USA Folder, US Capital, Washington, D.C., America.kmz

USA Folder, US Capital, Washington, D.C., America

United States of America (USA)
United States; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII, (28 NOV 1864) ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America; FRANCIS ASBURY, Evangelist, 1816; William Lloyd Garrison of WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON AND MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESSES, 1879, Commemorated December 17 ; RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, Commemorated January 16 ; FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ; John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896; INDEPENDENCE DAY, (United States of America) (4 JULY 1776);

Washington, DC, US Capital
US Capital, Washington, DC; THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Raoul Wallenberg and Carl Lutz, Commemorated July 16 ; GEORGE FREEMAN BRAGG, Jr., PRIEST, 3 August 1940; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898); SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); Maria Steward of WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON AND MARIA STEWART PROPHETIC WITESSES, 1879 Commemorated December 17 ; PHILLIPS BROOKS, BISHOP AND PREACHER (23 JAN 1893) ; ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER, Educator (1964), Commemorated Febraury 28 ; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, (13 March 1911), Commemorated November 8 ; CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 18; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13 ;

US, 1732-1778, Rousseau, modern thought, Facist, Nazi, Marxist, progressive
Switzerland, 1732-1778, Rousseau, enlightenment, modern political, social thought, Facism, Naziism, Communism, democracy, progressive; Rousseau; 28 June 1712 - 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic and educational thought.[1] Discourse on Inequality and The Social Contract are cornerstones in modern political and social thought. Rousseau's sentimental novel Julie, or the New Heloise (1761) was important to the development of preromanticism and romanticism in fiction.[2][3] His Emile, or On Education (1762) is an educational treatise on the place of the individual in society. Rousseau's autobiographical writings—the posthumously published Confessions (composed in 1769), which initiated the modern autobiography, and the unfinished Reveries of the Solitary Walker (composed 1776–1778)—exemplified the late-18th-century "Age of Sensibility", and featured an increased focus on subjectivity and introspection that later characterized modern writing. befriended fellow philosopher Denis Diderot in 1742, and would later write about Diderot's romantic troubles in his Confessions. During the period of the French Revolution, Rousseau was the most popular of the philosophers among members of the Jacobin Club. He was interred as a national hero in the Panthéon in Paris, in 1794, 16 years after his death. Absolved From Being Good-Mannered: The Romantic Totalitarianism of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, May 20, 2021 ;

America (United States)
America (United States); Repose of St Nikolai of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

US History, Before the Presidents

United States - 13 Colonies North America area, New England

Mississippi River Folder, 1673

Mississippi River

Mississippi River Route

Mississippi River Source (Lake Itaska, MN)

Mississippi River 1 (Crow Wing and Fort Ripley, MN)

Mississippi River 2 (Minneapolis and Saint Paul, MN)

Mississippi River 3 (La Crosse, WI)

Mississippi River 4 (Dubuque, IA)

Mississippi River 5 (Quad Cities, IA & IL)

Mississippi River 6 (Des Moines, IA and Hannibal, MO)

Mississippi River 7 (St. Louis, MO)

Mississippi River 8 (Cape Girardeau, MO)

Mississippi River 9 (Memphis, TN)

Mississippi River 10 (Little Rock, AR)

Mississippi River 11 (Jackson, MS)

Mississippi River 12 (Natches, MS)

Mississippi River 13 (Baton Rouge, LA)

Mississippi River 14 (New Orleans, LA)

Mississippi River Mouth (M. Delta, Gulf of Mexico)

US, 1730-1755, Great Awakening of 1740, First Great Awakening
Great Awakening of 1740, First Great Awakening; George Whitefield of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15 ;

US, 1742-1787, Henry Muhlenberg, Patriarch of American Lutherans, from Einbeck and Halle Germany
Einbeck, Germany HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 178; Melchior Muhlenberg is the principal organizer of American Lutheranism. was born in Einbeck, Germany, in 1711, and studied at Goettingen and at Halle. Lutherans in America at that time were found in a few scattered communities, of various national backgrounds, with no central organization, and with a grave danger of factionalism. congregations wrote to Halle University, asking for a pastor to take charge. Hermann Francke, a Lutheran leader of the Pietist movement at Halle, chose Muhlenberg and sent him to America. arrived in Charleston on 23 September 1742. He was soon accorded widespread recognition by Lutheran churches, German, Swedish, and others, as the senior Lutheran pastor in America. He set the tone for the Lutheran community in what was to be the United States, and almost all Lutheran Churches in America today use liturgies which are developed from the one that he proposed for American use. plans for local church government, presented to congregations that had been accustomed to a great deal of government control, eased the transition to the "free church" model, and form the basis for plans of local church government in American Lutheran churches today. of his sons, John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, served as a general under George Washington in the War of Independence. Another, Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg, became a member of the Continental Congress, and first speaker of the House of Representatives. A great-grandson, William Augustus Muhlenberg, became an eminent Anglican priest (see 8 April). Melchior Muhlenberg died 7 October 1787, and is buried at Trappe, Pennsylvania. His epitaph (in Latin) reads: "Who and what he was, future ages will know without a stone." by James Kiefer

US, 1765-1816, Francis Asbury, Hamstead Bridge, West Midlands, US Methodist Episcopal bishop
England, 1765-1816, Francis Asbury, Hamstead Bridge, West Midlands, US Methodist Episcopal bishop; Hamstead Bridge, West Midlands ; Francis Asbury of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15; Asbury (August 20, 1745 – March 31, 1816) was one of the first two bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States. In 1784 John Wesley named Asbury and Thomas Coke as co-superintendents of the work in America. This marks the beginning of the "Methodist Episcopal Church of the USA". For the next thirty-two years, Asbury led all the Methodists in America. Wesley, Asbury preached in all sorts of places: courthouses, public houses, tobacco houses, fields, public squares, wherever a crowd assembled to hear him. For the remainder of his life he rode an average of 6000 miles each year, preaching virtually every day and conducting meetings and conferences. Under his direction, the church grew from 1,200 to 214,000 members and 700 ordained preachers. from Wikipedia Asbury (August 20 or 21, 1745 – March 31, 1816) was one of the first two bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States. his 45 years in the colonies and the newly independent United States, he devoted his life to ministry, traveling on horseback and by carriage thousands of miles to those living on the frontier. spread Methodism in British colonial America as part of the Second Great Awakening. He also founded several schools during his lifetime, although his own formal education was limited. His journal is valuable to scholars for its account of frontier society, with references to many towns and villages in Colonial America.[1] and adolescence Bishop Asbury Cottage, Asbury's boyhood home at Great Barr Asbury was born at Hamstead Bridge, Staffordshire, England on August 20 or 21, 1745, to Elizabeth and Joseph Asbury. The family moved to a cottage at Great Barr, Sandwell, the next year.[2] His boyhood home still stands and is open as Bishop Asbury Cottage museum.[3] after the family moved to Great Barr, in May 1748, Asbury's older sister, Sarah, died; he was less than three years old. Asbury wrote later that his mother Eliza was "very much a woman of the world"; with his sister's death, she "sank into deep distress....from which she was not relieved for many years," and was living "in a very, dark, dark, dark, day and place".[4] A few years later she found a renewed Christian faith as itinerant preachers, either Baptist or Methodists, visited Barr on a revival circuit. From then on she began to read the Bible every day and encouraged her son to do so as well.[4] deep faith may not have been shared by her husband, who seemed to have problems, possibly drink or gambling. Francis Asbury described his father as "industrious." The husband supported his wife in her faith and witness: he allowed Methodist meetings to be held each Sunday in the cottage.[5] Asbury's childhood the West Midlands was undergoing massive changes as the industrial revolution swept through the area. Waves of workers migrated into the area, attracted by jobs in the growing factories and workshops in Birmingham and the Black Country of the mines. Asburys lived in a cottage tied to a public house, on a main route between the mines and the factories. They would have been aware of the drinking, gambling, poverty and poor behaviour prevalent in the area.[6] Asbury attended a local endowed school in Snail's Green, a nearby hamlet. He did not get on well with his fellow pupils who ridiculed him because of his mother's religious beliefs. the 1740s there had been widespread anti-Methodist rioting in Wednesbury and the surrounding area, and into the 1750s a great deal of persecution. Nor did he like his teacher and left school at the first opportunity.[7] took a keen interest in religion, having "felt something of God as early as the age of seven".[8] He lived not far from All Saint's Church, Bromwich, which under the patronage of the Methodist Earl of Dartmouth, provided a living for Evangelical minister Edward Stillinghurst. Well connected, Stillinghurst invited as visiting preachers some of the foremost preachers and theologians of the day. These included John Fletcher, John Ryland, Henry Venn, John Cennick and Benjamin Ingham. His mother encouraged Francis to meet with the Methodists in Wednesbury, eventually joining a "band" with four other young men who would meet and pray together. For them a typical Sunday would be a preaching meeting at 5.00 am, communion at the parish church mid morning, and attending a preaching meeting again at 5.00 pm.[9] had his first formal job at age thirteen; he went "into service" for local gentry, whom he later described as "one of the most unGodly families in the parish". But he soon left them and is believed to have eventually worked for Thomas Foxall, at the Old Forge Farm,[10] where he made metal goods. He became great friends with Foxall's son, Henry.[11] They developed a friendship, which continued after Henry Foxall's emigration to Colonial America. There he continued working with metal and established the Foundry Church in Georgetown, now part of Washington, D.C. began to preach locally, and eventually became an itinerant preacher on behalf of the Methodist cause.[12] Asbury's preaching ministry in England is detailed in the section below: "Asbury's circuits in England". work in America the age of 22, Asbury's selection by John Wesley as a traveling lay preacher became official. Typically such positions were held by young, unmarried men, known as exhorters. In 1771 Asbury volunteered to travel to British North America. His first sermon in the Colonies took place with the Methodist congregation in Woodrow, Staten Island.[13] Within the first 17 days of being in the colonies, Asbury preached in both Philadelphia and New York. During the first year, he served as Wesley's assistant and preached in 25 different settlements. When the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775, he and James Dempster were the only British Methodist lay ministers to remain in America.[14] "During his early years in North America, Asbury devoted his attention mainly to followers living on the eastern shore between the Delaware River and the Chesapeake Bay. Bishop Asbury was a good friend of the Melsons and was their guest many times on his rounds. When the American revolution severed the traditional ties between the American Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain, Bishop Asbury, in the interest of his religious tenets and principles and in an attempt to remain aloof from the political and military fervor that swept the country, announced he would, to keep the embryonic Methodist congregations neutral, refrain from endorsing either Great Britain or the newly formed United States of America government and urged all his followers to do the same. This request placed almost all of his followers, especially those living in Maryland, in an untenable position. The State of Maryland had enacted a law requiring all citizens to take an Oath of Allegiance to the newly formed American Congress. In addition to this, it stipulated all non-residents within its boundaries also had to take and sign an Oath of Allegiance. Those refusing were summarily incarcerated for treason. Asbury, after proclaiming his neutrality, fled to Delaware, where taking an oath of allegiance was not a requirement. His adherents in Maryland suffered the rancor of the proponents of the Oath."[15] remained hidden during the war and ventured occasionally back into Maryland. Sometimes this had the effect of compromising his parishioners. Asbury did not become ordained or a bishop until December 1784. 1780, Asbury met the freedman Henry "Black Harry" Hosier, a meeting the minister believed "providentially arranged".[16] Hosier served as his driver and guide and, though illiterate, memorized long passages of the Bible as Asbury read them aloud during their travels. Hosier eventually became a famous preacher in his own right, the first African American to preach directly to a white congregation in the United States.[16] Camp Meeting the fall of 1800, Asbury attended one of the events of the Revival of 1800 as he travelled from Kentucky into Tennessee. The combined Presbyterian and Methodist communion observance made a deep impression on Asbury; it was as an early experience for him of multi-day meetings, which included attendees camping on the grounds or sleeping in their wagons around the meeting house. He recorded the events in his journal: it showed the relation between religious revivalism and camp meetings, later a staple of nineteenth-century frontier Methodism.[17] and Consecrated a bishop The Ordination of Bishop Asbury, an engraving of an 1882 painting of the scene 1784, John Wesley named Asbury and Thomas Coke as co-superintendents of the work in the United States. The Christmas Conference that year marked the beginning of the Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States. It was during this Conference that Asbury was ordained by Coke.[18] the next 32 years, Asbury led all the Methodists in America. However, his leadership did not go unchallenged. His idea for a ruling council was opposed by such notables as William McKendree, Jesse Lee, and James O'Kelly. Eventually, based on advice by Coke, he established in 1792 a General Conference, to which delegates could be sent, as a way of building broader support. journeys Wesley, Asbury preached in myriad of places: courthouses, public houses, tobacco houses, fields, public squares, wherever a crowd assembled to hear him. For the remainder of his life, he rode an average of 6,000 miles each year, preaching virtually every day and conducting meetings and conferences. Under his direction, the church grew from 1,200 to 214,000 members and 700 ordained preachers. Among the men he ordained was Richard Allen in Philadelphia, the first black Methodist minister in the United States who later founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first independent black denomination in the country. Another African American was Daniel Coker, who emigrated to Sierra Leone in 1820 and became the first Methodist minister there from the West. Bishop Asbury also ordained Peter Cartwright in the fall of 1806.[19] health and death 1813, Asbury wrote his will. This was a time when "the greatest membership gain in the history of the church" was achieved.[20] In 1814 his health started to fail and he became ill. In 1816 he started to regain strength and continued his preaching journey. He "preached his last Sermon in Richmond, Virginia" on March 24, "and died at the home of George Arnold near Fredericksburg" on March 31.[21] Asbury died in Spotsylvania County, Virginia. He was buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery, in Baltimore, near the graves of Bishops John Emory and Beverly Waugh. as a preacher an exciting time in American history, Asbury was reported to be an extraordinary preacher. Biographer Ezra Squier Tipple wrote: "If to speak with authority as the accredited messenger of God; to have credentials which bear the seal of heaven ... if when he lifted the trumpet to his lips the Almighty blew the blast; if to be conscious of an ever-present sense of God, God the Summoner, God the Anointing One, God the Judge, and to project it into speech which would make his hearers tremble, melt them with terror, and cause them to fall as dead men; if to be and do all this would entitle a man to be called a great preacher, then Asbury was a great preacher." habits Asbury had a great distrust of personal popularity, and equally marked distaste of personal publicity".[22] Not being a vain person, he did not care to have his image preserved. He had been in America for 23 years, and a bishop for 10 years before he had let a portrait be made of him. His friend James McCannon persuaded him to have it done. Asbury had had a portrait painted of him for his mother in 1797. His last portrait was made in 1813 by an unknown artist in Strasburgh, Pennsylvania. had times when he tended to have gloomy thoughts and opinions. He believed himself to be "a true prophet of evil tidings, as it suits my cast of mind".[23] Although he was pessimistic, those who knew him considered him an extremely sensitive person. In his journal he recorded more failures and misgivings than success in his ministry. He loved simplicity and had "frequent spells of morbid depression".[23] He tended to use cynical sarcasm in his preachings. One of the typical prayers he would say, even on his way to America, was "Lord, we are in thy hands and in thy work. Thou knowest what is best of us and for thy work; whether plenty or poverty. The hearts of all men are in thy hands. If it is best for us and for thy church that we should be cramped and straitened, let the people's hands and hearts be closed: If it is better for us; for the church,—and more to thy glory that we should abound in the comforts of life; do thou dispose the hearts of those we serve to give accordingly: and may we learn to be content whether we abound, or suffer need".[24] rose at 5 every morning to read the Bible. He was impatient with those who did not do the tasks assigned to them as soon as the task was assigned. He was "one of the wisest and most farseeing men of his day".[25] journal September 4, 1771, at the age of 26, Francis Asbury began his journey to Philadelphia from Pill near Bristol, England. "It cost him much to leave home and kindred, as is witnessed by his affectionate letters and sacrificial remittances home: but the call of God was not to be denied".[26] Before he left, he wrote a letter to his family. "I wonder sometimes how anyone will sit to hear me, but the Lord covers my weakness with his power…. I trust you will be easy and more quiet. As for me, I know what I am called to. It is to give up all, and to have my hands and heart in the work, yea, the nearest and dearest friends…. Let others condemn me as being without natural affection, disobedient to parents, or say what they please…. I love my parents and friends, but I love my God better and his service…. And tho' I have given up all, I do not repent, for I have found all".[27] On this voyage he began a journal. "In his journal he pours out the feelings and impulses of the moment, but often without giving a clue to either the offender or the offense".[28] He became seasick for the first week but had recovered. He was "poor in material things, but rich in the spiritual atmosphere created and maintained by his mother".[29] He also spent a lot of time studying and reading the Bible and books written by Wesley. On September 22, September 29, and October 6, he preached to the ship's company. Finally, on October 27, he landed at his destination in Philadelphia. His journal also contains some references to opinions of ministers who disagreed with the Methodist leadership, such as Rev. Charles Hopkins of Powhatan County, Virginia who had rejected the Methodist ideals several years before. journal also frequently mentioned Thomas S. Hinde who was the son of Dr. Thomas Hinde and founder of the city of Mount Carmel, Illinois.[30] circuits in England article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Francis Asbury" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) travels in America are amply noted in his three-volume journal, The Journal and Letters of Francis Asbury. However, his travels in England are much harder to piece together as very little information exists.[31] John Wigger provide some details in American Saint, his biography on Asbury.[32] 1763, Asbury began leading the class of about two dozen faithful at the West Bromwich Wesleyan society. In March 1765, his mentor, Wesleyan Alexander Mather asked Asbury to assist him. For the next 11 months, the twenty-year-old Asbury taught and preached around the Staffordshire circuit. The circuit consisted of small Wesleyan societies in West Bromwich, Wednesbury, Walsall, Wolverhampton, and Billbrook. These areas were the foundation of Methodism in the Black Country. During this initial phase of his circuits around England, two Wesleyan preachers offered the majority of the young preachers mentoring. The first was the already mentioned Scottish itinerant, Mather. The second was an English preacher from Bedfordshire, James Glasbrook. These two taught Asbury, John Wesley's basic requirements for a Wesleyan itinerant preacher. January 1766, Mather offered him the opportunity to quit the forge and join the Wesleyan movement as a full-time itinerant on a trial basis. The twenty-one-year-old Asbury accepted.[citation needed] Part of his training as a full-time traveling preacher required that he read extensively from books suggested by Wesley, who made them available in London, Bristol and Newcastle. The list included several Divinity Books: the Bible, Wesley's tracts, the works of Boehm and Francke. There were also books on Natural Philosophy, Astronomy, History, Poetry and Latin Prose. There were also books on Latin Verse, Greek Prose, including the Greek New Testament, Greek Verse - including Homer's Iliad, and the Hebrew Bible. the next five months, during his circuits in England Asbury teamed with William Orpe, a young preacher who was the Hebrew teacher at Wesley's Kingswood School in Bristol. They covered the large Staffordshire circuit that encompassed not only Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Willenhall, Walsall, Wednesbury, Darlaston and Billbrook, but also an extended portion to the south in Worcestershire, Tewkesbury and Gloucestershire. Despite his happiness with his new career, Asbury struggled with a sense that his efforts were somewhat limited. He was still living with his parents, he was preaching in places that had heard him preach for the last five years. He looked for more travel and more responsibility. pressed Mather to assign Asbury to the low round of the Staffordshire circuit, and found it more grueling than he had anticipated. After twelve months Mather sent him home for a short break. Asbury then received instructions to head for London. The London conference of 1767 assigned Asbury to the Bedfordshire circuit. London, it is likely that Asbury met George Whitefield when he attended worship at Whitefield's Tabernacle. At the time of Asbury's arrival in London, Benjamin Franklin was staying in London and a guest of his friend Whitefield, whom he had met years earlier during one of Whitefield's trips to America. Along with Franklin at Whitefield's home were Connecticut colonial leaders including a Mohegan Indian named Samson Occum and his traveling companion, Princeton College Presbyterian minister, Nathaniel Whitaker, Lord Dartmouth, and the merchant Dennis De Bert. Occum and Whitaker were in England to raise money for their Indian Charity School in Lebanon, Connecticut. Spending a couple months in London before the August conference, it is likely that Asbury not only heard Samson Occum speak at The Tabernacle, but also had opportunity to meet this unique group. 18, 1767 the conference in London began at John and Charles Wesley's Foundry Church. At this conference, Wesley assigned Asbury to the sprawling Bedfordshire circuit. In addition to Bedfordshire, Asbury was officially admitted on trial and teamed with Bedfordshire native, James Glasbrook. The main locations were Hertford, Luton, Sundon, Millbrook, Bedford, Clifton and Northampton. It was a rural circuit made up of small societies whose total membership was just 208 people.[33] lieu of attending the 1768 conference in Bristol, Asbury is given instructions to wait in London to await his next assignment. Asbury's short stopover in London occurs at the same time that Benjamin Rush is staying with George Whitefield, having completed his medical studies in Edinburgh. After the Bristol conference in August 1768, Wesley assigns Asbury to the only circuit more difficult than the Staffordshire low Round, Colchester. Asbury will preach along the southern coastline of the River Stour, from Manningtree to Harwich. As beautiful as the scenery is, the area sours with rampant smuggling. Asbury is to preach against smuggling. out of worry for the young itinerant and the dangerous territory he travels, after two months on the Colchester circuit, Asbury receives word to relocate to the Wiltshire circuit. The three main cities of the Wiltshire circuit are Salisbury, Winchester and Portsmouth. In Portsmouth, it is likely that Asbury began his study of Hebrew through the large Jewish settlement that coexisted with the Portsmouth Methodists. In Portsmouth, the majority of the Jewish settlers reside in Portsea, also known as Portsmouth Common, the same area as the Methodists. For the next ten months, he remains on the Wiltshire circuit. 10, 1769, word from the Leeds Conference arrives for Asbury in Salisbury. Word from Wesley is that the next circuit is Oxfordshire. There he teams up with his friend from Staffordshire, Richard Whatcoat. In Oxford, Asbury and Whatcoat occasionally preach from St Giles Church. Asbury and Whatcoat remain in Oxford until Christmas. They are both assigned to preach the Bedfordshire circuit in the new year. In addition to returning to Northampton, Asbury will travel to the smaller Wesleyan societies in Towcester and Whittlebury. He also spends time in Weedon. For the next eight months, Asbury will preach on the western portion of the Bedfordshire circuit. March 1770, Wesley preached at West Bromwich. The news of Wesley draws Asbury to return home after nearly three years away. After his visit home, Asbury returns to the western portion of the Bedfordshire circuit. After the 1770 conference Wesley once again assigns Asbury to Wiltshire. It is during this assignment Asbury is abandoned by his assigned helper, John Catermole, who leaves the Wiltshire circuit after his dealing with a disorderly lay leader who threatens violence to Catermole and Asbury. A visit by Wesley to the struggling Wiltshire circuit results in Wesley asking Asbury to visit the Isle of Wight. It is at the August 1771 conference in Bristol where Asbury volunteers for the circuit simply called, America.

