-1556, Maximus tGreek, Translated Psalms into Slavonic, suffered unjust persecution patiently, grave grace
Greece, 1505-1556, Maximus tGreek, fArta, Epirus, Greece (Arta Bridge, Arachthos River 3), rich dignatary's son, studied languages sciences iEurope, Paris Florence Venice, tAthos Vatopedi m, there studied ancient manuscripts left there by Emperors Monks Andronicus Paleologos&John Kantakuzenos, Moscow GP Basil III translator tSlavic, Anotated Psalms first, some imperfections but Met liked his work, New Met things changed, Met Daniel wanted Max to translate history containing Arius' letters, Max refused, rift between them, Max continued Russia spiritual enlightenment, letters against moslems, Roman Catholics, and Pagans, translated Chrysostom's Matthew&John commentaries, +Own works, GP wanted divorce but Max sent him advice not to yield bestial passions, Prince never forgave Max, locked in prison, much suffering, translation mistakes regarded deliberate, difficult but Max granted the great mercy of God, Angel appeared, endure father, temporary pain for eternal torments deliverance, wrote present cannon on prison wall, as manna from heaven, fill my soul with Holy Spirit, that through HS I may serve thee always, after 6yrs sent tTver, wrote patience suffering unjustly, after 20 yrs aTver excommunication removed, tTrinity Sergiev for rest of life, reposed 1556, buried there, many grace manifistations, on Radonezh Saints Icon Arta, Greece (Arachthos River 3) Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; Maximus the Greek was the son of a rich Greek dignitary in the city of Arta (Epiros), he received a splendid education. his youth he travelled widely and he studied languages and sciences (i.e. intellectual disciplines) in Europe, spending time in Paris, Florence, and Venice. returning to his native land, he went to Athos and became a monk at the Vatopedi monastery. And with enthusiasm he studied ancient manuscripts left on Athos by the Byzantine Emperors Andronicus Paleologos and John Kantakuzenos (who became monks). this period the Moscow Great Prince Basil III (1505-1533) wanted to make an inventory of the Greek manuscripts and books of his mother, Sophia Paleologina, he asked the Protos of the Holy Mountain, Igumen Simeon, to send him a translator. Maximus was chosen to go to Moscow, he had been brought up on secular and ecclesiastical books from his youth. his arrival, he was asked to translate patristic and liturgical books into Slavonic, with the Annotated Psalter. Maximus tried to fulfill his task, but since Slavonic was not his native language, there were certain imprecisions in the translations. Barlaam of Moscow highly valued the work of Saint Maximus, when the See of Moscow was occupied by Metropolitan Daniel, the situation changed. new Metropolitan ordered Saint Maximus to translate the Church History of Theodoritus of Cyrrhus into Slavonic. Maximus absolutely refused this commission, out that “in this history are included letters of the heretic Arius, and this might present danger for the semi-literate.” refusal caused a rift between Maximus and the Metropolitan. their differences, Saint Maximus continued to labor for the spiritual enlightenment of Rus. wrote letters against Moslems, Roman Catholics, and pagans. translated Saint John Chrysostom’s Commentaries on the Gospels of Matthew and John, he also wrote several works of his own. the Great Prince wished to divorce his wife Solomonia because of her infertility, dauntless confessor Maximus sent the Prince his “Instructive Chapters on Initiating Right Belief,” which he persuasively demonstrated that the Prince was obliged not to yield to bestial passions. Prince never forgave Maximus for his audacity, and locked Saint Maximus in prison. that moment a new period began in the life of the monk, filled with much suffering. in his translations were regarded as deliberate and intentional corruptions of the text by Saint Maximus. was difficult for him in prison, in his sufferings the saint also gained the great mercy of God. angel appeared to him and said, “Endure, Abba! Through this temporary pain you will be delivered from eternal torments.” prison the Elder wrote a Canon to the Holy Spirit in charcoal upon a wall, even at present is read in the Church: “Just as Israel was nourished with manna in the wilderness of old, so Master, fill my soul with the All-Holy Spirit, that through Him I may serve Thee always....” six years, Saint Maximus was set free from prison and sent to Tver. he lived under the supervision of the good-natured Bishop Acacius, who dealt kindly with guiltless sufferer. saint then wrote in his autobiography: “While I was locked in prison and grieving, I consoled and strengthened myself with patience. ” Here are some more words from this vivid text: “Neither grieve, nor be sad, beloved soul, that you have suffered unjustly, for it behooves you to accept all for your benefit.” after twenty years at Tver did they decide to let Maximus live freely, and remove the church excommunication. Maximus, now about seventy years of age, spent the final years of his life at the Trinity-Sergiev Lavra. and work took their toil on his health, his spirit remained vigorous, he continued with his work. with his cell-attendant and disciple Nilus, the saint translated the Psalter from Greek into Slavonic. Maximus reposed on January 21, 1556. was buried at the northwest wall of the Holy Spirit church of the Trinity-Sergiev Lavra. manifestations of grace took place at the grave of Saint Maximus, a Troparion and Kontakion were composed in his honor. Maximus is depicted on the icon of the Synaxis of the Saints of Radonezh (July 6).

Russia, Tver, 1572-1588, Volokolamsk Icon, V Tver (Lama River Source), a copy of Vladimir Icon in Moscow Dormition Cathedral
Russia, Tver, 1572-1588, Volokolamsk monastery, Tver (Lama River Source), a copy of Vladimir Icon in Moscow Dormition Cathedral which was brought from Constantinople to Moscow in 1395; Volokolamsk monastery, Volokolamsk-Exaltation of the Cross monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3 ; Volokolamsk Icon of the Mother of God is a copy of the Vladimir Icon of the Moscow Dormition cathedral. The icon was brought from Zvenigorod to the Dormition monastery of Saint Joseph of Volokolamsk on March 2, 1572, during the second week of Great Lent and was solemnly met by Igumen Leonid (1563-1566; 1568-1573) and all the monastic brethren. is distinguished by its particular depiction on the margins of Saint Cyprian (right) and Saint Gerontius (left), Metropolitans of Moscow. name of Metropolitan Cyprian is associated with the first arrival of the ancient Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God from Constantinople to Moscow in the year 1395, and under Metropolitan Gerontius in 1480 the Vladimir Icon came finally to Moscow. the year 1588 the Volokolamsk Icon was dedicated atop the gate in the church at the south gates of the Saint Joseph of Volokolamsk monastery in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos (August 26). the end of the seventeenth century, when a church of the same name was built in Moscow at Staraya Basmanna, the church atop the gate of Saint Joseph of Volokolamsk was rededicated in honor of the holy Apostles Peter and Paul. The Volokolamsk Icon was transferred to its proper place on the iconostasis of the new cathedral Dormition church of the monastery of Saint Joseph of Volokolamsk. 1578, the icon was recognized as wonderworking.

Russia, Tver, 1600, 17th C Folder, Lithuann invasion oM, Battle oKlushino, Seige oTver iPolish-Moscow War, incorrpt Sava oZ

Russia, Tver, 1605-1618, Lithuanian invasion of Moscow
Lithuanian invasion of Moscow ; Battle of Klushino; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Tver, 1610, Battle of Klushino, Tver
Lithuanian invasion of Moscow; Battle of Klushino; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; Polish-“Muscovite War (1605-“18), Time of Troubles; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Tver, 1632-1634, Polish-Muscovite War (1632-1634), Seige of Tver
Polish-Muscovite War (1632-1634), the Smolensk War; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22;

Russia, Tver, 1652, uncovering incorrupt relics of Sava of Zvenigorod
Russia, Tver, 1345-1406, Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Tver, Moscow River 3, Trinity-Sergiev Lavra 1345, solitude, constant toil, lamenting, trembling, model of simplicity and humility, father confessor to all, Donskoy's Dubenka River monastery 1380, 1392 Trinity monastery, Yuri of Z's monastery 1399 , Opening incorrupt relics 1652; Cape of Storozhev (Zvenigorod, Moscova River 2), Steep Banks of the Moscova River; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; we commemorate opening of the incorrupt relics of Saint Savva of Storozhev and Zvenigorod on January 19, 1652. Savva is also also commemorated on December 3, as determined by the Moscow Council of 1547. Venerable Savva, Abbot of Zvenigorod, Disciple of Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; Savva of Zvenigorod forsook the world in his early youth, and received the monastic tonsure from Saint Sergius of Radonezh (September 25 and July 5), and was his disciple and fellow-ascetic. Savva loved solitude, and avoided conversing with people. He lived in constant toil, lamenting the poverty of his soul, and trembling before the judgment of God. He was a model of simplicity and humility, and he attained such a depth of spiritual wisdom that “in the monastery of Saint Sergius he was the Father Confessor to all the brethren, a venerable and exceedingly learned Elder.” Great Prince Demetrios of the Don built the monastery of the Dormition of the Mother of God at the Dubenka River, in gratitude for the victory over Mamai, Savva became the Igoumen, with the blessing of Saint Sergius. Maintaining the simple manner of his life of asceticism, he ate plants, wore coarse clothing and slept on the ground. the departure of their Igoumen Saint Nikon (November 17) into the wilderness in 1392, the brethren of the Trinity-Saint Sergius Lavra asked Saint Savva to become the Igoumen of the monastery. Here he “shepherded the flock entrusted to him well, to the best of his ability, helped by the prayers of his Spiritual Father, Saint Sergius.” According to Tradition, the well outside the Lavra walls was built while he was Igoumen. Yuri of Zvenigorod, a godson of Saint Sergius, regarded Saint Savva with much love and esteem. He chose Saint Savva as his Spiritual Father and begged him to come and bestow his blessing upon his entire household. The Saint had hoped to return to his monastery, but the Prince begged him to stay and establish a new monastery, “in his fatherland, near Zvenigorod, at a place called Storozhi.” Savva acceded to the request of Prince Yuri, and praying tearfully before an icon of the Mother of God, he entreated her protection for that site in the wilderness. On Storozhi Hill, he built a small wooden church in honor of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos, and nearby a small cell for himself. Here he established a monastery in 1399, with paternal love he accepted all who came seeking a life of quietude and seclusion. Savva worked very hard to build up the monastery. He dug a well at the foot of the hill, from which he carried water on his own shoulders. He encircled the monastery with a wooden palisade, and in a hollow above it, he dug out a cell where he could live in solitude. 1399 Saint Savva blessed his spiritual son, Prince Yuri, to go on a military campaign, predicting that the enemy would be defeated. Through the prayers of the holy Elder, the forces of the Prince won a speedy victory. Through the efforts of Saint Savva, a stone church of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos was built to replace the old wooden one. Savva went to the Lord at an advanced age on December 3, 1406. He appointed his disciple, who was also named Savva, as his successor. of the holy God-pleaser by the local people began immediately after his death. The miraculous curative power issuing from the Saint's grave, and his numerous appearances, convinced everyone that Igoumen Savva was "truly an unsetting sun of divine light, illumining all with its miraculous rays.” In a letter of 1539 Saint Savva was called a wonderworker. Tsar Alexis Mikhailovich had a special veneration for him, repeatedly visiting the monastery of Saint Savva on foot. Tradition has preserved for us a remarkable account of how Saint Savva was saved from a ferocious bear. Life of Saint Savva, compiled in the XVI century, relates how at the end of the XV century (1480-1490), the Saint appeared to Father Dionysios, the fourth Igoumen of Saint Savva Monastery and said: “Dionysios! Wake up and paint my icon.” When Father Dionysios asked who he was, he replied, “I am Savva, the founder of this place.” Father Dionysios had not known the Saint personally, so he summoned Elder Habakkuk, who had known Saint Savva in his youth, hoping to convince himself that his dream was not a delusion. He described the Saint's outward appearance, and Father Habakkuk assured him that the Saint looked exactly as the Igoumen had seen him in the dream. Then Father Dionysios obeyed the command and painted an icon of Saint Savva. Feast Day of Saint Savva was established at the Moscow Council of 1547. His incorrupt relics were recovered on January 19, 1652.

Russia, Tver, 1700, 18th C Folder, Uncut Mount Icon

Russia, Tver, 1720-1863, Uncut Mount Icon, Tver, pray to Clouded Mt icon, f icon in attic, lived in peace, t to Smolensk Icon t
Russia, Tver, 1720, Uncut Mount Icon, Tver (Tversta River Mouth, Volga River 4), pray to MOG Clouded Mt icon, f icon in attic, lived in peace, t to Smolensk Icon t; Tver; Icon of the Mother of God of the Uncut Mount, Commemorated on March 24; Uncut, or Clouded Mountain Icon of the Mother of God: 250-300 years ago this icon was in one of the men’s monasteries of Tver was presented by the Superior to Cosmas Volchaninov in gratitude for his fine work in the monastery church. This icon was passed on from generation to generation, but a certain impious grandson of Cosmas removed it and placed the icon in an attic. bride endured many insults from her husband and his relatives. In despair over her marriage she resolved to commit suicide in a deserted bath-house. On the way there a monk appeared to her and said, “Where are you going, unhappy one? Go back, pray to the Theotokos of The Clouded Mountain, and you will live in peace.” agitated young wife returned home and revealed everything, not concealing her interrupted intention. They searched for the monk, but they did not find him, and no one had seen him but her. This took place on the eve of the Feast of the Annunciation to the Most Holy Theotokos. found the icon in the attic, cleaned off the dirt and set it up in the house in a place of honor. In the evening, the parish priest served the all-night Vigil before the icon. From that time, Vigil was served in the house every year on this day. more than 150 years the icon was in the Volchaninov family. Katherine, daughter of Basil, the last of the Volchaninov line, married George Ivanovich Konyaev, taking with her the icon of the Mother of God as a precious inheritance. Moliebens and all-night vigils were served in the Konyaev house on March 24 and November 7 (perhaps this was the day when the icon was transferred from the monastery to the house of Cosmas Volchaninov). 1863 near a cemetery church of the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God it was decided to build a chapel in honor of Saint Tikhon and Saint Macarius of Kalyazin. The then owner of the icon, George Konyaev (who died in 1868 at the age of 97) wanted to donate the icon of the Theotokos to the church. He asked the clergy to build another chapel for the wonderworking icon of the Mother of God of the “Clouded Mountain.” also said, “I feel the very best place for it is the temple of the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God, since the place on which the church was built, in former times was called a Mount, since it was the highest place in the city. The inhabitants took their possessions to the Mount and saved themselves from ruin during a flood. Let the icon, “The Clouded Mountain”, remain on this mountain with your blessing, and let all who are buried here be veiled with Her mercy.” On July 15, 1866 the icon was transferred into the new chapel, which was consecrated by Bishop Anthony of Staritsk the following day. the icon the Most Holy Theotokos is depicted standing on a semi-circular elevation, a mountain; on Her left arm, the Divine Infant blesses with His right hand. Upon the head of the Mother of God is a crown, and in Her hand a mountain, on which are seen above churches with cupolas and crosses.

Russia, Tver, 1800, 19th C Folder, Adronicus Icon, New Hieromartyr Elias

Russia, Tver, 1839-1877, Andronicus Icon placed in Kazan women's monastery near Vyshnii Volochek, Tver
Kazan women's monastery near Vyshnii Volochek, not in Wikipedia. Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22 ; Andronicus Icon of the Mother of God was a family icon of the Byzantine emperor Andronicus III. In 1347 he gave the icon to the Monemvasia monastery at Morea in the Peloponnesos. From here the image was sent to Russia in 1839. In 1877 the holy icon was placed in a temple of the Kazan women’s monastery near Vyshnii Volochek. Other Feast days of this icon are May 1 and July 8.

Russia, Tver, 1889-1937, New Hieromrtr Elias, CLaw, Theology, Old Believers author, martyr w Alexis
Russia, Tver, 1889-1937, New Hieromrtr Elias, opposed Living Church in Communist Russia, martyr w Alexis, Cannon Law. Theology, Old Believers, etc. expert, teacher, author, e 1920s arrested b opposed Church Property confiscation, 1925 exiled tSurgut, Siberia, kicked out oMoscow, returned to Tver, 1937 Martyred wAlexis; New Hieromartyr Elias (Gromoglasov) of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; in 1869, the New Martyr Elias Gromoglasov was a priest of the Diocese of Tver, Russia, during the early 1900s. was well educated in canon law, theology and other disciplines, had taught for many years, and had authored numerous pieces on a variety of topics ranging from canon law to the Old Believer Schism. the early 1920s he was arrested in Moscow due to his opposition to the confiscation of Church property by the Soviet regime, but was soon released. 1925 he was again arrested and sentenced to three years of exile in Surgut, Siberia. of the right to reside in Moscow after his release, he relocated to Tver. December 4, 1937, he was again arrested with his coworker, Saint Alexis Benemanskii, with whom he was martyred on the following day. was canonized by the Diocese of Tver in 1999 and was numbered among those glorified as new martyrs and confessors of the Soviet Yoke by the Russian Orthodox Church in August 2000. Russia, Moscow, 1901-1937, New Hieromrtr Alexis, resisted Living Church in Communist Russia, 1917-1943, strongly opposed Living Church, arrested exiled 4times, Martyred wElias; New Hieromartyr Alexis (Benemanskii) of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; January 6, 1881 in the Tver region, the New Martyr Alexis Constantinovich Benemanskii was a priest of the Diocese of Tver, Russia, during the early 1900s. widely opposed the Living Church, which had been set up in the 1920s by the Soviet state to challenge the legitimacy of the Patriarchate of Moscow and, initially, Saint Tikhon himself. was tenacious in defending the canonical Church against the "renovationists," as proponents of the Living Church were called, and was unwilling to sacrifice his principles. the years, he had been arrested four times and imprisoned or exiled. December 4/November 21, 1937, he was arrested again, together with his coworker Archpriest Elias Gromoglasov, and martyred the following day, been accused of taking part in fictitious counter-revolutionary activities allegedly organized by the New Martyr Archbishop Thaddeus of Tver, who was arrested three days later and subsequently martyred. was canonized by the Diocese of Tver in 1999 and was numbered among those glorified as new martyrs and confessors of the Soviet Yoke by the Russian Orthodox Church in August 2000. Living Church in Communist Russia; Living Church (Russian: Живая церковь, also called Renovated Church or Russian: Обновленческая церковь or Renovationism, Russian: Обновленчество) was a theoretical, reformed "Orthodox church" set up in the old Soviet Union by the Bolshevik government after it confiscated all property of the Church of Russia. It was disbanded in 1943 when Stalin was desperate to bolster the morale of the Russian people in the Second World War. church had almost no following among the people, and a number of clergy who had been in the movement in good faith repented and returned to the Orthodox Church. The few who tried to exist in the state run church of the atheistic government were used by the state against those faithful to Patriarch Tikhon. The government knew the renovation (reformation) would cause division and weakening to government opposition. As the leader of the party said, "I will smite the shepherd and scatter the sheep", Patriarch Tikhon was arrested and isolated from the populace and the Church was given to the wolves. But even by the late twenties, it became of little use to the state. legacy of this movement, is that now all change is seen to be renovation of the faith. The Living Church used modern Russian, the revised calendar, and non monastic Bishops. the revolution of February 1917, the Russia Orthodox Church saw opportunity for the church reform long hoped for by many churchmen but delayed by the tsarist regime. In the All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918, called together in Moscow, the patriarchate that was abolished by Peter the Great, was restored. new patriarch, Tikhon, had an independent approach toward the communist regime that had overthrown the provisional government. Under the official pretext that there was starvation in large sections of the country, the government in 1922 decided to confiscate all church valuables. The patriarch cooperated, but insisted on control of some church property such as the sacred vessels, and other liturgical items. For this, Patriarch Tikhon was placed under house arrest and the offices of the patriarchate were closed. group of priests including Alexander Vvedensky and Vladimir Krasnitsky, organized a Temporary Higher Church Administration, which turned into a group aimed at deposing the patriarch and introducing radical church reforms. Some bishops supported the Temporary Administration, but mostly the support came from married clergy who were excluded from the episcopacy by canon law, progressive intellectuals, and the government. Renovated Church deposed Patriarch Tikhon at one of its councils, and reestablished the Holy Synod (originally proclaimed by Peter the Great in 1721 to replace the patriarchate) to rule the church. It introduced controversial reforms to the episcopate and to the liturgy. undoubtedly deceitful nature of the Church takeover was evident to the faithful. The Living Church struggled much against the patriarch and his followers. Living Church leaders cooperated with the secret police having hundreds of "Tikhonite" clergy executed as counterrevolutionaries. an apparent attempt to relieve the harsh pressures on the Church, Patriarch Tikhon publicly repented his anti-Soviet actions, and assured the regime of his loyalty. On June 25, 1923 he was set free. Worshippers flocked to the churches that had remained faithful to him, and the schism of the Living Church lost much ground. Only by government support did it keep going. schism collapsed completely during World War II, when Joseph Stalin changed his religious policies and allowed the election of a successor to Tikhon. Except for Vvedensky, the leaders of the Renovated Church repented, and its churches returned to the Patriarch.

Russia, Tver, 1900, 20th C Folder, New Hieromrtr Alexis, Demetrius M Benevolenskii, New Hieromrtr Thaddeus

Russia, Tver, 1903-1937, Demetrius M Benevolenskii, Tver priest i1911, imprisond s times fPastoral duties, shot i1937
Russia, Tver, 1903-1937, Demetrius Mikhailovich Benevolenskii oTver (Tversta River Mouth, Volga River 4) priest in 1911, tOstrovno V, tPanoshino [today Udomlya V, tSinev V, imprisoned several times for pastoral duties, then shot in 1937; Tver; New Hieromartyr Demetrius (Benevolenskii) of Tver, Commemorated on November 14; Mikhailovich Benevolenskii was born on October 10, 1883 in Vishny Volochyok, Tver province. his ordination to the priesthood in 1911, he was assigned to the Church of the Great Martyr Demetrius in the village of Ostrovno in 1919, to the Church of All the Afflicted in the village of Panoshino [today Udomlya]. later served at the Church of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God in the village of Sinev in the Dubrovo Sonkovskii District of the Tver region. a result of his intense dedication to his pastoral duties, he had been arrested and imprisoned several times by the communist regime. his final arrest, he was shot on November 27, 1937. September 19, 1999, he was numbered among the new martyrs and confessors of Russia.

Russia, Tver, 1901-1937, New Hieromrtr Alexis, opposed Living Church in Communist Russia, martyr w Elias
Russia, Moscow, 1901-1937, New Hieromrtr Alexis, resisted Living Church in Communist Russia, 1917-1943, strongly opposed Living Church, arrested exiled 4times, Martyred wElias; New Hieromartyr Alexis (Benemanskii) of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; January 6, 1881 in the Tver region, the New Martyr Alexis Constantinovich Benemanskii was a priest of the Diocese of Tver, Russia, during the early 1900s. widely opposed the Living Church, which had been set up in the 1920s by the Soviet state to challenge the legitimacy of the Patriarchate of Moscow and, initially, Saint Tikhon himself. was tenacious in defending the canonical Church against the "renovationists," as proponents of the Living Church were called, and was unwilling to sacrifice his principles. the years, he had been arrested four times and imprisoned or exiled. December 4/November 21, 1937, he was arrested again, together with his coworker Archpriest Elias Gromoglasov, and martyred the following day, been accused of taking part in fictitious counter-revolutionary activities allegedly organized by the New Martyr Archbishop Thaddeus of Tver, who was arrested three days later and subsequently martyred. was canonized by the Diocese of Tver in 1999 and was numbered among those glorified as new martyrs and confessors of the Soviet Yoke by the Russian Orthodox Church in August 2000. Living Church in Communist Russia; Living Church (Russian: Живая церковь, also called Renovated Church or Russian: Обновленческая церковь or Renovationism, Russian: Обновленчество) was a theoretical, reformed "Orthodox church" set up in the old Soviet Union by the Bolshevik government after it confiscated all property of the Church of Russia. It was disbanded in 1943 when Stalin was desperate to bolster the morale of the Russian people in the Second World War. church had almost no following among the people, and a number of clergy who had been in the movement in good faith repented and returned to the Orthodox Church. The few who tried to exist in the state run church of the atheistic government were used by the state against those faithful to Patriarch Tikhon. The government knew the renovation (reformation) would cause division and weakening to government opposition. As the leader of the party said, "I will smite the shepherd and scatter the sheep", Patriarch Tikhon was arrested and isolated from the populace and the Church was given to the wolves. But even by the late twenties, it became of little use to the state. legacy of this movement, is that now all change is seen to be renovation of the faith. The Living Church used modern Russian, the revised calendar, and non monastic Bishops. the revolution of February 1917, the Russia Orthodox Church saw opportunity for the church reform long hoped for by many churchmen but delayed by the tsarist regime. In the All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918, called together in Moscow, the patriarchate that was abolished by Peter the Great, was restored. new patriarch, Tikhon, had an independent approach toward the communist regime that had overthrown the provisional government. Under the official pretext that there was starvation in large sections of the country, the government in 1922 decided to confiscate all church valuables. The patriarch cooperated, but insisted on control of some church property such as the sacred vessels, and other liturgical items. For this, Patriarch Tikhon was placed under house arrest and the offices of the patriarchate were closed. group of priests including Alexander Vvedensky and Vladimir Krasnitsky, organized a Temporary Higher Church Administration, which turned into a group aimed at deposing the patriarch and introducing radical church reforms. Some bishops supported the Temporary Administration, but mostly the support came from married clergy who were excluded from the episcopacy by canon law, progressive intellectuals, and the government. Renovated Church deposed Patriarch Tikhon at one of its councils, and reestablished the Holy Synod (originally proclaimed by Peter the Great in 1721 to replace the patriarchate) to rule the church. It introduced controversial reforms to the episcopate and to the liturgy. undoubtedly deceitful nature of the Church takeover was evident to the faithful. The Living Church struggled much against the patriarch and his followers. Living Church leaders cooperated with the secret police having hundreds of "Tikhonite" clergy executed as counterrevolutionaries. an apparent attempt to relieve the harsh pressures on the Church, Patriarch Tikhon publicly repented his anti-Soviet actions, and assured the regime of his loyalty. On June 25, 1923 he was set free. Worshippers flocked to the churches that had remained faithful to him, and the schism of the Living Church lost much ground. Only by government support did it keep going. schism collapsed completely during World War II, when Joseph Stalin changed his religious policies and allowed the election of a successor to Tikhon. Except for Vvedensky, the leaders of the Renovated Church repented, and its churches returned to the Patriarch.

Russia, Tver, 1937, New Hieromartyr Thaddeus oTver (Tversta River Mouth, Volga River 4), executed in 1937
Tver; New Hieromartyr Archbishop Thaddeus of Tver, Commemorated on December 18; New Hieromartyr Thaddeus (Uspensky) was the Archbishop of Tver. He was executed in 1937.

Russia, Tver, 9999, Century Unknown, Vladimir Icon oSelinger Is

Russia, Tver, 9999, The Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos of Seliger comes from the island of Seliger in the Tver Province
Russia, Tver, 9999, The Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos of Seliger comes from the island of Seliger in the Tver Province of Russia. Seliger, Lake Seliger, Tver (near Volga River Source) ; Lake Seliger;

Russia, Tver, Tversta River Folder

Tvertsa River Source (Vyshny Volochyok Reservoir)

Vyshny Volochyok, Tver (Tversta River Source)
Vyshny Volochyok, Tver; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22 ;

Kazan women's monastery near Vyshnii Volochek, Tver
Kazan women's monastery near Vyshnii Volochek, not in Wikipedia. Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated October 22 ;

Upper Tvertsa River, Tver (Valdai Hills)
Upper Tvertsa River; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated on July 11; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Venerable Arcadius of Novy Torg, Commemorated December 13 ;

Tversta River 1

Tvertsa River 2 (Torzhok)

Boris and Gleb Monastery, Novy Torg, Tver (Tvertsa River 2) 1038
Boris and Gleb Monastery (Tvertsa River 2) 1038; Novy Torg, an important post on the Moscow to St Petersburg Highway, and key to the source of grain for Novgorod; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Vydropussk, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated December 21 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated on January 28; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on June 2;

Novy Torg, Tver (Tvertsa River 2)
Novy Torg, an important post on the Moscow to St Petersburg Highway, and key to the source of grain for Novgorod; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Vydropussk, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated December 21 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated on January 28; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on June 2;

Torzhok (Novy Torg), Tver (Tvertsa River 2)
Torzhok, an important post on the Moscow to St Petersburg Highway, and key to the source of grain for Novgorod; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Vydropussk, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated December 21 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated on January 28; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on June 2;

Novotorsk (Novy Torg), Tver (Tvertsa River 2)
Novotorsk, an important post on the Moscow to St Petersburg Highway, and key to the source of grain for Novgorod; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Vydropussk, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated December 21 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated on January 28; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on June 2;

Tversta River Mouth (Tver, Volga River 4)

Savior-Transfiguration monastery - Tver
Savior-Transfiguration monastery - Tver is not described by Wikipedia, but it was most likely the monastery from which St Gurias' relics were translated. Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9; Translation of the relics of St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 20;

Tver Otroch monastery, 1275 or so, (Tversta River Mouth, Volga River 4)
Tver Otroch monastery site; Tver Otroch monastery; Hieromartyr Philip, Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9; Saint Moses, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25;

Otroch Uspensky Monastery, site of the Tver River Terminal (Tversta River Mouth, Volga River 4)
Tver River Terminal, The construction began in 1935, near the site of the demolished Otroch Uspensky Monastery; Saint Moses, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25;

Tver (Tversta River Mouth, Volga River 4)
Tver; New Hieromartyr Archbishop Thaddeus of Tver, Commemorated on December 18; St. Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25; Saint Sabbatius of Tver, Commemorated on March 2;

Russia, Tver, 307, Tver (Tversta River Mouth, Volga River 4), 17yr old,
Tver; Virgin Martyr Theodora of Tyre, Commemorated on April 2; Theodora came from Tyre in Phoenicia. she was seventeen years of age, she was brought before Urban, the ruler of Palestine, who asked her if she really believed in Christ. remarkable courage, the holy virgin confessed that she truly believed. Then they flayed her sides and her breasts. Afterward, they threw her into the sea, where she surrendered her soul to God, thereby receiving a martyr's crown. Νikόdēmos of the Holy Mountain thought it very likely that this Saint is the same as Saint Theodosia (May 29), because their Lives are almost identical. Holy Virgin Martyr Theodosίa of Tyre, Commemorated on May 29; Theodosίa of Tyre lived during the III and IV centuries. during a persecution against Christians, which had already lasted for five years, the seventeen-year-old Theodosίa visited some condemned Christian prisoners in the Praetorium at Caesarea in Palestine. was the day of Holy Pascha, and the Martyrs were speaking about the Kingdom of God. Saint Theodosίa asked them to remember her when they appeared before the Lord. the soldiers saw that the girl had bowed to the prisoners, they seized her and led her before the governor, Urban. governor urged the Saint to offer sacrifice to the idols, but she refused, professing her faith in Christ. Then she was subjected to cruel tortures; her sides and breasts were raked with iron claws until her bones were exposed. endured this in silence with astonishing courage. Again Urban told her to sacrifice, but she mocked him saying: “Foolish man, why do you persist? Can you not see that I have received everything I prayed for, and that I am honored to share the fate of these Martyrs for Christ?" saying this, she was tormented even more severely than before. holy virgin was cast into the sea with a stone tied around her neck, but Angels rescued her from the depths. they tossed her into the arena to be eaten by wild animals. Seeing that the beasts would not touch her, the soldiers beheaded her. night Saint Theodosίa appeared to her parents, who had tried to persuade their daughter not to let herself be tortured. wore radiant garments, a crown upon her head, and held a luminous gold cross in her hand. She said to them, “Behold the great glory of which you wished to deprive me!” Holy Virgin Martyr Theodosίa of Tyre suffered for Christ on April 3 in the year 307 or 308. She is also commemorated on May 29 (the transfer of her relics to Constantinople, and later to Venice).