US, 1790-1840, Second Great Awakening
US, 1790-1840, Second Great Awakening; Great Awakening of 1740, First Great Awakening; George Whitefield of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15 ; Francis Asbury of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15; Asbury (August 20, 1745 – March 31, 1816) was one of the first two bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States. In 1784 John Wesley named Asbury and Thomas Coke as co-superintendents of the work in America. This marks the beginning of the "Methodist Episcopal Church of the USA". For the next thirty-two years, Asbury led all the Methodists in America. Wesley, Asbury preached in all sorts of places: courthouses, public houses, tobacco houses, fields, public squares, wherever a crowd assembled to hear him. For the remainder of his life he rode an average of 6000 miles each year, preaching virtually every day and conducting meetings and conferences. Under his direction, the church grew from 1,200 to 214,000 members and 700 ordained preachers.

US, 1784, Samuel Seabury became Bishop of US Episcopal Church in Aberdeen, Scotland
Scotland, 1784, Samuel Seabury became Bishop of US Episcopal Church in Aberdeen, Scotland; Aberdeen, Scotland; SAMUEL SEABURY, BISHOP (14 NOV 1784), (BESTOWAL OF THE AMERICAN EPISCOPATE) ; crucial date for members of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America is the consecration of the first Bishop of the Anglican Communion in the United States. During the colonial era, there had been no Anglican bishops in the New World; and persons seeking to be ordained as clergy had had to travel to England for the purpose. After the achievement of American independence, it was important for the Church in the United States to have its own bishops, and an assembly of Connecticut clergy chose Samuel Seabury to go to England and there seek to be consecrated as a bishop. the English bishops were forbidden by law to consecrate anyone who would not take an oath of allegiance to the British Crown. He accordingly turned to the Episcopal Church of Scotland. When the Roman Catholic king James II was deposed in 1688, some of the Anglican clergy (including some who had been imprisoned by James for defying him on religious issues) said that, having sworn allegiance to James as King, they could not during his lifetime swear allegiance to the new monarchs William and Mary. Those who took this position were known as non-Jurors (non-swearers), and they included almost all the bishops and clergy of the Episcopal Church in Scotland. Accordingly, the monarchs and Parliament declared that thenceforth the official church in Scotland should be the Presbyterian Church. The Episcopal Church of Scotland thereafter had no recognition by the government, and for some time operated under serious legal disablities. However, since it had no connection with the government, it was free to consecrate Seabury without government permission, and it did. This is why you see a Cross of St. Andrew on the Episcopal Church flag. Aberdeen, 14 November 1784, Samuel Seabury was consecrated to the Episcopate by the Bishop and the Bishop Coadjutor of Aberdeen and the Bishop of Ross and Caithness. He thus became part of the unbroken chain of bishops that links the Church today with the Church of the Apostles. In return, he promised them that he would do his best to persuade the American Church to use as its Prayer of Consecration (blessing of the bread and wine at the Lord's Supper) the Scottish prayer, taken largely unchanged from the 1549 Prayer Book, rather than the much shorter one in use in England. The aforesaid prayer, adopted by the American Church with a few modifications, has been widely regarded as one of the greatest treasures of the Church in this country. by James Kiefer

US, 1775, Wilderness Road Folder (Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, to Ohio)

Wilderness Road 1 (Kingsport, Tennessee)

Wilderness Road 2 (Moccasin Gap of Cinch Mt, VA)

Wilderness Road 3 (Kanes Gap, VA)
Wilderness Road 3 (Kanes Gap - 36.7326ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â‚ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â°N 82.8241ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â‚ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â°W)

Wilderness Road 4 (Cumberland Gap, TN)
Cumberland Gap of Wilderness Road;

Wilderness Road South Fork 6 (Nashville, TN)

Wilderness Road South to Nashville from Cumberland Gap

Wilderness Road North Fork 5 - Boonesborough (Boones' Lick for salt)

Wilderness Road North Fork to Boonesborough (for salt) from Cumberland Gap

Wilderness Road West Fork 5 (Falls of the Ohio, Louisville)
Falls of the Ohio;

Wilderness Road West Fork to Louisville, Falls of the Ohio from Cumberland Gap

Wilderness Road (Knoxville, Tennessee)

Wilderness Road - Gaps of the Allegheny Folder - only 5 ways west

1 of the 5 ways west, Around the top, Level Water Route to the Great lakes from Hudson River

2 of the 5 ways west - Gaps of the Allegheny Front Folder, Pennsylvania RWY

1 of the 3 Allegheny Front Gaps, Blair Gap, Gallitzin, PA
1 of the 3 Allegheny Front Gaps, Blair Gap, Gallitzin, PA;

2 of the 3 Allegheny Front Gaps, Kittanning Gap

3 of the 3 Allegheny Front Gaps, Kittanning Run Gap
3 of the 3 Allegheny Front Gaps, Kittanning Run Gap;

3 of the 5 ways west, Cumberland Narrows (National Road Route)
3 of the 5 ways west, Cumberland Narrows;

4 of the 5 ways West, Cumberland Gap (Wilderness Road Route)
4 of the 5 ways West, Cumberland Gap;

5 of 5 ways west, Around the bottom (plains or Piedmont area) in Georgia
5 of 5 ways west, Around the bottom (plains or Piedmont area) in Georgia;

US Presidents Folder, 1789-1841, 1776 Declaration of Independence

US, 1776, December 1, 1776: Seal Date for the tribe of Manasseh
US, 1776, December 1, 1776: Seal Date for the tribe of Manasseh;

US, 1776, 1 Dec 1776 NS, United States Declaration of Independence
US, 1776, 1 Dec 1776 NS, United States Declaration of Independence ; US, 1776, December 1, 1776: Seal Date for the tribe of Manasseh; ABSALOM JONES and Richard Allen, (13 FEB 1818) ; PAUL CUFFEE, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE SHINNECOCK, 1812, Commemorated March 4; RICHARD ALLEN, FIRST BISHOP OF THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 1831. Commemorated March 26;

US, 1789-1797, President, George Washington, leader, general, statesman, won R war, P Const Conv, Father of Nation
US President, 1789-1797, George Washington ; Washington (February 22, 1732[b] – December 14, 1799) was an American political leader, military general, statesman, and Founding Father of the United States, who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. led the Patriot forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War, and presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which established the Constitution of the United States and a federal government. Washington has been called the "Father of the Nation"[10] for his manifold leadership in the formative days of the country. first public office was serving as official Surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia from 1749 to 1750. Subsequently, he received his initial military training (as well as a command with the Virginia Regiment) during the French and Indian War. was later elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses and was named a delegate to the Continental Congress. he was appointed Commanding General of the Continental Army. With this title, he commanded American forces (allied with France) in the defeat and surrender of the British at the Siege of Yorktown during the American Revolutionary War. He resigned his commission after the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783. played an indispensable role in adopting and ratifying the Constitution of the United States. He was then twice elected president by the Electoral College. He implemented a strong, well-financed national government while remaining impartial in a fierce rivalry between cabinet members Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. the French Revolution, he proclaimed a policy of neutrality while sanctioning the Jay Treaty. He set enduring precedents for the office of president, including the title "Mr. President", and his Farewell Address is widely regarded as a pre-eminent statement on republicanism. owned several hundred slaves, and he supported measures passed by Congress to protect slavery. Starting in 1778, he became troubled with the institution of slavery and freed William Lee, one of his slaves, in his will. He freed the other 123 slaves that he owned upon the death of his wife, Martha Washington. She decided to respect her husband's wishes and freed these slaves on January 1, 1801, before her death. He also freed in his will 33 more slaves that he acquired in a prior debt agreement with his brother-in-law Bartholomew Dandridge upon the death of Dandridge's widow.[11][12] endeavored to assimilate Native Americans into the Anglo-American culture but combated indigenous resistance during instances of violent conflict. was a member of the Anglican Church and the Freemasons, and he urged broad religious freedom in his roles as general and president. his death, he was eulogized as "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen".[13] He has been memorialized by monuments, a federal holiday, various media, geographical locations, including the national capital, the State of Washington, stamps, and currency, and many scholars and polls rank him among the greatest U.S. presidents. March 13, 1978, Washington was militarily ranked General of the Armies, an honor that has only been awarded twice in the history of the United States. PHILANDER CHASE, BISHOP OF OHIO, AND OF ILLINOIS, 22 SEPT. 1852; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787 ; ABSALOM JONES and Richard Allen, (13 FEB 1818) ; PAUL CUFFEE, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE SHINNECOCK, 1812, Commemorated March 4; RICHARD ALLEN, FIRST BISHOP OF THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 1831. Commemorated March 26;

US, 1797-1801, President, John Adams, statesman, diplomat, writer, Founding Father, dec of Indep, MA const, Thoughts on govt
US President, 1797-1801, John Adams; Adams Jr. (October 30, 1735[a] - July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. his presidency, he was a leader of the American Revolution that achieved independence from Great Britain, and he served as the first vice president of the United States. was a dedicated diarist and regularly corresponded with many important figures in early American history, including his wife and adviser Abigail Adams and Thomas Jefferson. lawyer and political activist prior to the revolution, Adams was devoted to the right to counsel and presumption of innocence. He defied anti-British sentiment and successfully defended British soldiers against murder charges arising from the Boston Massacre. was a Massachusetts delegate to the Continental Congress and became a leader of the revolution. He assisted in drafting the Declaration of Independence in 1776. As a diplomat in Europe, he helped negotiate a peace treaty with Great Britain and secured vital governmental loans. Adams was the primary author of the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780, which influenced the United States constitution, as did his essay Thoughts on Government. was elected to two terms as vice president under President George Washington and was elected as the United States' second president in 1796. He was the only president elected under the banner of the Federalist Party. During his single term, Adams encountered fierce criticism from the Jeffersonian Republicans and from some in his own Federalist Party, led by his rival Alexander Hamilton. Adams signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts and built up the Army and Navy in the undeclared Quasi-War with France. his term, he became the first president to reside in the executive mansion now known as the White House. his bid for reelection, opposition from Federalists and accusations of despotism from Jeffersonians led to Adams losing to his former friend Thomas Jefferson, and he retired to Massachusetts. eventually resumed his friendship with Jefferson by initiating a correspondence that lasted fourteen years. and his wife generated a family of politicians, diplomats, and historians now referred to as the Adams political family, which includes their son John Quincy Adams, the sixth president of the United States. John Adams died on July 4, 1826 – the fiftieth anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence – hours after Jefferson's death. Adams and his son are the only presidents of the first twelve that did not own slaves in their lives. Surveys of historians and scholars have favorably ranked his administration. JOHN HENRY HOBART, BISHOP OF NEW YORK (12 SEPT 1830); PHILANDER CHASE, BISHOP OF OHIO, AND OF ILLINOIS, 22 SEPT. 1852; ABSALOM JONES and Richard Allen, (13 FEB 1818) ; PAUL CUFFEE, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE SHINNECOCK, 1812, Commemorated March 4; RICHARD ALLEN, FIRST BISHOP OF THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 1831. Commemorated March 26;

US, 1801-1809, President, Thomas Jefferson, diplomat, architect, musician, founding father, Aliens&S, B pirates, L Pur
US President, 1801-1809, Thomas Jefferson; Jefferson (April 13, 1743[a] - July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, architect, musician,[1] philosopher, and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. had previously served as the second vice president of the United States under John Adams between 1797 and 1801, and as the first United States secretary of state under George Washington between 1790 to 1793. principal author of the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson was a proponent of democracy, republicanism, and individual rights for certain categories of people, motivating American colonists to break from the Kingdom of Great Britain and form a new nation; he produced formative documents and decisions at both the state and national levels. the American Revolution, Jefferson represented Virginia in the Continental Congress that adopted the Declaration of Independence. a Virginia legislator, he drafted a state law for religious freedom. served as the second Governor of Virginia from 1779 to 1781, during the American Revolutionary War. 1785, Jefferson was appointed the United States Minister to France, and subsequently, the nation's first Secretary of State under President George Washington from 1790 to 1793. and James Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the Federalist Party during the formation of the First Party System. Madison, he anonymously wrote the provocative Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798 and 1799, which sought to strengthen states' rights by nullifying the federal Alien and Sedition Acts. president, Jefferson pursued the nation's shipping and trade interests against Barbary pirates and aggressive British trade policies. in 1803, Jefferson promoted a western expansionist policy, organizing the Louisiana Purchase which doubled the nation's land area. make room for settlement, Jefferson began a controversial process of Indian tribal removal from the newly acquired territory. a result of peace negotiations with France, his administration reduced military forces. was reelected in 1804. His second term was beset with difficulties at home, including the trial of former vice president Aaron Burr. 1807, American foreign trade was diminished when Jefferson implemented the Embargo Act in response to British threats to U.S. shipping. The same year, Jefferson signed the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves. while primarily a planter, lawyer and politician, mastered many disciplines, which ranged from surveying and mathematics to horticulture and mechanics. He was an architect in the classical tradition. Jefferson's keen interest in religion and philosophy led to his presidency of the American Philosophical Society; he shunned organized religion but was influenced by Christianity, Epicureanism,[2] and deism. A philologist, Jefferson knew several languages. He was a prolific letter writer and corresponded with many prominent people, including Edward Carrington, John Taylor of Caroline and James Madison. Among his books is Notes on the State of Virginia (1785), considered perhaps the most important American book published before 1800.[3] Jefferson championed the ideals, values, and teachings of the Enlightenment. his lifetime, Jefferson owned over 600 slaves, who were kept in his household and on his plantations. Since Jefferson's time, controversy has revolved around his relationship with Sally Hemings, a mixed-race enslaved woman, and his late wife's half-sister.[4] According to DNA evidence from surviving descendants and oral history, Jefferson fathered at least six children with Hemings, including four that survived to adulthood.[5] Evidence suggests that Jefferson started the relationship with Hemings when they were in Paris, where she arrived at the age of 14 when Jefferson was 44. By the time she returned to the United States at 16, she was pregnant.[6] retiring from public office, Jefferson founded the University of Virginia. Jefferson and his colleague John Adams both died on Independence Day, July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. Presidential scholars and historians generally praise Jefferson's public achievements, including his advocacy of religious freedom and tolerance in Virginia. Although some modern scholars have been critical of his stance on slavery, Jefferson continues to rank highly among the U.S. presidents, often in the top ten. JOHN HENRY HOBART, BISHOP OF NEW YORK (12 SEPT 1830); PHILANDER CHASE, BISHOP OF OHIO, AND OF ILLINOIS, 22 SEPT. 1852; ELIZABETH SETON, FOUNDER OF THE AMERICAN SISTERS OF CHARITY, 1821, Commemorated December 4; ABSALOM JONES and Richard Allen, (13 FEB 1818) ; PAUL CUFFEE, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE SHINNECOCK, 1812, Commemorated March 4; RICHARD ALLEN, FIRST BISHOP OF THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 1831. Commemorated March 26;

US, 1804-1806, Lewis and Clark Expedition Folder

Lewis and Clark Expedition 1 (St Charles, Mo)
Lewis and Clark Expedition;

Lewis and Clark 2 (La Charrette, MO (near Marthasville))

Lewis and Clark 3 (Kansas City, MO)

Lewis and Clark 4 (Omaha, NB)

Lewis and Clark 5 (Sioux City, IA, Floyds Bluff)

Lewis and Clark 6 (Fort Mandan, ND)

Lewis and Clark Expedition (Yellowstone River Mouth)

Marias River

Lewis and Clark Expedition (Marias River Source)

Lewis and Clark Expedition (Marias River Mouth)

Missouri River Source (Brower's Spring)

Missouri River 1

Lewis and Clark 7 (Lemhi Pass, Continental Divide)

Selway River Source (southeast of Stripe Mountain)

Clearwater River Middle Fork (Selway and Lochsa Rivers)

Lewis and Clark Return Trip Camp Chopunnish (Kamiah, ID)
Camp Chopunnish;

Lewis and Clark 8 (Canoe Camp)
In October 1805, the Lewis and Clark Expedition descended the Clearwater River in dugout canoes, putting in at "Canoe Camp," five miles (8 km) downstream from Orofino.