Living Church in Communist Russia, 1917-1943
Living Church in Communist Russia; Living Church (Russian: Живая церковь, also called Renovated Church or Russian: Обновленческая церковь or Renovationism, Russian: Обновленчество) was a theoretical, reformed "Orthodox church" set up in the old Soviet Union by the Bolshevik government after it confiscated all property of the Church of Russia. It was disbanded in 1943 when Stalin was desperate to bolster the morale of the Russian people in the Second World War. church had almost no following among the people, and a number of clergy who had been in the movement in good faith repented and returned to the Orthodox Church. The few who tried to exist in the state run church of the atheistic government were used by the state against those faithful to Patriarch Tikhon. The government knew the renovation (reformation) would cause division and weakening to government opposition. As the leader of the party said, "I will smite the shepherd and scatter the sheep", Patriarch Tikhon was arrested and isolated from the populace and the Church was given to the wolves. But even by the late twenties, it became of little use to the state. legacy of this movement, is that now all change is seen to be renovation of the faith. The Living Church used modern Russian, the revised calendar, and non monastic Bishops. the revolution of February 1917, the Russia Orthodox Church saw opportunity for the church reform long hoped for by many churchmen but delayed by the tsarist regime. In the All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918, called together in Moscow, the patriarchate that was abolished by Peter the Great, was restored. new patriarch, Tikhon, had an independent approach toward the communist regime that had overthrown the provisional government. Under the official pretext that there was starvation in large sections of the country, the government in 1922 decided to confiscate all church valuables. The patriarch cooperated, but insisted on control of some church property such as the sacred vessels, and other liturgical items. For this, Patriarch Tikhon was placed under house arrest and the offices of the patriarchate were closed. group of priests including Alexander Vvedensky and Vladimir Krasnitsky, organized a Temporary Higher Church Administration, which turned into a group aimed at deposing the patriarch and introducing radical church reforms. Some bishops supported the Temporary Administration, but mostly the support came from married clergy who were excluded from the episcopacy by canon law, progressive intellectuals, and the government. Renovated Church deposed Patriarch Tikhon at one of its councils, and reestablished the Holy Synod (originally proclaimed by Peter the Great in 1721 to replace the patriarchate) to rule the church. It introduced controversial reforms to the episcopate and to the liturgy. undoubtedly deceitful nature of the Church takeover was evident to the faithful. The Living Church struggled much against the patriarch and his followers. Living Church leaders cooperated with the secret police having hundreds of "Tikhonite" clergy executed as counterrevolutionaries. an apparent attempt to relieve the harsh pressures on the Church, Patriarch Tikhon publicly repented his anti-Soviet actions, and assured the regime of his loyalty. On June 25, 1923 he was set free. Worshippers flocked to the churches that had remained faithful to him, and the schism of the Living Church lost much ground. Only by government support did it keep going. schism collapsed completely during World War II, when Joseph Stalin changed his religious policies and allowed the election of a successor to Tikhon. Except for Vvedensky, the leaders of the Renovated Church repented, and its churches returned to the Patriarch.

Russia, Tver, Volga River Tver Folder

Volga River Source (Valdai Hills)

Lake Seliger, Tver (near Volga River Source)
Lake Seliger; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Vladimir of Seligersk, Commemorated December 7 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27;

Seliger, Lake Seliger, Tver (near Volga River Source)
Lake Seliger; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Vladimir of Seligersk, Commemorated December 7 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27;

Stolbensk Lake, Tver (Volga River Source)
Stolbensk Lake; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24 ; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27;

Stolobnoye Island, Stolbensk Lake, Tver
Stolobnoye Island; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27;

Nilov Monastery, Stolbensk Lake, Tver, 1594
Stolobnoye Island; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27;

Toropets, Tver, Pskov or Novgorod (Toropa River mouth at Lake Solomeno, Volga Trade Route, Valdai Hills)
Toropets ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7;

Sereml River

Sig Lake

Sereml River Mouth

Ostashkova, Tver (Stolbensk Lake)
Ostashkova, Tver ; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Volga River 1 (Stolobnoye Island, Stolbensk Lake, Lake Seliger)

Volga River 2 (Selizharovo)

Selizharovo, Tver (Intersection, Volga and Varangian Trade Routes, Volga River 2) 1504
Selizharovo (Trinity Selizharov Monastery); St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on December 5 ;

Trinity Selizharov Monastery, Selizharovo, Tver (Volga River 2) 1504
Selizharovo (Trinity Selizharov Monastery); St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on December 5 ;

Volga River 3 (Staritsa)

Rzhev, Tver (Volga River 3)
Rzhev; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11 ; Rzhevsk (or Okovetsk) Icon of the Mother of God is from the Rzhevets Monastery in Poltava. On May 26, 1539, on the day of the Descent of the Holy Spirit (Pentecost), in Tver diocese, in Vyryshensk town situated in a virgin forest on the bank of the rivulet Vyryshna in the Okovetsk district, not far from the city of Rzhev, at a crossroads for people from four surrounding villages, the monk Stephen made a discovery: fastened to a pine tree was a large iron cross and on another tree an old painted icon depicting the Mother of God with Child, and also Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker of Myra. the discovery of the holy cross and the icon there shone an extraordinary light and healings occurred. From the Day of the Holy Spirit to the start of the Apostles’ Fast, 27 healings occurred. monk Stephen, and right after him the Rzhevsk priest Gregory Onisiphorov, journeyed to Moscow with reports of the appearance of the holy icon and cross and the healing that occurred. The then head of the Russian Church, Metropolitan Joasaph (1539-1541) of Moscow, gave thanks to the Lord, and after verifying the miracles of that place, gave blessing to erect there two churches: one dedicated to the Procession of the Venerable Wood of the Cross of the Lord, and the other in honor of the HodÄ“gá¸—tria Mother of God, having in it a chapel named for Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker. At the consecration of the churches a priest and deacon were sent from Moscow, together with church utensils, icons, vestments, books and bells. January 1541 the Rzhevsk icon was solemnly transferred to Moscow for the consecration of a church in honor of the Rzhevsk Icon of the Mother of God. After the consecration of the temple, the icon and cross were transferred to the Dormition cathedral, where they remained until July 11. On this day the Rzhevsk icon and cross were returned to the place of their miraculous appearance. The metropolitan together with all the assembled clergy of the capital, and with the young Tsar Ivan Vasilievich, and all the people, accompanied the icon from the Dormition cathedral to the church of the Rzhevsk Icon of the Mother of God, where a copy of this venerable icon was placed. In memory of this celebration the Feast of the Rzhevsk Icon of the Mother of God was established on July 11. Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

Staritsa, Tver (Volga River 3)
Staritsa; Martyr Galacteon of Vologda, Commemorated on September 24 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19;

Vladimir of Staritsa, Tver (Volga River 3)
Vladimir of Staritsa, Tver (Volga River 3); Staritsa; Martyr Galacteon of Vologda, Commemorated on September 24 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19;

Russia, Tver, Lake Vladayskoye Folder

Valday Iveron Monastery, Tver, 1653
Valday Iversky Monastery; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated October 23 ; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Tikhvin Assumption Monastery, Tver, 1560
Tikhvin Assumption Monastery; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20 ;

Valdai, Tver (Lake Valdayskoye, high point)
Valdai, Tver (Lake Valdayskoye) ; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated October 23; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Valdai Hills (high points of East European Plain, Volga and Other Rivers Source)
Valdai Hills; East European Plain (highest point Valdai Hills) only 1,138 ft ; The western boundary of the East European Plain is described well by the Eastern Front of WW1. Its eastern boundaries are the Ural Mountains or the Ural and Kama River Basins. Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

East European Plain (highest point Valdai Hills)
East European Plain (highest point Valdai Hills) only 1,138 ft. The western boundary of the East European Plain is described well by the Eastern Front of WW1. Its eastern boundaries are the Ural Mountains or the Ural and Kama River Basins. ; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

Russia, Tver, Lama River Folder

Lama River

Lama River 1 (Volokolamsk)

Volokolamsk monastery, Tver (Lama River Source) 1479
Volokolamsk monastery, Volokolamsk-Exaltation of the Cross monastery; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Volomsk, Commemorated on July 12 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14 ; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated October 18 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on December 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14;

Volokolamsk, Tver (portage, Lama River 1)
Volokolamsk; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Volomsk, Commemorated on July 12; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14 ; Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated August 17 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9; Venerable Chariton of Syanzhemsk, Vologda; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated October 18 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated December 4 ; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on December 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of œthe LadderÂ, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27;

Joseph-Volokolamsk monastery, Tver, 1479
Joseph-Volokolamsk monastery; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated October 18 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on December 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Lama River Mouth (Volga River 3)

Russia, Tver, Moscow River Folder

Koloch, Tver (Mozhaisk, Moscova River 1, Protva River Source)
Koloch (Mozhaisk, Moscova River 1, Protva River Source); Icon of the Mother of God of Koloch, Commemorated July 9 ;

Mozhaisk, Tver, Moscow area (Valdai Hills Crossroad, Moscova River 1)
Mozhaisk; Mozhaisk is on the historic road leading to Smolensk and then to Poland. the year 1446 Great Prince Basil (1425-1462) was besieged at the Trinity monastery by the armies of Princes Demetrius Shemyaka and John of Mozhaisk. He barricaded himself into the Trinity cathedral, when he heard that he was being sought, he took the icon of the Appearance of the Mother of God and with it met Prince John at the southern church doors, saying: œBrother, we kissed the Life-Creating Cross and this icon in this church of the Life-Creating Trinity at this grave of the Wonderworker Sergius, that we would neither intend nor wish any evil to any of our brethren among ourselves. Now I do not know no what will happen to me here. Icon of the Mother of God of Koloch, Commemorated July 9 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Koloch; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated September 19 ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated on December 6 ; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9;

Luzhetsky Monastery, Mozhaisk, Tver, 1408
Luzhetsky Monastery, Mozhaisk, Tver, 1408; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27;

Borodino, Battle of Borodino, 1812, near Mozhaisk, Tver, French victory before Moscow fell
Russia, Moscow, 1812, Battle of Borodino; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28; new copy took on the power of the old image, and when the Russian armies left Smolensk on August 5, 1812, they took the icon with them for defense from the enemy forces. On the eve of the Battle of Borodino they carried this icon through the camp, to encourage and inspire the soldiers to great deeds. The ancient image of the Smolensk Hodēgḗtria, taken to the Dormition cathedral on the day of the Battle of Borodino went in procession with the Ivḗron and Vladimir Icons of the Mother of God through the Belo and Kitai quarters and the Kremlin walls, and then they sent it to the sick and wounded at the Lefortovo palace. After leaving Moscow, the icon was taken to Yaroslavl. were these sister-icons preserved, and the Mother of God defended Russia through Her icons. After the victory over the enemy forces the Hodēgḗtria Icon was returned to Smolensk together with its glorified copy.

Mozhaisk Nicholas Cathedral, 1802
Mozhaisk Nicholas Cathedral; Mozhaisk; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ;

Moscova River 2 (Ruza River)

Russia, Tver, Moscova River 2, Ruza River Folder

Ruza River

Ruza River Source (Valdai Hills)

Saint Leucius Dormition Monastery on the Ruza, approximate location, 1480
Saint Leucius Dormition Monastery on the Ruza, approximate location; St. Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17

Ruza River Mouth (Moscova River 2)
Ruza River Mouth (Moscova River 2); St. Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17;

Moscova River 3 (Zvenigorod)

Zvenigorod, Tver (Svenigorod, Moscova River 3) 1338
Zvenigorod; St Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, Commemorated October 10 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated November 17 ; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated November 22 ; Venerable Savva, Igoumen of Zvenigorod, Disciple of Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3 ;

Storozhevsky Monastery, Tver (Moscow River 3) 1398
Tver Savvin monastery; Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1 ; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Tver Sabbatiev wilderness monastery Monastery, Tver (Moscow River 3) 1398
Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, Tver; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated November 17 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, Tver (Moscow River 3) 1398
Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, Tver; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated November 17 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Tver Savvin monastery (Moscow River 3, Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery) 1398
Tver Savvin monastery; Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1 ; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Zvenigorod monastery and convent (Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery) 1398
Tver Savvin monastery; Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1 ; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18 ; Venerable Savva, Igoumen of Zvenigorod, Disciple of Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Storozhev, Cape of Storozhev, Tver (Zvenigorod, Moscova River 3)
Cape of Storozhev (Zvenigorod, Moscova River 2), Steep Banks of the Moscova River; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated August 26 ; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Tver, Dubna and Sestra Rivers Folder

Dubna River

Dubna River Mouth (Volga River 5)

Sestra River Source (Sennezh Lake)

Boldino Heights, Tver, Sestra River Source
Boldino Heights; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-ChernigovÂ, Commemorated on February 5;

Eletsk Chernigov Monastery, Boldino Heights, Tver, 1060
Boldino Heights; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-ChernigovÂ, Commemorated on February 5;

Sestra River 2 (Klin)

Sestra River Mouth (Dubna River Volga Basin)

Russia, Chuvash Folder (Sura and Sviyazhsk Rivers)

Chuvash Republic - Land of the Chuvash People
Chuvash Republic - Land of the Chuvash People ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Venerable Cassian the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Cheboksarsky District, Chuvash Republic
Chuvash Republic, The Chuvash Republic is located in the center of the European part of Russia, in the heart of the Volga-Vyatka region, midway between Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Gurias the First Archbishop of Kazan ;

Russia, Chuvash, Sura River Folder

Sura River Source (Volga Upland, along the border)
Volga Upland;

Volga Upland
Volga Upland;

Sura River 1

Sura River 2 (Alatyr River)

Russia, Chuvash, Sura River 2, Alatyr River Folder

Alatyr River Source (Boldino Heights)

Alatyr River (Ardatov)

Alatyr River Mouth (Alatyr, Chuvash Republic, Sura River 2)

Sura River 3

Sura River 4

Sura River Mouth (Chuvash, Volga River 9)

Voroninsk, Chuvash (Sura River Mouth, Volga River 9) V icon appeared in 1524
Voroninsk (Sura River Mouth, Volga River 9); Icon of the Mother of God of Voroninsk, Commemorated on July 28; Holy Icon of the Voroninsk Mother of God was situated in the Voroninsk Dormition of the Mother of God hermitage in the Cherepovetsk district of Novgorod governance. Its appearance occurred in 1524.

Russia, Chuvash, Sviyazhsk River Folder (across Volga from Kazan)

Sviyazhsk, Chuvash (Sviyazhsk River Mouth (Volga River 10, across from Kazan)
Sviyazhsk; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; First Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on September 25 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ;

Sviyazhsk Fortress, across the Volga from Kazan, 1551
fortress of Sviyazhsk (1551) ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Natural Pskov, water into Pskov Lakes

Geography - Arab Lands

Arabs, 600 BC - 8th Century, Folder, East African Egyptian Arabs, Nubian Kingdom

Arabs, 110 BC-520 AD, Arabian Himyarite Kingdom, Historical Dhafar, Yemen, Havila
Himyarite Kingdom; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated October 24 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Arabs, 33-72, Apostle Thomas, Arabia, all outside Roman Empire, Arabia, India, Ethiopia, not fearing
East Africa, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas; the Apostle was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament. Thomas is commonly known as "Doubting Thomas" because he doubted Jesus' resurrection when first told of it (as related in the Gospel of John alone); later, he confessed his faith ("My Lord and my God") on seeing Jesus' crucifixion wounds. to traditional accounts of the Saint Thomas Christians of modern-day Kerala in India, Thomas is believed to have travelled outside the Roman Empire to preach the Gospel, travelling as far as the Tamilakam which is in South India.[1][5][6][7] According to their tradition, Thomas reached Muziris of Tamilakam (modern-day North Paravur and Kodungalloor in Kerala State, India) in AD 52.[8][9][1] In 1258, some of the relics were brought to Ortona, in Abruzzo, Italy, where they have been held in the Church of Saint Thomas the Apostle.[10] He is often regarded as the patron saint of India among its Christian adherents,[11][12] and the Feast of Saint Thomas on July 3 is celebrated as Indian Christian Day by believers belonging to many Christian denominations.[13][14] The name Thomas remains quite popular among the Saint Thomas Christians of the Indian subcontinent. Arapet Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on September 6; Arapet, or “Arabian” Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos appeared while the holy Apostle Thomas (October 6) was evangelizing Ethiopia, Arabia, and India. of the usual three stars (signifying the perpetual virginity of the Mother of God), the outer garment of the Theotokos has three circles with the head of an angel inside each one. In this feature, it resembles the icons “In Giving Birth you Preserved your Virginity” (“A Virgin Before and After Giving Birth”) (October 17) and “O All-Hymned Mother” (October 6). Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6; Holy and Glorious Apostle Thomas was born in the Galilean city of Pansada and was a fisherman. Hearing the good tidings of Jesus Christ, he left all and followed after Him. The Apostle Thomas is included in the number of the holy Twelve Apostles of the Savior. to Holy Scripture, the holy Apostle Thomas did not believe the reports of the other disciples about the Resurrection of Jesus Christ: “Unless I see in His hands the print of the nails, and put my finger into the print of the nails, and thrust my hand into His side, I will not believe” (John 20:25). the eighth day after the Resurrection, the Lord appeared to the Apostle Thomas and showed him His wounds. “My Lord and my God,” the Apostle cried out (John 20:28). “Thomas, being once weaker in faith than the other apostles,” says Saint John Chrysostom, “toiled through the grace of God more bravely, more zealously and tirelessly than them all, so that he went preaching over nearly all the earth, not fearing to proclaim the Word of God to savage nations.” icons depicting this event are inscribed “The Doubting Thomas.” This is incorrect. In Greek, the inscription reads, “The Touching of Thomas.” In Slavonic, it says, “The Belief of Thomas.” When Saint Thomas touched the Life-giving side of the Lord, he no longer had any doubts. to Church Tradition, the holy Apostle Thomas founded Christian churches in Palestine, Mesopotamia, Parthia, Ethiopia and India. Preaching the Gospel earned him a martyr’s death. For having converted the wife and son of the prefect of the Indian city of Meliapur [Melipur], the holy apostle was locked up in prison, suffered torture, and finally, pierced with five spears, he departed to the Lord. Part of the relics of the holy Apostle Thomas are in India, in Hungary and on Mt. Athos. The name of the Apostle Thomas is associated with the Arabian (or Arapet) Icon of the Mother of God (September 6).

Arabs, 38-43, Arab Icon, Appeared to Apostle Thomas
Arabs, 38-43, Arab Icon, Appeared to Apostle Thomas; Arapet, or “Arabian” Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos appeared while the holy Apostle Thomas (October 6) was evangelizing Ethiopia, Arabia, and India. of the usual three stars (signifying the perpetual virginity of the Mother of God), the outer garment of the Theotokos has three circles with the head of an angel inside each one. In this feature, it resembles the icons “In Giving Birth you Preserved your Virginity” (“A Virgin Before and After Giving Birth”) (October 17) and “O All-Hymned Mother” (October 6). East Africa, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas; the Apostle was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament. Thomas is commonly known as "Doubting Thomas" because he doubted Jesus' resurrection when first told of it (as related in the Gospel of John alone); later, he confessed his faith ("My Lord and my God") on seeing Jesus' crucifixion wounds. to traditional accounts of the Saint Thomas Christians of modern-day Kerala in India, Thomas is believed to have travelled outside the Roman Empire to preach the Gospel, travelling as far as the Tamilakam which is in South India.[1][5][6][7] According to their tradition, Thomas reached Muziris of Tamilakam (modern-day North Paravur and Kodungalloor in Kerala State, India) in AD 52.[8][9][1] In 1258, some of the relics were brought to Ortona, in Abruzzo, Italy, where they have been held in the Church of Saint Thomas the Apostle.[10] He is often regarded as the patron saint of India among its Christian adherents,[11][12] and the Feast of Saint Thomas on July 3 is celebrated as Indian Christian Day by believers belonging to many Christian denominations.[13][14] The name Thomas remains quite popular among the Saint Thomas Christians of the Indian subcontinent. Arapet Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on September 6; Arapet, or “Arabian” Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos appeared while the holy Apostle Thomas (October 6) was evangelizing Ethiopia, Arabia, and India. of the usual three stars (signifying the perpetual virginity of the Mother of God), the outer garment of the Theotokos has three circles with the head of an angel inside each one. In this feature, it resembles the icons “In Giving Birth you Preserved your Virginity” (“A Virgin Before and After Giving Birth”) (October 17) and “O All-Hymned Mother” (October 6). Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6; Holy and Glorious Apostle Thomas was born in the Galilean city of Pansada and was a fisherman. Hearing the good tidings of Jesus Christ, he left all and followed after Him. The Apostle Thomas is included in the number of the holy Twelve Apostles of the Savior. to Holy Scripture, the holy Apostle Thomas did not believe the reports of the other disciples about the Resurrection of Jesus Christ: “Unless I see in His hands the print of the nails, and put my finger into the print of the nails, and thrust my hand into His side, I will not believe” (John 20:25). the eighth day after the Resurrection, the Lord appeared to the Apostle Thomas and showed him His wounds. “My Lord and my God,” the Apostle cried out (John 20:28). “Thomas, being once weaker in faith than the other apostles,” says Saint John Chrysostom, “toiled through the grace of God more bravely, more zealously and tirelessly than them all, so that he went preaching over nearly all the earth, not fearing to proclaim the Word of God to savage nations.” icons depicting this event are inscribed “The Doubting Thomas.” This is incorrect. In Greek, the inscription reads, “The Touching of Thomas.” In Slavonic, it says, “The Belief of Thomas.” When Saint Thomas touched the Life-giving side of the Lord, he no longer had any doubts. to Church Tradition, the holy Apostle Thomas founded Christian churches in Palestine, Mesopotamia, Parthia, Ethiopia and India. Preaching the Gospel earned him a martyr’s death. For having converted the wife and son of the prefect of the Indian city of Meliapur [Melipur], the holy apostle was locked up in prison, suffered torture, and finally, pierced with five spears, he departed to the Lord. Part of the relics of the holy Apostle Thomas are in India, in Hungary and on Mt. Athos. The name of the Apostle Thomas is associated with the Arabian (or Arapet) Icon of the Mother of God (September 6).

Arabs, 397-473, Arab Bishop, Aspebet-Peter
Jerusalem, 397-473, Arab Bishop, Aspebet aka Peter ; Jerusalem Saint, 397-473, Euthymius the Great; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20;

Arabs, 501-555, Saint Gregory of Homer or Omrits, many detailed accurate prophecies & visions, many travels, Ethiopia, converts fourfold people
Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 501-555, Saint Gregory of Homer or Omrits was the purported archbishop of Ẓafar, the capital of the kingdom of Ḥimyar, in the mid-6th century, according to a hagiographical dossier compiled in the 10th century. This compilation is essentially legendary and fictitious, although a few parts of it are of historical value. Written in Greek, it survives also in a Slavonic translation.[2] The three works in the dossier are conventionally known as the Bios (Life), Nomoi (Laws) and Dialexis (Debate).[3] The whole dossier is sometimes known as the Acts of Gregentios.[4] name Gregentios is unknown apart from the Bios and related texts. According to the Bios, he received his name from a local holy man. Several later scribes, encountering an unheard of name, changed it to Gregorios (Gregory).[5] This is the name that appears in all the Slavonic versions, as well as an Arabic translation of the Dialexis.[2][5] It also appears in the fresco depicting Gregentios in the monastery of Koutsovendis on Cyprus, painted between 1110 and 1118.[6] Other scribal emendations are Gregentinos and Rhegentios.[5] name has a Latin ending, which may indicate a western origin for the name, but such suffixes had entered vernacular Greek by the time the Bios was written. The name may be derived from Agrigentius, "man from Agrigento", or from a combination of the name Gregory with either Agrigentius or the name of Saint Vincentius. The biography of Gregory of Agrigento was a major source used by the author of the Bios, and an itinerary of Vincentius may also have been used.[5] only known persons named after Gregentios are two 19th-century monks of Mount Athos. The first was the archimandrite of Vatopedi in April 1842 and the second a monk of the Skete of Saint Anne who died in 1879 aged 69. Both monastic communities had copies of the Bios and Dialexis of Gregentios.[5] Bios, which Jean-Marie Sansterre called a "hagiographical romance", is divided into nine chapters. While the first eight are vague in their chronology and geography, the ninth draws on superior historical sources and contains more precise details.[7] The early part, which includes an Avar raid on his hometown, may also reflect authentic conditions in the northern Balkans during the later 6th century.[8] The Bios was completed either at Constantinople in the 10th century or in Rome in the 9th century.[7] The Nomoi and Dialexis are later additions. The whole collection, which presents as a unity, was not brought together before the 10th century. The Nomoi may contain some authentic information, since it shares characteristics with legal inscriptions from pre-Islamic South Arabia.[2] The Dialexis, which is a debate between Gregentios and a Jew named Herban, was the most popular part of the work and circulated independently into modern times.[4] life in Avaria start of the Bios of Gregentios, from a copy made in 1180 and now in Saint Catherine's Monastery, Sinai[9] to his Bios, Gregentios was born on 6 December in the late 5th century in the town of Lyplianes (Ljubljana) in the land of the Avars.[2][7][10] father was named Agapios and his mother Eusebia. At his baptism, he was named after a sage who lived on a nearby mountain. His schooling begins at the age of seven. At the age of ten, he is pushed into a river by a deer. Miraculously saved from drowning, he retires to the desert, where he receives instruction and prophecies about his future from a holy man.[11] his mother dies, Gregentios is placed in the custody of the married but childless priest who baptised him. During a barbarian invasion, the townspeople flee to the fortress of Korada. Gregentios, who was in the vineyards at the time, manages to sneak in through the Rhomanesios gate while the fortress is besieged. After the barbarians retreat, both Gregentios and his foster mother have prophetic dreams about him. At the urging of a certain Sergios, his foster mother tells her dream to an elder named Niketas, who interprets it as saying that Gregentios will one day convert a fourfold people.[11] next traveled extensively in northern and central Italy and Sicily before sailing to Alexandria in Egypt.[2][7] The Bios presents him as travelling from Lyplianes to Moryne (Murano), Antenora (Padua) and Agrigento, then by boat to Pavia, then to Milan and Carthage, then by foot to Rome, then to Augustopolis (either Augusta or Koper) and finally Alexandria. In its order, timing and means of travel, this itinerary is absurd.[12] and Sicily first departs with the holy man from the desert. They reach Moryne in a single day. There they stay with a man named Sabbatios, where a holy fool named Peter informs Gregentios that his foster parents are searching for him. The holy man and Gregentios leave Moryne after the local bishop learns of the latter's spiritual gifts. In Antenora, they stay in the house of Theodoretos, while the bishop of Moryne searches for him. Bishop Eulogios of Antenora makes Gregentios a deacon and lector. A holy woman named Theodora informs him again of his foster parents' search.[10] the holy man, Gregentios moves on to Agrigento, leaving the bishop of Antenora also to send searchers after him. He is hosted by the priest Stephanos in the church of the Mother of God outside the walls. He visits the grave of the hermit Eirene, who appears to him and talks to him. He visits two churches in the city, and a woman preaching to a crowd from a balcony predicts that he will go to Egypt and Ḥimyar. The holy man then appears and whisks Gregentios away to Milan. Going by boat, they pass Rome on the way.[10] Milan, Gregentios stays with one Niketas, while the holy man moves on to Largention (Piacenza). He visits the grave of Saint Ambrose and begins reading his works. He takes on as a disciple a boy of fourteen named Leon, who later becomes governor of Melike (either Ravenna or the land of the Melingoi) and is assassinated. Gregentios has a vision of the underworld in which he sees Leon among those who died before their time awaiting the Last Judgement. The holy man then returns and the two travel to Carthage, where they stay with one Constantine.[10] and Rome Carthage, Gregentios meets a woman named Philothea who is regarded as a mute who only barks and sighs. The holy man reveals that this is merely a gift God gave her to ward off a man who tried to seduce her. She speaks to Gregentios clearly and lucidly. his time in Carthage, he befriends a young man named George and they visit a church dedicated to Saint Anastasia. There, a holy woman identifies Gregentios by name and birthplace. When George asks for the same treatment, she reproaches and names the women he has been sinning with. young man, a Thracian named Pothetos, asks Gregentios for spiritual advice. Gregentios writes sixteen homilies that make Pothetos regret his marriage, but Gregentios convinces him to go home to his wife.[10] Carthage, the holy man takes Gregentios to Rome. On the way, he has a vision of the devil in the valley of Patherolymna. Rome, they stay with a man named Benedict near the Great Portico. He owns a slave named Elizabeth, who is sexually abused by a demon every night. After Gregentios writes a formula on a piece of papyrus and gives it to her, she is freed from the demon.[10] day, Gregentios is visited by Saint Peter, who had been absent from his grave when Gregentios visited it, for he had gone to give comfort to the persecuted Christians of Negra (Najrān). tells Gregentios that the time has not yet come for the holy man's identity to be revealed. a woman identifies Gregentios by name as the prophet of the Ḥimyarites. He is also identified by name by the monk Abramios. At the request of a beggar named Zacharias, he heals the eye of a youth named Basil. In ecstasy at the tomb of Saint Paul, he sees a vision of the saint bringing him a pallium.[10] visits a church dedicated to Saint Boniface, whose feast day he will come to share. He meets a fool for Christ named John who throws stones at passersby. visits a hermit named Michael, who sends him on to a hermit named Artados, who lives atop a mountain beyond the Dry Lakes. Artados prophesies in detail about Gregentios' future in Egypt and Ḥimyar, where he will convert four peoples: pagans, Jews, Ḥimyarites and Maurousians. a stay of two days, Gregentios returns to Rome, where he meets Pope Felix IV (526–530). The holy man rejoins him and they go to Augustopolis.[10] Augustopolis, Gregentios stays with a widow named Euphemia. In the market, he meets an Armenian from Artazat (Artaxata), who prophesies his future. a few days, the holy man and Gregentios board a ship from Leukas for Alexandria. There, Gregentios is greeted by name by a female slave, whose prophesies how the patriarch will call him to be an archbishop. He stays in the house of one Leontios. In Alexandria, he visits a monastery led by a eunuch-abbot named Epiphanios. His prayers chase away a devil who throws stones at a monk named Kosmas. A woman named Archontia greets him by name.[10] in South Arabia last part of the Bios "contains the only clear historical information scattered through the whole" of the Gregentios materials.[13] 523, the Ḥimyarite king Dhū Nuwās massacres the Christians of Najrān and its leader, Arethas. Emperor Justin I asks the Ethiopian (Aksumite) king Elesboam (Caleb) to lead an expedition against Dhū Nuwās. writes to the patriarch of Alexandria, Proterios, for a bishop to evangelize the Ḥimyarites.[14] (The actual patriarch at this time was Timothy IV.[2]) Mark informs Proterios of Gregentios in a dream. The patriarch consecrates Gregentios as bishop and send him back with the Ethiopian envoys.[14] This takes place after the successful Ethiopian conquest of Ḥimyar (525).[2] Ethiopia, Gregentios stays for a time in the capital, Amlem (Aksum), before crossing the sea to Medekion (Maddaban) and then heading to Taphar (Ẓafār) and finally Najrān, where he meets the king. consecrates the churches that the kings has built and installs priests in them at Najrān, Ẓafār, Akana, Atarph, Legmia , Azaki and Iouze.[14][15] Bios describes Elesboam's retirement to a monastery and the miraculous invocation of his name. Gregentios threatens the Ḥimyarites with the death penalty for all those who do not convert, whereupon the hole country becomes Christian. The Dialexis is interposed here, and the end of the Bios follows.[14] remains in Ḥimyar for thirty years, assisting Elesboam's appointed viceroy, Abraha, in building churches. Shortly after Abraha dies and is succeeded by his son Seridos (Masrūq), Gregentios dies on 19 December. He is buried in the cathedral.[16] He is commemorated in the Synaxarion of Constantinople on 19 December.[2] Start of the Nomoi in a manuscript copied in Gaza in 1487[17] Nomoi ton Homeriton, also known in Latin as Leges Homeritarum,[18] is usually regarded as a fictional law code containing some amount of authentic pre-Islamic South Arabian material. The laws are not arranged thematically, but may be subsumed under eight headings: (1) morals, marriage and family; (2) slavery; (3) right of employment; (4) culture and social life; (5) cruelty against animals; (6) rental laws; (7) officeholders; and (8) miscellaneous. Within the last class are laws concerning sorcery, poisoning, perjury, theft, extrajudicial punishments, infringing ecclesiastical asylum, workhouses for criminals and prohibitions on begging. The Nomoi do not come near to being a comprehensive law code. There is, for example, no law of inheritance.[19] Nomoi prescribes harsh punishments for transgressions, often mutilation, and mitigating factors are nowhere admitted. Its strong prohibitions of wife-beating and cruelty to animals stand out, however, since Byzantine law knew no restriction on the treatment of animals. The laws seem concerned strictly with an urban community like Najrān. Administration and taxation are governed in a clearly Byzantine manner. The prohibitions on dancing, singing, gambling and gaming may be taken from the canons of the Quinisext Council (691/692). On the whole, the influence of canon law is limited, but Christian theological justifications are provided for the laws. Although the Nomoi is a civil law code, it presents itself as having been promulgated by a supernatural force to the geitoniarchai (administrators of Najrān's 36 districts). It bears the unmistakable stamp of a Christian monk of a strong ascetic spirit. In the words of J. B. Bury, the laws "illustrate the kind of legislation at which the ecclesiastical spirit, unchecked, would have aimed."[20] and authorship authenticity of the Nomoi was first put in doubt by Cardinal Jean-Baptiste-François Pitra in 1864. He was followed by many, including Louis Duchesne, but in 1969 Nina Pigulevskaya defended a 6th-century origin. She thought the code was written in the Byzantine Empire and never actually came into force in Ḥimyar. Irfan Shahîd and A. K. Irvine have also defended the authenticity of the code.[21] Garth Fowden considers that it contains some authentic material.[18] It mentions a slave market at a place called Trikanos or Trikanon, a place not attested anywhere else.[21] features of the Nomoi that would be unusual in 6th-century Byzantium have been ascribed to South Arabian influence. They may, however, reflect a later date of composition. Mutilation was an uncommon punishment in Byzantine law prior to Leo III's Ecloga (741). One of the most unusual and cruel punishments in the Nomoi—suspending a convict upside down and smoking him to death with burning hay—is actually attested in an 8th-century Byzantine source (Nikephoros's Breviarium). Some prescriptions regarding marriage in the Nomoi became a part of Byzantine law during the reign Leo VI (886–912).[22] Similarities between the Najrān of the Nomoi and Constantinople under the Macedonian dynasty suggest that the Nomoi was probably written at Constantinople in the 10th century.[23] The Nomoi may be compared with other pseudepigraphal texts of supposed supernatural origin from Byzantium, such as the Didascalia Apostolorum and Letter of Christ Fallen from Heaven.[24] earliest manuscript witness to the Nomoi, a copy made in 1180 on Cyprus, shows some Western influence in its terminology. It is probable that it was copied from a manuscript made shortly before in Crusader Syria. Some of its terminology does not appear in Greek again until the Assizes of Cyprus in the 14th century.[24] Dialexis purports to be a record written around 550 or 560 of a debate between Gregentios and a Jew named Herban that took place before the royal court of Ḥimyar around 520 or 530. The author does not claim to have been present or to have known Gregentios, but does claim to have had access to a record of the proceedings written at the time by the notary Palladios. [25] The text, however, shows clear evidence of having been composed after the start of the controversies over monothelitism (7th century), iconoclasm (8th century) and the filioque clause, which only became a live controversy in the Byzantine Empire after 860.[26] is a treatise against the Azymites in the form of a letter that is ascribed to Gregentios in one manuscript. Given the issue it discusses, it can have no connection to the time in which Gregentios supposedly lived. In 1660, some "letters of Gregentios"—possibly the same treatise—were catalogued as part of the library of Denis Pétau that had been purchased after his death by Queen Christina of Sweden. There is no further record of these letters and they appear to be lost.[27] Afar, Ethiopia (Semara) ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Gregory, Bishop of Homer (Omirits), the son of Agapius and Theodota, was filled with the grace of God and possessed gifts of healing and wonderworking even in his youth. Providence of God led him to hierarchical service. While still a deacon at Mediolanum (Milan) he heard the foretelling of his destiny from a hermit, and then he received confirmation of these words from another spirit-bearing Elder who lived an ascetic life in the mountains. Gregory went to this holy schemamonk for guidance, a miracle occurred. As he approached the mountain, he saw a fiery column in the air. He soon realized that the fiery column was actually the man of God coming toward him. That night he saw the Elder standing in the air above the ground. Elder revealed to Saint Gregory that he must go to Rome to pray in the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida. he would go to Alexandria and to become a bishop. he would arrive in the city of Negran in the land of Homer (in southern Arabia) to proclaim the Gospel. Gregory felt himself unworthy of this, and wished to remain with the ascetic as his disciple. that Gregory should have no doubts of the veracity of his words, the Elder revealed that he knew a secret about him. In a vision, Gregory had seen the First-Ranked Apostles Peter and Paul, and they had placed a bishop’s omophorion upon him. Gregory stayed a short time in Carthage (North Africa) serving as a deacon, then arrived in Rome. He went to the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida, then to the tomb of Saint Peter. There he was granted a vision of the holy Apostle, who told him to walk the path of virtue and to live according to God’s will. That night he saw the Apostle Paul in a dream bringing to him a cup filled with oil, foretelling that he should receive the grace of the priesthood and the episcopacy. this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar.

Arabs, 517, Martyr Arethas and 4299 who suffered at Negran (Najran), Homer, Omrits, Arabia
Arabs, 517, Martyr Arethas and 4299 who suffered at Negran (Najran), Arabia; Negran (Najran); Martyr Arethas and 4,299 Martyrs with him, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Arethas and with him 4299 Martyrs suffered for the Lord Jesus Christ in the sixth century. Arethas was prefect of the Christian city of Negran in Arabia. The Arabian (or Omirite) king, Dunaan, who was Jewish, decided to eliminate Christianity from the land. He issued an edict that all followers of Christ were to be put to death. the inhabitants of Negran remained faithful to the Lord, Dunaan came with a large army to destroy the city. At the city walls of Negran the king’s heralds announced that Dunaan would only spare those who renounced Christ and referred to His Cross as a “sign of malediction.” daring to assault the Christian city by force, Dunaan resorted to a ruse. Dunaan swore an oath that he would not force the Christians into Judaism, but would merely collect a tribute from Negran. The inhabitants of the city would not heed the advice of Saint Arethas, and putting their trust in Dunaan, they opened the city gates. very next day Dunaan gave orders to light an immense fire and throw all the clergy of the city into it in order to frighten the rest of the Christians. 427 men were burned. He also threw the prefect Arethas and the other chief men into prison. Then the oppressor sent his messengers through the city to convert the Christians to Judaism. Dunaan himself conversed with those inhabitants brought from the prisons, saying, “I do not demand that you should renounce the God of heaven and earth, nor do I want you to worship idols, I want merely that you do not believe in Jesus Christ, since the Crucified One was a man, and not God.” holy martyrs replied that Jesus is God the Word, the Second Person of the Holy Trinity, Who for the salvation of mankind was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary. Those suffering said, “We shall not abjure Christ, since He is Life for us. To die for Him is to find Life.” than four thousand Christians, men, women, both the aged and children, from the city of Negran and surrounding villages suffered martyrdom for Christ.

Arabs, 517-525, Arabian Jewish Warlord, Dunaan, killed by Ethiopian King Elesbaan
Arabian Jewish Warlord, 517-525, Dunaan; Nuwas, ,[1] was a Jewish king of Himyar between 517 and 525–527 AD, who came to renown on account of his persecutions of peoples of other religions, notably Christians, living in his kingdom. Hisham's Sirat Rasul Allah (better known in English as the Life of Muhammad), describes the exploits of Yūsuf Dhū Nuwās. Ibn Hisham explains that Yūsuf was a convert Jew who grew out his sidelocks (nuwas), and who became known as "he of sidelocks." historicity of Dhū Nuwās is affirmed by Philostorgius and by Procopius (in the latter's Persian War). Procopius writes that in 525, the armies of the Christian Kingdom of Axum in Ethiopia invaded Yemen at the request of the Byzantine Emperor, Justin I, to take control of the Jewish kingdom in Ḥimyar, then under the leadership of Yūsuf Dhū Nuwās, who rose to power in 522, probably after he assassinated Dhu Shanatir. Hisham explains the same sequence of events under the name of "Yūsuf Dhū Nuwās." Indeed, with this invasion, the Ḥimyarites were smitten, and as such the supremacy of the Jewish religion in the Kingdom of Ḥimyar, as well as in all of Yemen, came to an abrupt end. Imrū al-Qays, the famous Yemeni poet from the same period, in his poem entitled taqūl lī bint al-kinda lammā ‘azafat, laments the death of two great men of Yemen, one of them being Dhū Nuwās, whom he regards as the last of the Himyarite kings: Art thou not saddened how fate has become an ugly beast, the betrayer of its generation, he that swalloweth up people? It has removed Dhū Nuwās from the fortresses who once ruled in the strongholds and over men [2] Syriac source appears to suggest that the mother of Dhū Nuwās may have been herself a Jew hailing from the Mesopotamian city of Nisibis.[3][4] If so, this would place her origins within the Sassanid imperial sphere, and would illuminate possible political reasons for his later actions against the Christians of Arabia, who were natural allies of the Byzantine Empire.[3] Many modern historians, with the exception of Christopher Haas, have argued that her son's conversion was a matter of tactical opportunism, since Judaism would have provided him with an ideological counterweight to the religion of his adversary, the Kingdom of Aksum, and also allowed him to curry favour with the Sassanid shahanshah.[5] Martyrs of Najran[edit] to Ibn Ishaq, the king of Himyar named Dhu Nuwas had burned the Christians in Najran, and an invading army from Aksum (Habashah) occupied Yemen. Dhu Nuwas decided to kill himself by drowning himself in the sea. Arab tradition states that Dhū Nuwās committed suicide by riding his horse into the Red Sea. The Himyarite kingdom is said to have been ruled prior to Dhu-Nuwas by the Du Yazan dynasty of Jewish converts, as early as the late fourth century.[5] to a number of medieval historians, who depend on the account of John of Ephesus, Dhū Nuwās announced that he would persecute the Christians living in his kingdom because Christian states persecuted his fellow co-religionists in their realms; a letter survives written by Simon, the bishop of Beth Arsham in 524 CE, recounting Dimnon (who is probably Dhū Nuwās') persecution in Najran in Arabia.[6] on other contemporary sources, after seizing the throne of the Ḥimyarites in ca. 518 or 523 Dhū Nuwās attacked Najran and its inhabitants, capturing them and burning their churches. After accepting the city's capitulation, he massacred those inhabitants who would not renounce Christianity. According to the Arab historians, Dhū Nuwās then proceeded to write a letter to the Lakhmid king Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man of al-Ḥīrah and King Kavadh I of Persia, informing them of his deed and encouraging them to do likewise to the Christians under their dominion. Al-Mundhir received this letter in January 519, as he was receiving an embassy from Constantinople seeking to forge a peace between the Roman Empire and al-Ḥīrha.[7] He revealed the contents of the letter to the Roman ambassadors who were horrified by its contents. Word of the slaughter quickly spread throughout the Roman and Persian realms, and refugees from Najran even reached the court of the Roman emperor Justin I himself, begging him to avenge the martyred Christians. and names[edit] name Yūsuf 'As'ar Yath'ar (believed to be Joseph Dhū-Nuwas) appears in an old South Arabian inscription.[8] Related inscriptions from the same period were also deciphered by Jamme and Ryckmans, showing that in the ensuing wars with his non-Jewish subjects, the combined war booty (excluding deaths) from campaigns waged against the Abyssinians in Ẓafār, the fighters in ’Ašʻarān, Rakbān, Farasān, Muḥwān (Mocha), and the fighters and military units in Najran, amounted to 12,500 war trophies, 11,000 captives and 290,000 camels and bovines and sheep.[9] to ‘Irfan Shahid's Martyrs of Najran – New Documents, Dhu-Nuwas sent an army of some 120,000 soldiers to lay siege to the city of Najran, which siege lasted for six months, and the city taken and burnt on the 15th day of the seventh month (i.e. the lunar month Tishri). city had revolted against the king and they refused to deliver it up unto the king. About three-hundred of the city’s inhabitants surrendered to the king’s forces, under the assurances of an oath that no harm would come to them, and these were later bound, while those remaining in the city were burnt alive within their church. The death toll in this account is said to have reached about two-thousand. However, in the Sabaean inscriptions describing these events, it is reported that by the month Dhu-Madra'an (between July and September) there were "1000 killed, 1500 prisoners [taken] and 10,000 head of cattle."[10] Ryckmans, who deciphered the Sabaean inscriptions, writes in his La Persécution des Chrétiens Himyarites, that Sarah'il Yaqbul-Yaz'an was both the tribal chief and the lieutenant of Yusuf 'As'ar (the king) at the time of the military campaign, and that he was sent out by the king to take the city of Najran, while the king watched for a possible Abyssinian/Ethiopian incursion along the coastal plains of Yemen near Mokhā (al-Moḫâ) and the strait known as Bāb al-Mandab. It is to be noted that the Ethiopian church in Ẓafar, which had been built by the Himyarite King some years earlier following the proselytizing mission of Theophilos the Indian and another church built by him in Aden (see: Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, Epitome of Book III, chapter 4), had been seen by Constantius II during the embassage to the land of the Ḥimyarites (i.e. Yemen) in circa 340 CE. This church was set on fire and razed to the ground, and its Abyssinian inhabitants killed. Later, foreigners (presumably Christians) living in Haḏramawt were also put to death before the king’s army advanced to Najran in the far north and took it. Yusuf Asar Yathar, described in an inscription as "king of all nations," had led the major tribes of Yemen (Hamedan, Madh'hij, Kindah, Murad) and successfully defeated the Abyssinian forces in Ẓafar, Mokha and Najran. Dhi Yazan leader, Samu Yafa', become the successor of Yusuf in 527 and the Abyssinian forces led by Abraha had invaded Yemen again in 531.[citation needed] inscription (518 CE):[11][12] who owns the heavens and the earth bless king Yusuf Asar Yathar, king of all nations and bless the Aqials they stand with their master, King Yusuf Asar Yathar, when he burned the church and killed the Habashah (Abyssinians) in Dhofar and war on (Habashah) in Ash'aran and Rakban (regions) and Farasan king has succeeded in these battles in the killing of 12,500 and capturing 11,090 of two hundred thousand camels, cows, sheep, and this Misnad (inscription) was written by Shrahal Dhi Yazan when camped in Najran the nation of Hamedan and the Arabs and the Yazaniin fighters and the A'rab (Nomads) of Kinda and Murad and Madh'hij and his brothers the Aqials who camped with the king the sea from the side of Habashah (Abyssinia) And they set up a series of fortifications in the Bab al-Mandab and all who mentioned in this Musnad they fought and took booty and camped in this mission they returned in the history of thirteen and Rahman (god) bless Sharhabal Ekml and Wh'an and Asar Bni Lhi't Yemen; Saint Elesbaan, King of Ethiopia; Dunaan, Jewish king in Yemen; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Arethas, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated October 24 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Arabs, 519, Dunaan, Himyarite King and Jewish Warlord in Yemen
Himyarite king Dunaan ; Himyarite Kingdom (110BC-520AD); St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Gregory, Bishop of Homer (Omirits), the son of Agapius and Theodota, was filled with the grace of God and possessed gifts of healing and wonderworking even in his youth. Providence of God led him to hierarchical service. While still a deacon at Mediolanum (Milan) he heard the foretelling of his destiny from a hermit, and then he received confirmation of these words from another spirit-bearing Elder who lived an ascetic life in the mountains. Gregory went to this holy schemamonk for guidance, a miracle occurred. As he approached the mountain, he saw a fiery column in the air. He soon realized that the fiery column was actually the man of God coming toward him. That night he saw the Elder standing in the air above the ground. Elder revealed to Saint Gregory that he must go to Rome to pray in the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida. he would go to Alexandria and to become a bishop. he would arrive in the city of Negran in the land of Homer (in southern Arabia) to proclaim the Gospel. Gregory felt himself unworthy of this, and wished to remain with the ascetic as his disciple. that Gregory should have no doubts of the veracity of his words, the Elder revealed that he knew a secret about him. In a vision, Gregory had seen the First-Ranked Apostles Peter and Paul, and they had placed a bishop’s omophorion upon him. Gregory stayed a short time in Carthage (North Africa) serving as a deacon, then arrived in Rome. He went to the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida, then to the tomb of Saint Peter. There he was granted a vision of the holy Apostle, who told him to walk the path of virtue and to live according to God’s will. That night he saw the Apostle Paul in a dream bringing to him a cup filled with oil, foretelling that he should receive the grace of the priesthood and the episcopacy. this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar.

Arabs, 520-540, Elesbaan, King, Ethiopia, pious christian, took revenge, defeated, vow, victory, monastery
Ethiopian King, 520-540, Elesbaan (Caleb or Kaleb), Christian Kingdom of Axum (100-940); Blessed Elesbaan, King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; Elesbaan, King of what is now Ethiopia lived when Arabia was ruled by Dunaan, the oppressor of Christians. pious Elesbaan was unable to look on indifferently as believers in Christ were being massacred. He declared war on Dunaan, but his military campaign was unsuccessful. to learn the reason for his defeat, Elesbaan, with prompting from above, turned to a certain hermit. He revealed to the emperor that he had proceeded unrighteously in deciding to take revenge against Dunaan, since the Lord had said, “Vengeance is Mine, I will repay!” (Heb 10:30). hermit counseled Saint Elesbaan make a vow to devote his final days of life to God, to escape the wrath of God for his self-willed revenge, and then to defeat Dunaan. Elesbaan made a vow to the Lord, and marching off with his army against the enemy, he defeated, captured and executed him. After the victory the saint resigned as emperor, secluded himself within a monastery and for fifteen years he dwelt in strict fasting and asceticism. Elesbaan reposed around 553-555. St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Arabs, 523-540, Saint Gregory of Homer, during this time Gregory with Elesbaan, Ethiopia, Jesus revealed to Jews
Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 523-540, Saint Gregory of Homer, during time Gregory with Elesbaan ; -------------------During this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar. Gregory, Bishop of Homer (Omirits), the son of Agapius and Theodota, was filled with the grace of God and possessed gifts of healing and wonderworking even in his youth. Providence of God led him to hierarchical service. While still a deacon at Mediolanum (Milan) he heard the foretelling of his destiny from a hermit, and then he received confirmation of these words from another spirit-bearing Elder who lived an ascetic life in the mountains. Gregory went to this holy schemamonk for guidance, a miracle occurred. As he approached the mountain, he saw a fiery column in the air. He soon realized that the fiery column was actually the man of God coming toward him. That night he saw the Elder standing in the air above the ground. Elder revealed to Saint Gregory that he must go to Rome to pray in the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida. he would go to Alexandria and to become a bishop. he would arrive in the city of Negran in the land of Homer (in southern Arabia) to proclaim the Gospel. Gregory felt himself unworthy of this, and wished to remain with the ascetic as his disciple. that Gregory should have no doubts of the veracity of his words, the Elder revealed that he knew a secret about him. In a vision, Gregory had seen the First-Ranked Apostles Peter and Paul, and they had placed a bishop’s omophorion upon him. Gregory stayed a short time in Carthage (North Africa) serving as a deacon, then arrived in Rome. He went to the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida, then to the tomb of Saint Peter. There he was granted a vision of the holy Apostle, who told him to walk the path of virtue and to live according to God’s will. That night he saw the Apostle Paul in a dream bringing to him a cup filled with oil, foretelling that he should receive the grace of the priesthood and the episcopacy. this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar. Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 523-540, Saint Gregory of Homer or Omrits was the purported archbishop of Ẓafar, the capital of the kingdom of Ḥimyar, in the mid-6th century, according to a hagiographical dossier compiled in the 10th century. This compilation is essentially legendary and fictitious, although a few parts of it are of historical value. Written in Greek, it survives also in a Slavonic translation.[2] The three works in the dossier are conventionally known as the Bios (Life), Nomoi (Laws) and Dialexis (Debate).[3] The whole dossier is sometimes known as the Acts of Gregentios.[4] name Gregentios is unknown apart from the Bios and related texts. According to the Bios, he received his name from a local holy man. Several later scribes, encountering an unheard of name, changed it to Gregorios (Gregory).[5] This is the name that appears in all the Slavonic versions, as well as an Arabic translation of the Dialexis.[2][5] It also appears in the fresco depicting Gregentios in the monastery of Koutsovendis on Cyprus, painted between 1110 and 1118.[6] Other scribal emendations are Gregentinos and Rhegentios.[5] name has a Latin ending, which may indicate a western origin for the name, but such suffixes had entered vernacular Greek by the time the Bios was written. The name may be derived from Agrigentius, "man from Agrigento", or from a combination of the name Gregory with either Agrigentius or the name of Saint Vincentius. The biography of Gregory of Agrigento was a major source used by the author of the Bios, and an itinerary of Vincentius may also have been used.[5] only known persons named after Gregentios are two 19th-century monks of Mount Athos. The first was the archimandrite of Vatopedi in April 1842 and the second a monk of the Skete of Saint Anne who died in 1879 aged 69. Both monastic communities had copies of the Bios and Dialexis of Gregentios.[5] Bios, which Jean-Marie Sansterre called a "hagiographical romance", is divided into nine chapters. While the first eight are vague in their chronology and geography, the ninth draws on superior historical sources and contains more precise details.[7] The early part, which includes an Avar raid on his hometown, may also reflect authentic conditions in the northern Balkans during the later 6th century.[8] The Bios was completed either at Constantinople in the 10th century or in Rome in the 9th century.[7] The Nomoi and Dialexis are later additions. The whole collection, which presents as a unity, was not brought together before the 10th century. The Nomoi may contain some authentic information, since it shares characteristics with legal inscriptions from pre-Islamic South Arabia.[2] The Dialexis, which is a debate between Gregentios and a Jew named Herban, was the most popular part of the work and circulated independently into modern times.[4] life in Avaria start of the Bios of Gregentios, from a copy made in 1180 and now in Saint Catherine's Monastery, Sinai[9] to his Bios, Gregentios was born on 6 December in the late 5th century in the town of Lyplianes (Ljubljana) in the land of the Avars.[2][7][10] father was named Agapios and his mother Eusebia. At his baptism, he was named after a sage who lived on a nearby mountain. His schooling begins at the age of seven. At the age of ten, he is pushed into a river by a deer. Miraculously saved from drowning, he retires to the desert, where he receives instruction and prophecies about his future from a holy man.[11] his mother dies, Gregentios is placed in the custody of the married but childless priest who baptised him. During a barbarian invasion, the townspeople flee to the fortress of Korada. Gregentios, who was in the vineyards at the time, manages to sneak in through the Rhomanesios gate while the fortress is besieged. After the barbarians retreat, both Gregentios and his foster mother have prophetic dreams about him. At the urging of a certain Sergios, his foster mother tells her dream to an elder named Niketas, who interprets it as saying that Gregentios will one day convert a fourfold people.[11] next traveled extensively in northern and central Italy and Sicily before sailing to Alexandria in Egypt.[2][7] The Bios presents him as travelling from Lyplianes to Moryne (Murano), Antenora (Padua) and Agrigento, then by boat to Pavia, then to Milan and Carthage, then by foot to Rome, then to Augustopolis (either Augusta or Koper) and finally Alexandria. In its order, timing and means of travel, this itinerary is absurd.[12] and Sicily first departs with the holy man from the desert. They reach Moryne in a single day. There they stay with a man named Sabbatios, where a holy fool named Peter informs Gregentios that his foster parents are searching for him. The holy man and Gregentios leave Moryne after the local bishop learns of the latter's spiritual gifts. In Antenora, they stay in the house of Theodoretos, while the bishop of Moryne searches for him. Bishop Eulogios of Antenora makes Gregentios a deacon and lector. A holy woman named Theodora informs him again of his foster parents' search.[10] the holy man, Gregentios moves on to Agrigento, leaving the bishop of Antenora also to send searchers after him. He is hosted by the priest Stephanos in the church of the Mother of God outside the walls. He visits the grave of the hermit Eirene, who appears to him and talks to him. He visits two churches in the city, and a woman preaching to a crowd from a balcony predicts that he will go to Egypt and Ḥimyar. The holy man then appears and whisks Gregentios away to Milan. Going by boat, they pass Rome on the way.[10] Milan, Gregentios stays with one Niketas, while the holy man moves on to Largention (Piacenza). He visits the grave of Saint Ambrose and begins reading his works. He takes on as a disciple a boy of fourteen named Leon, who later becomes governor of Melike (either Ravenna or the land of the Melingoi) and is assassinated. Gregentios has a vision of the underworld in which he sees Leon among those who died before their time awaiting the Last Judgement. The holy man then returns and the two travel to Carthage, where they stay with one Constantine.[10] and Rome Carthage, Gregentios meets a woman named Philothea who is regarded as a mute who only barks and sighs. The holy man reveals that this is merely a gift God gave her to ward off a man who tried to seduce her. She speaks to Gregentios clearly and lucidly. his time in Carthage, he befriends a young man named George and they visit a church dedicated to Saint Anastasia. There, a holy woman identifies Gregentios by name and birthplace. When George asks for the same treatment, she reproaches and names the women he has been sinning with. young man, a Thracian named Pothetos, asks Gregentios for spiritual advice. Gregentios writes sixteen homilies that make Pothetos regret his marriage, but Gregentios convinces him to go home to his wife.[10] Carthage, the holy man takes Gregentios to Rome. On the way, he has a vision of the devil in the valley of Patherolymna. Rome, they stay with a man named Benedict near the Great Portico. He owns a slave named Elizabeth, who is sexually abused by a demon every night. After Gregentios writes a formula on a piece of papyrus and gives it to her, she is freed from the demon.[10] day, Gregentios is visited by Saint Peter, who had been absent from his grave when Gregentios visited it, for he had gone to give comfort to the persecuted Christians of Negra (Najrān). tells Gregentios that the time has not yet come for the holy man's identity to be revealed. a woman identifies Gregentios by name as the prophet of the Ḥimyarites. He is also identified by name by the monk Abramios. At the request of a beggar named Zacharias, he heals the eye of a youth named Basil. In ecstasy at the tomb of Saint Paul, he sees a vision of the saint bringing him a pallium.[10] visits a church dedicated to Saint Boniface, whose feast day he will come to share. He meets a fool for Christ named John who throws stones at passersby. visits a hermit named Michael, who sends him on to a hermit named Artados, who lives atop a mountain beyond the Dry Lakes. Artados prophesies in detail about Gregentios' future in Egypt and Ḥimyar, where he will convert four peoples: pagans, Jews, Ḥimyarites and Maurousians. a stay of two days, Gregentios returns to Rome, where he meets Pope Felix IV (526–530). The holy man rejoins him and they go to Augustopolis.[10] Augustopolis, Gregentios stays with a widow named Euphemia. In the market, he meets an Armenian from Artazat (Artaxata), who prophesies his future. a few days, the holy man and Gregentios board a ship from Leukas for Alexandria. There, Gregentios is greeted by name by a female slave, whose prophesies how the patriarch will call him to be an archbishop. He stays in the house of one Leontios. In Alexandria, he visits a monastery led by a eunuch-abbot named Epiphanios. His prayers chase away a devil who throws stones at a monk named Kosmas. A woman named Archontia greets him by name.[10] in South Arabia last part of the Bios "contains the only clear historical information scattered through the whole" of the Gregentios materials.[13] 523, the Ḥimyarite king Dhū Nuwās massacres the Christians of Najrān and its leader, Arethas. Emperor Justin I asks the Ethiopian (Aksumite) king Elesboam (Caleb) to lead an expedition against Dhū Nuwās. writes to the patriarch of Alexandria, Proterios, for a bishop to evangelize the Ḥimyarites.[14] (The actual patriarch at this time was Timothy IV.[2]) Mark informs Proterios of Gregentios in a dream. The patriarch consecrates Gregentios as bishop and send him back with the Ethiopian envoys.[14] This takes place after the successful Ethiopian conquest of Ḥimyar (525).[2] Ethiopia, Gregentios stays for a time in the capital, Amlem (Aksum), before crossing the sea to Medekion (Maddaban) and then heading to Taphar (Ẓafār) and finally Najrān, where he meets the king. consecrates the churches that the kings has built and installs priests in them at Najrān, Ẓafār, Akana, Atarph, Legmia , Azaki and Iouze.[14][15] Bios describes Elesboam's retirement to a monastery and the miraculous invocation of his name. Gregentios threatens the Ḥimyarites with the death penalty for all those who do not convert, whereupon the hole country becomes Christian. The Dialexis is interposed here, and the end of the Bios follows.[14] remains in Ḥimyar for thirty years, assisting Elesboam's appointed viceroy, Abraha, in building churches. Shortly after Abraha dies and is succeeded by his son Seridos (Masrūq), Gregentios dies on 19 December. He is buried in the cathedral.[16] He is commemorated in the Synaxarion of Constantinople on 19 December.[2] Start of the Nomoi in a manuscript copied in Gaza in 1487[17] Nomoi ton Homeriton, also known in Latin as Leges Homeritarum,[18] is usually regarded as a fictional law code containing some amount of authentic pre-Islamic South Arabian material. The laws are not arranged thematically, but may be subsumed under eight headings: (1) morals, marriage and family; (2) slavery; (3) right of employment; (4) culture and social life; (5) cruelty against animals; (6) rental laws; (7) officeholders; and (8) miscellaneous. Within the last class are laws concerning sorcery, poisoning, perjury, theft, extrajudicial punishments, infringing ecclesiastical asylum, workhouses for criminals and prohibitions on begging. The Nomoi do not come near to being a comprehensive law code. There is, for example, no law of inheritance.[19] Nomoi prescribes harsh punishments for transgressions, often mutilation, and mitigating factors are nowhere admitted. Its strong prohibitions of wife-beating and cruelty to animals stand out, however, since Byzantine law knew no restriction on the treatment of animals. The laws seem concerned strictly with an urban community like Najrān. Administration and taxation are governed in a clearly Byzantine manner. The prohibitions on dancing, singing, gambling and gaming may be taken from the canons of the Quinisext Council (691/692). On the whole, the influence of canon law is limited, but Christian theological justifications are provided for the laws. Although the Nomoi is a civil law code, it presents itself as having been promulgated by a supernatural force to the geitoniarchai (administrators of Najrān's 36 districts). It bears the unmistakable stamp of a Christian monk of a strong ascetic spirit. In the words of J. B. Bury, the laws "illustrate the kind of legislation at which the ecclesiastical spirit, unchecked, would have aimed."[20] and authorship authenticity of the Nomoi was first put in doubt by Cardinal Jean-Baptiste-François Pitra in 1864. He was followed by many, including Louis Duchesne, but in 1969 Nina Pigulevskaya defended a 6th-century origin. She thought the code was written in the Byzantine Empire and never actually came into force in Ḥimyar. Irfan Shahîd and A. K. Irvine have also defended the authenticity of the code.[21] Garth Fowden considers that it contains some authentic material.[18] It mentions a slave market at a place called Trikanos or Trikanon, a place not attested anywhere else.[21] features of the Nomoi that would be unusual in 6th-century Byzantium have been ascribed to South Arabian influence. They may, however, reflect a later date of composition. Mutilation was an uncommon punishment in Byzantine law prior to Leo III's Ecloga (741). One of the most unusual and cruel punishments in the Nomoi—suspending a convict upside down and smoking him to death with burning hay—is actually attested in an 8th-century Byzantine source (Nikephoros's Breviarium). Some prescriptions regarding marriage in the Nomoi became a part of Byzantine law during the reign Leo VI (886–912).[22] Similarities between the Najrān of the Nomoi and Constantinople under the Macedonian dynasty suggest that the Nomoi was probably written at Constantinople in the 10th century.[23] The Nomoi may be compared with other pseudepigraphal texts of supposed supernatural origin from Byzantium, such as the Didascalia Apostolorum and Letter of Christ Fallen from Heaven.[24] earliest manuscript witness to the Nomoi, a copy made in 1180 on Cyprus, shows some Western influence in its terminology. It is probable that it was copied from a manuscript made shortly before in Crusader Syria. Some of its terminology does not appear in Greek again until the Assizes of Cyprus in the 14th century.[24] Dialexis purports to be a record written around 550 or 560 of a debate between Gregentios and a Jew named Herban that took place before the royal court of Ḥimyar around 520 or 530. The author does not claim to have been present or to have known Gregentios, but does claim to have had access to a record of the proceedings written at the time by the notary Palladios. [25] The text, however, shows clear evidence of having been composed after the start of the controversies over monothelitism (7th century), iconoclasm (8th century) and the filioque clause, which only became a live controversy in the Byzantine Empire after 860.[26] is a treatise against the Azymites in the form of a letter that is ascribed to Gregentios in one manuscript. Given the issue it discusses, it can have no connection to the time in which Gregentios supposedly lived. In 1660, some "letters of Gregentios"—possibly the same treatise—were catalogued as part of the library of Denis Pétau that had been purchased after his death by Queen Christina of Sweden. There is no further record of these letters and they appear to be lost.[27] Afar, Ethiopia (Semara) ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Gregory, Bishop of Homer (Omirits), the son of Agapius and Theodota, was filled with the grace of God and possessed gifts of healing and wonderworking even in his youth. Providence of God led him to hierarchical service. While still a deacon at Mediolanum (Milan) he heard the foretelling of his destiny from a hermit, and then he received confirmation of these words from another spirit-bearing Elder who lived an ascetic life in the mountains. Gregory went to this holy schemamonk for guidance, a miracle occurred. As he approached the mountain, he saw a fiery column in the air. He soon realized that the fiery column was actually the man of God coming toward him. That night he saw the Elder standing in the air above the ground. Elder revealed to Saint Gregory that he must go to Rome to pray in the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida. he would go to Alexandria and to become a bishop. he would arrive in the city of Negran in the land of Homer (in southern Arabia) to proclaim the Gospel. Gregory felt himself unworthy of this, and wished to remain with the ascetic as his disciple. that Gregory should have no doubts of the veracity of his words, the Elder revealed that he knew a secret about him. In a vision, Gregory had seen the First-Ranked Apostles Peter and Paul, and they had placed a bishop’s omophorion upon him. Gregory stayed a short time in Carthage (North Africa) serving as a deacon, then arrived in Rome. He went to the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida, then to the tomb of Saint Peter. There he was granted a vision of the holy Apostle, who told him to walk the path of virtue and to live according to God’s will. That night he saw the Apostle Paul in a dream bringing to him a cup filled with oil, foretelling that he should receive the grace of the priesthood and the episcopacy. this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. But all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. After three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head of the Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, but Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. He recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, and the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. Then they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. Upon receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Rabbi Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. He reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar.