Lewis and Clark 9 (Clearwater River Mouth, Snake River, Lewiston, ID)

Lewis and Clark 10 (Snake River Mouth, Columbia River, Pasco, WA)

Lewis and Clark 11 (Celilo Falls, The Dalles)

Lewis and Clark 12 (Portland, Willamett River Mouth)

Lewis and Clark 13 (Fort Clatsop, Astoria, OR)

Lewis and Clark Expedition

US, 1809-1817, President, James Madison, statesman, diplomat, expansionist, founding father, father of the constitution, federalist papers, L Purchase
US President, 1809-1817, James Madison ; Madison Jr. (March 16, 1751[b] - June 28, 1836) was an American statesman, diplomat, expansionist, philosopher, and Founding Father who served as the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817. is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the Constitution of the United States and the United States Bill of Rights. He co-wrote The Federalist Papers, co-founded the Democratic-Republican Party, and served as the fifth United States Secretary of State from 1801 to 1809. into a prominent Virginia planter family, Madison served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and the Continental Congress during and after the American Revolutionary War. became dissatisfied with the weak national government established by the Articles of Confederation and helped organize the Constitutional Convention, which produced a new constitution to supplant the Articles of Confederation. Virginia Plan served as the basis for the Constitutional Convention's deliberations, and he was one of the most influential individuals at the convention. Madison became one of the leaders in the movement to ratify the Constitution, and he joined with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay in writing The Federalist Papers, a series of pro-ratification essays that was one of the most influential works of political science in American history. the ratification of the Constitution, Madison emerged as an important leader in the United States House of Representatives and served as a close adviser to President George Washington. was the main force behind the ratification of the United States Bill of Rights, which enshrines guarantees of personal freedoms and rights within the Constitution.[1] the early 1790s, Madison opposed the economic program and the accompanying centralization of power favored by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. with Thomas Jefferson, Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party, which was, alongside Hamilton's Federalist Party, one of the nation's first major political parties. Jefferson won the 1800 presidential election, Madison served as Secretary of State from 1801 to 1809. In that position, he supervised the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the size of the United States. succeeded Jefferson with a victory in the 1808 presidential election. diplomatic protests and a trade embargo failed to end British seizures of American shipping, he led the United States into the War of 1812. The war was an administrative morass and ended inconclusively, but many Americans saw it as a successful "second war of independence" against Britain. The war convinced Madison of the necessity of a stronger federal government. presided over the creation of the Second Bank of the United States and the enactment of the protective Tariff of 1816. By treaty or war, Madison's presidency added 23 million acres of American Indian land to the United States. retired from public office in 1817 and died in 1836. Madison never privately reconciled his Republican beliefs with his slave ownership. Madison is considered one of the most important Founding Fathers of the United States, and historians have generally ranked him as an above-average president. JOHN HENRY HOBART, BISHOP OF NEW YORK (12 SEPT 1830); PHILANDER CHASE, BISHOP OF OHIO, AND OF ILLINOIS, 22 SEPT. 1852; ELIZABETH SETON, FOUNDER OF THE AMERICAN SISTERS OF CHARITY, 1821, Commemorated December 4; ABSALOM JONES and Richard Allen, (13 FEB 1818) ; PAUL CUFFEE, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE SHINNECOCK, 1812, Commemorated March 4; RICHARD ALLEN, FIRST BISHOP OF THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 1831. Commemorated March 26; ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30;

US, 1811, National Road Folder, 1811-Present (Cumberland Road, National Pike)

National Road (Western Maryland to Central Illinois)
National Road 1811-37

National Road (Cumberland Road) 1 (Cumberland, MD)
National Road (Cumberland Road); (Cumberland, MD);

National Road (Cumberland Road) 2 (Frostburg, MD)
National Road (Cumberland Road); Frostburg, MD;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 3 (Uniontown, PA)
National Road (Cumberland Road); Uniontown, Pennsylvania;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 4 (Washington, PA)
National Road (Cumberland Road); Washington, Pennsylvania;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 5 (Wheeling, WV)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; 2 (Wheeling, WV);

National Road (Cumberland Road) 6 (St. Clairsville, OH)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; St. Clairsville, Ohio;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 7 (Zanesville, OH)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; Zanesville, Ohio;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 8 (Columbus, OH)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; Columbus, Ohio;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 9 (Springfield, OH)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; Springfield, Ohio;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 10 (Richmond, IN)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; Richmond, Indiana;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 11 (Indianapolis, IN)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; Indianapolis, Indiana;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 12 (Terre Haute, IN)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; Terre Haute, Indiana;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 13 (Effingham, IL)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; Effingham, Illinois;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 14 (Vandalia, IL)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; Vandalia, Illinois;

US, 1818-1825, President, James Monroe, statesman, diplomat, founding father, Monroe doctrine opposing E in Americas
US President, 1818-1825, James Monroe; Monroe (April 28, 1758 - July 4, 1831) was an American statesman, lawyer, diplomat and Founding Father who served as the fifth president of the United States from 1817 to 1825. member of the Democratic-Republican Party, Monroe was the last president of the Virginia dynasty; his presidency coincided with the Era of Good Feelings. He is perhaps best known for issuing the Monroe Doctrine, a policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas. also served as the governor of Virginia, a member of the United States Senate, the U.S. ambassador to France and Britain, the seventh Secretary of State, and the eighth Secretary of War. into a planter family in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. studying law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783, he served as a delegate in the Continental Congress. a delegate to the Virginia Ratifying Convention, Monroe opposed the ratification of the United States Constitution. In 1790, he won election to the Senate, where he became a leader of the Democratic-Republican Party. left the Senate in 1794 to serve as President George Washington's ambassador to France but was recalled by Washington in 1796. won the election as Governor of Virginia in 1799 and strongly supported Jefferson's candidacy in the 1800 presidential election. President Jefferson's special envoy, Monroe helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase, through which the United States nearly doubled in size. fell out with his longtime friend James Madison after Madison rejected the Monroe–Pinkney Treaty that Monroe negotiated with Britain. unsuccessfully challenged Madison in the 1808 presidential election, but in April 1811 he joined Madison's administration as Secretary of State. the later stages of the War of 1812, Monroe simultaneously served as Madison's Secretary of State and Secretary of War. His wartime leadership established him as Madison's heir apparent, and he easily defeated Federalist Party candidate Rufus King in the 1816 presidential election. presidency was coterminous with the Era of Good Feelings, as the Federalist Party collapsed as a national political force. president, Monroe signed the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Missouri as a slave state and banned slavery from territories north of the parallel 36°30′ north. foreign affairs, Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams favored a policy of conciliation with Britain and a policy of expansionism against the Spanish Empire. the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty with Spain, the United States secured Florida and established its western border with New Spain. In 1823, Monroe announced the United States' opposition to any European intervention in the recently independent countries of the Americas with the Monroe Doctrine, which became a landmark in American foreign policy. was a member of the American Colonization Society, which supported the colonization of Africa by freed slaves, and Liberia's capital of Monrovia is named in his honor. his retirement in 1825, Monroe was plagued by financial difficulties, and died on July 4, 1831 in New York City. He has been generally ranked as an above-average president by historians. JOHN HENRY HOBART, BISHOP OF NEW YORK (12 SEPT 1830); PHILANDER CHASE, BISHOP OF OHIO, AND OF ILLINOIS, 22 SEPT. 1852; ELIZABETH SETON, FOUNDER OF THE AMERICAN SISTERS OF CHARITY, 1821, Commemorated December 4; ABSALOM JONES and Richard Allen, (13 FEB 1818) ; RICHARD ALLEN, FIRST BISHOP OF THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 1831. Commemorated March 26; ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30;

US, 1821-1825, Erie Canal Folder

Erie Canal

Erie Canal (Onondaga Formation (Escarpment))
Erie Canal; Onondaga Formation (Escarpment);

Erie Canal 1 (Albany, New York, Hudson River)
Albany, New York, Hudson River;

Erie Canal 2 (Watervliet, New York)

Erie Canal 3 (Cohoes, New York)

Erie Canal 4 (Crescent, New York)

Erie Canal 5 (Rexford, New York)

Erie Canal 6 (Rome, New York)

Erie Canal 7 (toward Oneida Lake)

Erie Canal 8 (Canastota, New York)

Erie Canal 9 (Syracuse, New York)

Erie Canal 10 (Rochester, New York)

Finger Lakes Region (Upstate New York)
Finger Lakes Region; Iroquois League; Mohawk Valley; ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, AMELIA BLOOMER, SOJOURNER TRUTH, HARRIET ROSS TUBMAN: FOUR AMERICAN PIONEERS OF BLACK RIGHTS AND WOMEN'S RIGHTS, Commemorated July 20 ; DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931) ; ELIE NAUD, (ELIAS NEAU), HUGUENOT WITNESS TO THE FAITH, 7 Sept. 1722; JOHN HENRY HOBART, BISHOP OF NEW YORK (12 SEPT 1830) ; MARY (MOLLY) BRANT, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE MOHAWKS, 1796;

Erie Canal 11 (Buffalo, New York, Lake Erie)
Buffalo, New York, Lake Erie;

US, 1821, Santa Fe Trail Folder

Santa Fe Trail 834 Miles

Santa Fe Trail Southern Route 787 Miles

Santa Fe Trail North to Trappers Trail and Morman Trail 293 Miles

Santa Fe Trail (Franklin, MO)

Santa Fe Trail (Missouri River Crossing, Arrow Rock, MO)

Santa Fe Trail (Marshall, MO)

Santa Fe Trail (Lexington, MO)

Santa Fe Trail (Fort Osage)

Santa Fe Trail (Independence, MO)

Santa Fe Trail (Olathe, KS)

Santa Fe Trail (Baldwin City, KS)

Santa Fe Trail (Burlingame, KS)

Santa Fe Trail (Council Grove, KS)

Santa Fe Trail (Lyons, KS)

Santa Fe Trail (Great Bend, KS)

Santa Fe Trail (Dodge City, KS)

Santa Fe Trail (Garden City, KS)

Santa Fe Trail (Fort Bent, AR)

Santa Fe Trail (La Junta, CO)

Santa Fe Trail (Ulysses, KS)

Santa Fe Trail (Elkhart, KS)

Santa Fe Trail (Fort Union)

Santa Fe Trail (Boise City, OK)

Santa Fe Trail (Clayton, NM)

Santa Fe Trail (Fort Laramie, WY, Trappers Trail, Mormon Trail)

Santa Fe Trail (Santa Fe, NM)

US, 1821, Rio Grande River Folder

Rio Grande River Source (Canby Mountain, Continental Divide)

Rio Grande River 1 (Conejos River Mouth)

Rio Grande River 2 (Red River Mouth)

Rio Grande River 3 (Rio Hondo (Northern New Mexico) Mouth)

Rio Grande River 4 (Rio Pueblo de Taos, NM)

Rio Grande River 5 (Embudo River Mouth)

Rio Grande River 6 (Rio Chama River Mouth)

Rio Grande River 7 (Santa Fe River (New Mexico) Mouth)

Rio Grande River 8 (Las Cruces, NM)

Rio Grande River 9

Rio Grande River 10 (Rio Conchos River Mouth)

Rio Grande River 11 (Pecos River Mouth)

Rio Grande River 12 (Devils River (Texas) Mouth)

Rio Grande River 13 (Rio Salado River Mouth, Mexico)

Rio Grande River 13 (Rio Alamo River Mouth)

Rio Grande River 13 (San Juan River Mouth, Rio Grande City)

Rio Grande River Mouth (Gulf of Mexico)
Rio Grande River;

Rio Grande River

US, 1825-1829, President, John Quincy Adams, statesman, diplomat, ex federalist, ex anti mason, Whig, Florida, abolitionist
US President, 1825-1829, John Quincy Adams; Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 - February 23, 1848) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, and diarist who served as the sixth president of the United States, from 1825 to 1829. previously served as the eighth United States Secretary of State from 1817 to 1825. During his long diplomatic and political career, Adams also served as an ambassador, and as a member of the United States Senate and House of Representatives representing Massachusetts. was the eldest son of John Adams, who served as the second U.S. president from 1797 to 1801, and First Lady Abigail Adams. Initially a Federalist like his father, he won election to the presidency as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, and in the mid-1830s became affiliated with the Whig Party. in Braintree, Massachusetts[4] (now part of the town of Quincy), Adams spent much of his youth in Europe, where his father served as a diplomat. After returning to the United States, Adams established a successful legal practice in Boston. 1794, President George Washington appointed Adams as the U.S. ambassador to the Netherlands, and Adams would serve in high-ranking diplomatic posts until 1801, when Thomas Jefferson took office as president. leaders in Massachusetts arranged for Adams's election to the United States Senate in 1802, but Adams broke with the Federalist Party over foreign policy and was denied re-election. 1809, President James Madison, a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, appointed Adams as the U.S. ambassador to Russia. Adams held diplomatic posts for the duration of Madison's presidency, and he served as part of the American delegation that negotiated an end to the War of 1812. 1817, newly elected president James Monroe selected Adams as his Secretary of State. In that role, Adams negotiated the Adams–Onís Treaty, which provided for the American acquisition of Florida. also helped formulate the Monroe Doctrine, which became a key tenet of U.S. foreign policy. 1818, Adams was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia.[5] Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay — all members of the Democratic-Republican Party — competed in the 1824 presidential election. Because no candidate won a majority of electoral votes, the House of Representatives held a contingent election, which Adams won with the support of Clay. president, Adams called for an ambitious agenda that included federally funded infrastructure projects, the establishment of a national university, and engagement with the countries of Latin America, but Congress refused to pass many of his initiatives. Adams's presidency, the Democratic-Republican Party polarized into two major camps: the National Republican Party, which supported President Adams, and Andrew Jackson's Democratic Party. The Democrats proved to be more effective political organizers than Adams and his National Republican supporters, and Jackson trounced Adams in the 1828 presidential election, the second president (after his father) to fail to win re-election. than retiring from public service, Adams won election to the House of Representatives, where he would serve from 1831 to his death in 1848. remains the only ex-president to be elected to the chamber (although John Tyler was elected a Confederate representative, but died before he could take his seat). failing attempts at election as Governor of Massachusetts and re-election to the Senate, Adams joined the Anti-Masonic Party in the early 1830s before becoming a member of the Whig Party, which united those opposed to President Jackson. his time in Congress, Adams became increasingly critical of slavery and of the Southern leaders who he believed controlled the Democratic Party. He was particularly opposed to the annexation of Texas and the Mexican–American War, which he saw as a war to extend slavery and its political grip on Congress. He also led the repeal of the "gag rule", which had prevented the House of Representatives from debating petitions to abolish slavery. Historians concur that Adams was one of the greatest diplomats and secretaries of state in American history; they typically rank him as an average president, as he had an ambitious agenda but could not get it passed by Congress. JOHN HENRY HOBART, BISHOP OF NEW YORK (12 SEPT 1830); PHILANDER CHASE, BISHOP OF OHIO, AND OF ILLINOIS, 22 SEPT. 1852; Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; ABSALOM JONES and Richard Allen, (13 FEB 1818) ; RICHARD ALLEN, FIRST BISHOP OF THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 1831. Commemorated March 26; William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30;

US, 1829-1837, President, Andrew Jackson, war hero, Dem party founder, expansionist, common man, no natnl debt
US President, 1829-1837, Andrew Jackson; Jackson (March 15, 1767 - June 8, 1845) was an American lawyer, soldier, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. being elected to the presidency, Jackson gained fame as a general in the United States Army and served in both houses of the U.S. Congress. expansionist president, Jackson sought to advance the rights of the "common man"[1] against a "corrupt aristocracy"[2] and to preserve the Union. in the colonial Carolinas in the decade before the American Revolutionary War, Jackson became a frontier lawyer and married Rachel Donelson Robards. served briefly in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate, representing Tennessee. resigning, he served as a justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court from 1798 until 1804. Jackson purchased a property later known as The Hermitage, and became a wealthy, slaveowning planter. In 1801, he was appointed colonel of the Tennessee militia and was elected its commander the following year. led troops during the Creek War of 1813–1814, winning the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The subsequent Treaty of Fort Jackson required the Creek surrender of vast lands in present-day Alabama and Georgia. the concurrent war against the British, Jackson's victory in 1815 at the Battle of New Orleans made him a national hero. then led U.S. forces in the First Seminole War, which led to the annexation of Florida from Spain. briefly served as Florida's first territorial governor before returning to the Senate. He ran for president in 1824, winning a plurality of the popular and electoral vote. As no candidate won an electoral majority, the House of Representatives elected John Quincy Adams in a contingent election. reaction to the alleged "corrupt bargain" between Adams and Henry Clay and the ambitious agenda of President Adams, Jackson's supporters founded the Democratic Party. ran again in 1828, defeating Adams in a landslide. Jackson faced the threat of secession by South Carolina over what opponents called the "Tariff of Abominations". The crisis was defused when the tariff was amended, and Jackson threatened the use of military force if South Carolina attempted to secede. Congress, Henry Clay led the effort to reauthorize the Second Bank of the United States. Jackson, regarding the Bank as a corrupt institution that benefited the wealthy at the expense of ordinary Americans, vetoed the renewal of its charter. After a lengthy struggle, Jackson and his allies thoroughly dismantled the Bank. 1835, Jackson became the only president to completely pay off the national debt, fulfilling a longtime goal. Jackson pursued numerous reforms designed to eliminate waste and corruption, his presidency marked the beginning of the ascendancy of the party "spoils system" in American politics. 1830, Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, which forcibly removed most members of the major tribes of the Southeast to Indian Territory; these removals were subsequently known as the Trail of Tears. The relocation process dispossessed these nations of their land and resulted in widespread death and disease. opposed the abolitionist movement, which grew stronger in his second term. In foreign affairs, Jackson's administration concluded a "most favored nation" treaty with the United Kingdom, settled claims of damages against France from the Napoleonic Wars, and recognized the Republic of Texas. January 1835, he survived the first assassination attempt on a sitting president. his retirement, Jackson remained active in Democratic Party politics, supporting the presidencies of Martin Van Buren and James K. Polk. fearful of its effects on the slavery debate, Jackson advocated the annexation of Texas, which was accomplished shortly before his death. has been widely revered in the United States as an advocate for democracy and the common man. Many of his actions proved divisive, garnering both fervent support and strong opposition from many in the country. reputation has suffered since the 1970s, largely due to his anti-abolitionist views and policy of the forcible removal of Native Americans from their ancestral homelands. surveys of historians and scholars have ranked Jackson favorably among U.S. presidents. PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; JOHN HENRY HOBART, BISHOP OF NEW YORK (12 SEPT 1830); PHILANDER CHASE, BISHOP OF OHIO, AND OF ILLINOIS, 22 SEPT. 1852; Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; ABSALOM JONES and Richard Allen, (13 FEB 1818) ; RICHARD ALLEN, FIRST BISHOP OF THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 1831. Commemorated March 26; William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30 ; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ;