Arabs, Raids on Meccan caravans 622-632
Arabia, Raids on Meccan caravans 622-632;

Arabs, 622-632, Military career of Muhammad
Military career of Muhammad 622-632; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24;

Arabs, 656-661, First Muslim Civil War, within Rashidun C, Uthman k after nepotism, centralization surplus, arbitration
Syria, First Muslim Civil War, 656-661; First Fitna was a civil war within the Rashidun Caliphate which resulted in the overthrowing of the Rashidun caliphs and the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty. began when the caliph Uthman was assassinated by rebels in 656 and continued through the four-year reign of Uthman's successor, Ali. It ended in 661 when Ali's heir Hasan ibn Ali concluded a treaty acknowledging the rule of Muawiyah, the first Umayyad caliph.[1] Muhammad's death in 632, Abu Bakr became the new leader of the Muslim community. After reasserting Muslim control over the dissident tribes of Arabia, he sent the Muslim armies against the empires of Byzantium and Sassanian Persia initiating a wave of conquests which were continued by his successor Umar (r. 634–644) bringing about almost complete collapse of the Sassanians, and restricting the Byzantine Empire to Anatolia, North Africa, and its European holdings.[2] conquests brought Muslims bounteous revenue and lands.[3] Particularly in Iraq, the former crown-lands and the lands of the Persian aristocracy were now in Muslim hands. These became communal property administered by the state. The revenue was distributed among the conquering armies, who had settled in Iraq.[4] Umar also left the provincial administration to the respective governors, who ruled with considerable autonomy, and provincial surplus was spent on the settlers of the conquered territories instead of being sent to the capital.[5] succeeded Umar after the latter's assassination in 644. His policies earned him displeasure of the Muslim elite and accusations of nepotism. He began centralizing the power by reliance on his Umayyad relatives, the clan who had long opposed Muhammad, to the exclusion of other Quraysh[a] who had enjoyed significant authority during the reign of his two predecessors. He appointed his kinsmen to all of the provincial governorships.[6][7] Empire and Sasanian Empire, 600 CE he continued the expansion in eastern Persia and Africa west of Egypt, the conquests came to a halt in roughly the later part of his reign.[3][8] The influx of spoils ceased, and the economic issues that had previously been ignored by the conquest tribesmen due to incoming revenue started coming to the fore.[9] This was coupled with the dislike of the Arab nomads for the central authority which had hitherto been superseded by the continued war effort.[8] The continued migration of tribes from Arabia to the conquered territories also resulted in reduced payments from the revenue of the lands, which led to resentment in the old settlers.[3][10] Uthman's interference in the provincial affairs, that consisted of his declaration of the crown lands of Iraq as the state assets, and his demand that provincial surplus be forwarded to the caliph in Medina, brought about widespread opposition to his rule, especially from Iraq and Egypt, where majority of the conquest armies had settled.[11] The old settlers also saw their status threatened by the land grants in conquered territories to prominent Quraysh like Talha ibn Ubayd Allah and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and the caliph allowing late arriving tribal chiefs, such as Ash'ath ibn Qays, to acquire lands there in exchange for their lands in Arabia.[12][10] by the Medinese elite including the companions like Talha, Zubayr, Amr ibn al-A's, the conqueror of Egypt whom Uthman had deposed, and Muhammad's widow A'isha, the provincial opposition subsequently precipitated into open rebellion and the people from Egypt and Iraq marched on Medina, killing the caliph in June 656.[13][8] death had a polarizing effect in the Muslim world at the time. Questions were raised not only regarding his character and policies but also about the relationship between Muslims and the state, religious beliefs regarding rebellion and governance, and the qualifications of rulership in Islam.[14] Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, was subsequently recognized caliph.[15] of the Camel[edit] Main article: Battle of the Camel bint Abu Bakr (Muhammad's widow), Talhah ibn Ubayd-Allah, and Zubayr ibn al-Awam opposed Ali's succession and gathered in Mecca calling for vengeance against Uthman's killers, and election of a new caliph through Shura. they moved to Basra, taking it from Ali's governor, with the intention of strengthening their numbers. in response sent his son Hasan and the leaders of Kufan mutineers to raise an army in Kufa. Ali himself soon followed; with the combined army, they marched against Basra.[16] armies met outside Basra. After three days of failed negotiations, battle started in the afternoon of 8 December 656 and lasted till the evening. left the field without fighting but was pursued and killed. Ali's army emerged victorious and Talha was also killed. After admonishing Ayesha, Ali sent her back to Medina, escorted by her brother Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr.[17] Marwan probably paid allegiance to Ali and the latter let him go.[17] of Siffin[edit] Main article: Battle of Siffin Combat between the forces of Ali and Muawiyah I during the Battle of Siffin, from the Tarikhnama inability to punish the murderers of Uthman and Muawiyah's refusal to pledge allegiance eventually led Ali to move his army north to confront Muawiyah. The two armies encamped themselves at Siffin for more than one hundred days, most of the time being spent in negotiations. side wanted to fight. on 29 July 657 (11th Safar), the Mesopotamians under Ashtar's command, the Qurra in Ali's army, who had their own camp, started the fighting in earnest. The battle lasted three days. The loss of life was terrible. one of the Syrians, Ibn Lahiya, out of fear of further civil war and unable to bear the spectacle rode forward with a copy of the Quran on the ears of his horse to call for judgement by the book of Allah, and the other Syrians followed suit. Everyone on both sides took up the cry, eager to avoid killing their fellow Muslims - except for the conspirators. The majority of Ali's followers supported arbitration. Nasr b Muzahim, in one of the earliest sources states that al-Ashath ibn Qays, one of Ali's key supporters and a Kufan, then stood up and said: company of Muslims! You have seen what happened in the day which has passed. In it some of the Arabs have been annihilated. By Allah, I have reached the age which Allah willed that I reach. but I have never ever seen a day like this. Let the present convey to the absent! If we fight tomorrow, it will be the annihilation of the Arabs and the loss of what is sacred. I do not make this statement out of fear of death, but I am an aged man who fears for the women and children tomorrow if we are annihilated. O Allah, I have looked to my people and the people of my deen and not empowered anyone. There is no success except by Allah. On Him I rely and to Him I return. Opinion can be both right and wrong. When Allah decides a matter, He carries it out whether His servants like it or not. I say this and I ask Allah's forgiveness for me and you. Nasr b Muzahim says people looked at Muawiya who said is right, by the Lord. If we meet tomorrow the Byzantines will attack our women and children and the people of Persia will attack the women and children of Mesopotamia. Those with forebearance and intelligence see this. Tie the copies of the Quran to the ends of the spears. So the fighting stopped.[18] time Ali tried to negotiate the Qurra and the Sabait started wars and launched night attacks, fearing that if there was peace, then they will be arrested.[19] hidePart of a series on Islam Muhakkima Muhakkimite Creed.png hide Beliefs and practices Monotheism Kitman Takfir Theology hide History Early First Fitna Battle of Siffin Battle of Nahrawan Dynasties Rustamids Nabhanids Ya'rubids Zanzibar Oman Ibadi Hadith Canon Jami Sahih Tartib al-Musnad hide Notable Individuals Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam Nafi ibn al-Azraq Najda ibn Amir al-Hanafi Abu Bilal Mirdas Abu Qurra Abdullah ibn Ibadh Jabir ibn Zayd Abu Yazid Abd Allah ibn Yazid al-Fazari hide Branches and sects Khawarij Azariqah Sufriyyah Najdat Ibadiyyah Wahbiyyah Nukkari Azzabas Allah-green.svg Islam portal vte was decided that the Syrians and the residents of Kufa should nominate an arbitrator, each to decide between 'Ali and Mu'awiya. Syrians chose 'Amr ibn al-'As who was the rational soul and spokesman of Muawiya, and was one of the generals involved in conquering Syria and also Egypt.[20] A few years earlier, 'Amr ibn al-'As with 9,000 men in Palestine had found himself confronting Heraclius's 100,000-man army until Khalid crossed the Syrian desert from Mesopotamia to assist him.[20] He was a highly skilled negotiator and had previously been used in negotiations with the Heraclius the Roman Emperor.[21] wanted Malik Ashtar or Abdullah bin 'Abbas to be appointed as an arbitrator for the people of Kufa, the Qurra strongly demurred, alleging that men like these two were responsible for the war and, therefore, ineligible for that office of trust. nominated Abu Musa al-Ash'ari as their arbitrator (during the time of 'Uthman, they had appointed Abu Musa al-Ash'ari as the Governor of Kufa and removed 'Uthman's governor before they started fighting 'Uthman). found it expedient to agree to this choice in order to ward off bloody dissension in his army. According to Usd al-G̲h̲āba, Ali therefore took care to personally explain to the arbitrators, "You are arbiters on condition that you decide according to the Book of God, and if you are not so inclined you should not deem yourselves to be arbiters."[22] the arbitrators assembled at Dumat al-Jandal, which lay midway between Kufa and Syria and had therefore been selected as the place for the announcement of the decision, a series of daily meetings were arranged for them to discuss the matters in hand. the time arrived for taking a decision about the caliphate, 'Amr ibn al-'As convinced Abu Musa al-Ash'ari that they should deprive both Ali and Mu'awiya of the caliphate, and give the Muslims the right to elect the caliph. Musa al-Ash'ari decided to act accordingly. As the time for announcing the verdict approached, the people belonging to both parties assembled. 'Amr ibn al-'As requested Abu Musa take the lead in announcing the decision he favoured. Abu Musa al-Ash'ari agreed to open the proceedings, and said, "We have devised a solution after a good deal of thought and it may put an end to all contention and separatist tendencies. It is this. Both of us remove 'Ali as well as Mu'awiya from the caliphate. Muslims are given the right to elect a caliph as they think best."[23] On his turn 'Amr bin al-'As stated that he agreed with the part of Abu Musa Ash'ari's verdict that 'Ali should be deposed but he himself was in favour of retaining Mua'wiyah on his post[citation needed]. refused to accept the verdict.[24][25][26] This put Ali in a weak position even amongst his own supporters.[24] most vociferous opponents of Ali in his camp were the very same people who had forced Ali to appoint their arbitrator, the Qurra.[23] Feeling that Ali could no longer look after their interests[27] they felt that their status was being reduced and therefore started to cause trouble.[27] that they could be arrested for the murder of 'Uthman if there were peace, they broke away from Ali's force, rallying under the slogan, "arbitration belongs to God alone."[23] The Qurra then became known as the Kharijites ("those who leave"). with Kharijites[edit] forces finally moved against the Kharijites in 659, and they finally met in the Battle of Nahrawan. Although Ali won the battle, the constant conflict had begun to affect his standing.[23] Tom Holland writes "Ali won a victory over them as crushing as it was to prove pyrrhic: for all he had done, in effect was to fertilise the soil of Mesopotamia with the blood of their martyrs. Three years later, and there came the inevitable blowback: a Kharijite assassin."[28] dealing with the Iraqis, Ali found it hard to build a disciplined army and effective state institutions to exert control over his areas, and as a result later spent a lot of time fighting the Kharijites. As a result, on the Eastern front, Ali found it hard to expand the state.[29] was assassinated by Kharijites in 661. On the 19th of Ramadan, while praying in the Great Mosque of Kufa, Ali was attacked by the Kharijite Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam. He was wounded by ibn Muljam's poison-coated sword while prostrating in the Fajr prayer.[30] When Alī was assassinated, Muawiyah had the largest and the most organized and disciplined force in the Muslim Empire. treaty with Hasan[edit] months later in 661, in the interest of peace, Hasan ibn Ali, who by now only ruled the area around Kufa, made a peace treaty with Muawiyah. By the Hasan-Muawiya treaty, he handed over power to Muawiya on condition that he was just to the people and keep them safe and secure, and after his own death did not establish a dynasty.[31] the year 661, Muawiyah was crowned as caliph at a ceremony in Jerusalem.[32] Ali's caliphate had lasted for four years. After the treaty with Hasan, Muawiyah ruled for nearly 20 years,[1] most of which were spent expanding the state.

Arabs, 661-750, Umayyad Caliphate based in Damascus, Sunni, after first M Civil War, Large, Spain, Cordoba
Arab Caliphates, 661-750, Umayyad, based in Damascus, Sunni ; Umayyad Caliphate (661-“750 CE)[4] was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty (The third caliph of Rashidun Caliphate, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644-“656), was also a member of the Umayyad clan. The family established dynastic, hereditary rule with Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of al-Sham (Greater Syria), who became the sixth caliph after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661. Mu'awiyah's death in 680, conflicts over the succession resulted in a Second Civil War[5] and power eventually fell into the hands of Marwan I from another branch of the clan. The region of Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital. Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 11,100,000 km2 (4,300,000 sq mi),[1] making it one of the largest empires in history in terms of area. The dynasty was eventually overthrown by a rebellion led by the Abbasids in 750. Survivors of the dynasty established themselves in Cordoba which, in the form of an emirate and then a caliphate, became a world centre[6][7] of science, medicine, philosophy and invention, ushering in the period of the Golden Age of Islam. Umayyad Caliphate ruled over a vast multiethnic and multicultural population. Christians, who still constituted a majority of the caliphate's population, and Jews were allowed to practice their own religion but had to pay a head tax (the jizya) from which Muslims were exempt.[8] There was, however, the Muslim-only zakat tax, which was earmarked explicitly for various welfare programmes.[8][9] Prominent positions were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served in Byzantine governments. The employment of Christians was part of a broader policy of religious accommodation that was necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces, as in Syria. This policy also boosted Muawiya's popularity and solidified Syria as his power base.[10][11] The Umayyad era is often considered the formative period in Islamic art.[12] Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ;

Arabs, 661-680, Caliph Muawiyah I, in Damascus and Egypt, Sunni, Syria's Christian beauracracy
Arab Caliph, 661-680, Muawiyah I ; Muawiyah I (597, 603 or 605-680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, serving from 661 until his death. became caliph less than 30 years following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and very shortly after the reign of the four "rightly guided" (Rashidun) caliphs. Although considered to be lacking in the justice and piety of the Rashidun, Muawiyah was also the first caliph whose name appeared on coins, inscriptions, or documents of the nascent Islamic empire.[1] and his father Abu Sufyan had opposed Muhammad, their distant Qurayshite kinsman, until the latter captured Mecca in 630, after which Muawiyah became one of Muhammad's scribes. He was appointed by Caliph Abu Bakr (r. 632-“634) the commander of the vanguard of his brother Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan's army during the conquest of Syria and he moved up the ranks until becoming governor of Syria during the reign of Caliph Uthman (r. 644-“656). He allied with the province's powerful Banu Kalb tribe, developed the defenses of its coastal cities and directed the war efforts against the Byzantine Empire, including the first Muslim naval campaigns. After Uthman's assassination in 656, Muawiyah took up the cause of avenging the caliph and opposed his successor, Ali. During the First Muslim Civil War, the two led their armies to a stalemate at the Battle of Siffin in 657, prompting an abortive series of arbitration talks to settle the war. Afterward, Muawiyah gained recognition as caliph by his Syrian supporters and his ally Amr ibn al-As, who conquered Egypt from Ali's governor in 658. After the assassination of Ali in 661, Muawiyah compelled Ali's son and successor Hasan to abdicate in Kufa and Muawiyah's suzerainty was acknowledged throughout the Caliphate. Muawiyah relied on loyalist Syrian tribes and Syria's Christian-dominated bureaucracy. is credited with establishing government departments responsible for the postal route, correspondences and chancellery. he engaged his troops in almost yearly land and sea raids against the Byzantines, including a failed siege of Constantinople, though the tide turned against the Arabs toward the end of his reign and he sued for a truce. the provinces of Iraq and the eastern Caliphate, he delegated authority to the powerful governors al-Mughira and Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan, the latter of whom he controversially adopted as his brother. Ziyad restarted the eastward Arab conquests in Khurasan and Sijistan and reformed Iraq's army and tax administrations. Muawiyah's direction, the Muslim conquest of Ifriqiya (central North Africa) was launched by the commander Uqba ibn Nafi in 670. Muawiyah confined the influence of his Umayyad clan to the governorship of Medina, he nominated his own son, Yazid I, as his successor. It was an unprecedented move in Islamic politics and opposition to it by prominent Muslim leaders, including Ali's son Husayn and Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, persisted after Muawiyah's death, culminating with the outbreak of the Second Muslim Civil War. St Phanourius, Commemorated on August 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4;

Arabs, 685-705, Umayyad Caliph, khalif Abdul Malek, Damascus, born Muslim, centralized r, Dome of Rock, 2nd Civil War
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 685-705, khalif Abdul Malek, Damascus, Greater Syria; Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam ( July/August 644 or June/July 647 -“ 9 October 705) was the fifth Umayyad caliph, ruling from April 685 until his death. A member of the first generation of born Muslims, his early life in Medina was occupied with pious pursuits. He held administrative and military posts under Caliph Mu'awiya I (r. 661-“680), founder of the Umayyad Caliphate, and his own father, Caliph Marwan I (r. 684-“685). By the time of Abd al-Malik's accession, Umayyad authority had collapsed across the Caliphate as a result of the Second Muslim Civil War and had been reconstituted in Syria and Egypt during his father's reign. a failed invasion of Iraq in 686, Abd al-Malik focused on securing Syria before making further attempts to conquer the greater part of the Caliphate from his principal rival, the Mecca-based caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. To that end, he concluded an unfavorable truce with the reinvigorated Byzantine Empire in 689, quashed a coup attempt in Damascus by his kinsman, al-Ashdaq, the following year, and reincorporated into the army the rebellious Qaysi tribes of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) in 691. then conquered Zubayrid Iraq and dispatched his general, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, to Mecca where he killed Ibn al-Zubayr in late 692, thereby reuniting the Caliphate under Abd al-Malik's rule. The war with Byzantium resumed, resulting in Umayyad advances into Anatolia and Armenia, the destruction of Carthage and the recapture of Kairouan, the launchpad for the later conquests of western North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, in 698. In the east, Abd al-Malik's viceroy, al-Hajjaj, firmly established the caliph's authority in Iraq and Khurasan, stamping out opposition by the Kharijites and the Arab tribal nobility by 702. Abd al-Malik's final years were marked by a domestically peaceful and prosperous consolidation of power. a significant departure from his predecessors, rule over the Caliphate's provinces was centralized under Abd al-Malik, following the elimination of his rivals. loyalist Arab troops from Syria were tasked with maintaining order in the provinces as dependence on less reliable, local Arab garrisons receded. Tax surpluses from the provinces were forwarded to Damascus the traditional military stipends to veterans of the early Muslim conquests and their descendants were abolished, salaries being restricted to those in active service. most consequential of Abd al-Malik's reforms were the introduction of a single Islamic currency in place of Byzantine and Sasanian coinage and the establishment of Arabic as the language of the bureaucracy in place of Greek and Persian in Syria and Iraq, respectively. His Muslim upbringing, the conflicts with external and local Christian forces and rival claimants to Islamic leadership all influenced Abd al-Malik's efforts to prescribe a distinctly Islamic character to the Umayyad state. manifestation of this initiative was his founding of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, the earliest archaeologically attested religious monument built by a Muslim ruler and the possessor of the earliest epigraphic proclamations of Islam and the prophet Muhammad. The foundations established by Abd al-Malik enabled his son and successor, al-Walid I (r. 705--“715), who largely maintained his father's policies, to oversee the Umayyad Caliphate's territorial and economic zenith. Abd al-Malik's centralized government became the prototype of later medieval Muslim states. Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4; JOHN OF DAMASCUS, HYMN-WRITER, DEFENDER OF ICONS (4 DEC 750); Martyr John of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4;

Arabs, 705-715, Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I, continued reforms, Byzntne Raids, public works, U peak, Turkistan, Pakistan
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 705-715, Al-Walid I; Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( c. 674 -23 February 715), commonly known as al-Walid I , was the sixth Umayyad caliph, ruling from October 705 until his death. He was the eldest son of his predecessor Caliph Abd al-Malik (r. 685-“705). a prince, he led annual raids against the Byzantines from 695 to 698 and built or restored fortifications along the Syrian Desert route to Mecca. became the heir apparent after the death of Abd al-Malik's brother and designated successor, Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, in 704. largely continued his father's policies of centralization and expansion, and heavily depended on al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, his father's powerful viceroy over the eastern half of the Caliphate. his reign, Umayyad armies conquered the Maghreb, Hispania, Sind and Transoxiana, expanding the Caliphate to its greatest territorial extent. spoils from the conquests allowed al-Walid to finance public works of great magnitude, including the Great Mosque of Damascus, the al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem and the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. was the first caliph to institute programs for social welfare, aiding the poor and handicapped in Syria. Although it is difficult to ascertain al-Walid's direct role in the affairs of his caliphate, his reign was marked by domestic peace and prosperity and likely represented the peak of Umayyad power. Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4;

Arabs, 717-720, Umayyad Caliph Umar II, scholars, Hadiths, education, China and Tibet
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 717-720, Umar II ; Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (2 November 682 -5 February 720), commonly known as Umar II, was the eighth Umayyad caliph, who possessed the largest empire in Islamic history[1](alongside al-Mutawakkil). He made various significant contributions and reforms to the society, and he has been described as "the most pious and devout" of the Umayyad rulers and was often called the first Mujaddid and the fifth righteous Caliph of Islam.[2] was also a cousin of the former caliph, being the son of Abd al-Malik's younger brother, Abd al-Aziz. He was also a matrilineal great-grandson of the second caliph, Umar ibn Al-Khattab. with great scholars, he is credited with having ordered the first official collection of Hadiths and encouraged education to everyone. He also sent out emissaries to China and Tibet, inviting their rulers to accept Islam. At the same time, he remained tolerant with non-Muslim citizens. According to Nazeer Ahmed, it was during the time of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz that the Islamic faith took roots and was accepted by huge segments of the population of Persia and Egypt. Umar is sometimes deemed a pacifist, since he ordered the withdrawal of the Muslim army in places such as Constantinople and Central Asia despite being a good military leader. Under his rule, the Islamic Spain conquered good amount of territories from the Christian Kingdoms, but he removed troops from Septimania, modern France. Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4;

Arabs, 720-724, Umayyad Caliph Yazid II, financial crisis, reversing reforms, raising taxes failed
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 720-724, Yazid II; Yazid bin Abd al-Malik (690/91 -” 28 January 724), also referred to as Yazid II, was the ninth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 9 February 720 until his death in 724. did not possess military or administrative experience before his reign.[1] and military policies[edit] expenses of enforcing Umayyad rule in Iraq and the expansionist war efforts along multiple fronts, including the enormous cost of the failed sieges of Constantinople in 717-“718, had erased much of the monetary gains from the conquests of Transoxiana, Sind and the Iberian Peninsula under al-Walid I and caused a financial crisis in the Caliphate.[33] Among the solutions of Yazid's predecessor to the fiscal burden were the withdrawal of the Syrians from Iraq, a halt on conquests and near elimination of grants to Umayyad princes, as well as an unrealized goal to withdraw Arab troops altogether from Transoxiana, the Iberian Peninsula and Cilicia.[33] most significant reforms of Umar II granted equality to the mawa in Khurasan, Sind, Ifriqiya and the Iberian Peninsula by abolishing the jizya, the poll tax traditionally exacted on non-Muslim subjects but in practice extended to non-Arab Muslim converts, and instituting equal pay for mawa in the ranks of the Caliphate's Arab-dominated armies.[1][34] According to Blankinship, the reforms favoring the mawa may have been guided by Umar II's piety, but also a fiscal consideration: if equal treatment with the Arabs made the government popular with the mawa iit could translate into delegating an increased security role for the mawa in their native provinces and their enthusiastic defense of the Caliphate's frontiers, thereby reducing the expense of deploying and garrisoning Arab troops.[33] attempted to reverse, with limited success, the reforms of Umar II, which were opposed by the Arab militarist camp in the Caliphate and the Umayyad ruling family.[1] During Umar II's rule the militarist camp led by Maslama may have accepted a temporary pause in activity to recover from the Constantinople debacle.[35] Under Yazid, Maslama and his proteges, including Ibn Hubayra, were restored or appointed to senior commands, Syrian garrisons were reintroduced to Iraq, the traditional annual raids against the Byzantines and the war with the Khazars were restarted, and the grants of estates or generous sums to Umayyad princes resumed.[36] Although Yazid's policies were presumably meant to gain the backing of the ruling elite and restore the flow of war spoils, they proved insufficient to finance the Caliphate's troops, particularly as booty had become increasingly difficult to obtain by the Arab expeditionary forces.[36] fill the depleted coffers of the caliphal treasury Yazid turned to the fifth of provincial tax revenues officially owed to the caliph. Historically, the provinces neglected to forward the revenues if political conditions allowed and governors often pilfered such funds. To ensure the flow of revenues to the treasury, Yazid appointed governors based on the example set by al-Hajjaj, i.e. upright, meticulously loyal and ruthless in the collection of taxes.[36] Unlike the era of al-Hajjaj, however, Yazid applied this principle for the first time to Ifriqiya, Khurasan, Sind and the Iberian Peninsula.[36] A major aspect of his policy was the reinstatement of the jizya on the mawa,[36] which alienated the mawa in the aforementioned provinces.[1] Ifriqiya, the caliph's governor Yazid ibn Abi Muslim, himself a mawa from Iraq and prota of al-Hajjaj, was assassinated by his Berber guard in 720, shortly after his appointment, for attempting to reinstate the jizya.[1] Many, if not most, Berbers had embraced Islam and commanded a strong position in the army unlike mawa in other parts of the Caliphate.[37] The Berbers reinstalled Ibn Abi Muslim's predecessor Ismail ibn Abd Allah ibn Abi al-Muhajir and notified Yazid, who approved the change.[38] The incident in Ifriqiya was a blow to the Caliphate's prestige in North Africa and served as a harbinger for the Berber Revolt in 740-“743.[1] The reinstatement of the jizya in Khurasan in 721/22 by Ibn Hubayra's deputy Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi led to revolts and wars in the province that continued for twenty years and partly contributed to the Abbasid Revolution.[1] In Egypt pay increases to the indigenous mawa sailors of the Muslim fleet were reversed.[36] groups began to gain power among the disaffected. Al-Tabari records that Abbasids were promoting their cause in A.H. 102 (720-721 CE). They were already building a power base that they would later use to topple the Umayyads in 750 CE. same year Yazid's governor in Medina, Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Dahhak, incurred the caliph's displeasure because the governor was exerting undue pressure trying to force a woman to marry him. She appealed to Yazid who replaced Abd al-Rahman with Abd al-Walid ibn Abdallah.[39] against the Khazars[edit] March 722 the Syrian army of Yazid's governor in Armenia and Adharbayjan, Mi'laq ibn Saffar al-Bahrani, was routed by the Khazars in Armenia, south of the Caucasus. The defeat marked the culmination of the Caliphate's winter campaign against the Khazars and resulted in considerable Syrian losses.[40] To avenge this defeat, Yazid II sent al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah at the head of a 25,000-strong army of Syrians, who pushed into the Caucasus homeland of the Khazars and took their capital of Balanjar on 22 August.[41] The main body of the highly mobile Khazars avoided the Muslims' pursuit and their presence compelled al-Jarrah to withdraw to Warthan south of the Caucasus and request reinforcements of from Yazid.[41] In 723 he led another raid north of Balanjar, but made no remarkable gains.[41] edict[edit] to Greek sources, including Patriarch John V of Jerusalem (d. 735), Theophanes the Confessor (d. 818) and Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople (d. 828), Yazid issued an edict ordering the destruction of all icons in Christian churches across the Caliphate under the influence a Jewish magician from Tiberias, variously called Beser or Tessarakontapechys, who promised Yazid a long life of fortune in return.[42] Syriac sources further note that Yazid entrusted Maslama to execute the order and that the edict influenced the Byzantine emperor Leo III (r. 717-“741) to enact his own iconoclastic policy in the Byzantine Empire.[43] The Egypt-based Arabic historians al-Kindi (d. 961), Bishop Severus ibn al-Muqaffa (d. 987) and al-Maqrizi (d. 1442) also make note of the edict and describe its execution in Egypt.[44] The medieval historians cite different years for Yazid's edict, but the modern historian Alexander Vasiliev holds that July 721, the date cited by Patriarch John V, is the most reliable.[45] The order was reversed by Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 724-“743).[44] Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4;