US, 1830, Old Spanish Trail (auto trail) Jacksonville Beach, Florida to San Diego, California

Old Spanish Trail (auto trail) Jacksonville Beach, Florida, 1830

Old Spanish Trail (auto trail) - Jacksonville Beach, Florida
Old Spanish Trail (auto trail) - San Diego, California to Jacksonville Beach, Florida;

Old Spanish Trail (auto trail) - San Diego, California to Jacksonville Beach, Florida
Old Spanish Trail (auto trail) - San Diego, California to Jacksonville Beach, Florida;

US, 1837-1841, President, Martin VanBuren, Dutch, Democrat founder but Abolitionist, opposed Texas annexation as slave state,
US President, 1837-1841, Martin VanBuren ; Van Buren (December 5, 1782 - July 24, 1862) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the eighth president of the United States from 1837 to 1841. founder of the Democratic Party, he had previously served as the ninth governor of New York, the tenth United States secretary of state, and the eighth vice president of the United States. won the 1836 presidential election with the endorsement of popular outgoing President Andrew Jackson and the organizational strength of the Democratic Party. was the third incumbent vice president to be elected president, and the last until 1988. lost his 1840 reelection bid to the Whig nominee, William Henry Harrison, thanks in part to the poor economic conditions surrounding the Panic of 1837. Later in his life, Van Buren emerged as an elder statesman and an important anti-slavery leader who led the Free Soil Party ticket in the 1848 presidential election. Buren was born in Kinderhook, New York, where most residents were of Dutch descent and spoke Dutch as their primary language. was the first president to have been born after the American Revolution—in which his father served as a patriot—and is the only president to have spoken English as a second language. as a lawyer, he quickly became involved in politics as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, and won a seat in the New York State Senate, and then in the United States Senate in 1821. the leader of the Bucktails faction, Van Buren emerged as the most influential politician from New York in the 1820s and established a political machine known as the Albany Regency. Following the 1824 presidential election, Van Buren led to re-establish a two-party system with partisan differences based on ideology rather than personalities or sectional differences; he supported Jackson's candidacy in the 1828 presidential election with this goal in mind. ran successfully for governor of New York to support Jackson's campaign, but resigned shortly after Jackson was inaugurated so that he could accept appointment as Jackson's secretary of state. his cabinet position, Van Buren became a key Jackson advisor, and built the organizational structure for the coalescing Democratic Party. He ultimately resigned to help resolve the Petticoat affair, and briefly served as the U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom. Jackson's behest, the 1832 Democratic National Convention nominated Van Buren for vice president of the United States, and he took office after the Democratic ticket won the 1832 presidential election. Jackson's strong support, Van Buren won the presidential nomination at the 1835 Democratic National Convention, and he defeated several Whig opponents in the 1836 presidential election. his presidency soon eroded with his response to the Panic of 1837, which centered on his Independent Treasury system, a plan under which the Federal government of the United States would store its funds in vaults rather than in banks; more conservative Democrats and Whigs in Congress ultimately delayed his plan from being implemented until 1840. presidency was further marred by the costly Second Seminole War (a result of continuing Jackson's Indian removal policy); and his refusal to admit Texas to the Union as a slave state, done as an attempt to avoid heightened sectional tensions. In 1840, a surge of new voters—who nicknamed him "Martin Van Ruin"—helped turn him out of office. Buren was initially the leading candidate for the Democratic Party's nomination again in 1844, but his continued opposition to the annexation of Texas angered Southern Democrats, leading to the nomination of James K. Polk. Buren was the newly formed Free Soil Party's presidential nominee in 1848, and his candidacy most likely helped Whig nominee Zachary Taylor defeat Democrat Lewis Cass. Van Buren returned to the Democrats after 1848, but grew increasingly opposed to slavery, and became one of the party's outspoken abolitionists. He supported Abraham Lincoln's policies during the American Civil War. He died in Kinderhook in July 1862, aged 79. historical rankings, historians and political scientists often rank Van Buren as an average or below-average U.S. president, due to his handling of the Panic of 1837. However, Van Buren is largely remembered today as a leader in the formation of the two-party system in the United States. PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; PHILANDER CHASE, BISHOP OF OHIO, AND OF ILLINOIS, 22 SEPT. 1852; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; JAMES LLOYD BRECK, Priest, Educator, and Missionary (2 April 1876); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30 ; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ;

US, 1837-1895, Frederick Douglass, escaped slave and leader in abolition movement
Maryland, 1837-1895, Frederick Douglass, escaped slave and leader in abolition movement; Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, c. February 1817[a] - February 20, 1895) was an American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. escaping from slavery in Maryland, he became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York, becoming famous for his oratory[5] and incisive antislavery writings. Accordingly, he was described by abolitionists in his time as a living counterexample to slaveholders' arguments that slaves lacked the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens.[6][7] Likewise, Northerners at the time found it hard to believe that such a great orator had once been a slave.[8] wrote three autobiographies, describing his experiences as a slave in his Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845), which became a bestseller and was influential in promoting the cause of abolition, as was his second book, My Bondage and My Freedom (1855). Following the Civil War, Douglass was active campaigner for the rights of freed slaves and wrote his last autobiography, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. First published in 1881 and revised in 1892, three years before his death, the book covers events both during and after the Civil War. Douglass also actively supported women's suffrage, and held several public offices. Without his permission, Douglass became the first African-American nominated for Vice President of the United States as the running mate and Vice Presidential nominee of Victoria Woodhull, on the Equal Rights Party ticket.[9] believed in dialogue and in making alliances across racial and ideological divides, as well as in the liberal values of the U.S. Constitution.[10] When radical abolitionists, under the motto "No Union with Slaveholders", criticized Douglass's willingness to engage in dialogue with slave owners, he replied: "I would unite with anybody to do right and with nobody to do wrong."[11] as a slave Augustus Washington Bailey was born into slavery on the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay in Talbot County, Maryland. The plantation was between Hillsboro and Cordova;[12] his birthplace was likely his grandmother's cabin[b] east of Tappers Corner, (38.8845°N 75.958°W) and west of Tuckahoe Creek.[13][14][15] In his first autobiography, Douglass stated: "I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it."[16] However, based on the extant records of Douglass's former owner, Aaron Anthony, historian Dickson J. Preston determined that Douglass was born in February 1818.[3] Though the exact date of his birth is unknown, he chose to celebrate February 14 as his birthday, remembering that his mother called him her "Little Valentine."[17][18] family was of mixed race, which likely included Native American[19] and African on his mother's side, as well as European.[20] In contrast, his father was "almost certainly white", according to historian David W. Blight in his 2018 biography of Douglass.[21] Douglass said his mother Harriet Bailey gave him his name Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey and, after he escaped to the North in September 1838, he took the surname Douglass, having already dropped his two middle names.[22] later wrote of his earliest times with his mother:[23] The opinion was…whispered that my master was my father; but of the correctness of this opinion I know nothing. … My mother and I were separated when I was but an infant. … It is a common custom, in the part of Maryland from which I ran away, to part children from their mothers at a very early age. … I do not recollect of ever seeing my mother by the light of day. She was with me in the night. She would lie down with me, and get me to sleep, but long before I waked she was gone. separation from his mother during infancy, young Frederick lived with his maternal grandmother Betsy Bailey, who was also a slave, and his maternal grandfather Isaac, who was free.[24] Betsy would live until 1849.[25] mother remained on the plantation about 12 miles (19 km) away, only visiting Frederick a few times before her death when he was 7 years old. learning and experience Auld family of a series on Slavery the age of 6, Frederick was separated from his grandparents and moved to the Wye House plantation, where Aaron Anthony worked as overseer.[15] After Anthony died in 1826, Douglass was given to Lucretia Auld, wife of Thomas Auld, who sent him to serve Thomas' brother Hugh Auld in Baltimore. Douglass felt that he was lucky to be in the city, where he said slaves were almost freemen, compared to those on plantations. Douglass was about 12, Hugh Auld's wife Sophia began teaching him the alphabet. From the day he arrived, she saw to it that Douglass was properly fed and clothed, and that he slept in a bed with sheets and a blanket.[26] Douglass described her as a kind and tender-hearted woman, who treated him "as she supposed one human being ought to treat another."[27] Auld disapproved of the tutoring, feeling that literacy would encourage slaves to desire freedom. Douglass later referred to this as the "first decidedly antislavery lecture" he had ever heard. "'Very well, thought I,'" wrote Douglass. "'Knowledge unfits a child to be a slave.' I instinctively assented to the proposition, and from that moment I understood the direct pathway from slavery to freedom."[28] her husband's influence, Sophia came to believe that education and slavery were incompatible and one day snatched a newspaper away from Douglass.[29] She stopped teaching him altogether and hid all potential reading materials, including her Bible, from him.[26] In his autobiography, Douglass related how he learned to read from white children in the neighborhood, and by observing the writings of the men he worked with.[30] continued, secretly, to teach himself to read and write. He later often said, "knowledge is the pathway from slavery to freedom."[31] As Douglass began to read newspapers, pamphlets, political materials, and books of every description, this new realm of thought led him to question and condemn the institution of slavery. later years, Douglass credited The Columbian Orator, an anthology that he discovered at about age 12, with clarifying and defining his views on freedom and human rights. First published in 1797, the book is a classroom reader, containing essays, speeches, and dialogues, to assist students in learning reading and grammar. He later learned that his mother had also been literate, about which he would later declare: I am quite willing, and even happy, to attribute any love of letters I possess, and for which I have got—despite of prejudices—only too much credit, not to my admitted Anglo-Saxon paternity, but to the native genius of my sable, unprotected, and uncultivated mother—a woman, who belonged to a race whose mental endowments it is, at present, fashionable to hold in disparagement and contempt.[32] Freeland Douglass was hired out to William Freeland, he taught other slaves on the plantation to read the New Testament at a weekly Sunday school. As word spread, the interest among slaves in learning to read was so great that in any week, more than 40 slaves would attend lessons. For about six months, their study went relatively unnoticed. While Freeland remained complacent about their activities, other plantation owners became incensed about their slaves being educated. One Sunday they burst in on the gathering, armed with clubs and stones, to disperse the congregation permanently. Edward Covey In 1833, Thomas Auld took Douglass back from Hugh ("[a]s a means of punishing Hugh," Douglass later wrote). Thomas sent Douglass to work for Edward Covey, a poor farmer who had a reputation as a "slave-breaker". He whipped Douglass so frequently that his wounds had little time to heal. Douglass later said the frequent whippings broke his body, soul, and spirit.[33] The 16-year-old Douglass finally rebelled against the beatings, however, and fought back. After Douglass won a physical confrontation, Covey never tried to beat him again.[34][35] Recounting his beatings at Covey's farm in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Douglass described himself as "a man transformed into a brute!"[36] Still, Douglass came to see his physical fight with Covey as life-transforming, and introduced the story in his autobiography as such: "You have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man."[37] From slavery to freedom Douglass first tried to escape from Freeland, who had hired him from his owner, but was unsuccessful. In 1837, Douglass met and fell in love with Anna Murray, a free black woman in Baltimore about five years his senior. Her free status strengthened his belief in the possibility of gaining his own freedom. Murray encouraged him and supported his efforts by aid and money.[38] Anna Murray Douglass, Douglass's wife for 44 years, portrait ca. 1860 On September 3, 1838, Douglass successfully escaped by boarding a northbound train of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad.[39] The area where he boarded was thought to be a short distance east of the train depot, in a recently developed neighborhood between the modern neighborhoods of Harbor East and Little Italy. This depot was at President and Fleet Streets, east of "The Basin" of the Baltimore harbor, on the northwest branch of the Patapsco River. Research cited in 2021, however, suggests that Douglass in fact boarded the train at the Canton Depot of the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad on Boston Street, in the Canton neighborhood of Baltimore, further east.[40][41][42] Young Douglass reached Havre de Grace, Maryland, in Harford County, in the northeast corner of the state, along the southwest shore of the Susquehanna River, which flowed into the Chesapeake Bay. Although this placed him only some 20 miles (32 km) from the Maryland–Pennsylvania state line, it was easier to continue by rail through Delaware, another slave state. Dressed in a sailor's uniform provided to him by Murray, who also gave him part of her savings to cover his travel costs, he carried identification papers and protection papers that he had obtained from a free black seaman.[38][43][44] Douglass crossed the wide Susquehanna River by the railroad's steam-ferry at Havre de Grace to Perryville on the opposite shore, in Cecil County, then continued by train across the state line to Wilmington, Delaware, a large port at the head of the Delaware Bay. From there, because the rail line was not yet completed, he went by steamboat along the Delaware River further northeast to the "Quaker City" of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, an anti-slavery stronghold. He continued to the safe house of noted abolitionist David Ruggles in New York City. His entire journey to freedom took less than 24 hours.[45] Douglass later wrote of his arrival in New York City: I have often been asked, how I felt when first I found myself on free soil. And my readers may share the same curiosity. There is scarcely anything in my experience about which I could not give a more satisfactory answer. A new world had opened upon me. If life is more than breath, and the "quick round of blood," I lived more in one day than in a year of my slave life. It was a time of joyous excitement which words can but tamely describe. In a letter written to a friend soon after reaching New York, I said: "I felt as one might feel upon escape from a den of hungry lions." Anguish and grief, like darkness and rain, may be depicted; but gladness and joy, like the rainbow, defy the skill of pen or pencil.[46] Once Douglass had arrived, he sent for Murray to follow him north to New York. She brought the basics for them to set up a home. They were married on September 15, 1838, by a black Presbyterian minister, just eleven days after Douglass had reached New York.[45] At first they adopted Johnson as their married name, to divert attention.[38] Abolitionist and preacher Frederick Douglass, c. 1840s, in his 20s The couple settled in New Bedford, Massachusetts, (an abolitionist center, full of former slaves), in 1838, moving to Lynn, Massachusetts, in 1841.[47] After meeting and staying with Nathan and Mary Johnson, they adopted Douglass as their married name:[38] Douglass had grown up using his mother's surname of Bailey; after escaping slavery he had changed his surname first to Stanley and then to Johnson. In New Bedford, the latter was such a common name that he wanted one that was more distinctive, and asked Nathan Johnson to choose a suitable surname. Nathan suggested "Douglass",[48] after having read the poem The Lady of the Lake by Walter Scott, in which two of the principal characters have the surname "Douglas".[49] The home and meetinghouse of the Johnsons, where Douglass and his wife lived in New Bedford, Massachusetts Douglass thought of joining a white Methodist Church, but was disappointed, from the beginning, upon finding that it was segregated. Later, he joined the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, an independent black denomination first established in New York City, which counted among its members Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman.[50] He became a licensed preacher in 1839,[51] which helped him to hone his oratorical skills. He held various positions, including steward, Sunday-school superintendent, and sexton. In 1840, Douglass delivered a speech in Elmira, New York, then a station on the Underground Railroad, in which a black congregation would form years later, becoming the region's largest church by 1940.[52] Douglass also joined several organizations in New Bedford, and regularly attended abolitionist meetings. He subscribed to William Lloyd Garrison's weekly newspaper, The Liberator. He later said that "no face and form ever impressed me with such sentiments [of the hatred of slavery] as did those of William Lloyd Garrison." So deep was this influence that in his last biography, Douglass said "his paper took a place in my heart second only to The Bible."[53] Garrison was likewise impressed with Douglass, and had written about his anti-colonialist stance in The Liberator as early as 1839. Douglass first heard Garrison speak in 1841, at a lecture that Garrison gave in Liberty Hall, New Bedford. At another meeting, Douglass was unexpectedly invited to speak. After telling his story, Douglass was encouraged to become an anti-slavery lecturer. A few days later, Douglass spoke at the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society's annual convention, in Nantucket. Then 23 years old, Douglass conquered his nervousness and gave an eloquent speech about his rough life as a slave. William Lloyd Garrison, abolitionist and one of Douglass's first friends in the North While living in Lynn, Douglass engaged in early protest against segregated transportation. In September 1841, at Lynn Central Square station, Douglass and friend James N. Buffum were thrown off an Eastern Railroad train because Douglass refused to sit in the segregated railroad coach.[47][54][55][56] In 1843, Douglass joined other speakers in the American Anti-Slavery Society's "Hundred Conventions" project, a six-month tour at meeting halls throughout the eastern and midwestern United States. During this tour, slavery supporters frequently accosted Douglass. At a lecture in Pendleton, Indiana, an angry mob chased and beat Douglass before a local Quaker family, the Hardys, rescued him. His hand was broken in the attack; it healed improperly and bothered him for the rest of his life.[57] A stone marker in Falls Park in the Pendleton Historic District commemorates this event. In 1847, Frederick Douglass explained to Garrison, "I have no love for America, as such; I have no patriotism. I have no country. What country have I? The Institutions of this Country do not know me—do not recognize me as a man."[58] Further information: Abolitionism in New Bedford, Massachusetts Autobiography Douglass's best-known work is his first autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, written during his time in Lynn, Massachusetts[59] and published in 1845. At the time, some skeptics questioned whether a black man could have produced such an eloquent piece of literature. The book received generally positive reviews and became an immediate bestseller. Within three years, it had been reprinted nine times, with 11,000 copies circulating in the United States. It was also translated into French and Dutch and published in Europe. Douglass published three versions of his autobiography during his lifetime (and revised the third of these), each time expanding on the previous one. The 1845 Narrative was his biggest seller, and probably allowed him to raise the funds to gain his legal freedom the following year, as discussed below. In 1855, Douglass published My Bondage and My Freedom. In 1881, after the Civil War, Douglass published Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, which he revised in 1892. Travels to Ireland and Great Britain Plaque to Frederick Douglass, West Bell St., Dundee, Scotland Douglass in 1847, around 29 years of age Douglass's friends and mentors feared that the publicity would draw the attention of his ex-owner, Hugh Auld, who might try to get his "property" back. They encouraged Douglass to tour Ireland, as many former slaves had done. Douglass set sail on the Cambria for Liverpool, England, on August 16, 1845. He traveled in Ireland as the Great Famine was beginning. The feeling of freedom from American racial discrimination amazed Douglass:[60] Eleven days and a half gone and I have crossed three thousand miles of the perilous deep. Instead of a democratic government, I am under a monarchical government. Instead of the bright, blue sky of America, I am covered with the soft, grey fog of the Emerald Isle [Ireland]. I breathe, and lo! the chattel [slave] becomes a man. I gaze around in vain for one who will question my equal humanity, claim me as his slave, or offer me an insult. I employ a cab—I am seated beside white people—I reach the hotel—I enter the same door—I am shown into the same parlour—I dine at the same table—and no one is offended ... I find myself regarded and treated at every turn with the kindness and deference paid to white people. When I go to church, I am met by no upturned nose and scornful lip to tell me, 'We don't allow niggers in here!' Still, Douglass was astounded by the extreme levels of poverty he encountered, much of it reminding him of his experiences in slavery. In a letter to William Lloyd Garrison, Douglass wrote "I see much here to remind me of my former condition, and I confess I should be ashamed to lift up my voice against American slavery, but that I know the cause of humanity is one the world over. He who really and truly feels for the American slave, cannot steel his heart to the woes of others; and he who thinks himself an abolitionist, yet cannot enter into the wrongs of others, has yet to find a true foundation for his anti-slavery faith."[61] He also met and befriended the Irish nationalist and strident abolitionist Daniel O'Connell,[62][63] who was to be a great inspiration.[64][65] Douglass spent two years in Ireland and Great Britain, lecturing in churches and chapels. His draw was such that some facilities were "crowded to suffocation". One example was his hugely popular London Reception Speech, which Douglass delivered in May 1846 at Alexander Fletcher's Finsbury Chapel. Douglass remarked that in England he was treated not "as a color, but as a man."[66] In 1846, Douglass met with Thomas Clarkson, one of the last living British abolitionists, who had persuaded Parliament to abolish slavery in Great Britain's colonies.[67] During this trip Douglass became legally free, as British supporters led by Anna Richardson and her sister-in-law Ellen of Newcastle upon Tyne raised funds to buy his freedom from his American owner Thomas Auld.[66][68] Many supporters tried to encourage Douglass to remain in England but, with his wife still in Massachusetts and three million of his black brethren in bondage in the United States, he returned to America in the spring of 1847,[66] soon after the death of Daniel O'Connell.[69] In the 21st century, historical plaques were installed on buildings in Cork and Waterford, Ireland, and London to celebrate Douglass's visit: the first is on the Imperial Hotel in Cork and was unveiled on August 31, 2012; the second is on the façade of Waterford City Hall, unveiled on October 7, 2013. It commemorates his speech there on October 9, 1845.[70] The third plaque adorns Nell Gwynn House, South Kensington in London, at the site of an earlier house where Douglass stayed with the British abolitionist George Thompson.[71] Douglass spent time in Scotland and was appointed "Scotland's Antislavery agent."[72] He made anti-slavery speeches and wrote letters back to the USA. He considered the city of Edinburgh to be elegant, grand and very welcoming. Maps of the places in the city that were important to his stay are held by the National Library of Scotland.[73][74] A plaque and a mural on Gilmore Place in Edinburgh mark his stay there in 1846. "A variety of collaborative projects are currently [in 2021] underway to commemorate Frederick Douglass’s journey and visit to Ireland in the 19th century."[75] Return to the United States Douglass circa 1847–52, around his early 30s After returning to the U.S. in 1847, using £500 (equivalent to $46,030 in 2019) given to him by English supporters,[66] Douglass started publishing his first abolitionist newspaper, the North Star, from the basement of the Memorial AME Zion Church in Rochester, New York.[76] Originally, Pittsburgh journalist Martin Delany was co-editor but Douglass didn't feel he brought in enough subscriptions, and they parted ways.[77] The North Star's motto was "Right is of no Sex – Truth is of no Color – God is the Father of us all, and we are all brethren."[78] The AME Church and North Star vigorously opposed the mostly white American Colonization Society and its proposal to send blacks back to Africa. Douglass also soon split with Garrison, perhaps because the North Star competed with Garrison's National Anti-Slavery Standard and Marius Robinson's Anti-Slavery Bugle. Besides publishing the North Star and delivering speeches, Douglass also participated in the Underground Railroad. He and his wife provided lodging and resources in their home to more than four hundred escaped slaves.[79] Douglass also came to disagree with Garrison. Earlier Douglass had agreed with Garrison's position that the Constitution was pro-slavery, because of the three-fifths clause its compromises related to apportionment of Congressional seats, based on partial counting of slave populations with state totals; and protection of the international slave trade through 1807. Garrison had burned copies of the Constitution to express his opinion. However, Lysander Spooner published The Unconstitutionality of Slavery (1846), which examined the United States Constitution as an anti-slavery document. Douglass's change of opinion about the Constitution and his splitting from Garrison around 1847 became one of the abolitionist movement's most notable divisions. Douglass angered Garrison by saying that the Constitution could and should be used as an instrument in the fight against slavery.[80] In September 1848, on the tenth anniversary of his escape, Douglass published an open letter addressed to his former master, Thomas Auld, berating him for his conduct, and inquiring after members of his family still held by Auld.[81][82] In the course of the letter, Douglass adeptly transitions from formal and restrained to familiar and then to impassioned. At one point he is the proud parent, describing his improved circumstances and the progress of his own four young children. But then he dramatically shifts tone: Oh! sir, a slaveholder never appears to me so completely an agent of hell, as when I think of and look upon my dear children. It is then that my feelings rise above my control. … The grim horrors of slavery rise in all their ghastly terror before me, the wails of millions pierce my heart, and chill my blood. I remember the chain, the gag, the bloody whip, the deathlike gloom overshadowing the broken spirit of the fettered bondman, the appalling liability of his being torn away from wife and children, and sold like a beast in the market.[83] In a graphic passage, Douglass asked Auld how he would feel if Douglass had come to take away his daughter Amanda as a slave, treating her the way he and members of his family had been treated by Auld.[81][82] Yet in his conclusion Douglass shows his focus and benevolence, stating that he has "no malice towards him personally," and asserts that, "there is no roof under which you would be more safe than mine, and there is nothing in my house which you might need for comfort, which I would not readily grant. Indeed, I should esteem it a privilege, to set you an example as to how mankind ought to treat each other."[83] Women's rights In 1848, Douglass was the only African American to attend the Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention, in upstate New York.[84][85] Elizabeth Cady Stanton asked the assembly to pass a resolution asking for women's suffrage.[86] Many of those present opposed the idea, including influential Quakers James and Lucretia Mott.[87] Douglass stood and spoke eloquently in favor of women's suffrage; he said that he could not accept the right to vote as a black man if women could not also claim that right. He suggested that the world would be a better place if women were involved in the political sphere. In this denial of the right to participate in government, not merely the degradation of woman and the perpetuation of a great injustice happens, but the maiming and repudiation of one-half of the moral and intellectual power of the government of the world.[87] After Douglass's powerful words, the attendees passed the resolution.[87][88] In the wake of the Seneca Falls Convention, Douglass used an editorial in The North Star to press the case for women's rights. He recalled the "marked ability and dignity" of the proceedings, and briefly conveyed several arguments of the convention and feminist thought at the time. On the first count, Douglass acknowledged the "decorum" of the participants in the face of disagreement. In the remainder, he discussed the primary document that emerged from the conference, a Declaration of Sentiments, and the "infant" feminist cause. Strikingly, he expressed the belief that "[a] discussion of the rights of animals would be regarded with far more complacency...than would be a discussion of the rights of women," and Douglass noted the link between abolitionism and feminism, the overlap between the communities. His opinion as the editor of a prominent newspaper carried weight, and he stated the position of the North Star explicitly: "We hold woman to be justly entitled to all we claim for man." This letter, written a week after the convention, reaffirmed the first part of the paper's slogan, "right is of no sex." After the Civil War, when the 15th Amendment giving Blacks the right to vote was being debated, Douglass split with the Stanton-led faction of the women's rights movement. Douglass supported the amendment, which would grant suffrage to black men. Stanton opposed the 15th Amendment because it limited the expansion of suffrage to black men; she predicted its passage would delay for decades the cause for women's right to vote. Stanton argued that American women and black men should band together to fight for universal suffrage, and opposed any bill that split the issues.[89] Douglass and Stanton both knew that there was not yet enough male support for women's right to vote, but that an amendment giving black men the vote could pass in the late 1860s. Stanton wanted to attach women's suffrage to that of black men so that her cause would be carried to success.[90] Douglass thought such a strategy was too risky, that there was barely enough support for black men's suffrage. He feared that linking the cause of women's suffrage to that of black men would result in failure for both. Douglass argued that white women, already empowered by their social connections to fathers, husbands, and brothers, at least vicariously had the vote. African-American women, he believed, would have the same degree of empowerment as white women once African-American men had the vote.[90] Douglass assured the American women that at no time had he ever argued against women's right to vote.[91] Ideological refinement Frederick Douglass in 1856, around 38 years of age Meanwhile, in 1851, Douglass merged the North Star with Gerrit Smith's Liberty Party Paper to form Frederick Douglass' Paper, which was published until 1860. On July 5, 1852, Douglass delivered an address to the ladies of the Rochester Anti-Slavery Sewing Society. This speech eventually became known as "What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?"; one biographer called it "perhaps the greatest antislavery oration ever given."[92] In 1853, he was a prominent attendee of the radical abolitionist National African American Convention in Rochester. Douglass's was one of five names attached to the address of the convention to the people of the United States published under the title, The Claims of Our Common Cause, along with Amos Noë Freeman, James Monroe Whitfield, Henry O. Wagoner, and George Boyer Vashon.[93] Like many abolitionists, Douglass believed that education would be crucial for African Americans to improve their lives; he was an early advocate for school desegregation. In the 1850s, Douglass observed that New York's facilities and instruction for African-American children were vastly inferior to those for whites. Douglass called for court action to open all schools to all children. He said that full inclusion within the educational system was a more pressing need for African Americans than political issues such as suffrage. John Brown Douglass argued against John Brown's plan to attack the arsenal at Harpers Ferry, painting by Jacob Lawrence See also: Shields Green On March 12, 1859, Douglass met with radical abolitionists John Brown, George DeBaptiste, and others at William Webb's house in Detroit to discuss emancipation.[94] Douglass met Brown again when Brown visited his home two months before leading the raid on Harpers Ferry. Brown penned his Provisional Constitution during his two-week stay with Douglass. Also staying with Douglass for over a year was Shields Green, a fugitive slave that Douglass was helping, as he often did. The secret meeting in the Chambersburg stone quarry Shortly before the raid, Douglass, taking Green with him, travelled from Rochester, via New York City, to Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, John Brown's communications headquarters. He was recognized there by Blacks, who asked him for a lecture. Douglass agreed, although he said his only topic was slavery. John Brown, incognito, sat in the audience; Shields Green joined him on the stage. A white reporter, referring to "Nigger Democracy", called it a "flaming address" by "the notorious Negro Orator".[95] There, in an abandoned stone quarry for secrecy, Douglass and Green met with Brown and John Henri Kagi, to discuss the raid. After discussions lasting, as Douglass put it, "a day and a night", he disappointed Brown by declining to join him, considering the mission suicidal. To Douglass's surprise, Green went with Brown instead of returning to Rochester with Douglass. Anne Brown said that Green told her that Douglass promised to pay him on his return, but David Blight called this "much more ex post facto bitterness than reality.[96]: 172–174  Almost all that is known about this incident comes from Douglass. It is clear that it was of immense importance to him, both as a turning point in his life—not accompanying John Brown—and its importance in his public image. The meeting was not revealed by Douglass for 20 years. He first disclosed it in his speech on John Brown at Storer College in 1881, trying unsuccessfully to raise money to support a John Brown professorship at Storer, to be held by a Black man. He again referred to it stunningly in his last Autobiography. After the raid, which took place between October 16 and 18, 1859, Douglass was accused both of supporting Brown and of not supporting him enough.[97] He was nearly arrested on a Virginia warrant,[98][99][100] and fled for a brief time to Canada before proceeding onward to England on a previously-planned lecture tour, arriving near the end of November.[101] During his lecture tour of Great Britain, on March 26, 1860, Douglass delivered a speech before the Scottish Anti-Slavery Society in Glasgow, "The Constitution of the United States: Is It Pro-Slavery or Antislavery?", outlining his views on the American Constitution.[102] That month, on the 13th, Douglass's youngest daughter Annie died in Rochester, New York, just days shy of her 11th birthday. Douglass sailed back from England the following month, traveling through Canada to avoid detection. Douglass's Storer College address (1881) Years later, in 1881, Douglass shared a stage at Storer College in Harpers Ferry with Andrew Hunter, the prosecutor who secured Brown's conviction and execution. Hunter congratulated Douglass.[103] Photography Douglass considered photography very important in ending slavery and racism, and believed that the camera would not lie, even in the hands of a racist white, as photographs were an excellent counter to the many racist caricatures, particularly in blackface minstrelsy. He was the most photographed American of the 19th century, consciously using photography to advance his political views.[104][105] He never smiled, specifically so as not to play into the racist caricature of a happy slave. He tended to look directly into the camera to confront the viewer, with a stern look.[106][107] Religious views As a child, Douglass was exposed to a number of religious sermons, and in his youth, he sometimes heard Sophia Auld reading the Bible. In time, he became interested in literacy; he began reading and copying bible verses, and he eventually converted to Christianity.[108][109] He described this approach in his last biography, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass: I was not more than thirteen years old, when in my loneliness and destitution I longed for some one to whom I could go, as to a father and protector. The preaching of a white Methodist minister, named Hanson, was the means of causing me to feel that in God I had such a friend. He thought that all men, great and small, bond and free, were sinners in the sight of God: that they were by nature rebels against His government; and that they must repent of their sins, and be reconciled to God through Christ. I cannot say that I had a very distinct notion of what was required of me, but one thing I did know well: I was wretched and had no means of making myself otherwise. I consulted a good old colored man named Charles Lawson, and in tones of holy affection he told me to pray, and to "cast all my care upon God." This I sought to do; and though for weeks I was a poor, broken-hearted mourner, traveling through doubts and fears, I finally found my burden lightened, and my heart relieved. I loved all mankind, slaveholders not excepted, though I abhorred slavery more than ever. I saw the world in a new light, and my great concern was to have everybody converted. My desire to learn increased, and especially, did I want a thorough acquaintance with the contents of the Bible.[110] Douglass was mentored by Rev. Charles Lawson, and, early in his activism, he often included biblical allusions and religious metaphors in his speeches. Although a believer, he strongly criticized religious hypocrisy[111] and accused slaveholders of wickedness, lack of morality, and failure to follow the Golden Rule. In this sense, Douglass distinguished between the "Christianity of Christ" and the "Christianity of America" and considered religious slaveholders and clergymen who defended slavery as the most brutal, sinful, and cynical of all who represented "wolves in sheep's clothing".[112][113] Notably, in a famous oration given in the Corinthian Hall of Rochester,[114] he sharply criticized the attitude of religious people who kept silent about slavery, and held that religious ministers committed a blasphemy when they taught it as sanctioned by religion. He considered that a law passed to support slavery was "one of the grossest infringements of Christian Liberty" and said that pro-slavery clergymen within the American Church "stripped the love of God of its beauty, and leave the throne of religion a huge, horrible, repulsive form", and "an abomination in the sight of God".[111] Of ministers like John Chase Lord, Leonard Elijah Lathrop, Ichabod Spencer, and Orville Dewey, he said that they taught, against the Scriptures, that "we ought to obey man's law before the law of God". He further asserted, "in speaking of the American church, however, let it be distinctly understood that I mean the great mass of the religious organizations of our land. There are exceptions, and I thank God that there are. Noble men may be found, scattered all over these Northern States ... Henry Ward Beecher of Brooklyn, Samuel J. May of Syracuse, and my esteemed friend [Robert R. Raymonde]".[111] He maintained that "upon these men lies the duty to inspire our ranks with high religious faith and zeal, and to cheer us on in the great mission of the slave's redemption from his chains". In addition, he called religious people to embrace abolitionism, stating, "let the religious press, the pulpit, the Sunday school, the conference meeting, the great ecclesiastical, missionary, Bible and tract associations of the land array their immense powers against slavery and slave-holding; and the whole system of crime and blood would be scattered to the winds."[111] During his visits to the United Kingdom between 1846 and 1848, Douglass asked British Christians never to support American churches that permitted slavery,[115] and he expressed his happiness to know that a group of ministers in Belfast had refused to admit slaveholders as members of the Church. On his return to the United States, Douglass founded the North Star, a weekly publication with the motto "Right is of no sex, Truth is of no color, God is the Father of us all, and we are all Brethren." Douglass later wrote a letter to his former slaveholder, in which he denounced him for leaving Douglass's family illiterate: Your wickedness and cruelty committed in this respect on your fellow creatures, are greater than all the stripes you have laid upon my back or theirs. It is an outrage upon the soul, a war upon the immortal spirit, and one for which you must give account at the bar of our common Father and Creator. — Letter to His Old Master. To my Old Master Thomas Auld.[60] Sometimes considered a precursor of a non-denominational liberation theology,[116][117] Douglass was a deeply spiritual man, as his home continues to show. The fireplace mantle features busts of two of his favorite philosophers, David Friedrich Strauss, author of "The Life of Jesus", and Ludwig Feuerbach, author of "The Essence of Christianity"[dubious – discuss]. In addition to several Bibles and books about various religions in the library, images of angels and Jesus are displayed, as well as interior and exterior photographs of Washington's Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church.[52] Throughout his life, Douglass had linked that individual experience with social reform, and like other Christian abolitionists, he followed practices such as abstaining from tobacco, alcohol and other substances that he believed corrupted body and soul.[118] Civil War years Before the Civil War By the time of the Civil War, Douglass was one of the most famous black men in the country, known for his orations on the condition of the black race and on other issues such as women's rights. His eloquence gathered crowds at every location. His reception by leaders in England and Ireland added to his stature. Fight for emancipation and suffrage A 1863 Broadside listing Douglass as a speaker calling men of color to arms Douglass and the abolitionists argued that because the aim of the Civil War was to end slavery, African Americans should be allowed to engage in the fight for their freedom. Douglass publicized this view in his newspapers and several speeches. In August 1861 he published an account of the First Battle of Bull Run, noting that some blacks were already in the Confederate ranks. A few weeks later, Douglass brought the subject up again, quoting a witness to the battle who said they saw black Confederates "with muskets on their shoulders and bullets in their pockets."[119] Douglass conferred with President Abraham Lincoln in 1863 on the treatment of black soldiers,[120] and with President Andrew Johnson on the subject of black suffrage.[121] President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, which took effect on January 1, 1863, declared the freedom of all slaves in Confederate-held territory. (Slaves in Union-held areas were not covered by this war-measures act; slaves in Union-held areas and Northern states were freed with the adoption of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865.) Douglass described the spirit of those awaiting the proclamation: "We were waiting and listening as for a bolt from the sky ... we were watching ... by the dim light of the stars for the dawn of a new day ... we were longing for the answer to the agonizing prayers of centuries."[122] During the U.S. Presidential Election of 1864, Douglass supported John C. Frémont, who was the candidate of the abolitionist Radical Democracy Party. Douglass was disappointed that President Lincoln did not publicly endorse suffrage for black freedmen. Douglass believed that since African-American men were fighting for the Union in the American Civil War, they deserved the right to vote.[123] With the North no longer obliged to return slaves to their owners in the South, Douglass fought for equality for his people. He made plans with Lincoln to move liberated slaves out of the South. During the war, Douglass also helped the Union cause by serving as a recruiter for the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment. His eldest son, Charles Douglass, joined the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, but was ill for much of his service.[51] Lewis Douglass fought at the Battle of Fort Wagner.[124] Another son, Frederick Douglass Jr., also served as a recruiter. After Lincoln's death The post-war (1865) ratification of the 13th Amendment outlawed slavery. The 14th Amendment provided for citizenship and equal protection under the law. The 15th Amendment protected all citizens from being discriminated against in voting because of race.[89] On April 14, 1876, Douglass delivered the keynote speech at the unveiling of the Emancipation Memorial in Washington's Lincoln Park. He spoke frankly about Lincoln, noting what he perceived as both positive and negative attributes of the late President. Calling Lincoln "the white man's president", Douglass criticized Lincoln's tardiness in joining the cause of emancipation, noting that Lincoln initially opposed the expansion of slavery but did not support its elimination. But Douglass also asked, "Can any colored man, or any white man friendly to the freedom of all men, ever forget the night which followed the first day of January 1863, when the world was to see if Abraham Lincoln would prove to be as good as his word?"[125] He also said: "Though Mr. Lincoln shared the prejudices of his white fellow-countrymen against the Negro, it is hardly necessary to say that in his heart of hearts he loathed and hated slavery ..." The crowd, roused by his speech, gave Douglass a standing ovation. Lincoln's widow Mary Lincoln supposedly gave Lincoln's favorite walking-stick to Douglass in appreciation. That walking-stick still rests in his final residence, "Cedar Hill", now preserved as the Frederick Douglass National Historic Site. delivering the speech, Frederick Douglass immediately wrote to the National Republican newspaper in Washington (which published five days later, April 19), criticizing the statue's design and suggesting the park could be improved by more dignified monuments of free Black people. "The negro here, though rising, is still on his knees and nude," Douglass wrote. "What I want to see before I die is a monument representing the negro, not couchant on his knees like a four-footed animal, but erect on his feet like a man."[126] era Frederick Douglass in 1876, around 58 years of age the Civil War, Douglass continued to work for equality for African-Americans and women. Due to his prominence and activism during the war, Douglass received several political appointments. He served as president of the Reconstruction-era Freedman's Savings Bank.[127] white insurgents had quickly arisen in the South after the war, organizing first as secret vigilante groups, including the Ku Klux Klan. Armed insurgency took different forms. Powerful paramilitary groups included the White League and the Red Shirts, both active during the 1870s in the Deep South. They operated as "the military arm of the Democratic Party", turning out Republican officeholders and disrupting elections.[128] Starting 10 years after the war, Democrats regained political power in every state of the former Confederacy and began to reassert white supremacy. They enforced this by a combination of violence, late 19th-century laws imposing segregation and a concerted effort to disfranchise African Americans. New labor and criminal laws also limited their freedom.[129] combat these efforts, Douglass supported the presidential campaign of Ulysses S. Grant in 1868. In 1870, Douglass started his last newspaper, the New National Era, attempting to hold his country to its commitment to equality.[51] President Grant sent a Congressionally sponsored commission, accompanied by Douglass, on a mission to the West Indies to investigate if the annexation of Santo Domingo would be good for the United States. Grant believed annexation would help relieve the violent situation in the South by allowing African Americans their own state. Douglass and the commission favored annexation, however, Congress remained opposed to annexation. Douglass criticized Senator Charles Sumner, who opposed annexation, stating if Sumner continued to oppose annexation he would "regard him as the worst foe the colored race has on this continent."[130] Douglass's former residence in the U Street Corridor of Washington, D.C. He built 2000–2004 17th Street, NW, in 1875. the midterm elections, Grant signed the Civil Rights Act of 1871 (also known as the Klan Act), and the second and third Enforcement Acts. Grant used their provisions vigorously, suspending habeas corpus in South Carolina and sending troops there and into other states. Under his leadership over 5,000 arrests were made. Grant's vigor in disrupting the Klan made him unpopular among many whites, but earned praise from Douglass. A Douglass associate wrote that African Americans "will ever cherish a grateful remembrance of [Grant's] name, fame and great services." 1872, Douglass became the first African American nominated for Vice President of the United States, as Victoria Woodhull's running mate on the Equal Rights Party ticket. He was nominated without his knowledge. Douglass neither campaigned for the ticket nor acknowledged that he had been nominated.[9] In that year, he was presidential elector at large for the State of New York, and took that state's votes to Washington, D.C.[131] in early June of that year, Douglass's third Rochester home, on South Avenue, burned down; arson was suspected.[132][133] There was extensive damage to the house, its furnishings, and the grounds; in addition, sixteen volumes of the North Star and Frederick Douglass' Paper were lost.[134] Douglass then moved to Washington, D.C. the Reconstruction era, Douglass continued speaking, emphasizing the importance of work, voting rights and actual exercise of suffrage. His speeches for the twenty-five years following the war emphasized work to counter the racism that was then prevalent in In a November 15, 1867, speech he said "A man's rights rest in three boxes. The ballot box, jury box and the cartridge box. Let no man be kept from the ballot box because of his color. Let no woman be kept from the ballot box because of her sex."[136][137] Douglass spoke at many colleges around the country, including Bates College in Lewiston, Maine, in 1873. 1881, Douglass delivered at Storer College, in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, a speech praising John Brown and revealing unknown information about their relationship, including their meeting in an abandoned stone quarry near Chambersburg shortly before the raid. [138] life Frederick Douglass after 1884 with his second wife Helen Pitts Douglass (sitting). The woman standing is her sister Eva Pitts. Further information: Douglass family and Anna Murray had five children: Rosetta Douglass, Lewis Henry Douglass, Frederick Douglass Jr., Charles Remond Douglass, and Annie Douglass (died at the age of ten). Charles and Rosetta helped produce his newspapers. Douglass remained a loyal supporter of her husband's public work. His relationships with Julia Griffiths and Ottilie Assing, two women with whom he was professionally involved, caused recurring speculation and scandals.[139] Assing was a journalist recently immigrated from Germany, who first visited Douglass in 1856 seeking permission to translate My Bondage and My Freedom into German. Until 1872, she often stayed at his house "for several months at a time" as his "intellectual and emotional companion."[77]: 387, 290–291  held Anna Douglass "in utter contempt" and was vainly hoping that Douglass would separate from his wife. Douglass biographer David W. Blight concludes that Assing and Douglass "were probably lovers."[77]: 387, 290–291  Though Douglass and Assing are widely believed to have had an intimate relationship, the surviving correspondence contains no proof of such a relationship.[77]: 521–522, 529, 570, 572–574  Anna died in 1882, in 1884 Douglass married again, to Helen Pitts, a white suffragist and abolitionist from Honeoye, New York. Pitts was the daughter of Gideon Pitts Jr., an abolitionist colleague and friend of Douglass's. graduate of Mount Holyoke College (then called Mount Holyoke Female Seminary), Pitts worked on a radical feminist publication named Alpha while living in Washington, D.C. She later worked as Douglass's secretary.[140] who had depression and was diagnosed with incurable breast cancer, committed suicide in France in 1884 after hearing of the marriage.[141] Upon her death, Assing bequeathed Douglass $13,000, albums, and his choice of books from her library.[142] marriage of Douglass and Pitts provoked a storm of controversy, since Pitts was both white and nearly 20 years younger. Her family stopped speaking to her; his children considered the marriage a repudiation of their mother. feminist Elizabeth Cady Stanton congratulated the couple.[143] Douglass responded to the criticisms by saying that his first marriage had been to someone the color of his mother, and his second to someone the color of his father.[144] years in Washington, D.C. Freedman's Savings Bank went bankrupt on June 29, 1874, just a few months after Douglass became its president in late March.[145] During that same economic crisis, his final newspaper, The New National Era, failed in September.[146] Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was elected president, he named Douglass as United States Marshal for the District of Columbia, the first person of color to be so named. The Senate voted to confirm him on March 17, 1877.[147] Douglass accepted the appoint, which helped assure his family's financial security.[51] his tenure, Douglass was urged by his supporters to resign from his commission, since he was never asked to introduce visiting foreign dignitaries to the President, which is one of the usual duties of that post. However, Douglass believed that no covert racism was implied by the omission, and stated that he was always warmly welcomed in presidential circles.[148][149] Cedar Hill, Douglass's house in the Anacostia neighborhood of Washington, D.C., is preserved as a National Historic Site. 1877, Douglass visited his former slavemaster Thomas Auld on his deathbed, and the two men reconciled. Douglass had met Auld's daughter, Amanda Auld Sears, some years prior. She had requested the meeting and had subsequently attended and cheered one of Douglass's speeches. Her father complimented her for reaching out to Douglass. The visit also appears to have brought closure to Douglass, although some criticized his effort.[81] same year, Douglass bought the house that was to be the family's final home in Washington, D.C., on a hill above the Anacostia River. He and Anna named it Cedar Hill (also spelled CedarHill). They expanded the house from 14 to 21 rooms, and included a china closet. One year later, Douglass purchased adjoining lots and expanded the property to 15 acres (61,000 m2). The home is now preserved as the Frederick Douglass National Historic Site. 1881, Douglass published the final edition of his autobiography, The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. That year he was appointed as Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia. His wife Anna Murray Douglass died in 1882, leaving the widower devastated. After a period of mourning, Douglass found new meaning from working with activist Ida B. Wells. He remarried in 1884, as mentioned above. also continued his speaking engagements and travel, both in the United States and abroad. With new wife Helen, Douglass traveled to England, Ireland, France, Italy, Egypt and Greece from 1886 to 1887. He became known for advocating Irish Home Rule and supported Charles Stewart Parnell in Ireland. addition to his travel abroad during those years, he lectured in small towns in the United States. On December 28, 1885, the aging orator spoke to the literary society in Rising Sun, a town in northeastern Maryland below the Mason–Dixon line.[150] The program, "The Self-Made Man," attracted a large audience including students from Lincoln University in Chester County, PA, the Oxford Press reported. "Mr. Douglass is growing old and has lost much of his fire and vigor of mind as well as body, but he is still able to interest an audience. He is a remarkable man and is a bright example of the capability of the colored race, even under the blighting influence of slavery, from which he emerged and became one of the distinguished citizens of the country," the Chester County PA newspaper remarked.[151] The gravestone of Frederick Douglass located in Mount Hope Cemetery, Rochester the 1888 Republican National Convention, Douglass became the first African American to receive a vote for President of the United States in a major party's roll call vote.[152][153][154] That year, Douglass spoke at Claflin College, a historically black college in Orangeburg, South Carolina, and the state's oldest such institution.[155] African Americans, called Exodusters, escaped the Klan and racially discriminatory laws in the South by moving to Kansas, where some formed all-black towns to have a greater level of freedom and autonomy. Douglass did not favor this, nor the Back-to-Africa movement. He thought the latter resembled the American Colonization Society which he had opposed in his youth. In 1892, at an Indianapolis conference convened by Bishop Henry McNeal Turner, Douglass spoke out against the separatist movements, urging blacks to stick it out.[51] He made similar speeches as early as 1879, and was criticized both by fellow leaders and some audiences, who even booed him for this position.[156] Speaking in Baltimore in 1894, Douglass said, "I hope and trust all will come out right in the end, but the immediate future looks dark and troubled. I cannot shut my eyes to the ugly facts before me."[157] Harrison appointed Douglass as the United States's minister resident and consul-general to the Republic of Haiti and Chargé d'affaires for Santo Domingo in 1889.[158] but Douglass resigned the commission in July 1891 when it became apparent that the American President was intent upon gaining permanent access to Haitian territory regardless of that country's desires.[159] In 1892, Haiti made Douglass a co-commissioner of its pavilion at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.[160] 1892, Douglass constructed rental housing for blacks, now known as Douglass Place, in the Fells Point area of Baltimore. The complex still exists, and in 2003 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[161][162] Death February 20, 1895, Douglass attended a meeting of the National Council of Women in Washington, D.C. During that meeting, he was brought to the platform and received a standing ovation. Shortly after he returned home, Douglass died of a massive heart attack.[163] He was 77. funeral was held at the Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church. Thousands of people passed by his coffin to show their respect. Although Douglass had attended several churches in the nation's capital, he had a pew here and had donated two standing candelabras when this church had moved to a new building in 1886. He also gave many lectures there, including his last major speech, "The Lesson of the Hour."[52] coffin was transported to Rochester, New York, where he had lived for 25 years, longer than anywhere else in his life. He was buried next to Anna in the Douglass family plot of Mount Hope Cemetery. Helen was also buried there in 1903.[164] JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, (13 March 1911):;