Arabs, 724-743, Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, effective rule
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 724-743, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik; ibn Abd al-Malik (691-“ 6 February 743) was the tenth Umayyad caliph who ruled from 724 until his death in 743. When he was born in 691 his father named him after his mother. the caliphate from his brother Yazid II, Hisham was ruling an empire with many different problems. He would, however, be effective in attending to these problems, and in allowing the Umayyad empire to continue as an entity. His long rule was an effective one, and it saw a rebirth of reforms that were originated by Umar bin Abd al-Aziz. his brother al-Walid I, Hisham was a great patron of the arts, and he again encouraged arts in the empire. He also encouraged the growth of education by building more schools, and perhaps most importantly, by overseeing the translation of numerous literary and scientific masterpieces into Arabic. He returned to a stricter interpretation of the Sharia as Umar had, and enforced it, even upon his own family. His ability to stand up to the Umayyad clan may have been an important factor in his success, and may point to why his brother Yazid was ineffective. to tradition, Hisham ordered the hadith scholar Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri (d.742) to commit the hadith he had memorized to writing. activities[edit] the military front his empire suffered a series of setbacks, especially in the Caucasus against the Khazars (the Battle of Marj Ardabil) and in Transoxiana against the Turgesh (the "Day of Thirst" and the Battle of the Pass). Hisham sent armies to end the Hindu rebellion in Sindh, and was successful when the Hindu ruler Jai Singh was killed. This allowed the Umayyads to reassert their rule over some portions of their provinces in India. Some invasions of Indian kingdoms were led by the Arab governors of Sindh but they were unsuccessful. Hisham's rule, regular raids against the Byzantine Empire continued. One regular commander of Arab forces was the redoubtable Maslama, Hisham's half-brother. He fought the Byzantines in 725â€“726 CE (A.H. 107) and the next year captured Caesarea Mazaca. He also fought the Khazars in the Caucasus. In 728, he fought for a month against the Khaqan there and defeated him. Hisham's son Mu'awiyah ibn Hisham was another Arab commander in the almost-annual raids against the Byzantine Empire. In 728, he took the fort of Samalu in Cilicia. The next year Mu'awiyah thrust left and Sa'id ibn Hisham right, in addition to a sea raid. In 731, Mu'awiyah captured Kharsianon in Cappadocia. raided the Byzantine Empire in 731-“732 (A.H. 113). The next year he captured Aqrun (Akroinos), while Abdallah al-Battal took a Byzantine commander prisoner. Mu'awiyah raided Byzantium from 734-“737. In 737, al Walid ibn al Qa'qa al-Absi led the raid against the Byzantines. The next year Sulayman ibn Hisham captured Sindirah (Sideroun). In 738-“739, Maslama captured some of Cappadocia and also raided the Avars. Theophanes the Confessor (p. 103) states that while some Arabs raided successfully in 739 and returned home safely, others were soundly defeated at the Battle of Akroinon. He records that internal Byzantine strife (the struggle between Constantine V and the usurper Artabasdos) facilitated Arab raids by Sulayman ibn Hisham in 741-“742 (p. 106) that made many Byzantines Arab captives. Al-Tabari refers to the same raid.[2] North Africa, Kharijite teachings combined with natural local restlessness to produce a significant Berber revolt. In 740, a large Berber force surrounded a loyal army at Wadi Sherif, where the loyalists fought to the death. Hisham dispatched a force of 27,000 Syrians, which was destroyed in 741. In 742 Handhala ibn Safwan began successfully, but soon was besieged in Qairawan. He led a desperate sortie from the city that scattered the Berbers, killing thousands and re-establishing Umayyad rule. also faced a revolt by the armies of Zayd ibn Ali, grandson of Husayn bin Ali, which was put down because of the betrayal of the Kufans. The Kufans encouraged Zayd to revolt. Zayd was ordered to leave Kufah and though he appeared to set out for Mecca, he returned and dwelt secretly in Kufah moving from house to house and receiving the allegiance of many people. Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi, Iraq's governor, learned of the plot, commanded the people to gather at the great mosque, locked them inside and began a search for Zayd. Zayd with some troops fought his way to the mosque and called on people to come out. He then pushed back Yusuf's troops, but was felled by an arrow. Although his body was initially buried, the spot was pointed out and it was extracted, beheaded and the head sent to Hisham and later to Medina. Umayyad coin issued by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. Spain, the internal conflicts of the years past were ended, and Hisham's governor, Abd ar Rahman ibn Abdallah, assembled a large army that went into France. He besieged Bordeaux and pushed to the Loire. This marked the limit of Arabic conquest in Western Europe. The wave was halted at the Battle of Tours by Charles Martel who ruled the kingdom of the Franks. Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4;

Arabs, 735-736, Umayyad Caliph, Marwan ibn Muhammad (Marwan the Deaf), fought all across Georgia East to West
Persia, 735-736, Umayyad Caliph, Marwan ibn Muhammad (Marwan the Deaf); ibn Muhammad's invasion of Georgia took place from 735 to 737. It was initiated by the Umayyad Caliphate. The goals of the campaign are disputed among historians. The Georgian historiography insists its main purpose was to finally break the stiff Georgian resistance against Arab rule,[1] however, the western historians such as Cyril Toumanoff,[2] and Ronald Suny,[3] view it as a general campaign directed at both the Byzantine Empire, who exerted dominion over Western Georgia, and the Khazars, whose repeated raids affected not only Iberia (Eastern Georgia) and the whole Caucasus, but had in 730 reached Arab lands all the way to Mosul. invasion[edit] invasion was led by Marwan ibn Muhammad, who later became the last Umayyad caliph Marwan II. He first campaigned in Kartli, after which he led his armies to the west and besieged the fortress of Anakopia, where Archil of Kakheti and his brother Mihr, who were assisted by Leon I of Abkhazia, were stationed. The Arabs failed to take the fortress and were forced to retreat. Fearing an onslaught, large numbers of Georgians fled to the mountainous regions. Marwan later invaded Samtskhe, encamped in Odzrkhe and led his forces against the princes of Argveti, Constantine and David, from whom, upon their capture, he demanded unconditional conversion to Islam, which both refused. He tortured and then killed them for their refusal. After that, Marwan took Tshkumi (modern Sukhumi) and Tsikhegoji and again turned to Anakopia. The Georgians fought fiercely and the Arabs were powerless to take the fortress, especially after heavy rains and floods began. The Arabs retreated with heavy losses. cruelty and ruthlessness was epitomized by the Georgians by naming him Murvan Qru ("Marwan the Deaf"). After his campaign, most major settlements were utterly ruined and people faced starvation. If Georgian historiography insists that Kartli was devastated by the invasion, Toumanoff, relying on local and Arab sources, claims that most of the damage in the Eastern part of the country was actually the result of the previous Khazar raids, and that the local Georgian prince, Guaram III of Iberia, actually sided with the Arabs in order to repeal them beyond the Caucasian range.[4] In any case, the Arab intervention gave them more power over Iberia than they had managed to attain in almost a century of previous conquests. They established the Emirate of Tbilisi to exert direct control over Iberia, even though the Principate of Iberia was not abolished, and local nobility retained most of their power. Because civil instability and foreign enemies were plaguing the caliphate, it was unable to launch another invasion and until 786 settled upon receiving irregular tributes from the Georgian local princes. Arab general Marwan the Deaf; ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam (691 - 6 August 750), usually known simply as Marwan II, was the fourteenth and last caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 744 until he was killed in 750. of his reign was dominated by a civil war, and he was the last Umayyad ruler to rule the united Caliphate before the Abbasid Revolution toppled the Umayyad dynasty. and background[edit] ibn Muhammad was a member of the Marwanid household of the Umayyad Caliphate. His grandmother, named Zaynab. Marwan's father, Muhammad ibn Marwan, who was the son of the fourth Umayyad Caliph Marwan I (r. 684–685), and hence half-brother to fifth Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r. 685–705).[1][2] mother was a woman who's mostly unnamed, however sometimes is called Rayya or Tarubah, and is likely of non-Arab origin (a Kurd according to some accounts). Some have referenced that his mother was already pregnant with Marwan before his legal father, Muhammad, bed her, thus making the child not his.[3] A couple sources report that Muhammad had taken her captive during the suppression of Ibn al-Zubayr's revolt.[4] There is much doubt and dispute on his mother's name but she was most commonly known as Umm Marwan (meaning "Mother of Marwan"). life[edit] 732–733 Caliph Hisham appointed Marwan governor of Armenia. In 735–736 Marwan invaded Georgia, devastated it and then took three fortresses of the Alans and made peace with Tumanshah. In 739-740 he launched further raids and obtained tribute. 744-745, on hearing news of the plot to overthrow al-Walid II, Marwan wrote to his relatives from Armenia strongly discouraging this. He urged them to harmoniously preserve the stability and well-being of the Umayyad house. Yazid III persisted in overthrowing al-Walid II, Marwan at first opposed him, then rendered allegiance to him. On Yazid's early death (Yazid named his brother Ibrahim as his successor. Yazid fell ill of a brain tumour[5]), Marwan renewed his ambitions, ignored Yazid's named successor Ibrahim, and became caliph. Ibrahim initially hid, then requested Marwan give him assurances of personal safety. This Marwan granted and Ibrahim even accompanied the new caliph to Hisham's residence of Rusafah. Old map of western Eurasia and northern Africa showing the expansion of the Caliphate from Arabia to cover most of the Middle East, with the Byzantine Empire outlined in green The expansion of the Muslim Caliphate until 750, from William R. Shepherd's Historical Atlas. Muslim state at the death of Muhammad Expansion under the Rashidun Caliphate Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate Byzantine Empire named his two sons Ubaydallah and Abdullah heirs. He appointed governors and proceeded to assert his authority by force. However, the anti-Umayyad feeling was very prevalent, especially in Iran and Iraq. The Abbasids had gained much support. As such, Marwan's reign as caliph was almost entirely devoted to trying to keep the Umayyad empire together. took Emesa (Homs) after a bitter ten-month siege. Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani led a Kharijite rebellion. He defeated the Syrian forces and took Kufa. Sulayman ibn Hisham turned against Marwan, but suffered a severe defeat. The Kharijites advanced on Mosul and were defeated. Sulayman joined them. Al-Dahhak's successor al-Khaybari was initially successful in pushing back Marwan's center and even took the caliph's camp and sat on his carpet. However, he and those with him fell into fighting in the camp. Shayban succeeded him. Marwan pursued him and Sulayman to Mosul and besieged them there for six months. Then, reinforced, the caliph drove them out. Shayban fled to Bahrayn where he was killed; Sulayman sailed to India. Khurasan there was internal discord, with the Umayyad governor Nasr ibn Sayyar facing opposition from al-Harith and al-Kirmani. They also fought each other. In addition, Abbasid envoys arrived. There had long been religious fervor and a kind of messianic expectation of Abbasid ascendency. During Ramadan of 747 (16 May – 14 June), the Abbasids unfurled the standards of their revolt. Nasr sent his retainer Yazid against them. Yazid, however, was bested, taken, and held captive. He was impressed by the Abbasids and when released told Nasr he wanted to join them, but his obligations to Nasr brought him back. continued throughout Khurasan with the Abbasids gaining increasing ascendency. Finally, Nasr fell sick and died at Rayy on 9 November 748 at the age of eighty-five. campaigned in Egypt in 749 to quell the Bashmuric Revolt and secure his rear, but his campaign was a failure.[6] The Abbasids, meanwhile, achieved success in the Hijaz. Marwan suffered a decisive defeat by Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah on the banks of the Great Zab, called Battle of the Zab. At this battle alone, over 300 members of the Umayyad family died. Marwan fled, leaving Damascus, Jordan and Palestine and reaching Egypt, where he was caught and killed on 6 August 750. His heirs Ubaydallah and Abdallah escaped to modern Eritrea. Abdallah died in fighting there. death signaled the end of Umayyad fortunes in the East and was followed by the mass killing of Umayyads by the Abbasids. Almost the entire Umayyad dynasty was killed, except for the prince Abd ar-Rahman who escaped to Spain and founded an Umayyad dynasty there. In Egypt, Marwan's tongue was fed to a cat.[7] Martyr David the Prince of Georgia, Commemorated on October 2; 8th century was extremely difficult for the Georgian people. Marwan bin Muhammad (called “the Deaf” by the Georgians and “the Blind” by the Armenians), the Persian ruler and military leader for the Arab caliph, invaded eastern parts of the Byzantine Empire, then Armenia and Georgia. fire and the sword he fought his way across Georgia from the east to the city of Tskhumi (now Sokhumi) in the region of Abkhazeti. The princes David and Constantine Mkheidze of Argveti were faithful Christians and skilled military leaders. When they heard about the enemy’s invasion, the brothers prayed to God for protection, assembled their armies, and urged their people to pray fervently for God’s help. Persian warriors approached Argveti from Samtskhe and attacked the Georgians on Persati Mountain. The Georgian army won the battle, with David and Constantine leading the resistance against the fearsome conquerors. before long the enraged Marwan the Deaf gathered an enormous army and marched toward Argveti to take revenge. This time the enemy routed the Georgian army. Many were killed and those who survived were forced to flee to the forests. The commanders David and Constantine were taken captive. Persian soldiers bound David and Constantine and brought them before Marwan the Deaf, who began to mock them. But they reacted with complete composure, saying, “Your laughter and boasting are in vain, since earthly glory is fleeting and soon fades away. It is not your valor that has captured us, but our own sins. For the atonement of these sins have we fallen into the hands of the godless enemy!” furious Marwan ordered that the brothers be beaten without mercy, but they steadfastly endured the suffering. Stunned by the brothers’ resolve, Marwan decided to win them over with flattery instead. Promising him great honors and command of the armies, he turned to the older brother, David, saying, “I have heard of your valor, and I advise you to abandon your erroneous faith and submit yourself to the faith of Muhammad!” David crossed himself and answered, “Let not this disgrace come upon us, that we would depart from the light and draw nearer to the darkness!” Then he condemned the error of the Islamic faith: “Muhammad converted you from the worship of fire, but he could not instill in you the knowledge of the True God. Therefore it appears as though you suffered a shipwreck and saved yourselves from the depths of the sea, but drowned in the shallow waters of the coast.” at this reply, Marwan turned to the younger brother, Constantine, hoping to win him over to his side. But Constantine was also unbending, and he fearlessly glorified the Most Holy Trinity: “My brother David and I believe and follow the one Faith and one doctrine in which we have been instructed. Our faith is in the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, and we will die for the sake of the One True God!” ordered that the brothers be starved to death. After they had suffered for ten days, Marwan sent sorcerers and charmers to arouse in them a desire to convert to Islam, but their efforts were in vain. Finally the holy brothers David and Constantine were led to the riverbank near the Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian. There they were brutally beaten and bound. Heavy rocks were hung from their necks, and they were drowned in the river. night three beams of light descended from the heavens and lit up the place where the brothers had been drowned. According to God’s holy will, the ropes binding the holy martyrs were loosed, and their bodies floated to the surface. A group of faithful Christians carried them out of the river and buried them on the bank of the Tsqaltsitela River, in a church that Marwan the Deaf had devastated. place of their burial remained concealed until the beginning of the 12th century, during the reign of King Bagrat the Great (1072-1117). Then, in fulfillment of King Bagrat’s decree, the Monastery of the Martyrs (Motsameta) was built over that place, and the incorrupt relics of the Great Martyrs are still preserved there. Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ;

Arabs, 744-750, Umayyad Caliph Marwan II bin Muhammad (Marwan the Deaf or Blind) Third M Civil War
Arab general Marwan the Deaf; Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 744-750, Marwan II bin Muhammad (Marwan the Deaf) invasion of Georgia; ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam (691 -“ 6 August 750), also called Marwan II, was the fourteenth and last caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 744 until he was killed in 750. Much of his reign was dominated by the Third Muslim Civil War, and he was the last Umayyad ruler to rule the united Caliphate before the Abbasid Revolution toppled the Umayyad dynasty. A.H. 114 (732-“733) Caliph Hisham appointed Marwan governor of Armenia and Azerbaijan. In A.H. 117 (735-“736) Marwan invaded Georgia, devastated it and then took three fortresses of the Alans and made peace with Tumanshah. In A.H. 121 he launched further raids and obtained tribute. In A.H. 126, on hearing news of the plot to overthrow al-Walid II, Marwan wrote to his relatives from Armenia strongly discouraging this. He urged them to harmoniously preserve the stability and well-being of the Umayyad house. Yazid III persisted in overthrowing al-Walid II, Marwan at first opposed him, then rendered allegiance to him. On Yazid's early death, Marwan renewed his ambitions, ignored Yazid's named successor Ibrahim and became caliph. Ibrahim initially hid, then requested Marwan give him assurances of personal safety. This Marwan granted and Ibrahim even accompanied the new caliph to Hisham's residence of Rusafah. named his two sons Ubaydillah and Abdullah heirs. He appointed governors and proceeded to assert his authority by force. However, anti-Umayyad feeling was very prevalent, especially in Iran and Iraq. The Abbasids had gained much support. As such, Marwan's reign as caliph was almost entirely devoted to trying to keep the Umayyad empire together. took Emesa (Homs) after a bitter ten-month siege. Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani led a Kharijite rebellion. He defeated the Syrian forces and took Kufa. Sulayman ibn Hisham turned against Marwan, but suffered a severe defeat. The Kharijites advanced on Mosul and were defeated. Sulayman joined them. Al-Dahhak's successor al-Khaybari was initially successful in pushing back Marwan's centre and even took the caliph's camp and sat on his carpet. However, he and those with him fell in fighting in the camp. Shayban succeeded him. Marwan pursued him and Sulayman to Mosul and besieged them there for six months. Then, reinforced, the caliph drove them out. Shayban fled to Bahrayn where he was killed; Sulayman sailed to India. Khurasan there was internal discord with the Umayyad governor Nasr ibn Sayyar facing opposition from al-Harith and al-Kirmani. They also fought each other. In addition Abbasid envoys arrived. There had long been religious fervour and a kind of messianic expectation of Abbasid ascendency. During Ramadan 747 (May 16-“June 14), they unfurled the standards of their revolt. Nasr sent his retainer Yazid against them. Yazid, however, was bested, taken and held captive. He was impressed by the Abbasids and when released told Nasr he wanted to join them, but his obligations to Nasr brought him back. continued throughout Khurasan with the Abbasids gaining increasing ascendency. Finally, Nasr fell sick and died at Rayy on November 9, 748 at the age of eighty-five. campaign in Egypt in 749 to quell the Bashmuric Revolt and secure his rear, but his campaign was a failure.[3] The Abbasids, meanwhile, achieved success in the Hijaz. Marwan suffered a decisive defeat by Abu al-'Abbas al-Saffah on the banks of the Great Zab called Battle of the Zab. At this battle alone, over 300 members of the Umayyad family died. Marwan fled, leaving Damascus, Jordan and Palestine and reaching Egypt, where he was caught and killed on August 6, 750. His heirs Ubaydallah and Abdallah escaped to modern Eritrea. Ubaydallah died in fighting there. death signalled the end of Umayyad fortunes in the East, and was followed by the mass-killing of Umayyads by the Abbasids. Almost the entire Umayyad dynasty was killed, except for the talented prince Abd ar-Rahman who escaped to Spain and founded an Umayyad dynasty there. In Egypt, Marian's tongue was fed to a cat.[4] Martyr David the Prince of Georgia, Commemorated on October 2; Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4; St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated on August 21; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated on January 8; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ;

Arabs, 750-1517, Abbasid Caliph, first b in Baghdad, then took Fatmids 1171, Sunni, Revolution, Persian bureaucrats
Arab Caliphates, 750-1517, Abbasid, based in Baghdad, Shia ; The Abbasid Caliphate was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib (566-“653 CE), from whom the dynasty takes its name.[2] They ruled as caliphs for most of the caliphate from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE (132 AH). Abbasid Caliphate first centered its government in Kufa, modern-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph Al-Mansur founded the city of Baghdad, near the ancient Sasanian capital city of Ctesiphon. Abbasid period was marked by reliance on Persian bureaucrats (notably the Barmakid family) for governing the territories as well as an increasing inclusion of non-Arab Muslims in the ummah (national community). customs were broadly adopted by the ruling elite, and they began patronage of artists and scholars.[3] became a center of science, culture, philosophy and invention in what became known as the Golden Age of Islam. this initial cooperation, the Abbasids of the late 8th century had alienated both non-Arab mawali (clients)[4] and Iranian bureaucrats.[5] were forced to cede authority over al-Andalus (Spain) to the Umayyads in 756, Morocco to the Idrisids in 788, Ifriqiya and Southern Italy to the Aghlabids in 800, Khorasan and Transoxiana to the Samanids and Persia to the Saffarids in the 870s, and Egypt to the Isma'ili-Shia caliphate of the Fatimids in 969. political power of the caliphs was limited with the rise of the Iranian Buyids and the Seljuq Turks, who captured Baghdad in 945 and 1055, respectively. Abbasid leadership over the vast Islamic empire was gradually reduced to a ceremonial religious function in much of the Caliphate, the dynasty retained control over its Mesopotamian domain. Abbasids' period of cultural fruition and its (reduced) territorial control ended in 1258 with the sack of Baghdad by the Mongols under Hulagu Khan and the execution of Al-Musta'sim. Abbasid line of rulers, and Muslim culture in general, re-centred themselves in the Mamluk capital of Cairo in 1261. lacking in political power (with the brief exception of Caliph Al-Musta'in of Cairo), the dynasty continued to claim religious authority until after the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517.[6] Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25;

Arabs, 749-810s, Abbasid military leader, Khuzayma ibn Khazim, Dzhidzhum-Asim, great influence role to power
Arabs, 749-810s, Abbasid military leader, Khuzayma ibn Khazim, Dzhidzhum-Asim ; ibn Khazim ibn Khuzayma al-Tamimi (died 818/9) was a powerful grandee in the early Abbasid Caliphate. The son of the distinguished military leader Khazim ibn Khuzayma, he inherited a position of privilege and power, and served early on in high state offices. was crucial in securing the accession of Harun al-Rashid in 786, and was an influential figure throughout his reign. During the civil war of 811-“813 he sided with al-Amin, but finally defected to the camp of al-Amin's brother al-Ma'mun and played a decisive role in ending the year-long siege of Baghdad in a victory for al-Ma'mun's forces. was the son of Khazim ibn Khuzayma, a Khurasani Arab who became an early follower of the Abbasids and played an instrumental role in their rise to power both during and after the Abbasid Revolution. Through Khazim, the family achieved a prominent place among the Khurasaniyya, the Khurasani soldiers who had come west during the Revolution and formed the main power-base of the early Abbasid regime.[1] In his youth, Khuzayma participated in the Revolution alongside his father, and according to al-Dinawari was named governor of Tabaristan in 760.[2] After Khazim's death (the date is unknown, but sometime after 765[3]), his position and influence were mostly inherited by Khuzayma.[4] Khuzayma served as sahib al-shurta (chief of police) of Baghdad under Caliph al-Mahdi (r. 775-“785).[5] power was shown in 786, at the death of al-Hadi (r. 785-“786), when he was instrumental in securing the accession of al-Hadi's younger brother Harun al-Rashid (r. 786-“809) against the claims of al-Hadi's son Ja'far. At the time of his sudden death on 14 September, al-Hadi was planning to remove Harun from the succession in favour of Ja'far, but he had not yet done so. Thus, on the night when al-Hadi died, Harun's supporters hastened to acclaim him as Caliph, while others gave the oath of allegiance to Ja'far. Although Khuzayma had been a staunch supporter of al-Hadi, the Caliph's decision to strip his brother Abdallah from the post of sahib al-shurta probably alienated him. Khuzayma reportedly gathered and armed 5,000 of his own followers, dragged the young prince from his bed and forced him to publicly renounce his claims in favour of Harun.[3][6][7] Khuzayma and his brother Abdallah enjoyed great influence and occupied senior provincial governorships under Harun; Khuzayma's wealth was such that he built a magnificent palace in Baghdad.[3] Khuzayma served as governor of Basra,[2] as well as twice as governor (ostikan) of Arminiya (a large province encompassing the whole of Transcaucasia) the first time for 14 months in 786-“787, and again for an unknown period of time around 804. According to Arab sources, his first tenure was distinguished for his sound government, but according to Armenian sources he launched repeated and bloody persecutions of the semi-autonomous local princes in both Armenia and Iberia, executing many of their number (among them Archil of Kakheti).[8] After the 799 Khazar invasion of Arminiya, Khuzayma and Yazid ibn Mazyad were tasked with confronting the Khazars. Yazid led the troops against the Khazar invaders, while Khuzayma remained in reserve near Nisibis.[9] In 808, when Harun journeyed east to deal with the revolt of Rafi ibn al-Layth in Khurasan, Khuzayma was appointed as the guardian and tutor over Harun's third son, al-Qasim, who was governor of the frontier zone with the Byzantine Empire.[10][11] Towards the end of Harun's reign, he also served as the Caliph's shahib al-shurta.[2] the death of Harun and the rise to the throne of al-Amin (r. 809–813), Khuzayma was appointed as Qasim's deputy for the Jazira, and in 810, when Qasim was recalled to Baghdad and placed under virtual house arrest, Khuzayma succeeded him as governor of both the Jazira and the Byzantine frontier.[12] In the period leading up to the civil war between al-Amin and his half-brother al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833), at the time heir-apparent and governor of Khurasan, Khuzayma was among those who advised al-Amin to avoid openly breaking relations with al-Ma'mun by removing him from the line of succession.[2][13] By this time, Khuzayma was in very advanced age and almost blind. Like most of the Khurasaniyya and the traditional Abbasid elites, he and his brothers initially supported al-Amin, who was based at Baghdad, against al-Ma'mun, who was based in Khurasan. After the victories of al-Ma'mun's troops, however, Baghdad itself came under a year-long siege. As the siege progressed, the elites' support for al-Amin began to waver, and in September 813, Khuzayma was contacted by al-Ma'mun's general, Tahir ibn Husayn. The talks bore fruit, and on the night of 21 September, Khuzayma's servants cut the main bridge over the Tigris linking the eastern and western quarters of Baghdad. The eastern part surrendered the very next day, while Tahir's troops stormed and captured most of the western city, resulting in al-Amin's flight, capture and execution by Tahir's men.[14][15] Khuzayma remained an important personage and was involved in the tumultuous politics of Baghdad during the next few years, being one of the leaders of the uprising of Baghdad against al-Ma'mun's governor, al-Hasan ibn Sahl, in 816.[2][16] He died in 818/9.[17] After his death, and with the end of the civil war and the rise of new elites under al-Ma'mun, his family, like most of the Khurasaniyya, lost its previous power.[3] Martyr Archil II, King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21 Holy Martyr Archil II, King of Georgia belonged to the dynasty of the Chosroidoi, and he was a direct descendant of the holy emperor Saint Mirian (+ 342). the reign of Archil II, Georgia was subjected to a devastating invasion by Murvana-Kru (“the Wildâ€), so called by the Georgian people for his inexorable cruelty. The position of the Georgian people was desperate, and the emperor Archil II, together with his brother Myro, the ruler of Western Georgia, tearfully implored the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos, and She showed forth Her mercy. a battle by the Rivers Abasha and Tskhenis-Tskhali the Georgian forces miraculously gained the victory over the significantly superior forces of Murvana-Kru. this victory the emperor Archil II was occupied with the restoration of the Georgian kingdom. He rebuilt the city of Nukhpatis, rebuilt ruined churches in Mtskheta and furthered the acceptance of Christianity by many of the mountain tribes. But soon Georgia suffered a new Arab invasion with the sudden appearance of Dzhidzhum-Asim (Jijum-Asim). Having paid a tribute to the Arabs, the emperor did not expect this invasion. In order to deliver the land from new devastation and avert the intrusion of Islam upon it, he deemed it beneficial to go himself to Dzhizhum-Asim, and subject formerly independent Georgia to the Arabs, and ask for peace. Placing all his hope on the mercy of God and ready to offer up his soul for his holy Faith and for his nation, Saint Archil went to the camp of the Arabs. Dzhidzhum-Asim received him hospitably and promised his suzerainty, but insisted on acceptance of Mohammedanism. As the “Georgian Chronicleâ€ relates, the holy emperor Archil calmly said, “It will not be, that I should forsake Christ, the True God, Who for our salvation took upon Himself human flesh. I know, if I obey you, then I shall die a spiritual death and shall suffer eternally. If for my firmness you put me to death, I shall then rise as did my Lord, and I shall go to Himâ€. these words, Dzhidzhum-Asim gave orders to seize the confessor and take him off to prison. But neither tortures nor promises could make the eighty-year-old emperor Archil apostasize. March 20, 744 the holy emperor Archil was beheaded. The body of the martyr was secretly taken by Georgian Christians to the locale Ertso and buried in Kakhetia, in the Notkor church built by the holy emperor himself.