US Presidents Folder, 1841-1893

US, 1841-1845, President, John Tyler, VP, states rights, nationalist, manifest destiny, Texas annexation
US President, 1841-1845, John Tyler ; Tyler (March 29, 1790 - January 18, 1862)[1] was the tenth president of the United States, serving from 1841 to 1845 after briefly holding office as the tenth vice president in 1841; he was elected vice president on the 1840 Whig ticket with President William Henry Harrison. succeeded to the presidency after Harrison's death in April 1841, only a month after the start of the new administration. was a stalwart supporter and advocate of states' rights, and he adopted nationalistic policies as president only when they did not infringe on the powers of the states. unexpected rise to the presidency posed a threat to the presidential ambitions of Henry Clay and other politicians, and left Tyler estranged from both major political parties. was born to a prominent Virginia family. His family, like many prominent white Southern families in the U.S. at the time, were slaveholders. became a national figure at a time of political upheaval. In the 1820s, the nation's only political party was the Democratic-Republican Party, and it split into factions. was initially a Democrat, but he opposed Andrew Jackson during the Nullification Crisis, seeing Jackson's actions as infringing on states' rights, and he criticized Jackson's expansion of executive power during the Bank War. This led Tyler to ally with the Whig Party. served as a Virginia state legislator, governor, U.S. representative, and U.S. senator. He was put on the 1840 presidential ticket to attract states' rights Southerners to a Whig coalition to defeat Martin Van Buren's re-election bid. Harrison died just one month after taking office, and Tyler became the first vice president to succeed to the presidency without election. He served longer than any other president in U.S. history not elected to the office. forestall constitutional uncertainty, Tyler immediately took the oath of office, moved into the White House, and assumed full presidential powers—a precedent that governed future successions and was codified in the Twenty-fifth Amendment. signed into law some of the Whig-controlled Congress's bills, but he was a strict constructionist and vetoed the party's bills to create a national bank and raise the tariff rates. believed that the president should set policy rather than Congress, and he sought to bypass the Whig establishment, led by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky. of Tyler's Cabinet resigned soon into his term, and the Whigs dubbed him His Accidency and expelled him from the party. was the first president to see his veto of legislation overridden by Congress. He faced a stalemate on domestic policy, although he had several foreign-policy achievements, including the Webster–Ashburton Treaty with Britain and the Treaty of Wanghia with Qing China. Republic of Texas separated from Mexico in 1836. Tyler was a firm believer in manifest destiny and saw its annexation as providing an economic advantage to the United States, so he worked diligently to make it happen. initially sought election to a full term as president, but failed to gain the support of either Whigs or Democrats and withdrew in support of Democrat James K. Polk, who also favored the annexation of Texas. Polk won the election, and when Tyler signed a bill to annex Texas three days before leaving office, Polk completed the process. the American Civil War began in 1861, Tyler sided with the Confederacy and won election to the Confederate House of Representatives shortly before his death. Some scholars have praised Tyler's political resolve, but historians have generally given his presidency a low ranking. Today, he is seldom remembered in comparison to other presidents and maintains only a limited presence in American cultural memory.[2] PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES LLOYD BRECK, Priest, Educator, and Missionary (2 April 1876); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30;

US, 1843, Oregon Trail Folder

Oregon Trail - Independence, MO to Oregon City, OR

Oregon Trail - Independence, MO to Little Blue River Mouth

Oregon Trail - Little Blue River to Kearny, NB

Oregon Trail - Platte River Section Kearney, NB to North Platte Mouth

Oregon Trail - North Platte River to Laramie, WY

Oregon Trail - Laramie-Casper-Sweetwater Valley-Blacks Fork-Fort Bridger

Oregon Trail - Bear River Section - Fort Bridger, UT to Soda Springs, ID

Oregon Trail - Big Hill Portion - Soda Springs, ID to Fort Hall (Pocatello, ID)

Oregon Trail - Snake River Section

Oregon Trail - Columbia River Section

Oregon Trail Points Folder

Oregon Trail 1 (Independence, Missouri River 23)

Oregon Trail 1b (St. Joseph, Missouri River 22)

Oregon Trail 2 (crossing Mt Oread, Lawarence, KS)

Oregon Trail 3 (Topeka, KS river crossing)

Oregon Trail 4 (Ash Hollow with Windlass Hill, North Platte River 5)
Oregon Trail (Ash Hollow with Windlass Hill);

Oregon Trail (Courthouse and Jail Rocks)
Oregon Trail (Courthouse and Jail Rocks);

Oregon Trail - Scotts Bluff National Monument
Scotts Bluff National Monument;

Oregon Trail (Scottsbluff)
Scotts Bluff National Monument;

Oregon Trail - Chimney Rock, NB
Oregon Trail - Chimney Rock, NB;

Oregon Trail 5 (Fort Laramie, WY)

Oregon Trail - Fort Laramie
Oregon Trail - Fort Laramie;

Oregon Trail 6 - Casper, WY

Oregon Trail - Sweetwater River Mouth (North Palatte River 4, Casper, WY )

Oregon Trail - Sweetwater River Valley 1

Oregon Trail - Independence Rock, Sweetwater River Valley 2

Oregon Trail - Sweetwater River Valley 3

Oregon Trail 7 - South Pass, Sweetwater River Valley 4

Oregon Trail (Fort Bridger)
Oregon Trail (Fort Bridger);

Oregon Trail (Fort Hall)
Oregon Trail (Fort Hall);

Oregon Trail Terminus (Oregon City, Oregon)

US, 1845-1849, President, James K. Polk, expansion, Oregon c, Mexican SW, independent treasury, tariff rates
US President, 1845-1849, James K. Polk Knox Polk (November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849) was the 11th president of the United States, serving from 1845 to 1849. He previously was the Speaker of the House of Representatives (1835–1839) and Governor of Tennessee (1839–1841). A protégé of Andrew Jackson, he was a member of the Democratic Party and an advocate of Jacksonian democracy. Polk is chiefly known for extending the territory of the United States through the Mexican–American War; during his presidency, the United States expanded significantly with the annexation of the Republic of Texas, the Oregon Territory, and the Mexican Cession following the American victory in the Mexican–American War. building a successful law practice in Tennessee, Polk was elected to the state legislature in 1823 and then to the United States House of Representatives in 1825, becoming a strong supporter of Andrew Jackson. serving as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, he became Speaker of the House in 1835, the only president to have been speaker. left Congress to run for governor of Tennessee; he won in 1839 but lost in 1841 and 1843. was a dark horse candidate for the Democratic nomination for president in 1844; he entered his party's convention as a potential nominee for vice president but emerged as a compromise to head the ticket when no presidential candidate could secure the necessary two-thirds majority. the general election, Polk defeated Henry Clay of the rival Whig Party. have praised Polk for having met during his four-year term every major domestic and foreign policy goal he had set. After a negotiation fraught with the risk of war, he reached a settlement with Great Britain over the disputed Oregon Country, the territory, for the most part, being divided along the 49th parallel. He provoked a war with Mexico in an attempt to expand the nation and succeeded in doing so, as it resulted in Mexico's cession of nearly all the American Southwest. He secured a substantial reduction of tariff rates with the Walker tariff of 1846. The same year, he achieved his other major goal, re-establishment of the Independent Treasury system. True to his campaign pledge to serve only one term, Polk left office in 1849 and returned to Tennessee, where he died three months after leaving the White House. relatively obscure today, scholars have ranked Polk favorably for his ability to promote and achieve the major items on his presidential agenda, despite limiting himself to a single term. He has also been criticized for leading the country into an aggressive war against Mexico and thus exacerbating divides between free and slave states. A property owner who used slave labor for most of his adult life, he kept a plantation in Mississippi and increased his slave ownership while president. The legacy of Polk's presidency of territorial expansion – with the United States reaching the Pacific coast and, roughly, its present contiguous borders – was a nation poised to become a world power, but with sectional divisions gravely exacerbated, setting the stage for the Civil War. PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES LLOYD BRECK, Priest, Educator, and Missionary (2 April 1876); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896;