Arabs, 750-754, Abbasid Caliph, As-Saffah, first A caliph, ruthless, long rule
Abbasid Caliph, 750-754, As-Saffah; -10 June 754) was the first caliph of the Abbasid caliphate, one of the longest and most important caliphates (Islamic dynasties) in Islamic history. (Due to different methods of romanising Arabic names, the spellings As-Saffah and Al-Saffah may both be found.) meaning "the Blood-Shedder" for his ruthless tactics and perhaps also to instill fear in his enemies. St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated on August 21;

Arabs, 754-775, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mansur, real founder of the caliphate, Bagdad founder
Abbasid Caliph, 754-775, Al-Mansur; or Abu Ja'far Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Mansur (95AH – 158 AH (714 AD – 6 October 775 AD) was the second Abbasid Caliph reigning from 136 AH to 158 AH (754 AD – 775 AD) and succeeding Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah. is generally regarded as the real founder of the Abbasid Caliphate, one of the largest polities in world history, for his role in stabilizing and institutionalizing the dynasty.[1]:265 He is also known for founding the 'round city' of Madinat al-Salam which was to become the core of imperial Baghdad.[1]:270 St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated on August 21;

Arabs, 775-785, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mahdi, by future standards, a model of order and decorum, rightly guided
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 775-785, Al-Mahdi; Abdallah Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Mansur ( 744 or 745 -785), better known by his regnal name al-Mahdi ("He who is guided by God"), was the third Abbasid Caliph who reigned from 775 to his death in 785. He succeeded his father, al-Mansur. father, Al-Mansur, died on the hajj to Mecca in 775. The throne then passed to Al-Mansur's chosen successor, his son Al-Mahdi. According to Marozzi, "[it] was, by the standards of the future, blood-soaked successions of the Abbasid caliphate, a model of order and decorum."[5] whose nickname means "Rightly-guided" or "Redeemer", was proclaimed caliph when his father was on his deathbed. His peaceful reign continued the policies of his predecessors. with the Alids in the Caliphate occurred under al-Mahdi's reign. The powerful Barmakid family, which had advised the Caliphs since the days of Abu al's as viziers, gained even greater powers under al-Mahdi's rule, and worked closely with the caliph to ensure the prosperity of the Abbasid state. of Al-Mahdi, 166 AH, Kirman, silver 2.95 g. reigned for ten years. He imprisoned his most trusted vizier Ya'qub ibn Dawud. In the year 167 AH/ 783 AD, al-Mahdi instituted an official inquisition which led to the execution of alleged Zindiq (heretics). He was fond of music and poetry and during his caliphate many musicians and poets received his patronage and he supported musical expression and poetry across his dominion; accordingly, his son Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi (779-“839) and his daughter ˜Ulayya bint al-Mahdi (777-825) were both noted poets and musicians.[6] 775, a Byzantine envoy, Tarath, travelled to Baghdad to convey the congratulations of the Byzantine emperor to Al-Mahdi on his accession to the throne. Tarath was so pleased with the hospitality he received that he offered to put his engineering knowledge to use and build a mill that would generate annual profits, of 500,000 dirhams, equal to the cost of its construction. On completion, the envoy's forecast proved to be correct, and so, delighted, Al-Mahdi ordered that all profits should be given to the envoy, even after he left Baghdad. It is believed this continued to his death, in 780.[7] 777 AD (160 AH) he put down the insurrection of Yusuf ibn Ibrahim in Khurasan. In the same year al-Mahdi deposed Isa ibn Musa as his successor and appointed his own son Musa al-Hadi in his place and took allegiance (bayah) for him from the nobles. In 778 AD (161 AH), he subdued the rebellion of Abdullah ibn Marwan ibn Muhammad, who was leading the Umayyad remnant in Syria. was poisoned by one of his concubines in 785 AD (169 AH). Martyr Theophilus the New in Cyprus, Commemorated on January 30;

Arabs, 785-786, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Hadi, internal chaos, power struggles with mother
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 785-786, Al-Hadi; Muhammad Musa ibn Mahdi al-Hadi ( 6 April 764 CE – 14 September 786 CE)[1] the fourth Abbasid caliph who succeeded his father Al-Mahdi and ruled from 169 AH (785 AD) until his death in 170 AH (786 AD). short reign ended with internal chaos and power struggles with his mother.[2] Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29;

Arabs, 786-809, Abbasid Caliph, Aaron (Harun) al-Rashid, Shia, Bagdad library, knowledge, Golden Age peak
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 786-809, Aaron (Harun) al-Rashid, Shia ; al-Rashid ( "Aaron the Orthodox" or "Aaron the Rightly-Guided", 17 March 763 or February 766-“ 24 March 809 (148-“193 Hijri)[1] was the fifth Abbasid Caliph. His birth date is debated, with various sources giving dates from 763 to 766. epithet "al-Rashid" translates to "the Orthodox", "the Just", "the Upright", or "the Rightly-Guided". ruled from 786 to 809, during the peak of the Islamic Golden Age. He established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom") in Baghdad in present-day Iraq, and during his rule Baghdad began to flourish as a center of knowledge, culture and trade.[2] his rule, the family of Barmakids, which played a deciding role in establishing the Abbasid Caliphate, declined gradually. In 796, he moved his court and government to Raqqa in present-day Syria. Frankish mission came to offer Harun friendship in 799. Harun sent various presents with the emissaries on their return to Charlemagne's court, including a clock that Charlemagne and his retinue deemed to be a conjuration because of the sounds it emanated and the tricks it displayed every time an hour ticked.[3] of the fictional One Thousand and One Nights are set in Harun's court and some of its stories involve Harun himself.[4] Harun's life and court have been the subject of many other tales, both factual and fictitious. of the Twelver sect of Shia Muslims blame Harun for his supposed role in the murder of their 7th Imam (Musa ibn Ja'far). New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated on December 1; Martyr Theophilus the New in Cyprus, Commemorated on January 30; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9;

Arabs, 809-813, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Amin, pure Persian, Barmakids d, abna central power, taxes, Civil War
Arabs, 809-813, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Amin; Musa Muhammad ibn Harun al-Rashid (April 787 - 24/25 September 813), better known by his regnal name of al-Amin, was the sixth Abbasid Caliph. He succeeded his father, Harun al-Rashid, in 809 and ruled until he was deposed and killed in 813, during the civil war by his half-brother, al-Ma'mun. 1 Early life and the issue of succession 2 Caliphate 2.1 Hostility towards al-Mamun 2.2 Internal rebellions 2.3 Personal relationships, death and succession 2.3.1 Wives 2.3.2 Death 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources life and the issue of succession[edit] the future al-Amin, was born in April 787 to the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (r. 786-809) and Zubayda, herself descended from the second Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur (r. 754–775). [1] had an elder half-brother, Abdallah, the future al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833), who had been born in September 786. However, Abdallah's mother was a Persian slave concubine, and his pure Abbasid lineage gave Muhammad seniority over his half-brother.[1][2] Indeed, he was the only Abbasid caliph to claim such descent.[2] Already in 792, Harun had Muhammad receive the oath of allegiance (bay'ah) with the name of al-AmÄ«n ("The Trustworthy"), effectively marking him out as his main heir, while Abdallah was not named second heir, under the name al-MaÊ¾mÅ«n ("The Trusted One") until 799.[1][2] brothers were assigned members of the powerful Barmakid family as tutors: al-Amin's tutor was al-Fadl ibn Yahya, while al-Ma'mun's was Ja'far ibn Yahya.[2][3] coinage, naming al-Amin as governor of Khurasan, c. 796–801 arrangements were confirmed and publicly proclaimed in 802, when Harun and the most powerful officials of the Abbasid government made the pilgrimage to Mecca. Al-Amin would succeed Harun in Baghdad, but al-Mamun would remain al-Amin's heir and would additionally rule over an enlarged Khurasan.[1][2] was an appointment of particular significance, as Khurasan had been the starting-point of the Abbasid Revolution which brought the Abbasids to power, and retained a privileged position among the Caliphate's provinces. the Abbasid dynasty relied heavily on Khurasanis as military leaders and administrators. Many of the original Khurasani Arab army (Khurasaniyya) that came west with the Abbasids were given estates in Iraq and the new Abbasid capital, Baghdad, and became an elite group known as the abna al dawla (ons of the state/dynasty").[4][5] large-scale presence of an Iranian element in the highest circles of the Abbasid state, with the Barmakid family as its most notable representatives, was certainly a factor in the appointment of al-Mamun, linked through his mother with the eastern Iranian provinces, as heir and governor of Khurasan.[6] stipulations of the agreement, which were recorded in detail by the historian al-Tabari, accorded al-Mamun's Khurasani viceroyalty extensive autonomy. However, modern historians consider that these accounts may have been distorted by later apologists of al-Mamun in the latter's favour.[7] third heir, al-Mutamin, received responsibility over the frontier areas with the Byzantine Empire in Upper Mesopotamia and Syria.[2][3] complex arrangements, sealed with mutual judicial and religious oaths, clearly demonstrate that Harun was conscious of their precariousness, in view of the profound differences between al-Amin and al-Mamun, both in character and in interests.[1] quickly, this latent rivalry had important repercussions: almost immediately after the court returned to Baghdad in January 803, the Abbasid elites were shaken by the abrupt fall of the Barmakid family from power. On the one hand, this event may reflect the fact that the Barmakids had become indeed too powerful for the Caliph's liking, but its timing suggests that it was tied to the succession issue as well: with al-Amin siding with the abna and al-Mamun with the Barmakids, and the two camps becoming more estranged every day, if al-Amin was to have a chance to succeed, the power of the Barmakids had to be broken.[2][8][9] Indeed, the years after the fall of the Barmakids saw an increasing centralization of the administration and the concomitant rise of the influence of the abna, many of whom were now dispatched to take up positions as provincial governors and bring these provinces under closer control from Baghdad.[9] This led to unrest in the provinces, especially Khurasan, where local elites had a long-standing rivalry with the abna and their tendency to control of the province (and its revenues) from Iraq.[10] The harsh taxation imposed by a prominent member of the abna, Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan, even led to a revolt under Rafi ibn al-Layth, which eventually forced Harun himself, accompanied by al-Mamun and the powerful chamberlain (hajib) and chief minister al-Fadl ibn al-Rabi, to travel to the province in 808. Al-Mamun was sent ahead with part of the army to Marv, while Harun stayed at Tus, where he died on 24 March 809.[2][9][11] article: Fourth Fitna towards al-Mamun[edit] had distrusted al-Amin before their father's death and convinced Harun to take him with him on Harun's last journey east. Although Harun had instructed the Baghdad commanders of this expedition to remain with al-Mamun, after Harun's death they returned to Baghdad. Al-Amin sought to turn al-Mamun's financial agent in Rayy against al-Mamun and he ordered al-Mamun to acknowledge al-Amin's son Musa as heir and return to Baghdad. Al-Mamun replaced his agent in Rayy and refused the orders. His mother was Persian and he had strong support in Iran. brothers had different mothers. Al-Amin was prompted to move against al-Mamun by meddlesome ministers, especially al-Fadl ibn al-Rabi'. He had Harun's succession documents brought from Mecca to Baghdad, where he destroyed them. Then, he sent agents east to stir opposition to al-Mamun. However, a careful watch at the frontier denied them the opportunity. Al-Amin denied al-Mamun's request for his family and money and kept them in Baghdad. March 811 Al-Amin dispatched an army under Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan against Al-Mamun. Ali advanced on Rayy. Mamun's capable general Tahir bin Husain met and defeated Ali, who was killed. rebellions[edit] faced unrest in Syria. He sent Abd al-Malik ibn Salih to restore order there. There was fierce fighting and Abd al-Malik died. Al-Amin sent Ahmad ibn Mazyad and Abdallah ibn Humayd east, each with an army (al-Tabari v. 31 p. 100 says each had 20,000 men). However, Tahir's agents sowed discord and these two armies fought against each other. faced an uprising in Baghdad led by Ali ibn Isa's son Husayn. This was quelled and Husayn was killed. took Ahwaz and gained control of Bahrayn and parts of Arabia. Basra and Kufa swore allegiance to al-Mamun. Tahir advanced on Baghdad and defeated a force sent against him. Mecca, Dawud ibn Isa reminded worshippers that al-Amin had destroyed Harun ar Rashid's succession pledges and led them in swearing allegiance to al-Mamun. Dawud then went to Marv and presented himself to al-Mamun. Al-Ma'mun confirmed Dawud in his governorship of Mecca and Medina. relationships, death and succession[edit] article: Siege of Baghdad (812–813) is recorded as having two wives, Arib bint al-Ma'muniyyah, and LubÄna bint ‘Alī ibn al-MahdÄ« (who was noted for her exceptional beauty).[12] However, Al-Amin died before the consummation of his marriage to Lubanah; her attested poetry includes a lament for his death: 'Oh hero lying dead in the open, betrayed by his commanders and guards. I cry over you not for the loss of my comfort and companionship, but for your spear, your horse and your dreams. I cry over my lord who widowed me before our wedding night'.[13] 812, Tahir advanced and set up camp near Baghdad's Anbar Gate and besieged the city. The effects of this siege were made more intense by the rampaging prisoners who broke out of jail. There were several vicious battles, such as at al-Amin's palace of Qasr Halih, at Darb al- Hijarah and the al-Shammasiyyah Gate. In that last one Tahir led reinforcements to regain positions lost by another officer. Overall the situation was worsening for al-Amin and he became depressed. Tahir pushed into the city, al-Amin sought to negotiate safe passage out. Tahir reluctantly agreed on the condition al-Amin turn over his sceptre, seal and other symbols of office. Al-Amin tried to leave on a boat, apparently with these symbols, rejecting warnings to wait. However, Tahir noticed the boat, and Al-Amin was thrown into the water, swam to shore, was captured and then brought to a room, where he was executed. His head was placed on the Anbar Gate. Al-Tabari (v. 31 pp. 197–202) quotes Tahir's letter to al-Mamun informing him of al-Amin's capture and execution and the state of peace resulting in Baghdad. had appealed to his mother to arbitrate the succession after his death and champion his cause and lineage as Aisha had done two centuries before. Zubaida, however, refused to do so. As al-Ma'mun refused to acknowledge Al-Amin's son Musa as heir, the throne went to al-Mamun. Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 786-809, Aaron (Harun) al-Rashid, Shia ; al-Rashid ( "Aaron the Orthodox" or "Aaron the Rightly-Guided", 17 March 763 or February 766-“ 24 March 809 (148-“193 Hijri)[1] was the fifth Abbasid Caliph. His birth date is debated, with various sources giving dates from 763 to 766. epithet "al-Rashid" translates to "the Orthodox", "the Just", "the Upright", or "the Rightly-Guided". ruled from 786 to 809, during the peak of the Islamic Golden Age. He established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom") in Baghdad in present-day Iraq, and during his rule Baghdad began to flourish as a center of knowledge, culture and trade.[2] his rule, the family of Barmakids, which played a deciding role in establishing the Abbasid Caliphate, declined gradually. In 796, he moved his court and government to Raqqa in present-day Syria. Frankish mission came to offer Harun friendship in 799. Harun sent various presents with the emissaries on their return to Charlemagne's court, including a clock that Charlemagne and his retinue deemed to be a conjuration because of the sounds it emanated and the tricks it displayed every time an hour ticked.[3] of the fictional One Thousand and One Nights are set in Harun's court and some of its stories involve Harun himself.[4] Harun's life and court have been the subject of many other tales, both factual and fictitious. of the Twelver sect of Shia Muslims blame Harun for his supposed role in the murder of their 7th Imam (Musa ibn Ja'far). Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25;

Arabs, 813-833, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Ma'mun, of concubine, educated, algebra, Mutazilism, r persecution, Byz war
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 813-833, Al-Ma'mun; al-Abbas Abdallah ibn Harun al-Rashid (14 September 786 - 9 August 833), better known by his regnal name al-Ma'mun, was the seventh Abbasid caliph, who reigned from 813 until his death in 833. He succeeded his half-brother al-Amin after a civil war, during which the cohesion of the Abbasid Caliphate was weakened by rebellions and the rise of local strongmen; of his domestic reign was consumed in pacification campaigns. educated and with a considerable interest in scholarship, al-Ma'mun promoted the Translation Movement, the flowering of learning and the sciences in Baghdad, and the publishing of al-Khwarizmi's book now known as "Algebra". is also known for supporting the doctrine of Mutazilism and for imprisoning Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, the rise of religious persecution (mihna), and for the resumption of large-scale warfare with the Byzantine Empire. 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25;

Arabs, 819-861, Abbasid, Arab Military Slave, Bugha the Turk, Subdued Great Armenia and Georgia, selected al-Musta'in
Messopotamia, Abbasid, Arab Military Slave, 819-861, Bugha the Turk, Bugha al-Kabir; al-Kabir (Bugha the Greater/Elder), also known as Bugha al-Turki (Bugha the Turk), was a 9th-century Turkic general who served the Abbasid Caliphate. was of Turkic origin, and was acquired along with his sons as a military slave (ghulam) by al-Mu'tasim in 819/820.[1] He is first mentioned in 825, and then again in 835, when he led reinforcements in the fight against the Khurramite rebels of Babak Khorramdin. Bugha also participated in Mu'tasim's Amorium campaign in 838, where he led the rearguard, and later served as the Caliph's chamberlain.[2] In 844/845, he suppressed a revolt of the Bedouin tribes of central Arabia.[3] he played an important role in crushing the Armenian revolt of 850–855: in 852 he was entrusted by the Caliph al-Mutawakkil with its suppression. Setting out from his base at Diyar Bakr, he first focused on the southern half of Armenia, i.e. the regions of Vaspurakan and Lake Van, before moving north to Dvin, Iberia and Albania. During these campaigns, he also defeated the renegade Emir of Tiflis, Ishaq ibn Isma'il, and sacked and burned Tiflis. By the end of 853, he had subdued the country and made many Caucasian magn ates and princes (the eristavi and nakharar) captive, including Grigor-Derenik Artsruni, his uncle Gurgen and his father Ashot I, all sent to caliphal capital of Samarra.[4][5] was dispatched to the frontier (thughur) against the Byzantine Empire in 857/8, where he distinguished himself and where he remained for the next few years.[5] He was thus absent from Samarra at the time of Mutawwakil's assassination, but returned immediately upon hearing of it. Following the death of Mutawwakil's heir, al-Muntasir, a few months later, Bugha and the other Turkic commanders of the Abbasid army selected al-Musta'in as his successor (see the "Anarchy at Samarra").[3] Bugha died a few months later, in August 862, reportedly at an age of "over 90 [lunar] years".[1][2] His son Musa, and his sons in turn, rose to the senior court and military offices in Samarra during the late 9th century.[3][6] Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; Martyr John, Abbot of the Zedazeni Monastery, Commemorated on December 12 ; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6;

Arabs, 833-842, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mutasim, Sunni, warrior c, private army of Turk slaves (ghilman), d Theophilus
Arabs, 833-842, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tasim; Isá¸¥aq Muá¸¥ammad ibn Harun al-RashÄ«d (October 796 - 5 January 842), better known by his regnal name Al-Mutaá¹£im bilah (he who seeks refuge in God), was the eighth Abbasid caliph, ruling from 833 until his death in 842.[1] younger son of Caliph Harun al-Rashid, he rose to prominence through his formation of a private army composed predominantly of Turkic slave-soldiers (ghilman). This proved useful to his half-brother, Caliph al-Mamun, who employed al-Mutasim and his Turkish guard to counterbalance other powerful interest groups in the state, as well as employing them in campaigns against rebels and the Byzantine Empire. al-Mamun died unexpectedly on campaign in August 833, al-Mutasim was thus well placed to succeed him, overriding the claims of al-Mamun's son al-Abbas. continued many of his brother's policies, such as the partnership with the Tahirids, who ruled Khurasan and Baghdad on behalf of the Abbasids. With the support of the powerful chief qadi, Ahmad ibn Abi Duwad, he continued to implement the rationalist Islamic doctrine of Mutazilism and the persecution of its opponents through the inquisition (miá¸¥na). Although not personally interested in literary pursuits, al-Mutasim also nurtured the scientific renaissance begun under al-Mamun. In other ways, his reign marks a departure and a watershed moment in Islamic history, with the creation of a new regime centred on the military, and particularly his Turkish guard. 836, a new capital was established at Samarra to symbolize this new regime and remove it from the restive populace of Baghdad. power of the caliphal government was increased by centralizing measures that reduced the power of provincial governors in favour of a small group of senior civil and military officials in Samarra, and the fiscal apparatus of the state was more and more dedicated to the maintenance of the professional army, which was dominated by Turks. Arab and Iranian elites that had played a major role in the early period of the Abbasid state were increasingly marginalized, and an abortive conspiracy against al-Mutasim in favour of al-Abbas in 838 resulted in a widespread purge of their ranks. strengthened the position of the Turks and their principal leaders, Ashinas, Wasif, Itakh, and Bugha. Another prominent member of al-Mutasim's inner circle, the prince of Ushrusana, al-Afshin, fell afoul of his enemies at court and was overthrown and killed in 840/1. The rise of the Turks would eventually result in the troubles of the Anarchy at Samarra and lead to the collapse of Abbasid power in the mid-10th century, but the ghulam-based system inaugurated by al-Mutasim would be widely adopted throughout the Muslim world. reign was marked by continuous warfare. The two major internal campaigns of the reign were against the long-running Khurramite uprising of Babak Khorramdin in Adharbayjan, which was suppressed by al-Afshin in 835–837, and against Mazyar, the autonomous ruler of Tabaristan, who had clashed with the Tahirids and risen up in revolt. his generals led the fight against internal rebellions, al-Mutasim himself led the sole major external campaign of the period, in 838 against the Byzantine Empire. His armies defeated Emperor Theophilos and sacked the city of Amorium. The Amorium campaign was widely celebrated, and became a cornerstone of caliphal propaganda, cementing al-Mutasim's reputation as a warrior-caliph. 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6;

Arabs, 842-847, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Wathiq, Mutazila muslim, Probably Christian Caliph Mavi
Arabs, 842-847, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Wathiq, Mutazila muslim; St. Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9;

Arabs, 847-861, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mutawakkil, Sunni, assasinated by his son
Arabs, 847-861, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mutawakkil, Sunni; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae,Commemorated on July 2;

Arabs, 862-866, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Musta'in, Sunni, Anarchy of Samarra
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 862-866, Al-Musta'in, Shia; ’l-ʿAbbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Mu'tasim (836 - 17 October 866), better known by his regnal title Al-Musta'in (836 - 17 October 866) was the Abbasid caliph from 862 to 866, during the Anarchy at Samarra. the death of previous Caliph, Al-Muntasir (who had not appointed any successors), the Turkic military leaders held a council to select his successor. They were not willing to have Al-Mu'tazz or his brothers; so they elected Ahmad ibn Muhammad, a grandson of Al-Mu'tasim, who took the regnal name Al-Mustaʿin bi-llah (he who looks for help to God). and other troops based in Baghdad, displeased at the choice, attacked the assembly, broke open the prison, and plundered the armory. They were attacked by the Turkic and Berber soldiers, and after some fighting in which many died, succumbed. Baghdad had yet to learn that the Caliphate no longer depended on the opinions of the Arabians, but had passed into other hands. St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; Martyr Michael œthe Black-Robedof St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23;

Arabs, 866-869, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tazz, Sunni, Anarchy of Samarra
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 866-869, Al-Mu'tazz; ū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Jaʿfar (847 - 16 July 869), better known by his regnal title al-Muʿtazz bi-ʾllāh (He who is strengthened by God) was the Abbasid caliph from 866 to 869, during a period of extreme internal instability within the Abbasid Caliphate, known as the "Anarchy at Samarra". named as the second in line of three heirs of his father al-Mutawakkil, al-Mu'tazz was forced to renounce his rights after the accession of his brother al-Muntasir, and was thrown in prison as a dangerous rival during the reign of his cousin al-Musta'in. was released and raised to the caliphate in January 866, during the civil war between al-Musta'in and the Turkish military of Samarra. Al-Mu'tazz was capable and determined to reassert the authority of the caliph over the Turkish military, but had only limited success. by the vizier Ahmad ibn Isra'il, he managed to remove and kill the leading Turkish generals, Wasif al-Turki and Bugha al-Saghir, but the decline of the Tahirids in Baghdad deprived him of their role as a counterweight to the Turks. Faced with the assertive Turkish commander Salih ibn Wasif, and unable to find money to satisfy the demands of his troops, he was deposed and died of ill treatment a few days later, on 16 July 869. reign marks the apogee of the decline of the Caliphate's central authority, and the climax of centrifugal tendencies, expressed through the emergence of the autonomous dynasties of the Tulunids in Egypt and the Saffarids in the East, Alid uprisings in Hejaz and Tabaristan, and the first stirrings of the great Zanj Rebellion in lower Iraq. St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 870-892, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tamid, Sunni, start Abbasid Restoration, end Anarchy at Samarra, c and succeeded by b
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 870-892, Al-Mu'tamid ; ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Jaʿfar (c. 842 – 14 October 892), better known by his regnal name Al-Muʿtamid ʿalā ’llāh (Dependent on God), was the Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate from 870 to 892. reign marks the end of the Anarchy at Samarra and the start of the Abbasid restoration, but he was a largely a ruler in name only. was held by his brother al-Muwaffaq, who held the loyalty of the military. Al-Mu'tamid's authority was circumscribed further after a failed attempt to flee to the domains controlled by Ahmad ibn Tulun in late 882, and he was placed under house arrest by his brother. In 891, when al-Muwaffaq died, loyalists attempted to restore power to the Caliph, but were quickly overcome by al-Muwaffaq's son al-Mu'tadid, who assumed his father's powers. When al-Mu'tamid died in 892, al-Mu'tadid succeeded him as caliph. St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 892-902, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tadid, Sunni, regent then c, close army relations, m active, restored Abasid power
Arabs, 892-902, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tadid, Sunni; Ahmad ibn Talha al-Muwaffaq (853/4 or 860/1 – 5 April 902), better known by his regnal name al-Mu'tadid bi-llah (Seeking Support in God[1]), was the Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate from 892 until his death in 902. was the son of al-Muwaffaq, who was the regent and effective ruler of the Abbasid state during the reign of his brother, Caliph al-Mu'tamid. As a prince, the future al-Mu'tadid served under his father during various military campaigns, most notably in the suppression of the Zanj Rebellion, in which he played a major role. When al-Muwaffaq died in June 891 al-Mu'tadid succeeded him as regent. quickly sidelined his cousin and heir-apparent al-Mufawwid; when al-Mu'tamid died in October 892, he succeeded to the throne. his father, al-Mu'tadid's power depended on his close relations with the army. These were first forged during the campaigns against the Zanj and were reinforced in later expeditions which the Caliph led in person: al-Mu'tadid would prove to be the most militarily active of all Abbasid caliphs. Through his energy and ability, he succeeded in restoring to the Abbasid state some of the power and provinces it had lost during the turmoil of the previous decades. a series of campaigns he recovered the provinces of Jazira, Thughur, and Jibal, and effected a rapprochement with the Saffarids in the east and the Tulunids in the west that secured their—albeit largely nominal—recognition of caliphal suzerainty. These successes came at the cost of gearing the economy almost exclusively towards the maintenance of the army, which resulted in the expansion and rise to power of the central fiscal bureaucracy and contributed to the Caliph's lasting reputation for avarice. Al-Mu'tadid was renowned for his cruelty when punishing criminals, and subsequent chroniclers recorded his extensive and ingenious use of torture. His reign saw the permanent move of the capital back to Baghdad, where he engaged in major building activities. A firm supporter of Sunni traditionalist orthodoxy, he nevertheless maintained good relations with the Alids, and was interested in natural sciences, renewing caliphal sponsorship of scholars and scientists. his successes, al-Mu'tadid's reign was ultimately too short to effect a lasting reversal of the Caliphate's fortunes, and the revival that he spearheaded was too dependent on the presence of capable personalities at the helm of the state. The brief reign of his less able son and heir, al-Muktafi, still saw some major gains, notably the annexation of the Tulunid domains, but his later successors lacked his energy, and new enemies appeared in the form of the Qarmatians. In addition, factionalism within the bureaucracy, which had become apparent during the later years of al-Mu'tadid's reign, would debilitate the Abbasid government for decades to come, eventually leading to the subjugation of the Caliphate by a series of military strongmen, culminating in the conquest of Baghdad by the Buyids in 946. St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 960's, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muttaqi, Sunni
Arabs, 960's, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muttaqi, Sunni; Venerable Euthymius, founder of Dochiariou Monastery (Mount Athos ”10th c.), and Venerable Neophytus, Co-founder of the Monastery, Commemorated on November 9;

Arabs, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, Persia into Geogria, Sunni

Arabs, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, from Persia into Geogria, Sunni
Persia, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, from Persia into Geogria; Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Arabs, 909-1171, 10th-12th Century Folder, Fatmid Caliphate, Shia

Arabs, 909-1171, m's d, Fatmid Caliphate, Shia Islam, all of North Africa, Egypt in 969, Levant, Sicily
Egypt, 909-1171, Fatmid Caliphate, Shia Islam Fatimid Caliphate, an Ismaili Shia caliphate of the 10th to the 12th centuries AD, spanned a large area of North Africa, from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The Fatimid dynasty, of Arab origin,[4] ruled territories across the Mediterranean coast of Africa and ultimately made Egypt the center of the caliphate. At its height the caliphate included - in addition to Egypt - varying areas of the Maghreb, Sudan, Sicily, the Levant, and the Hijaz. Fatimid caliphate represented the peak of Ismaili political success. Ismailis had faithful supporters in the lands governed by the Fatimids' rivals, and areas with a significant Ismaili population and presences were able to set up their own independently-administered polities, which were loyal to the Imam in Egypt.[5] Fatimids claimed descent from Fatimah, the daughter of the prophet Muhammad. The Fatimid state took shape among the Kutama, Berbers living in the west of the North African littoral (in Kabylie in present-day Algeria). In 909, using the military resources of the Kutama, the Fatimids occupied Raqqada, the Aghlabid capital. In 921 the Fatimids established the Tunisian city of Mahdia as their new capital. In 948 they shifted their capital to al-Mansuriyya, near Kairouan in Tunisia. In 969 they conquered Egypt, and in 973 they established Cairo as the capital of their caliphate. Egypt became the political, cultural, and religious centre of their empire, which developed a new and "indigenous Arabic" culture.[6] ruling class belonged to the Ismai'li branch of Shi'a Islam, as did the leaders of the dynasty. The existence of the caliphate marked the only time the descendants of Ali and Fatimah were united to any degree (except for the final period of the Rashidun Caliphate under Ali himself from 656 to 661) and the name "Fatimid" refers to Fatimah. Orientalist authors sometimes use the separate term Fatimi (or "Fatimite") to refer to the caliphate's subjects. its initial conquests, the caliphate often allowed a degree of religious tolerance towards non-Shia sects of Islam, as well as to Jews, Maltese Christians, and Copts.[7] However, its leaders made little headway in persuading the Egyptian population to adopt its religious beliefs.[8][need quotation to verify] the late eleventh and twelfth centuries the Fatimid caliphate declined rapidly, and in 1171 Saladin invaded its territory. He founded the Ayyubid dynasty and incorporated the Fatimid state into the Abbasid Caliphate.[9]

Arabs, 909-934, Fatmid Sultan, Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah, Fatmah and Ali's son, Umayyads rejected, as usurpers, Abbasids r, not Ali's sons, occultation, millenialist ex
Egypt, 909-934, Fatmid Sultan, Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah; Muhammad Ubayd Allah ibn al-Husayn (873 – 4 March 934), better known by his regnal name Abu Muhammad Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ù…ØÂÂÙ…Ø¯ Ø¹Ø¨ÙŠØ¯ Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù‡Ø¯ÙŠ بالله‎), was the founder of the Isma'ili Fatimid Caliphate, the only major Shi'a caliphate in Islamic history, and the eleventh imam of the Isma'ili faith. in the late 9th century since the murder of Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad, in 661, which led to the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate, a large part of the Muslim community rejected the Umayyads as usurpers and called for the establishment of a regime led by a member of the Ahl al-Bayt, the Family of Muhammad. The Abbasids, who claimed descent from Muhammad's paternal uncle Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, profited from this during their rise to power against the Umayyads; but their claim too was rejected by the Shi'a, who insisted on the exclusive right of the descendants of al-Husayn and Hasan, Ali's sons by Muhammad's daughter Fatimah.[1] A line of imams emerged from the offspring of Husayn, who did not openly lay claim to the caliphate, but were considered by their followers as the true representatives of God on earth.[1] The sixth imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq, had appointed (naá¹£á¹£) his son Isma'il ibn Ja'far as his successor, but Isma'il died before his father, and when al-Sadiq himself died in 765, the succession was left open. One faction of Shi'a held that al-Sadiq had designated another son, Musa al-Kazim, as his heir. Others followed other sons, Muhammad and Abdallah al-Aftah—shortly after his death, they went over to Musa's camp—or even refused to believe that al-Sadiq had died, and expected his return as a messiah.[2] Musa's adherents, who constituted the majority of al-Sadiq's followers, followed his line down to the twelfth imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, who vanished in 874.[1][3] Another branch believed that Ja'far was followed by a seventh imam, who also had gone into hiding; hence this party is known as the Seveners. The exact identity of that seventh imam was disputed, but by the late 9th century had commonly been identified with Muhammad, son of Isma'il and grandson of al-Sadiq. From Muhammad's father, Isma'il, the sect receives its name of "Isma'ili".[1][4][5] Neither Isma'il's nor Muhammad's lives are well known, and after Muhammad's death during the reign of Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809), the history of the early Isma'ili movement becomes obscure.[6] Both the Twelvers and the Seveners held that their final imams were not dead, but had simply gone into hiding ("occultation"), and that they would soon return as a messiah, a mahdÄ« ("the Rightly Guided One") or qÄÂÂÊ¾Ä«m ("He Who Arises"), to usher in the end times.[1][7] The mahdÄ« would rapidly overthrow the usurping Abbasids and destroy their capital Baghdad, restore the unity of the Muslims, conquer Constantinople, ensure the final triumph of Islam and establish a reign of peace and justice.[8] The Isma'ilis in particular believed that the mahdÄ« would reveal the true, "inner" (bÄÂÂá¹ÂÂin) meaning of religion, which was until then reserved for a few selected initiates. The mahdÄ« would dissolve the outer forms and strictures of Islam, since henceforth the true religion, the religion of Adam, would be manifested without the need for symbols and other mediating devices.[9] Secret leadership of the Isma'ili daÊ¿wa at Salamiya While the mahdÄ« Muhammad ibn Isma'il remained hidden, however, he would need to be represented by agents, who would gather the faithful, spread the word (daÊ¿wa, "invitation, calling"), and prepare his return. The head of this secret network was the living proof of the imam's existence, or "seal" (á¸¥ujja).[10] The first known á¸¥ujja was a certain Abdallah al-Akbar ("Abdallah the Elder"), a wealthy merchant from Askar Mukram, in what is now southwestern Iran. Apart from improbable stories circulated by later anti-Isma'ili polemicists, his exact origin is unknown.[11] His teachings led to his being forced to flee his native city to escape persecution by the Abbasid authorities, and seek refuge in Basra, where he claimed to belong to the Aqil branch of the Banu Hashim, the clan of Muhammad. Once again, his teachings attracted the attention of the authorities and he moved on to the small town of Salamiya on the western edge of the Syrian Desert.[12] There he settled as a merchant from Basra, and had two sons, Ahmad and Ibrahim. When Abdallah died c. 827/8, Ahmad succeeded his father as the head of the Isma'ili movement, and was in turn succeeded by his younger son, Muhammad, known as Abu'l-Shalaghlagh.[13][14] During the late 9th century, millenialist expectations increased in the Muslim world, coinciding with a deep crisis of the Abbasid Caliphate during the decade-long Anarchy at Samarra, the rise of breakaway and autonomous regimes in the provinces, and the large-scale Zanj Rebellion, whose leader claimed Alid descent and proclaimed himself as the mahdÄ«.[15] In this chaotic atmosphere, where the Abbasids were preoccupied with suppressing the uprising, the Isma'ili daÊ¿wa spread rapidly, aided by dissatisfaction among Twelver adherents with the political quietism of their leadership and the recent disappearance of the twelfth imam.[16] Missionaries (dÄÂÂ'Ä«s) like Hamdan Qarmat and his brother-in-law Abu Muhammad Abdan spread the network of agents to the area round Kufa in the late 870s, and from there to Yemen (Ibn Hawshab, 882) and thence India (884), Bahrayn (Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi, 899), Persia, and the Maghreb (Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i, 893).[17][18] The real leadership remained hidden at Salamiya, and only the chief dÄÂÂ'Ä«s of each region, such as Hamdan Qarmat, knew and corresponded with it.[19] The true head of the movement remained hidden even from the senior missionaries, however, and a certain Fayruz functioned as chief missionary (dÄÂÂ'Ä« al-duÊ¿ÄÂÂt) and "gateway" (bÄÂÂb) to the hidden leader.[20] Early life The future caliph al-Mahdi Billah was born as Sa'id, the son of Ahmad's elder son, al-Husayn, who died around 880.[21] The official biography gives the date of birth as 31 July 874, although a different tradition gives a date exactly one year earlier.[22] After his father's death, he was fostered by his uncle Abu'l-Shalaghlagh, who was without an heir of his own—his son and grandchild were reportedly captured and imprisoned by the Abbasids. Sa'id was thus designated as his successor, and given his uncle's daughter in marriage.[22] Most of the information about Sa'id's early life comes from the memoirs of the eunuch chamberlain Ja'far, who was a few months older than Sa'id and came with him to the household at Salamiya. The two were reared by the same wet-nurse, and Ja'far became a close confidant of Sa'id until his death.[23] Sa'id's only child, Abd al-Rahman, the future al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, was born in March or April 893.[22] While ostensibly merely the stewards for the absent imam, Ja'far reports that Abu'l-Shalaghlagh—perhaps encouraged by the rapid progress of the daÊ¿wa, now establishing armed strongholds—secretly declared himself to senior members of the daÊ¿wa not as the á¸¥ujja for Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but the actual imam; and that he claimed for his nephew the title of mahdÄ«, and the latter's infant son the title of qÄÂÂÊ¾Ä«m.[24] Various genealogies were later put forth by the Fatimids to justify this claim (see below). In the most common, Abdallah the Elder was proclaimed to be the son of Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but even in pro-Isma'ili sources, the succession and names of imams who supposedly preceded Ahmad is not the same; for example, Sa'id himself in a letter claimed descent not from Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but from the latter's older brother Abdallah. Anti-Isma'ili Sunni and Twelver sources of course reject any Fatimid descent from the Alids altogether and consider them impostors. The situation is further complicated by the use of the title qÄÂÂÊ¾Ä«m, normally a synonym for the mahdÄ«, for Sa'id's son. This has led to suggestions (first by Bernard Lewis) of two parallel lines of imams, one public (and of non-Alid descent), serving as trustees of the hidden, real one. In this interpretation, Sa'id was the last representative of the former line, and his "son" was the genuine imam.[25][26] Leadership of the daÊ¿wa When Abu'l-Shalaghlagh died around 899, Sa'id became the new head of the movement.[27] Soon after, the letters from Salamiya revealed changes in the official doctrine of the daÊ¿wa. This worried Hamdan Qarmat, who sent his brother-in-law to Salamiya to investigate the matter. It was there that Abdan learned that Sa'id claimed that the imam was not Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but Sa'id's father al-Husayn, and now Sa'id himself. This caused a major rift in the movement: Hamdan denounced the leadership in Salamiya, gathered the Iraqi dÄÂÂ'Ä«s and ordered them to cease the missionary effort. Shortly after he disappeared from his headquarters.[28][29] It was Al-Shi'i's success which was the signal to Al Mahdi to set off from Salamyah disguised as a merchant. In 905 he started proselytising. However, he was captured by the Aghlabid ruler Ziyadat-Allah due to his Ismaili beliefs and thrown into a dungeon in Sijilmasa. In early 909 Al-Shi'i sent a large expedition force to rescue Al Mahdi, conquering the Khariji state of Tahert on its way there. After gaining his freedom, Al Mahdi became the leader of the growing state and assumed the position of imam and caliph. Al Mahdi then led the Kutama Berbers who captured the cities of Qairawan and Raqqada. By March 909, the Aghlabid Dynasty had been overthrown and replaced with the Fatimids. As a result, the last stronghold of Sunni Islam in North Africa was removed from the region. Reign Al-Mahdi established himself at the former Aghlabid residence at Raqqada, Al-Qayrawan (in what is now Tunisia). After that his power grew. At the time of his death he had extended his reign over the Maghreb, but campaigns into Egypt (in 914–915 and 919–921) faltered against the resistance of the Abbasids, with heavy casualties. The historian Heinz Halm has described the early Fatimid regime as being little more than a "hegemony of the Kutama".[30] The position of these semi-civilized tribesmen as the chosen warriors of the imam-caliph was greatly resented, not only by the other Berber tribes, but chiefly by the inhabitants of the cities, where the Arabic culture predominated.[31] As Halm writes, the situation was similar to a scenario where, "in the early eighteenth-century North America, the Iroquois, converted to Catholicism by Jesuit missionaries, had overrun the Puritan provinces of New England, installed their chieftains as governors in Boston, Providence and Hartford, and proclaimed a European with dubious credentials as King of England".[31] The first years of Fatimid rule in Ifriqiya, Sicily, and Tripolitania were marked by revolts by the local inhabitants against the arrogance and exactions of the Kutama.[32] Al-Mahdi founded the capital of his empire, al-Mahdiyyah, on the Tunisian coast sixteen miles south-east of Al-Qayrawan, which he named after himself. The city was located on a peninsula on an artificial platform "reclaimed from the sea", as mentioned by the Andalusian geographer Al-Bakri. The Great mosque of Mahdia was built in 916 on the southern side of the peninsula.[33] Al-Mahdi took up residence there in 920. In 922 the Bulgarian emperor Simeon I sent envoys to al-Mahdi to propose a joint attack on the Byzantine capital Constantinople with the Bulgarians providing a large land army, and the Arabs a navy. It was proposed that all spoils would be divided equally, with the Bulgarians keeping Constantinople and the Fatimids gaining the Byzantine territories in Sicily and South Italy.[34] As a result of the Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927, by 922 the Bulgarians controlled almost the whole Balkan peninsula but Simeon I's main objective to capture Constantinople remained out of his reach because he lacked a navy. Although the Byzantines and the Fatimids had concluded a peace treaty in 914, since 918 the Fatimids had renewed their attacks on the Italian coast.[34] Al-Mahdi accepted the proposal and sent back his own emissaries to conclude the agreement.[34] On the way home the ship was captured by the Byzantines near the Calabrian coast and the envoys of both countries were sent to Constantinople.[34] When the Byzantine emperor Romanos I learned about the secret negotiations, the Bulgarians were imprisoned, while the Arab envoys were allowed to return to Al-Mahdiyyah with rich gifts for the caliph. The Byzantines then sent their own embassy to North Africa to outbid Simeon I and eventually the Fatimids agreed not to aid Bulgaria.[35] After his death, Al-Mahdi was succeeded by his son, Abu Al-Qasim Muhammad Al-Qaim, who continued his expansionist policy. Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17

Arabs, 934-946, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Qa'im, reconquest of Sicily
Egypt, 934-946, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Qa'im; Muhammad ibn Abdallah (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø§Ø³Ù… Ù…ØÂÂÙ…Ø¯ Ø¨Ù† Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù‡Ø¯ÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø§Ø¦Ù… Ø¨Ø£Ù…Ø± الله‎; April 893 – 17 May 946), better known by his regnal name al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah or bi-Amri 'llah (Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø§Ø¦Ù… Ø¨Ø£Ù…Ø± Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡, "He who carries out God's orders"), was the second caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya and ruled from 934 to 946. He is the 12th Imam according to the Isma'ili faith. History[edit] Al-Qa'im was born in Salamiyah in Syria in 895 with the name Muhammad. After his father Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah (910-934) seized power in Ifriqiya he was named heir to the throne in 912, and helped put down several revolts. However, campaigns into Egypt (in 914–915 and 919–921) faltered against the resistance of the Abbasids, with heavy casualties. In 934 Al-Qa'im succeeded his father as Caliph, after which he never again left the royal residence at Mahdia. Nevertheless, the Fatimid realm became an important power in the Mediterranean. After the re-conquest of Sicily the Byzantine province of Calabria and the Ligurian coast was plundered and the city of Genoa sacked. From 944 to 947 the realm was plunged into crisis by the revolt of Abu Yazid, who had united the Kharijite Berber tribes of the Aurès Mountains of eastern Algeria and overrun Ifriqiya. Imam Al-Qa'im was able to hold out in Mahdia with the help of the navy for over a year, but died (13th Shawwal 334 AH (Mahdiyya)/17 May 946) before the revolt could be put down. He was succeeded by his son Ismail al-Mansur (r. 946-953). Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17

Arabs, 946-953, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah, supressed the large-scale Kharijite rebellion
Egypt, 946-953, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah; Tahir Isma'il (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ø·Ø§Ù‡Ø± إسماعيل‎, romanized: AbÅ« á¹¬ÄÂÂhir Ê¾IsmÄÂÂÊ¿Ä«l; January 914 – 18 March 953), better known by his regnal name al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù†ØµÙˆØ± Ø¨Ù†ØµØ± الله‎, romanized: al-Maná¹£Å«r bi-Naá¹£r AllÄÂÂh, lit. 'The Victor with the Help of God'), was the third caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya, ruling from 946 until his death. He presided over a period of crisis, having to confront the large-scale Kharijite rebellion of Abu Yazid. He succeeded in suppressing the revolt and restoring the stability of the Fatimid regime. Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17

Arabs, 953-975, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, Fatmid center moved to Cairo from Tunis in 969
Egypt, 953-975, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah; Tamim Ma'ad al-Muizz li-Din Allah (Arabic: Ø§Ø¨Ùˆ ØªÙ…ÙŠÙ… Ù…Ø¹Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¹Ø²Ù‘ Ù„Ø¯ÙŠÙ† الله‎, romanized: AbÅ« TamÄ«m MaÊ¿ad al-MuÊ¿izz li-DÄ«n AllÄÂÂh, lit. 'Glorifier of the Religion of God'; 26 September 932 – 19 December 975) was the fourth Fatimid Caliph and 14th Ismaili imam, reigning from 953 to 975. It was during his caliphate that the center of power of the Fatimid dynasty was moved from Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) to Egypt. The Fatimids founded the city of al-QÄÂÂhirah (Cairo) "the Victorious" in 969 as the new capital of the Fatimid caliphate in Egypt.[1] Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17

Arabs, 975-996, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Aziz Billah, good admin, econ, but extrav, Katuma Berbers west, Turks east, replacng slaves, into Syria, empl Ch Jews, not sunnis
Egypt, 975-996, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Aziz Billah; Mansur Nizar (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ù…Ù†ØµÙˆØ± نزار‎, romanized: AbÅ« Maná¹£Å«r NizÄÂÂr; 10 May 955 – 14 October 996), known by his regnal name as al-Aziz Billah (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø²ÙŠØ² بالله‎, romanized: al-Ê¿AzÄ«z biÊ¾llÄÂÂh, lit. 'the mighty through God'), was the fifth caliph of the Fatimid dynasty, from 975 to his death in 996. Nizar, the future al-Aziz Billah, was born on 10 May 955, the third son of the fourth Fatimid Caliph, al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah (r. 953–975).[1][2] His mother, Durzan, usually known as al-Sayyida al-MuÊ¿izzÄ«ya ("the Lady of al-Mu'izz") was the chief concubine of al-Mu'izz, and likely of Bedouin origin. She was known for her beautiful singing voice, which earned her the nickname TaghrÄ«d ("Twitter").[3] She died in 995.[4] In 974 his older brother Abdallah ibn al-Mu'izz —who had been the designated heir in preference to the oldest of al-Mu'izz's sons, Tamim—died, and Nizar found himself as his father's designated successor (walÄ« al-Ê¿ahd).[5] The succession was not confirmed in front of the members of the dynasty and court, however, until a day before al-Mu'izz's death on 18 December 975.[1] His official proclamation as caliph was delayed until 9 August 976.[1] Administration and economy[edit] According to the sources, al-Aziz Billah was "tall, with red hair and blue eyes, generous, brave, fond of horses and hunting and very humane and tolerant in disposition".[1] He was marked for his skill as an administrator, reforming the finances of the Fatimid state, standardizing and streamlining the payment of officials, and taking steps to ensure their integrity.[1] At the same time, he was known for his extravagant lifestyle and obsession for precious objects and materials, rare animals and delicacies; it is said that on one occasion, he had carrier pigeons bring him cherries from Ba'albek.[6] The Egyptian economy was also nurtured, and tax revenue thereby increased, through the expansion of streets and canals and the establishment of a stable currency. The general economic well-being was also apparent in an elaborate building programme. The most influential official during most of his reign was Ya'qub ibn Killis, who was the first in Fatimid history to be designated as "vizier", in 979. Apart from two brief periods when Ibn Killis fell into disgrace—in 979 and 984—he remained al-Aziz's chief minister until his death in 991.[1] Just like his master, Ibn Killis lived in great luxury, facilitated by a salary of 100,000 gold dinars.[7] Ibn Killis is credited with the capable administration of the public finances, which ensured a full treasury despite the vast sums expended by the luxury-loving Caliph,[8] but also for his role as a patron of men of letters, and the author of a book that codified Fatimid laws.[1] In contrast, his successors did not long remain in office, and in the short space of five years, the post of vizier was occupied by six men: Ali ibn Umar al-Addas, Abu'l-Fadl Ja'far ibn al-Furat, al-Husayn ibn al-Hasan al-Baziyar, Abu Muhammad ibn Ammar, al-Fadl ibn Salih, and Isa ibn Nasturus ibn Surus.[1] Military reforms[edit] Al-Aziz also undertook major military reforms. Berbers, and especially the Kutama tribe, had traditionally provided the mainstay of the Fatimid armies, and had played the main role in the takeover of Ifriqiya and the conquest of Egypt and the southern Levant under al-Aziz's predecessors.[9] Until the 970s, the Kutama provided the cavalry, with the infantry composed of Slavic (á¹¢aqÄÂÂliba), Greek (RÅ«m) and Black African (SÅ«dÄÂÂn or Ê¿abÄ«d) slaves.[10][11] However, the forays into the Levant revealed the inadequacies of an army based solely on the Kutama, and from 978, al-Aziz, began to introduce mercenaries from the Islamic East, especially Turks and Daylamites. The adoption of the ghilmÄÂÂn system had far-reaching repercussions, as the Turkish ghilmÄÂÂn assumed senior positions in the state and began to rival the Kutama for influence, especially as the flow of new recruits from the Kutama homeland ebbed after c. 987/88.[12][13] Consequently, a fierce antagonism developed between the two groups, termed MaghÄÂÂriba ("Westerners") and MashÄÂÂriqa ("Easterners") respectively, which would erupt in open warfare after al-Aziz's death.[14][15][16] Religious policies[edit] The employment of the Christian Ibn Nesturus, just as that of the Jew Manashsha as Secretary for Syria, was a prominent example of the Fatimids' tolerance in religious matters, further encouraged under al-Aziz by his Melkite Christian wife. Two of her brothers, Orestes and Arsenius, were appointed as Patriarch of Jerusalem and metropolitan bishop of Cairo, respectively.[1] The Coptic Christians also benefited from the Caliph's favour, allowing them to rebuilt the Saint Mercurius Church despite Muslim opposition, or refusing to punish a Muslim man who converted to Christianity.[1] This leniency, crowned by the appointment to high office of Ibn Nesturus and Manashsha, was resented by the Muslim populace, with Muslim opinion incensed by hostile tracts circulating among them. The Caliph was briefly forced to depose his two ministers and imprison them, but soon their undoubted skill ensured their release and reinstatement.[1] Anti-Christian animus was most evident in 996, when merchants from Amalfi were suspected of being responsible for a fire that destroyed the arsenal at Cairo; in a city-wide anti-Christian pogrom, the Amalfitans were murdered and churches were ransacked.[1] This tolerance did not extend towards the Sunni Muslim population, however, as al-Aziz followed a fervently Isma'ili agenda: he erected inscriptions denouncing the Companions of the Prophet, abolished the Tarawih prayers in 982, and initiated the celebration of the Ashura festival in Cairo. In 991, a man found in possession of the Sunni legal treatise Muwatta Imam Malik was executed.[1] The reign of Al-Aziz was also culturally significant. Ibn Killis founded the al-Azhar University in Cairo (988) which went on to become the most important centre of learning in the Islamic world. Likewise a library with 200,000 volumes was built in Cairo. According to Professor Samy S. Swayd Fatimid missionaries made their Dawah in China during the reign of Al-Aziz.[17] Expansion into Syria[edit] Map of Early Islamic Syria and its provinces in the 9th–10th centuries In foreign affairs, al-Aziz concentrated on the extension of Fatimid control over Syria,[7] whose conquest had begun immediately after the Fatimid conquest of Egypt in 969.[18][19] Background[edit] Possession of Syria, and particularly Palestine, was a constant foreign policy objective for many rulers of Egypt both before and after the Fatimids, to foreclose the most likely invasion route into the country by the powers of Western Asia.[20] In the Fatimid case, this drive was given additional impetus by their ambitions to lead the entire Islamic world and unseat the Abbasid Caliphate by conquering Iraq and the eastern Islamic lands, which was possible only via Syria.[7][21] At the same time, the balance of power in the region was altered with the simultaneous expansion of the Byzantine Empire into northern Syria against the Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo, culminating in the capture of Antioch in 969. The Fatimids used the Byzantine advance as a major item in their propaganda, claiming to be the only power capable of championing the jihad against the "infidel" threat.[22] However, Fatimid policy with regard to Syria during the early part of al-Aziz's reign was dominated by the vizier Ibn Killis, who, according to historian Hugh N. Kennedy, "believed that the Fatimids should concentrate on controlling Palestine and southern Syria, while leaving the north of the Hamdanids and their successors to form a buffer state against the Byzantines, with whom the caliph should try to keep on good terms".[21] Despite initial successes, the initial Fatimid invasion of Syria, under the Kutama general Ja'far ibn Fallah, quickly came to a halt through a combination of rebellions by the citizens of Damascus and the Bedouin tribes of the Syrian Desert.[23][24] In August 971, the Fatimids were defeated in battle against the Bedouin and their Qarmatian allies, leading to the near total collapse of Fatimid control in southern Syria and Palestine, and even a short-lived Qarmatian invasion of Egypt.[18][25][26] When al-Aziz came to power, Damascus was ruled by the Turk Alptakin, who with only 300 of his fellow Turks had taken power by exploiting the unpopularity of the Fatimids' Kutama troops, gained popular support by restoring order in the city, and held it against the Fatimids, recognizing Abbasid suzerainty.[7][21] Further south, Palestine was under Fatimid control, but the powerful Bedouin chieftain of the Banu Tayy tribe, Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah, was opposed to them and held the provincial capital Ramla.[7] Reconquest of Damascus[edit] "O Commander of the Faithful, maintain peace with the Byzantines as long as they maintain peace with you. Be satisfied if the Hamdanids [of Aleppo] recognize you in the mint and the [Friday] oration. Do not spare Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn Jarrah, [however], if you get hold of him." Advice of Ya'qub ibn Killis to al-Aziz on his deathbed.[27] In 975 al-'Aziz took control of Baniyas in an attempt to subdue the anti-Fatimid agitation of the Sunni Mahammad b. Ahmad al-Nablusi and his followers.[28] In 976, the Fatimid general Jawhar, the conqueror of Egypt, campaigned against Damascus, but after two months of clashes before the city he had to retreat due to the arrival of Alptakin's Qarmatian allies.[7] Followed by Alptakin's forces, Jawhar was pushed back to Tiberias, Ramla and finally Ascalon, where he was besieged.[7] The siege lasted for seventeen months and ended in early 978 with a negotiated agreement, which abandoned the entire territory from Ascalon to Damascus to Alptakin. Only Gaza remained under direct Fatimid control, although Alptakin was prepared to acknowledge the nominal suzerainty of al-Aziz over the territories he ruled. Jawhar and his men had also to undergo the humiliation of passing under a sword and lance in token of their defeat while departing Ascalon for Egypt.[7][29] The Fatimid court could not accept this humiliating agreement, which not only left Egypt vulnerable to attack, but also deprived senior members of the Fatimid elite—including Ibn Killis himself—of important properties around Damascus.[30] As a result, al-Aziz took the field in person and, at the head of an enormous army, defeated and captured Alptakin in August 978.[7][30] The Qarmatians were bribed with promises of an annual payment of tribute to retreat to Bahrayn, thus bringing an end to their incursions into Syria.[7][30] The events of the previous years also demonstrated to Ibn Killis the dangers of continuing to rely on the Kutama. As a result, the Caliph unexpectedly showed clemency to Alptakin, taking him and his Turkish followers into Fatimid service.[7][30] Alptakin himself was taken to Cairo, where he was lavishly honoured by the Caliph, arousing the envy of Ibn Killis, who had Alptakin poisoned.[7] Nevertheless, as noted before, this event was of momentous importance and marked a major departure from previous Fatimid practice; especially in Syria, the Turkish ghilmÄÂÂn remained influential and often occupied the position of governor of Damascus.[13] Damascus itself was taken over by one of Alptakin's lieutenants, Qassam, with the support of the local population and the city militia (aá¸¥dÄÂÂth), who wished to avoid a renewed Berber occupation.[7][30] The Fatimid general al-Fadl ibn Salih, a protégé of Ibn Killis, was sent with a Berber army against Qassam, but other than a show of force against the coastal cities failed to achieve anything and retreated to Palestine.[7][31] Matters became complicated with the arrival of Abu Taghlib, the ousted Hamdanid ruler of Mosul, who contacted al-Aziz with an offer to capture the city if they supported him with troops. This was opposed by Ibn al-Jarrah, who feared lest the Hamdanid and his followers form the Banu Uqayl tribe, rivals to the Tayy, threaten his own position, particularly his possession of Ramla and the pasture lands of his tribe. Al-Fadl apparently played a duplicitous game, encouraging Abu Taghlib in his designs on Ramla in an effort to sow dissension among the Arab tribes and strengthen Fatimid authority; however, in August 979, when Ibn al-Jarrah attacked Abu Taghlib and his men at Ramla, al-Fadl came to his aid with his own troops. Abu Taghlib was taken captive and executed.[7][32][33] This battle established Ibn al-Jarrah and his Tayy as a major player in the region's power politics: despite his recognition of Fatimid suzerainty, the Tayy chieftain was a virtually independent ruler and remained a constant nuisance for the Fatimid government for decades.[31] Bowl fragment with a mounted warrior, 11th century Damascus continued to resist Fatimid attempts to capture it, notably under the Kutama chieftain Sulayman ibn Ja'far ibn Fallah in 979/80,[7][31] while, despite al-Fadl's efforts to use the Uqayl to contain them, the Tayy and their unchecked depredations grew to be a menace to the settled and agrigultural districts of southern Syria: Ramla was "reduced to a ghost town", in the words of Kennedy, and the Ghuta plain around Damascus and the Hawran region were so devastated that Damascus faced famine, alleviated only through supplies sent from Homs, ruled by the Turk Bakjur for the Hamdanids of Aleppo.[31] As a result of the successive failures of Berber commanders to capture Damascus and restore order in the province, the Fatimid court appointed a Turk, Baltakin, a former follower of Alptakin, as commander of the next expedition into Syria. Baltakin defeated Ibn al-Jarrah, who fled north to Antioch and the protection of the Byzantines, while Qassam was finally forced to surrender Damascus in early 983, albeit under generous terms that allowed him to remain in control under a Fatimid-appointed governor.[7][31] Contest for Aleppo[edit] After securing Fatimid rule in central and southern Syria, Caliph al-Aziz aimed to capture Aleppo as well, but was restrained by Ibn Killis while he lived.[7] The question of Aleppo was complicated, as it risked provoking a direct confrontation with Byzantium.[34] Since 969, the Hamdanid emirate had been tributary to the Byzantines. Its ruler, Sa'd al-Dawla (r. 967–991), resented this dependence, but was forced to abide with it in order to prevent an outright Fatimid conquest. As a result, his policy vacillated between the two powers.[35][36] Nevertheless, the Fatimids benefited from the weakness of the Hamdanids, as many Hamdanid supporters began entering Fatimid service. For example, Raja al-Siqlabi defected with 300 of his men, and was appointed governor of Acre and Caesarea.[11] The most important such defection was that of the Hamdanid governor of Homs, Bakjur, in 983. Bakjur contacted al-Aziz directly and offered to enter Fatimid service against Aleppo in exchange for the governorship of Damascus.[7][11] Attracted by the possibility of taking over not only Homs but possibly Aleppo as well, al-Aziz agreed to Bakjur's offer over the vehement opposition of Ibn Killis, who was briefly deposed and imprisoned in conjunction with a harvest failure that led to famine in the capital.[11] The Caliph provided Bakjur with an army, with which he attacked Aleppo in September. Sa'd al-Dawla was forced to appeal to the Byzantine emperor Basil II (r. 976–1025) for help, who sent his general Bardas Phokas the Younger to assist Aleppo. Forewarned of the Byzantines' approach by the exiled Ibn al-Jarrah, Bakjur raised the siege and fled to Fatimid territory. The Byzantines proceeded to sack Homs in October, and returned the city to Hamdanid control.[7][37] In 987/8, a seven-year truce was concluded with the Byzantines. It stipulated an exchange of prisoners, the recognition of the Byzantine emperor as protector of Christians under Fatimid rule and of the Fatimid Caliph as protector of Muslims under Byzantine control, and the replacement of the name of the Abbasid caliph with that of the Fatimid caliph in the Friday prayer in the mosque at Constantinople.[38] Despite his failure, Bakjur was named governor of Damascus by al-Aziz, and was joined by Ibn al-Jarrah. Ibn Killis, who was released and restored to his office after barely two months, immediately began working against the two. Bakjur gradually made himself unpopular to the Damascenes due to his cruelty, and after several failed efforts, in 989 Ibn Killis finally persuaded al-Aziz to replace Bakjur with one of the vizier's personal ghilmÄÂÂn, Ya'qub al-Siqlabi. Bakjur fled to Raqqa, from where he continued his unsuccessful attacks on Aleppo.[7][11] At the same time, Baltakin was sent to pacify the Bedouin tribes who were raiding the Hajj caravans, leading to the establishment of a Fatimid garrison at Wadi al-Qura, north of Medina.[11] Ibn Killis' death in 991 freed al-Aziz to pursue a more aggressive stance in the Aleppo question. Immediately he dismissed Ibn Killis' protégé and appointed the Turk Manjutakin as governor of Damascus.[7][39] Manjutakin's use of Damascus as his base during the subsequent campaigns shows the consolidation of Fatimid control in the area, but also, as Hugh Kennedy remarks, the changes it brought to the "political and economic geography of Syria": given the continued insecurity of the overland routes due to the depredations of the Bedouin, the Fatimids supplied their forces in Syria by sea—notably via Tripoli—and as a result the chief coastal towns rose in importance, as centres of Fatimid control and administration as well as commerce, experiencing a revival which continued into the 12th century.[40] Manjutakin invaded the Hamdanid emirate, defeated a Byzantine force under the doux of Antioch, Michael Bourtzes, in June 992, and laid siege to Aleppo. However, he failed to pursue the siege with vigour and the city was easily able to resist until, in the spring of 993, after thirteen months of campaigning, Manjutakin was forced to return to Damascus due to lack of supplies.[41] In spring 994, Manjutakin launched another invasion, again defeated Bourtzes at the Battle of the Orontes in September and again besieged Aleppo. The blockade was far more effective this time and soon caused a severe lack of food, but the city's defenders held out until the sudden arrival of the Byzantine emperor, Basil II, in person in April 995.[41] Basil crossed Asia Minor in only sixteen days at the head of an army; his sudden arrival, and the exaggerated numbers circulating for his army, caused panic in the Fatimid army. Manjutakin burned his camp and retreated to Damascus without giving battle.[41] The Byzantines besieged Tripoli but failed to capture it; nevertheless, the Fatimids lost control of the city, which became independent under its qadi.[38] The Byzantine emperor then occupied and fortified Tartus.[38] Al-Aziz himself now prepared to take the field against the Byzantines himself, beginning large-scale preparations at Cairo.[42][43] Byzantine and Hamdanid embassies carrying proposals for a truce were received in September 995, but rejected.[42] Al-Aziz's preparations were set back when the fleet being prepared at Cairo was destroyed by a fire, which set off an anti-Christian pogrom in the city.[44] Manjutakin was ordered to recapture Tartus, but its Armenian garrison was able to fend off his attacks; and a Fatimid fleet sent to assist the siege was lost in a storm off the coast.[38][44] Al-Aziz died on 14 October 996, before setting out on his campaign.[45] The Byzantine–Fatimid conflict continued under his successor until the conclusion of a ten-year truce in 1000.[46] Arabia and North Africa[edit] Along with Syria, al-Aziz presided over an expansion of Fatimid influence in the Arabian peninsula. The Hajj—at least those caravans setting off from Cairo with the pilgrims of the western Islamic world—was placed under Fatimid control and protection, despite the considerable cost.[47] The emirs of Mecca, although de facto autonomous, recognized the Fatimids' suzerainty, in token of which the Fatimids enjoyed the prestigious privilege of furnishing each year the new cover of the Kaaba (the kiswa).[47] Finally, in 992 the Fatimids were acknowledged as caliphs in the Yemen,[47] and even their old enemies, the Qarmatians of Bahrayn, came around to acknowledge their claims.[47] According to Kennedy, these diplomatic victories were the result of the more energetic foreign policy pursued by al-Aziz, particularly after the death of Ibn Killis, which bolstered his credentials by demonstrating "his ability and willingness to undertake the two major public responsibilities of a caliph, to safeguard the Hajj and to lead the Muslims against the infidel Byzantines".[47] On the other hand, North Africa, including the former Fatimid heartland of Ifriqiya, was mostly neglected.[7] Effective power there had passed to the Zirid viceroy of Ifriqiya, Buluggin ibn Ziri (r. 972–984), who was confirmed in office by al-Aziz, as was his son al-Mansur (r. 984–996).[7] In 992, al-Aziz even confirmed al-Mansur's son Badis as heir-apparent, thereby strengthening the Zirids' claim to dynastic succession.[47] Indeed, as Kennedy remarks, "nothing is more striking than the speed with which [the Fatimids] were prepared to allow North Africa to go its own way";[47] apart from diplomatic exchanges of gifts,[47] the Zirids governed their domains increasingly independently from the Fatimid court, even to the point of warring with the Kutama, the erstwhile mainstay of the Fatimid regime.[7] In a similar manner, al-Aziz contended himself with recognizing the succession of the Kalbid emirs of Sicily after the event.[7] Nearer to Egypt, the governor of Barqa (Cyrenaica) is known to have brought presents to the court of Cairo, but otherwise there are no indications of the Fatimids' exercising any control over him.[47] Al-Aziz died on 13 October 996. His son Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (996-1021) succeeded him as Caliph.