US, 1849, California Trail Folder

California Trail (City of Rocks to Wells and the down Humboldt River)

Salt Lake Cutoff (for both Oregon Trail and California Trail)

California Trail (Raft River Section)

California Trail 1 (Independence, Missouri River 23)

California Trail 1 (Fort Bridger)

California Trail 2 (Salt Lake City)

California Trail 3 (Bear River 10, Malad River Mouth)

California Trail 4 (City of Rocks)

California Trail 5 (Wells, Nevada and Humboldt River)

California Trail 6 (Elko, Nevada)

California Trail 7 (Battle Mountain)

California Trail 8 (Winnemucca, Nevada)

California Trail 9 (Humboldt River Mouth (Humbolt Sink))

US, 1849-1850, President, Zachary Taylor, war hero, preserving union when he died. issue was slavery in new mex & cal
US President, 1849-1850, Zachary Taylor ; Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was an American military leader who served as the 12th president of the United States from 1849 until his death in 1850. previously was a career officer in the United States Army, rose to the rank of major general and became a national hero as a result of his victories in the Mexican–American War. a result, he won election to the White House despite his vague political beliefs. His top priority as president was preserving the Union. He died sixteen months into his term, having made no progress on the most divisive issue in Congress, slavery. was born into a prominent family of plantation owners who moved westward from Virginia to Louisville, Kentucky, in his youth; he was the last president born before the adoption of the Constitution. was commissioned as an officer in the U.S. Army in 1808 and made a name for himself as a captain in the War of 1812. He climbed the ranks, establishing military forts along the Mississippi River and entered the Black Hawk War as a colonel in 1832. His success in the Second Seminole War attracted national attention and earned him the nickname "Old Rough and Ready". 1845, during the annexation of Texas, President James K. Polk dispatched Taylor to the Rio Grande in anticipation of a battle with Mexico over the disputed Texas–Mexico border. The Mexican–American War broke out in April 1846, and Taylor defeated Mexican troops commanded by General Mariano Arista at the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma and drove his troops out of Texas. Taylor then led his troops into Mexico, where they defeated Mexican troops commanded by Pedro de Ampudia at the Battle of Monterrey. Defying orders, Taylor led his troops further south and, despite being severely outnumbered, dealt a crushing blow to Mexican forces under Antonio López de Santa Anna at the Battle of Buena Vista. Taylor's troops were transferred to the command of Major General Winfield Scott, but Taylor retained his popularity. Whig Party convinced the reluctant Taylor to lead their ticket in the 1848 presidential election, despite his unclear political tenets and lack of interest in politics. At the 1848 Whig National Convention, Taylor defeated Scott and former Senator Henry Clay to take the nomination. He won the general election alongside New York politician Millard Fillmore, defeating Democratic Party candidates Lewis Cass and William Orlando Butler, as well as a third-party effort led by former president Martin Van Buren and Charles Francis Adams, Sr. of the Free Soil Party. Taylor became the first president to be elected without having served in a prior political office. president, Taylor kept his distance from Congress and his cabinet, even though partisan tensions threatened to divide the Union. Debate over the status of slavery in the Mexican Cession dominated the political agenda and led to threats of secession from Southerners. Despite being a Southerner and a slaveholder himself, Taylor did not push for the expansion of slavery, and sought sectional harmony above all other concerns. To avoid the issue of slavery, he urged settlers in New Mexico and California to bypass the territorial stage and draft constitutions for statehood, setting the stage for the Compromise of 1850. Taylor died suddenly of a stomach disease on July 9, 1850, with his administration having accomplished little aside from the ratification of the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty. Fillmore served the remainder of his term. Historians and scholars have ranked Taylor in the bottom quartile of U.S. presidents, owing in part to his short term of office (16 months), though he has been described as "more a forgettable president than a failed one".[1] PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, (13 March 1911); JAMES LLOYD BRECK, Priest, Educator, and Missionary (2 April 1876); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ;

US, 1850-1853, President, Millard Fillmore, for Kans-Nebr act, abandoned by dem party, northern dem, Lincoln critic
US President, 1850-1853, Millard Fillmore ; Pierce (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869) was the 14th president of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857. A northern Democrat who believed that the abolitionist movement was a fundamental threat to the unity of the nation, he alienated anti-slavery groups by supporting and signing the Kansas–Nebraska Act and enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act, yet these efforts failed to stem conflict between North and South. The South eventually seceded and the American Civil War began in 1861. Pierce was born in New Hampshire. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate until his resignation in 1842. His private law practice was a success, and he was appointed New Hampshire's U.S. Attorney in 1845. He took part in the Mexican–American War as a brigadier general in the Army. He was seen by Democrats as a compromise candidate uniting Northern and Southern interests and was nominated as the party's candidate for president on the 49th ballot at the 1852 Democratic National Convention. He and running mate William R. King easily defeated the Whig Party ticket of Winfield Scott and William A. Graham in the 1852 presidential election. president, Pierce simultaneously attempted to enforce neutral standards for civil service while also satisfying the diverse elements of the Democratic Party with patronage, an effort which largely failed and turned many in his party against him. was a Young America expansionist who signed the Gadsden Purchase of land from Mexico and led a failed attempt to acquire Cuba from Spain. signed trade treaties with Britain and Japan, while his Cabinet reformed their departments and improved accountability, but these successes were overshadowed by political strife during his presidency. popularity declined sharply in the Northern states after he supported the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which nullified the Missouri Compromise, while many whites in the South continued to support him. Passage of the act led to violent conflict over the expansion of slavery in the American West. administration was further damaged when several of his diplomats issued the Ostend Manifesto calling for the annexation of Cuba, a document which was roundly criticized. He fully expected to be renominated by the Democrats in the 1856 presidential election, but was abandoned by his party and his bid failed. His reputation in the North suffered further during the American Civil War as he became a vocal critic of President Abraham Lincoln. was popular and outgoing, but his family life was difficult. His wife Jane suffered from illness and depression for much of her life and their three children died young.[1] Their last surviving son was killed in a train accident while the family was traveling, shortly before Pierce's inauguration. A heavy drinker for much of his life, Pierce died in 1869 of cirrhosis of the liver. Historians and scholars generally rank Pierce as one of the worst and least memorable U.S. presidents. PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; JAMES CHISHOLM, PRIEST, 15 Sept. 1855 ; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII , (28 NOV 1864); Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); JAMES LLOYD BRECK, Priest, Educator, and Missionary (2 April 1876); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896;

US, 1853-1857, President, Franklin Pierce, northern dem, against abolition, for Kans-Nebr Act, for fugitive slave act
US President, 1853-1857, Franklin Pierce; Pierce (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869) was the 14th president of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857. A northern Democrat who believed that the abolitionist movement was a fundamental threat to the unity of the nation, he alienated anti-slavery groups by supporting and signing the Kansas–Nebraska Act and enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act, yet these efforts failed to stem conflict between North and South. The South eventually seceded and the American Civil War began in 1861. was born in New Hampshire. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate until his resignation in 1842. His private law practice was a success, and he was appointed New Hampshire's U.S. Attorney in 1845. He took part in the Mexican–American War as a brigadier general in the Army. He was seen by Democrats as a compromise candidate uniting Northern and Southern interests and was nominated as the party's candidate for president on the 49th ballot at the 1852 Democratic National Convention. He and running mate William R. King easily defeated the Whig Party ticket of Winfield Scott and William A. Graham in the 1852 presidential election. president, Pierce simultaneously attempted to enforce neutral standards for civil service while also satisfying the diverse elements of the Democratic Party with patronage, an effort which largely failed and turned many in his party against him. He was a Young America expansionist who signed the Gadsden Purchase of land from Mexico and led a failed attempt to acquire Cuba from Spain. He signed trade treaties with Britain and Japan, while his Cabinet reformed their departments and improved accountability, but these successes were overshadowed by political strife during his presidency. His popularity declined sharply in the Northern states after he supported the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which nullified the Missouri Compromise, while many whites in the South continued to support him. Passage of the act led to violent conflict over the expansion of slavery in the American West. Pierce's administration was further damaged when several of his diplomats issued the Ostend Manifesto calling for the annexation of Cuba, a document which was roundly criticized. He fully expected to be renominated by the Democrats in the 1856 presidential election, but was abandoned by his party and his bid failed. His reputation in the North suffered further during the American Civil War as he became a vocal critic of President Abraham Lincoln. was popular and outgoing, but his family life was difficult. His wife Jane suffered from illness and depression for much of her life and their three children died young.[1] Their last surviving son was killed in a train accident while the family was traveling, shortly before Pierce's inauguration. A heavy drinker for much of his life, Pierce died in 1869 of cirrhosis of the liver. Historians and scholars generally rank Pierce as one of the worst and least memorable U.S. presidents. WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; JAMES CHISHOLM, PRIEST, 15 Sept. 1855 ; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); JAMES DE KOVEN, PRIEST (22 MAR 1879); JAMES LLOYD BRECK, Priest, Educator, and Missionary (2 April 1876); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896;

US, 1857-1861, President, James Buchanan, for state's rights, for Supreme Court pro slavery Dred Scott Decison
US President, 1857-1861, James Buchanan; Buchanan Jr. (April 23, 1791 - June 1, 1868) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 15th president of the United States from 1857 to 1861. previously served as secretary of state from 1845 to 1849 and represented Pennsylvania in both houses of the U.S. Congress. was a states' rights advocate, and minimized the role of the federal government in the nation's final years of slavery. was a prominent lawyer in Pennsylvania and won his first election to the state's House of Representatives as a Federalist. was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1820 and retained that post for 11 years, aligning with Andrew Jackson's Democratic Party. served as Jackson's minister to Russia (1832). He won election in 1834 as a U.S. senator from Pennsylvania and also held that position for 11 years. Buchanan was appointed to serve as President James K. Polk's secretary of state in 1845, and eight years later was named as President Franklin Pierce's minister to the United Kingdom. 1846, Buchanan was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.[3] in 1844, Buchanan became a regular contender for the Democratic party's presidential nomination. He was finally nominated in 1856, defeating incumbent Franklin Pierce and Senator Stephen A. Douglas at the Democratic National Convention; benefited from the fact that he had been out of the country (as ambassador in London) and thus had not been involved in slavery issues. Buchanan and running mate John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky carried every slave state except Maryland, defeating anti-slavery Republican John C. Frémont and Know-Nothing former president Millard Fillmore to win the 1856 presidential election. President, Buchanan intervened in the Supreme Court to gather majority support of the pro-slavery and anti-black decision in the Dred Scott case. He did what Southern leaders wanted in attempting to engineer Kansas coming into the Union as a slave state under the Lecompton Constitution. He thereby angered not only the Republicans but also many Northern Democrats. honored his pledge to serve only one term, and supported Breckinridge's unsuccessful candidacy in the 1860 presidential election. He failed to reconcile the fractured Democratic party due to a simmering grudge against Stephen Douglas, leading to a four-way electoral split and the election of Republican and former Congressman Abraham Lincoln. weeks after Lincoln was elected as Buchanan's successor, Southern states began seceding from the Union, precipitating the American Civil War. Buchanan's bumbling leadership during his lame duck period was widely criticized. He simultaneously angered the North by not stopping secession, and the South by not acceding to their secession. He supported the ill-fated Corwin Amendment in an attempt to reconcile the country, but it was too little too late. He made an unsuccessful attempt to reinforce the defenders of Fort Sumter, but otherwise refrained from taking any action to prepare the military. His failure to forestall the Civil War has been described alternatively as incompetent inaction, or passive acceptance of the South. contemporaries blamed him for the war, and he was much reviled after his presidency. He spent his last years defending his reputation. In his personal life, Buchanan never married and as of 2021, he is the only U.S. president to remain a lifelong bachelor. Biographers have variously suggested that he was celibate, homosexual, or asexual. Buchanan died of respiratory failure in 1868, and was buried in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he had lived for nearly 60 years. historians and critics condemn him for not addressing the issue of slavery or forestalling the secession of the Southern states over it. Historians and scholars consistently rank Buchanan as one of the country's worst presidents. WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII , (28 NOV 1864); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); JAMES DE KOVEN, PRIEST (22 MAR 1879); JAMES LLOYD BRECK, Priest, Educator, and Missionary (2 April 1876); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30; HARRIET STARR CANNON, RELIGIOUS, 1896, Commemorated May 7; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896;

US, 1859, Central Overland Route Folder

Central Overland Route (Salt Lake City, UT to Carson City, NV)
Central Overland Route ;

Central Overland Route 1 (Fairfield, UT)

Central Overland Route 2

Central Overland Route 3 (Callao, UT)

Central Overland Route 4 (Ibapah, UT)

Central Overland Route 5 (Ely, NV)

Central Overland Route 6

Central Overland Route 7

Central Overland Route 21 (Fallon, NV)

Central Overland Route 22 (Fernley, NV)

Central Overland Route 23 (Silver Springs, NV)

Central Overland Route 24 (Dayton, NV)

Central Overland Route 25 (Carson City, NV)

US, 1861-1865, President, Abraham Lincoln, preserved Union, abolished slavery, modernized economy, killed
US President, 1861-1865, Abraham Lincoln ; Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War, the country's greatest moral, cultural, constitutional, and political crisis. He succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy. was born into poverty in a log cabin and was raised on the frontier primarily in Indiana. was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. Congressman from Illinois. 1849, he returned to his law practice but became vexed by the opening of additional lands to slavery as a result of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. reentered politics in 1854, becoming a leader in the new Republican Party, and he reached a national audience in the 1858 debates against Stephen Douglas. ran for President in 1860, sweeping the North in victory. Pro-slavery elements in the South equated his success with the North's rejection of their right to practice slavery, and southern states began seceding from the Union. secure its independence, the new Confederate States fired on Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in the South, and Lincoln called up forces to suppress the rebellion and restore the Union. a moderate Republican, had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, demanded harsh treatment of the Southern Confederates. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements plotted his assassination. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing political patronage, and by appealing to the American people. His Gettysburg Address appealed to nationalistic, republican, egalitarian, libertarian, and democratic sentiments. scrutinized the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals and the naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland, and he averted British intervention by defusing the Trent Affair. engineered the end to slavery with his Emancipation Proclamation, including his order that the Army and Navy liberate, protect, and recruit former slaves. He also encouraged border states to outlaw slavery, and promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which outlawed slavery across the country. managed his own successful re-election campaign. He sought to heal the war-torn nation through reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just days after the war's end at Appomattox, he was attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife Mary when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. is remembered as a martyr and hero of the United States and is consistently ranked as one of the greatest presidents in American history. SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII , (28 NOV 1864); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; PHILLIPS BROOKS, BISHOP AND PREACHER (23 JAN 1893); FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); JAMES DE KOVEN, PRIEST (22 MAR 1879); JAMES LLOYD BRECK, Priest, Educator, and Missionary (2 April 1876); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30; HARRIET STARR CANNON, RELIGIOUS, 1896, Commemorated May 7; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896;

US, 1865-1869, President, Andrew Johnson, southern democrat, chosen VP for national unity, tried to reverse reconstruction
US President, 1865-1869, Andrew Johnson ; Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th president of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. He assumed the presidency as he was vice president at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. was a Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, coming to office as the Civil War concluded. He favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union without protection for the former slaves. This led to conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1868. He was acquitted in the Senate by one vote. was born into poverty in Raleigh, North Carolina, and he never attended school. He was apprenticed as a tailor and worked in several frontier towns before settling in Greeneville, Tennessee. served as alderman and mayor there before being elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1835. brief service in the Tennessee Senate, Johnson was elected to the House of Representatives in 1843, where he served five two-year terms. became governor of Tennessee for four years, and was elected by the legislature to the Senate in 1857. his congressional service, he sought passage of the Homestead Bill which was enacted soon after he left his Senate seat in 1862. slave states seceded to form the Confederate States of America, including Tennessee, but Johnson remained firmly with the Union. He was the only sitting senator from a Confederate state who did not resign his seat upon learning of his state's secession. 1862, Lincoln appointed him as Military Governor of Tennessee after most of it had been retaken. In 1864, Johnson was a logical choice as running mate for Lincoln, who wished to send a message of national unity in his re-election campaign; and became vice president after a victorious election in 1864. implemented his own form of Presidential Reconstruction, a series of proclamations directing the seceded states to hold conventions and elections to reform their civil governments. Southern states returned many of their old leaders and passed Black Codes to deprive the freedmen of many civil liberties, Congressional Republicans refused to seat legislators from those states and advanced legislation to overrule the Southern actions. Johnson vetoed their bills, and Congressional Republicans overrode him, setting a pattern for the remainder of his presidency.[1] opposed the Fourteenth Amendment which gave citizenship to former slaves. In 1866, he went on an unprecedented national tour promoting his executive policies, seeking to break Republican opposition.[2] the conflict grew between the branches of government, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act restricting Johnson's ability to fire Cabinet officials. He persisted in trying to dismiss Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, but ended up being impeached by the House of Representatives and narrowly avoided conviction in the Senate. He did not win the 1868 Democratic presidential nomination and left office the following year. returned to Tennessee after his presidency and gained some vindication when he was elected to the Senate in 1875, making him the only former president to serve in the Senate. He died five months into his term. strong opposition to federally guaranteed rights for black Americans is widely criticized; he is regarded by many historians as one of the worst presidents in American history. SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII , (28 NOV 1864); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3 ; PHILLIPS BROOKS, BISHOP AND PREACHER (23 JAN 1893); FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); JAMES DE KOVEN, PRIEST (22 MAR 1879); JAMES LLOYD BRECK, Priest, Educator, and Missionary (2 April 1876); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); CORNELIUS HILL, PRIEST and CHIEF AMONG THE ONEIDA, 1907, Commemorated June 27; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896; Washington Gladden of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ;