Arabs, 996-1021, Fatmid Sultan, Hakim (Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah), important Shia
Egypt, 996-1021, Fatmid Sultan, Hakim (Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah), despoiler of the Holy Places ; Å« Ê¿AlÄ« Maná¹£Å«r (13 August 985 – 13 February 1021), better known by his regnal name al-á¸¤ÄÂÂkim bi-Amr AllÄÂÂh (Arabic: Ø§Ù„ØÂÂØ§ÙƒÙ… Ø¨Ø£Ù…Ø± الله‎; literally "The Ruler by the Order of God"[1]), was the sixth Fatimid caliph[2] and 16th Ismaili[3] imam (996–1021). Al-Hakim is an important figure in a number of Shia Ismaili religions, such as the world's 15 million Nizaris and 1-2 million Musta’lis, in addition to the 2 million Druze of the Levant whose eponymous founder ad-Darazi proclaimed him as the incarnation of God in 1018.[4][5] Histories of al-Hakim can prove controversial, as diverse views of his life and legacy exist.[6][7] Historian Paul Walker writes: "Ultimately, both views of him, the mad and despotic tyrant (like Germanic and Roman despots) irrationally given to killing those around him on a whim, and the ideal supreme ruler, divinely ordained and chosen, whose every action was just and righteous, were to persist, the one among his enemies and those who rebelled against him, and the other in the hearts of true believers, who, while perhaps perplexed by events, nonetheless remained avidly loyal to him to the end."[8] The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15 ;

Arabs, 1037-1194, Folder, Seljuk Empire, Battle of Baghdad, 600,000 men to Georgia, Sunni

Arabs, 1063-1072, Seljuk sultan, Alp Arslan, Heroic Lion, expanded South and Northwest into Anatolia
Arabs, 1063-1072, Seljuk sultan, Alp Arslan; Arslan (20 January 1029 – 15 December 1072), real name Muhammad bin Dawud Chaghri, was the second Sultan of the Seljuk Empire and great-grandson of Seljuk, the eponymous founder of the dynasty. Sultan, Alp Arslan greatly expanded Seljuk territory and consolidated power, defeating rivals to his south and northwest. victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 ushered in the Turkoman settlement of Anatolia.[1] his military prowess and fighting skills he obtained the name Alp Arslan, which means "Heroic Lion" in Turkish.

Arabs, 1073-1092, Seljuk sultan, Malik-Shah I, established order in the Caucasus, poisoned
Arabs, 1073-1092, Seljuk sultan, Malik-Shah I; Äl al-Dawla Muiizz al-Dunya Wal-Din Abull-Fatá¸¥ ibn Alp Arslan (8 August 1055 – 19 November 1092, better known by his regnal name of Malik-Shah I, was sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1072 to 1092. his youth, he spent his time participating in the campaigns of his father Alp Arslan, along the latter's vizier Nizam al-Mulk. one of such campaigns in 1072, Alp Arslan was fatally wounded and died only a few days later. After that, Malik-Shah was crowned as the new sultan of the empire, Malik-Shah did not access the throne peacefully, and had to fight his uncle Qavurt, who claimed the throne. Although Malik-Shah was the nominal head of the Seljuk state, Nizam al-Mulk held near absolute power during his reign.[2] spent the rest of his reign waging war against the Karakhanids on the eastern side, and establishing order in the Caucasus. death to this day remains under dispute; according to some scholars, he was poisoned by Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadi, while others say that he was poisoned by the supporters of Nizam al-Mulk. Blessed David IV, King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26;

Arabs, 1092-1195, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Barkiyaruq
Persia, 1092-1195, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Barkiyaruq; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Arabs, 1118-1152, Seljuk sultan, Mehmed II, Great Seljuq Persia, ruled over Iraq and Persia
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1118-1153, Mehmed II, Great Seljuq Persia ; II (c. 1105 – 1131) was the Seljuk sultan of Baghdad from 1118–1131 following the death of his father Muhammad I Tapar.[1] At the time Mahmud was fourteen, and ruled over Iraq and Persia. Mahmud's early reign, his vassal king Garshasp II, who was a favorite of his father Muhammad I, fell into disgrace. Slander about him spread to the court that made him lose confidence, and made Mahmud send a military force to Yazd where Garshasp was arrested and jailed in Jibal, while Yazd was granted to the royal cupbearer. Garshasp, however, escaped and returned to Yazd, where he requested protection from Mahmud's rival Ahmad Sanjar (Garshasp's wife was the sister of Ahmad). Garshasp urged Ahmad to invade the domains of Mahmud in Central Persia, and gave him information on how to march to Central Persia, and the ways to combat Mahmud. Ahmad accepted and advanced with an army to the west in 1119, where he together with five kings defeated Mahmud at Saveh.[1] The kings who aided Ahmad during the battle were Garshasp II himself, the emirs of Sistan and of Khwarazm,[1] and two other unnamed kings. After being victorious, Ahmad then restored the domains of Garshasp II.[2] then proceeded as far as Baghdad, whereupon Mahmud was married to one of Sanjar's daughters, made his uncle's heir, and forced to give up strategic territories in northern Persia.[1] younger brother Mas'ud revolted against him in 1120, but the civil war ended the following year due to the intervention of the atabeg of Mosul, Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi, and Mas'ud was pardoned. In 1126, al-Bursuqi was murdered by Assassins, believed have been under orders from Mahmud. In 1127, he appointed Anushirvan ibn Khalid as his vizier, but had him removed from the office the following year. In 1129 Mahmud officially recognized the authority of Zengi, who had supported him against a revolt led by al-Mustarshid, caliph of Baghdad, in Syria and northern Iraq. then aged 26, died in 1131. His death was followed by a civil war between his son Dawud, and his brothers Mas'ud, Suleiman-Shah, and Toghrul II. His other son Alp Arslan ibn Mahmud was ruler of Mosul with atabeg Zengi. Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Arabs, 1250-1517, Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate, Cairo), joined by Crusaders, Sunni

Arabs, 1250-1517, Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate, Cairo), Sunni Islam, Owned slave, freed a training, but loyal to master
Egypt, 1250-1517, Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Sunni Islam; Mamluk Sultanate was a medieval realm spanning Egypt, the Levant and Hejaz that established itself as a caliphate. lasted from the overthrow of the Ayyubid dynasty until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. have traditionally broken the era of Mamluk rule into two periods, one covering 1250–1382 and the other 1382–1517, named after the ruling dynasties of the respective eras. Modern sources also refer to the same divisions as the Turkis and Circassian periods to stress the change in the ethnic origins of most Mamluks.[5][6][7][8][9] term Mamluk Sultanat is a modern historiographical term.[10] The sultanate's ruling caste was composed of Mamluks, soldiers predominantly of Cuman-Kipchaks (from Crimea),[11] Circassian, Abkhazian,[12] Oghuz Turks[13] Albanian, Slavic, Greek, Armenian and Georgian slave origin.[14][15] Mamluks were purchased, their status was above that of ordinary slaves, who were not allowed to carry weapons or perform certain tasks. were considered to be true lords, with social status above citizens of Egypt. it declined towards the end of its existence, at its height the sultanate represented the zenith of medieval Egyptian and Levantine political, economic, and cultural glory in the Islamic Golden Age.[16] See also: Mamluk A Mamluk nobleman from Aleppo mamluk was an owned slave, distinguished from the ghulam, or household slave. After thorough training in various fields such as martial arts, court etiquette and Islamic sciences, these slaves were freed. they were still expected to remain loyal to their master and serve his household.[19] had formed a part of the state or military apparatus in Syria and Egypt since at least the 9th century, rising to become governing dynasties of Egypt and the Levant during the Tulunid and Ikhshidid periods.[20] regiments constituted the backbone of Egypt's military under Ayyubid rule in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, beginning with Sultan Saladin (r. 1174–1193) who replaced the Fatimids' black African infantry with mamluks.[21] Ayyubid sultan and high-ranking emir had a private mamluk corps.[22] of the mamluks in the Ayyubids' service were ethnic Kipchak Turks from Central Asia, who, upon entering service, were converted to Sunni Islam and taught Arabic.[21] mamluk was highly committed to his master, to whom he often referred as "father", and was in turn treated more as a kinsman than as a slave.[21] as-Salih Ayyub (r. 1240–1249), the last of the Ayyubid sultans, had acquired some 1 000 mamluks (some of them free-born) from Syria, Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula by 1229, while serving as na'ib (viceroy) of Egypt during the absence of his father, Sultan al-Kamil (r. 1218–1238). These mamluks were called the "Salihiyyah" (singular "Salihi") after their master.[23] A Mamluk training with a lance, early 16th century became sultan of Egypt in 1240, and, upon his accession to the Ayyubid throne, he manumitted and promoted large numbers of his original and newly recruited Mamluks on the condition that they remain in his service.[23] provision his mamluks, as-Salih forcibly seized the iqtaʿat (fiefs; singular iqtaʿ) of his predecessors' emirs.[23] As-Salih sought to create a paramilitary apparatus in Egypt loyal to himself, and his aggressive recruitment and promotion of mamluks led contemporaries to view Egypt as "Salihi-ridden", according to historian Winslow William Clifford.[24] his close relationship with his mamluks, tensions existed between as-Salih and the Salihiyyah, and a number of Salihi mamluks were imprisoned or exiled throughout as-Salih's reign.[25] historian Stephen Humphreys asserts that the Salihiyyah's increasing dominance of the state did not personally threaten as-Salih due to their fidelity to him, Clifford believes that the Salihiyyah developed an autonomy within the state that fell short of such loyalty.[26] among the Salihiyyah to as-Salih rose when the latter ordered the assassination of his brother Abu Bakr al-Adil in 1249, a task that affronted many of the Salihiyyah and by whom was rejected; four of the Salihiyyah ultimately agreed to execute the controversial operation.[25] to power[edit] with the Ayyubids[edit] between As-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub and his mamluks came to a head later in 1249 when Louis IX of France's forces captured Damietta in their bid to conquer Egypt during the Seventh Crusade.[25] As-Salih believed Damietta should not have been evacuated and was rumored to have threatened punitive action against the Damietta garrison. The rumor, accentuated by the execution of civilian notables who evacuated Damietta, provoked a mutiny by the garrison of his camp in al-Mansurah, which included numerous Salihi mamluks.[25] The situation was calmed after the intervention of the atabeg al-askar (commander of the military), Fakhr ad-Din ibn Shaykh al-Shuyukh.[25] the Crusaders advanced, as-Salih died and was succeeded by his son al-Muazzam Turanshah,[27] who was in al-Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) at the time. Initially, the Salihiyyah welcomed Turanshah's succession, with many greeting him and requesting confirmation of their administrative posts and iqtaʿ assignments at his arrival to the Egyptian frontier.[28] However, Turanshah sought to challenge the dominance of the Salihiyyah in the paramilitary apparatus by promoting his Kurdish retinue from Upper Mesopotamia ("al-Jazira" in Arabic) and the Levant as a counterweight to the predominantly Turkic Salihiyyah.[28] to Turanshah's arrival at the front facing the French, the Bahriyyah, a junior regiment of the Salihiyyah commanded by Baibars al-Buduqdari, defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of al-Mansurah on 11 February 1250. On 27 February, Turanshah, as new sultan, arrived in Egypt from Hasankeyf (Turkish for "rock fortress"), where he had been Emir (Arabic for "Prince") of Hisn Kayfa (Arabic for "rock fortress") since AH 636 (1238/1239 CE), and went straight to al-Mansurah to lead the Egyptian army. On 5 April 1250, covered by the darkness of night, the Crusaders evacuated their camp opposite al-Mansurah and began to flee northward towards Damietta. The Egyptians followed them into the Battle of Fariskur where the Egyptians utterly destroyed the Crusaders on 6 April. King Louis IX and a few of his surviving nobles surrendered and were taken as prisoners, effectively ending the Seventh Crusade.[29] proceeded to place his own entourage and mamluks, known as the "Mu'azzamiyah",[27] in positions of authority to the detriment of Salihi interests. On 2 May 1250,[27] a group of disgruntled Salihi officers had Turanshah assassinated at his camp in Fariskur.[30] to Humphreys, as-Salih's frequent wars against his Ayyubid relatives likely voided the Salihiyyah's loyalty to other members of the Ayyubid dynasty.[31] Nonetheless, the Salihiyyah were careful not to depict the assassination of Turanshah as an assault against Ayyubid legitimacy, but rather an act against a deviant of the Muslim polity.[32] Moreover, an electoral college dominated by the Salihiyyah convened to choose a successor to Turanshah among the Ayyubid emirs, with opinion largely split between an-Nasir Yusuf of Damascus and al-Mughith Umar of al-Karak. Ultimately, however, consensus settled on as-Salih's widow, Shajar ad-Durr.[32] ad-Durr ensured the Salihiyyah's dominance of the paramilitary elite, and ushered in a process of establishing patronage and kinship ties with the Salihiyyah. In particular, she cultivated close ties with the Jamdari (pl. Jamdariyyah) and Bahri (pl. "Bahriyyah") elements of the Salihiyyah, by distributing to them iqtaʿ and other benefits.[33] The Bahriyya were named after the Arabic word bahr, meaning "sea" or "large river", because their barracks was located on the Nile River island of Rawda. They were mostly drawn from among the Cumans-Kipchaks who controlled the steppes north of the Black Sea.[22] Shajar al-Durr's efforts and the lingering desire among the military in Egypt to maintain the Ayyubid state was made evident when the Salihi mamluk and atabeg al-askar, Aybak, attempted to claim the sultanate, but was prevented from monopolizing power by the army and the Bahriyyah and Jamdariyyah, which asserted that only an Ayyubid could exercise sultanic authority.[32][33] The Bahriyyah compelled Aybak to share power with al-Ashraf Musa, a grandson of Sultan al-Kamil.[34] power struggles[edit] was one of the oldest of the Salihi mamluks and a senior member of as-Salih's inner circle, despite only being an emir awsat (middle-ranked emir).[35] He served as the principal bulwark against the more junior Bahri and Jamdari elements of the Salihiyyah, and his promotion to atabeg al-askar was met by Bahri rioting in Cairo, the first of many examples of intra-Salihi tensions surrounding Aybak's ascendancy.[36] The Bahriyyah and Jamdariyyah were represented by their patron, Faris ad-Din Aktay, a principal organizer of Turanshah's assassination and the recipient of Fakhr ad-Din's large estate by Shajar al-Durr; the latter saw Aktay as a counterweight to Aybak.[36] Aybak moved against the Bahriyyah in 1251 by shutting down their Rawda headquarters in a bid to sap Aktay's power base. Aybak was still unable to promote his own mamluks, known as the "Mu'izziyah", to senior posts until 1252. That year, he managed to dispatch Aktay to Upper Egypt to suppress an Arab uprising.[37] Instead of isolating Aktay as was Aybak's intention, the assignment allowed Aktay to impose extortionate taxes in Upper Egypt and provide him the personal funds to finance his patronage of the Bahriyyah. In 1254, Aybak had his Mu'izzi mamluks assassinate Aktay in the Citadel of Cairo.[38] Aybak proceeded to purge those in his retinue and in the Salihiyyah whom he believed were disloyal to him, causing a temporary exodus of Bahri mamluks, most of whom settled in Gaza, but also in Upper Egypt and Syria.[34][39] The purge led to a dearth of military support for Aybak, which in turn led to Aybak's recruitment of new supporters from among the army in Egypt and the Turkic Nasiri and Azizi mamluks from Syria, who had defected from their Ayyubid masters, namely an-Nasir Yusuf, and moved to Egypt in 1250.[39] The Syrian mamluks were led by their patron Jamal ad-Din Aydughdi and were assigned most of the iqtaʿ of Aktay and his allies. However, Aydughdi's growing ambitions made Aybak view him as a threat. After Aybak learned that Aydughdi was plotting to topple him and recognize an-Nasir Yusuf as Ayyubid sultan, which would likely leave Aydughdi in virtual control of Egypt, Aybak had Aydughdi imprisoned in Alexandria in 1254 or 1255.[40] the Bahriyya faction in Gaza commanded by Baybars sought to enlist their services with an-Nasir Yusuf. In an attempt to dislodge Aybak, the Bahriyyah petitioned an-Nasir Yusuf to claim the Ayyubid throne and invade Egypt, but an-Nasir Yusuf initially refused. However, in 1256, he dispatched a Bahri-led expedition to Egypt, but no battle occurred when Aybak met an-Nasir Yusuf's army.[41] Aybak was assassinated on 10 April 1257,[41] possibly on the orders of Shajar al-Durr,[42] who was assassinated a week later.[41] Their deaths left a relative power vacuum in Egypt, with Aybak's teenage son, al-Mansur Ali, as heir to the sultanate.[41] While al-Mansur Ali was sultan, the strongman in Egypt was Aybak's former close aide, Sayf ad-Din Qutuz,[43] who also had hostile relations with the Salihiyyah, including the Bahri mamluks.[44] the time of Aybak's death, the Bahriyyah had entered the service of al-Mughith Umar of al-Karak, who agreed to invade Egypt and claim the Ayyubid sultanate, but al-Mughith's small Bahri-dominated invading force was routed at the frontier with Egypt in November.[41] The Bahriyyah and al-Mughith launched a second expedition in 1258, but were again defeated.[43] The Bahriyyah subsequently raided areas around Syria, threatening an-Nasir Yusuf's power in Damascus. After a first attempt to defeat the Bahriyyah near Gaza failed, an-Nasir Yusuf launched a second expedition against them with al-Mansur Muhammad II of Hama, resulting in a Bahriyyah defeat at Jericho.[43] An-Nasir Yusuf proceeded to besiege al-Mughith and the Bahriyyah at al-Karak, but the growing threat of a Mongol invasion of Syria ultimately led to a reconciliation between an-Nasir Yusuf and al-Mughith, and Baybars's defection to the former.[43] Qutuz deposed al-Mansur Ali in 1259. Afterward, he purged and/or arrested the Mu'izziyah and any Bahri mamluks he could locate in Egypt in a bid to eliminate dissent towards his rule.[44] The surviving Mu'izzi and Bahri mamluks made their way to Gaza, where Baybars had created a virtual shadow state in opposition to Qutuz.[44] lancers, early 16th century (etching by Daniel Hopfer) While various mamluk factions competed for control of Egypt and Syria, the Mongols under the command of Hulagu Khan had sacked Baghdad, the intellectual and spiritual center of the Islamic world, in 1258, and proceeded westward, capturing Aleppo and Damascus.[45] Qutuz sent military reinforcements to his erstwhile enemy an-Nasir Yusuf in Syria, and reconciled with the Bahriyyah, including Baybars, who was allowed to return to Egypt, to face the common Mongol threat.[46] Hulagu sent emissaries to Qutuz in Cairo, demanding submission to Mongol rule. Qutuz had the emissaries killed, an act which historian Joseph Cummins called the "worst possible insult to the Mongol throne".[45] Qutuz then prepared Cairo's defenses to ward off the Mongols' threatened invasion of Egypt, but after hearing news that Hulagu withdrew from Syria to claim the Mongol throne, Qutuz began preparations for the conquest of Syria. He mobilized a force of some 120,000 soldiers and gained the support of his main Mamluk rival, Baybars.[47] Mamluks entered Palestine to confront the Mongol army that Hulagu left behind under the command of Kitbuqa.[47] In September 1260, the two sides met in the plains south of Nazareth in a major confrontation known as the Battle of Ain Jalut.[48] Qutuz had some of his cavalry units hide in the hills around Ain Jalut (Goliath's Spring), while directing Baybars's forces to advance past Ain Jalut against Kitbuqa's Mongols. In the ensuing half-hour clash, Baybars's men feigned a retreat and were pursued by Kitbuqa. The latter's forces fell into a Mamluk trap once they reached the springs of Ain Jalut, with Baybars's men turning around to confront the Mongols and Qutuz's units ambushing the Mongols from the hills.[47] The battle ended in a Mongol rout and Kitbuqa's capture and execution. Afterward, the Mamluks proceeded to recapture Damascus and the other Syrian cities taken by the Mongols.[49] Upon Qutuz's triumphant return to Cairo, he was assassinated in a Bahri plot. Baybars subsequently assumed power in Egypt in late 1260,[46] and established the Bahri Mamluk sultanate.[50]

Arabs, 1258, Battle of Bagdad (Mongols seige Abbasid Caliphate)
Messopotamia, 1258, Battle of Bagdad (Mongols seige Abbasid Caliphate ; Further conquests: 1200-“1800 ; Timur or Tamerlan;

Arabs, 1293-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sunni, 3 Reigns
Arabs, 1293-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sunni;

Arabs, 1300, 14th Century Folder, Slave SoldierMamluks and their RINO's

Arabs, 1304-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sunni, 3 Reigns
Arabs, 1293-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sunni;

Arabs, 1314, Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Klarjeti W, H Cross M, Forerunner, Spiritual f, MOG, Damascus, h f 500 L, head 7 times
Jerusalem, 1314, Martyr Nicholas Dvali; Holy Cross Georgian Monastery near Jerusalem; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated October 19 ; Fathers and Martyrs of the Georgian Monasteries in Jerusalem, Commemorated February 12 ; Nikoloz Dvali the Martyr was born at the end of the 13th century to a God-fearing couple who directed his path toward the spiritual life. the age of twelve Nikoloz traveled to the Klarjeti Wilderness and was tonsured a monk. From there he made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and remained in the holy city, settling at the Holy Cross Monastery. Burning with desire for the apostolic life, Monk Nikoloz was determined to die a martyr’s death. Jerusalem a group of godless men arrested and tormented Saint Nikoloz for publicly confessing the Christian Faith, but a group of Christians succeeded in rescuing him from prison. in accordance with his abbot’s counsel, Saint Nikoloz relocated to a Georgian monastery on Cyprus. There the pious monk beseeched the Lord to make him worthy of the crown of martyrdom. One day, while he was praying before the icon of Saint John the Baptist, he heard a voice saying, “Nikoloz! Arise and go to Jerusalem. There you will find a Georgian monk who will teach you the way of righteousness and encourage you on the path of martyrdom. He has been appointed to guide you.” Saint Nikoloz returned to Jerusalem, met the monk whom God had appointed, and informed him of what had been revealed. Most Holy Theotokos and Saint John the Baptist appeared to Saint Nikoloz’s spiritual father, who had been praying intensely for guidance, and told him that it was the Lord’s will for Nikoloz to journey to Damascus. in Damascus, the holy father entered a mosque and openly confessed Christ to be the Savior, reproving those present for their folly. The angry Muslims seized Saint Nikoloz, beat him, and cast him into prison. a great struggle, the metropolitan and local Christians succeeded in recovering him from captivity, but he immediately returned to the Muslims and began again to denounce their ungodly ways. Again they beat him mercilessly, lashed him five hundred times, and cast him in prison for a second time. the holy martyr’s wounds were healed through the miraculous intercession of Saint John the Baptist, and after two months he was released from prison. chance the emir of the city caught a glimpse of Saint Nikoloz as he was preparing to return to Jerusalem. The emir recognized him and sent him to Dengiz, the emir of emirs. Dengiz flattered him and offered to convert him to Islam, but Saint Nikoloz bravely defended his faith in Christ. In response, Dengiz ordered his execution. the hour appointed by Dengiz, the blessed martyr turned to the east, joyfully bowed his neck to the sword, and prayed, “Glory to Thee, O Christ God, Who hast accounted me worthy to die for Thy name’s sake.” The sword pierced his neck, but the severed head glorified God seven times, crying out, “Glory to Thee, O Christ our God!” Persians burned the saint’s body, and for three days a pillar of light shone at the place where it lay. Saint Nikoloz’s spiritual father heard about his martyrdom, he prayed to God to reveal to him whether Nikoloz would be numbered among the saints. Then one day while he was reading, he saw a vision of a host of saints standing atop a mountain, illumined and surrounded by a cloud of incense. Among them the Great-martyr George shone especially brightly, and he called Saint Nikoloz, saying, “Nikoloz! Come and see the monk, your spiritual father. He has shed many tears for you.” greeted his spiritual father, saying, “Behold me and the place where I am, and from this day cease your sorrowing for me.” Nikoloz Dvali was tortured to death on Tuesday, October 19, in the year 1314. The Georgian Church continues to commemorate him on that date. Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated February 12 ;

Arabs, 1341-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Abu Bakr, Sunni, deposed by his father's emir Qawsun
Arabs, 1341-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Abu Bakr, Sunni, deposed by his father's emir Qawsun;

Arabs, 1341-1342, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Kujuk, Sunni, controlled by Qawsun
Arabs, 1341-1342, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Kujuk, Sunni, controlled by Qawsun ;

Arabs, 1342-1342, Abbasid Sultan, An-Nasir Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, stayed in Karak Transjordan, killed
Arabs, 1342-1342, Abbasid Sultan, An-Nasir Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, stayed in Karak Transjordan, killed because he did not want to go to Egypt.;

Arabs, 1342-1345, Abbasid Sultan, As-Salih Ismail, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, Killed brothers, mamluk slave soldiers, sick and died
Arabs, 1342-1342, Abbasid Sultan, An-Nasir Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, stayed in Karak Transjordan, killed because he did not want to go to Egypt.;

Arabs, 1345-1346, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Kamil Sha'ban, Sunni, Killed in brother's revolt
Arabs, 1345-1346, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Kamil Sha'ban, Sunni, Killed in brother's revolt;

Arabs, 1346-1347, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Muzaffar Hajji, Sunni, loved sports, killed by his Mamluks
Arabs, 1346-1347, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Muzaffar Hajji, Sunni, love of sports, killed by his Mamluk slave soldiers;

Arabs, 1347-1361, Abbasid Sultan, An-Nasir Hasan, Sunni, 2 reigns by Mamluks, Killed and k by Mamluks
Arabs, 1346-1347, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Muzaffar Hajji, Sunni, love of sports, killed by his Mamluk slave soldiers; Saint Gregory Palamas, Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14;

Arabs, 1361-1363, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Muhammad, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, Mamluk ruler in name only, adolescent
Arabs, 1346-1347, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Muzaffar Hajji, Sunni, love of sports, killed by his Mamluk slave soldiers;

Arabs, 1363-1377, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Sha'ban, Sunni, Mamluk RINO, but with partisans and commoners tried to kill Mamluks
Arabs, 1363-1377, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Sha'ban, Sunni, Mamluk RINO, but with partisans and commoners tried to kill Mamluks emirs;

Arabs, 1377-1381, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Ali II, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, Mamluk RINO, died still and adolescent
Arabs, 1377-1381, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Ali II, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, Mamluk RINO, died still and adolescent;

Arabs, 1382,1389, Abbasid Sultan, As-Salih Hajji, Sunni, Mamluk RINO
Arabs, 1382,1389, Abbasid Sultan, As-Salih Hajji, Sunni, Mamluk RINO;

Arabs, 1382-1399, Abbasid Sultan, Barquq, Sunni, a Mamluk Sultan, Slave Soldier
Arabs, 1382-1399, Abbasid Sultan, Barquq, Sunni, a Mamluk Sultan, Slave Soldier, Timur enemy, joined Ottoman Empire in 1393;

Arabs, 1400. 15th Century History Folder, Abbasid, Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt

Geography - Impoortant Rivers and Mountains

Important Rivers - West

Carpatian Mts - Around Natural Hungary

Zargos Mountains - Around the Fertile Crescent

Alps Mts - Switzerland, France, Austria, Germany, Italy

Pyrenees Mts - Between France and Spain

Hungary, Natural Hungary, Tisa River Drainage & Little Hungarian Plain

Tisa River - Bega River and Canal in the Banat

Tisa River - Mures River

Tisa River - Somes River

Important Rivers - East

China, Yellow, Yangtzee, Hong Kong

Hong Kong - Xi River

Hong Kong - Pearl (Canton) River

Southeast Asia, Chao Phraya River Thailand, Mekong River, Cambodia, Laos, Viet Nam

Chao Phraya River Thailand
Chao Phraya River;

Mekong River, Laos, Cambodia, South Viet Nam

Red River (Asia), North Viet Nam, Gulf of Tonkin

Burma, Irrawaddy River West, Rangoon River Center, Salween River East

Irrawaddy River - West

Rangoon River - Center

Rangoon River Source - Pegu River

Rangoon River Source - Myitmaka River

Salween River - East

India and Pakistan, Ganzese River

Ganges River, India

Turkmenistan, Ochus and Oxus Rivers

Oxus River

Silk Road, Trabezon to Merv