US, 1869-1877, President, Ulysses S. Grant, stabilized post-war economy, supported black vote right, crushed Ku Klux Klan
US President, 1869-1877, Ulysses S. Grant ; S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; /ˈhaɪrəm juːˈlɪsiːz/ HY-rəm yoo-LIS-eez; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was an American military leader who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. As president, Grant was an effective civil rights executive who created the Justice Department and worked with the Radical Republicans to protect African Americans during Reconstruction. As Commanding General, he led the Union Army to victory in the American Civil War in 1865 and thereafter briefly served as Secretary of War. in Ohio, Grant possessed an exceptional ability with horses, which served him well through his military career. He was admitted to West Point, graduated 21st in the class of 1843 and served with distinction in the Mexican–American War. In 1848, he married Julia Dent, and together they had four children. Grant abruptly resigned his army commission in 1854 and returned to his family, but lived in poverty for seven years. joined the Union Army after the Civil War broke out in 1861 and rose to prominence after winning several early Union victories on the Western Theater. In 1863 he led the Vicksburg campaign, which gained control of the Mississippi River. Abraham Lincoln promoted him to lieutenant general after his victory at Chattanooga. For thirteen months, Grant fought Robert E. Lee during the high-casualty Overland Campaign and at Petersburg. On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox. A week later, Lincoln was assassinated and was succeeded by President Andrew Johnson, who promoted Grant to General of the Army in 1866. Grant openly broke with Johnson over Reconstruction policies; Grant used the Reconstruction Acts, which had been passed over Johnson's veto, to enforce civil rights for recently freed African Americans. war hero, drawn in by his sense of duty, Grant was unanimously nominated by the Republican Party and was elected president in 1868. president, Grant stabilized the post-war national economy, supported ratification of the 15th Amendment, and crushed the Ku Klux Klan. appointed African Americans and Jewish Americans to prominent federal offices. 1871, Grant created the first Civil Service Commission, advancing civil service more than any prior president. Liberal Republicans and Democrats united behind Grant's opponent in the presidential election of 1872, but Grant was handily re-elected. Native American policy was to assimilate Indians into the White culture; the Great Sioux War was fought during his term. foreign policy was mostly peaceful, without war, the Alabama claims against Great Britain skillfully resolved, but his prized Caribbean Dominican Republic annexation was rejected by the Senate. Grant administration is traditionally known for prevalent scandals, but modern scholarship has better appreciated Grant's appointed reformers and prosecutions. appointed reformers, such as John Brooks Henderson and David Dyer, who prosecuted the Whiskey Ring. Other reformers Grant appointed included Benjamin Bristow and Edwards Pierrepont, who served as Grant's anti-corruption team. Grant also prosecuted immoral Morman polygamists (1871) and abortionists (1873–1877). Panic of 1873 plunged the nation into a severe economic depression that allowed the Democrats to win the House majority. In the intensely disputed presidential election of 1876, Grant facilitated the approval by Congress of a peaceful compromise. his retirement, Grant was the first president to circumnavigate the world on his tour, dining with Queen Victoria and meeting many prominent foreign leaders. In 1880, Grant was unsuccessful in obtaining the Republican presidential nomination for a third term. In the final year of his life, facing severe financial reversals and dying of throat cancer, he wrote his memoirs, which proved to be a major critical and financial success. At the time of his death, he was memorialized as a symbol of national unity. Grant was a modern general and "a skillful leader who had a natural grasp of tactics and strategy". assessments of his presidency have improved over time; he was ranked 38th in 1994 and 1996 but ranked 21st in 2018 and 24th in 2021. Although critical of scandals and Grant's loyal defense of culprits, modern historians have emphasized his two-term presidential accomplishments. These included his protection of African American civil rights, prosecution of the Klan, innovative Native American policy, and the settlement of the Alabama claims. WILLIAM REED HUNTINGTON, PRIEST (27 JULY 1909); SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890); DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ; KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII , (28 NOV 1864); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3 ; PHILLIPS BROOKS, BISHOP AND PREACHER (23 JAN 1893); FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, (13 March 1911); JAMES DE KOVEN, PRIEST (22 MAR 1879); JAMES LLOYD BRECK, Priest, Educator, and Missionary (2 April 1876); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); CORNELIUS HILL, PRIEST and CHIEF AMONG THE ONEIDA, 1907, Commemorated June 27; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896; Washington Gladden of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ;

US, 1877-1881, President, Rutherford B. Hayes, abolitionist, electoral college win, compromise of 77 ends reconstruction
US President, 1877-1881, Rutherford B. Hayes; Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was an American politician and attorney who served as the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881, after serving in the U.S. House of Representatives and as governor of Ohio. the U.S. Civil War, Hayes was a lawyer and staunch abolitionist who defended refugee slaves in court proceedings. He served in the Union Army and the House of Representatives before assuming the presidency.[1] presidency represents a turning point in U.S. history, as historians consider it the formal end of Reconstruction. To placate the Democrats, Hayes ended all federal efforts to bring racial equality to the South.[2] an attorney in Ohio, Hayes served as city solicitor of Cincinnati from 1858 to 1861. At the start of the Civil War, he left a fledgling political career to join the Union Army as an officer. Hayes was wounded five times, most seriously at the Battle of South Mountain in 1862. He earned a reputation for bravery in combat and was promoted to brevet major general. After the war, he served in Congress from 1865 to 1867 as a Republican. Hayes left Congress to run for governor of Ohio and was elected to two consecutive terms, from 1868 to 1872. He served half of a third two-year term from 1876 to 1877 before his swearing-in as president. 1877, the Electoral College made Hayes president after the 1876 United States presidential election, one of the most contentious in U.S. history. He lost the popular vote to Democrat Samuel J. Tilden, but narrowly won an intensely disputed electoral-college vote after a Congressional commission awarded him 20 contested electoral votes in the Compromise of 1877. The election was resolved with a backroom deal whereby the Democrats acquiesced to Hayes's election on the single condition that he withdraw direct federal support for Reconstruction in the former Confederate states. believed in meritocratic government and in equal treatment without regard to wealth, social standing or race. He used the military to resolve the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, which remains the deadliest confrontation between striking workers and strikebreakers in US history. As president, Hayes implemented modest civil-service reforms that laid the groundwork for further reform in the 1880s and 1890s. He vetoed the Bland–Allison Act of 1878, which put silver money into circulation and raised nominal prices; Hayes saw maintenance of the gold standard as essential to economic recovery. His policy toward western Indians anticipated the assimilationist program of the Dawes Act of 1887. kept his pledge not to run for reelection, retired to his home in Ohio, and became an advocate of social and educational reform. Biographer Ari Hoogenboom has written that Hayes's greatest achievement was to restore popular faith in the presidency and to reverse the deterioration of executive power that had established itself after Abraham Lincoln's assassination in 1865. Supporters have praised his commitment to civil-service reform. His critics deride his leniency toward the former Confederate states and his withdrawal of federal support for African Americans' voting and civil rights.[3] Historians and scholars generally rank Hayes as an average to slightly below-average president.[4][5] WILLIAM REED HUNTINGTON, PRIEST (27 JULY 1909); SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890); DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; CONSTANCE AND HER COMPANIONS, THE MARTYRS OF MEMPHIS (9 SEP 1878) ; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; William Dwight Porter Bliss of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII , (28 NOV 1864); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922); PHILLIPS BROOKS, BISHOP AND PREACHER (23 JAN 1893); FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); JAMES DE KOVEN, PRIEST (22 MAR 1879); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); CORNELIUS HILL, PRIEST and CHIEF AMONG THE ONEIDA, 1907, Commemorated June 27; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896; Washington Gladden of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ;

US, 1881-1885, President, Chester A. Arthur, Easterner, VP, Civil Service R, US Navy, failed to spend surplus, retired
US President, 1881-1885, Chester A. Arthur; Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 21st president of the United States from 1881 to 1885. Previously the 20th vice president, he succeeded to the presidency upon the death of President James A. Garfield in September 1881, two months after Garfield was shot by an assassin. was born in Fairfield, Vermont, grew up in upstate New York and practiced law in New York City. He served as quartermaster general of the New York Militia during the American Civil War. the war, he devoted more time to New York Republican politics and quickly rose in Senator Roscoe Conkling's political organization. Ulysses S. Grant appointed him to the post of Collector of the Port of New York in 1871, and he was an important supporter of Conkling and the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party. 1878, President Rutherford B. Hayes fired Arthur as part of a plan to reform the federal patronage system in New York. U.S Representative James Garfield won the Republican nomination for president in 1880, Arthur was nominated for vice president to balance the successful ticket as an Eastern Stalwart. Four months into his term, an assassin shot Garfield, who died 11 weeks later. Arthur then assumed the presidency. the outset, Arthur struggled to overcome a negative reputation as a Stalwart and product of Conkling's organization. the surprise of reformers, he advocated and enforced the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. He presided over the rebirth of the US Navy, but he was criticized for failing to alleviate the federal budget surplus which had been accumulating since the end of the Civil War. vetoed the first version of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, arguing that its twenty-year ban on Chinese immigrants to the United States violated the Burlingame Treaty, but he signed a second version, which included a ten-year ban.[2] from poor health, Arthur made only a limited effort to secure the Republican Party's nomination in 1884, and he retired at the end of his term. Journalist Alexander McClure wrote, "No man ever entered the Presidency so profoundly and widely distrusted as Chester Alan Arthur, and no one ever retired ... more generally respected, alike by political friend and foe."[3] Arthur's failing health and political temperament combined to make his administration less active than a modern presidency, yet he earned praise among contemporaries for his solid performance in office. The New York World summed up Arthur's presidency at his death in 1886: "No duty was neglected in his administration, and no adventurous project alarmed the nation."[4] Mark Twain wrote of him, "It would be hard indeed to better President Arthur's administration."[5] Despite this, modern historians generally rank Arthur as a mediocre president, as well as the least memorable. WILLIAM REED HUNTINGTON, PRIEST (27 JULY 1909); SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890); GEORGE FREEMAN BRAGG, Jr., PRIEST, 3 August 1940; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; William Dwight Porter Bliss of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922); PHILLIPS BROOKS, BISHOP AND PREACHER (23 JAN 1893); FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); Henry Beard Delany of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Hudson Stuck of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; HARRIET STARR CANNON, RELIGIOUS, 1896, Commemorated May 7; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); CORNELIUS HILL, PRIEST and CHIEF AMONG THE ONEIDA, 1907, Commemorated June 27; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896; Washington Gladden of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ;

US, 1885-1889, President, Grover Cleveland, honest, moral, unpopular but successful leader, policy maker
US President, 1885-1889, Grover Cleveland ; Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897. Cleveland is the only president in American history to serve two nonconsecutive terms in office.[b] He won the popular vote for three presidential elections—in 1884, 1888, and 1892—and was one of two Democrats (followed by Woodrow Wilson in 1912) to be elected president during the era of Republican presidential domination dating from 1861 to 1933. Born to a Presbyterian minister and his wife, Cleveland grew up in upstate New York. In 1881, he was elected mayor of Buffalo and later, governor of New York. Cleveland was the leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opposed high tariffs; Free Silver; inflation; imperialism; and subsidies to business, farmers, or veterans. His crusade for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the era.[1] Cleveland won praise for his honesty, self-reliance, integrity, and commitment to the principles of classical liberalism.[2] He fought political corruption, patronage, and bossism. As a reformer, Cleveland had such prestige that the like-minded wing of the Republican Party, called "Mugwumps", largely bolted the GOP presidential ticket and swung to his support in the 1884 election.[3] As his second administration began, disaster hit the nation when the Panic of 1893 produced a severe national depression. It ruined his Democratic Party, opening the way for a Republican landslide in 1894 and for the agrarian and silverite seizure of the Democratic Party in 1896. The result was a political realignment that ended the Third Party System and launched the Fourth Party System and the Progressive Era.[4] was a formidable policymaker, and he also drew corresponding criticism. intervention in the Pullman Strike of 1894 to keep the railroads moving angered labor unions nationwide in addition to the party in Illinois; his support of the gold standard and opposition to Free Silver alienated the agrarian wing of the Democratic Party.[5] Critics complained that Cleveland had little imagination and seemed overwhelmed by the nation's economic disasters—depressions and strikes—in his second term.[5] so, his reputation for probity and good character survived the troubles of his second term. Biographer Allan Nevins wrote, "[I]n Grover Cleveland, the greatness lies in typical rather than unusual qualities. He had no endowments that thousands of men do not have. He possessed honesty, courage, firmness, independence, and common sense. But he possessed them to a degree other men do not."[6] By the end of his second term, public perception showed him to be one of the most unpopular U.S. presidents, and he was by then rejected even by most Democrats.[7] Cleveland is considered by most historians to have been a successful leader, and has been praised for honesty, integrity, adherence to his morals and defying party boundaries, and effective leadership. He is generally ranked among the upper-mid tier of American presidents. WILLIAM REED HUNTINGTON, PRIEST (27 JULY 1909); SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; GEORGE FREEMAN BRAGG, Jr., PRIEST, 3 August 1940; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890); CHARLES CHAPMAN GRAFTON, BISHOP OF FOND DU LAC & ECUMENIST, 30 August 1912 ; DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; William Dwight Porter Bliss of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16 ; LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922); PHILLIPS BROOKS, BISHOP AND PREACHER (23 JAN 1893); FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Elizabeth Evelyn Wright of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); CHARLES HENRY BRENT, Missionary Bishop (27 March 1929); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); Henry Beard Delany of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Hudson Stuck of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); CORNELIUS HILL, PRIEST and CHIEF AMONG THE ONEIDA, 1907, Commemorated June 27; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896; Washington Gladden of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ;

US, 1889, Great Northern Hi-Line Road

Hi-Line Road - US 2 - Great Northern RWY (Great Lakes to Spokane)

US, 1889-1893, Prest Ben Harrison, McKinley Tariff, protective trade rates, Sherman Antitrust A, 6 western states
US President, 1889-1893, Benjamin Harrison ; Harrison (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 23rd president of the United States from 1889 to 1893. was a grandson of the ninth president, William Henry Harrison, and a great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison V, a founding father who signed the United States Declaration of Independence. was born on a farm by the Ohio River and graduated from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. After moving to Indianapolis, he established himself as a prominent local attorney, Presbyterian church leader, and politician in Indiana. During the American Civil War, he served in the Union Army as a colonel, and was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as a brevet brigadier general of volunteers in 1865. Harrison unsuccessfully ran for governor of Indiana in 1876. The Indiana General Assembly elected Harrison to a six-year term in the U.S. Senate, where he served from 1881 to 1887. Republican, Harrison was elected to the presidency in 1888, defeating the Democratic incumbent, Grover Cleveland. Hallmarks of Harrison's administration included unprecedented economic legislation, including the McKinley Tariff, which imposed historic protective trade rates, and the Sherman Antitrust Act. Harrison also facilitated the creation of the national forest reserves through an amendment to the Land Revision Act of 1891. During his administration six western states were admitted to the Union. In addition, Harrison substantially strengthened and modernized the U.S. Navy and conducted an active foreign policy, but his proposals to secure federal education funding as well as voting rights enforcement for African Americans were unsuccessful. in large part to surplus revenues from the tariffs, federal spending reached one billion dollars for the first time during his term. The spending issue in part led to the defeat of the Republicans in the 1890 midterm elections. Cleveland defeated Harrison for reelection in 1892, due to the growing unpopularity of high tariffs and high federal spending. He returned to private life and his law practice in Indianapolis. In 1899 he represented Venezuela in its British Guiana boundary dispute with the United Kingdom. Harrison traveled to the court of Paris as part of the case and after a brief stay returned to Indianapolis. He died at his home in Indianapolis in 1901 of complications from influenza. Many have praised Harrison's commitment to African Americans' voting rights, but scholars and historians generally regard his administration as below average due to its corruption, as well as focused criticism on his signing of the McKinley Tariff. They rank him in the bottom half among U.S. presidents, though they do not question his commitment to personal and official integrity. WILLIAM REED HUNTINGTON, PRIEST (27 JULY 1909); SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; GEORGE FREEMAN BRAGG, Jr., PRIEST, 3 August 1940; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890); CHARLES CHAPMAN GRAFTON, BISHOP OF FOND DU LAC & ECUMENIST, 30 August 1912 ; DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; William Dwight Porter Bliss of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16 ; LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922); PHILLIPS BROOKS, BISHOP AND PREACHER (23 JAN 1893); FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Elizabeth Evelyn Wright of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); CHARLES HENRY BRENT, Missionary Bishop (27 March 1929); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Henry Beard Delany of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Hudson Stuck of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; PIONEERS OF THE EPISCOPAL ANGLICAN CHURCH OF BRAZIL, Commemorated June 7; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); CORNELIUS HILL, PRIEST and CHIEF AMONG THE ONEIDA, 1907, Commemorated June 27; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2; Washington Gladden of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ;

US, 1890-1935, John G. Lake, Pentecostal, healing ministeries in South Africa and Spokane-Portland
US, 1890-1935, John G. Lake, Pentecostal, healing ministeries in South Africa and Spokane-Portland; Graham Lake (March 18, 1870 – September 16, 1935) was a Canadian-American leader in the Pentecostal movement that began in the early 20th century, and is known as a faith healer, missionary, and with Thomas Hezmalhalch, co-founder of the Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa. his 1908–19 African missionary work, Lake played a decisive role in the spread of Pentecostalism in South Africa, the most successful southern African religious movement of the 20th century.[1]: 98 [2]: 34  completing his missionary work in Africa, Lake evangelized for 20 years, primarily along the west coast of the United States setting up "healing rooms" and healing campaigns, and establishing churches. was influenced by the healing ministry of John Alexander Dowie and the ministry of Charles Parham.[3] Saint Mary's, Ontario (Sault Ste. Marie); John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902);

US Presidents Folder, 1893-1921

US, 1893-1897, President Grover Cleveland, honest, moral, unpopular but successful leader, policy maker
US President, 1893-1897 Grover Cleveland; Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897. Cleveland is the only president in American history to serve two nonconsecutive terms in office.[b] He won the popular vote for three presidential elections—in 1884, 1888, and 1892—and was one of two Democrats (followed by Woodrow Wilson in 1912) to be elected president during the era of Republican presidential domination dating from 1861 to 1933. Born to a Presbyterian minister and his wife, Cleveland grew up in upstate New York. In 1881, he was elected mayor of Buffalo and later, governor of New York. Cleveland was the leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opposed high tariffs; Free Silver; inflation; imperialism; and subsidies to business, farmers, or veterans. His crusade for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the era.[1] Cleveland won praise for his honesty, self-reliance, integrity, and commitment to the principles of classical liberalism.[2] He fought political corruption, patronage, and bossism. As a reformer, Cleveland had such prestige that the like-minded wing of the Republican Party, called "Mugwumps", largely bolted the GOP presidential ticket and swung to his support in the 1884 election.[3] As his second administration began, disaster hit the nation when the Panic of 1893 produced a severe national depression. It ruined his Democratic Party, opening the way for a Republican landslide in 1894 and for the agrarian and silverite seizure of the Democratic Party in 1896. The result was a political realignment that ended the Third Party System and launched the Fourth Party System and the Progressive Era.[4] was a formidable policymaker, and he also drew corresponding criticism. intervention in the Pullman Strike of 1894 to keep the railroads moving angered labor unions nationwide in addition to the party in Illinois; his support of the gold standard and opposition to Free Silver alienated the agrarian wing of the Democratic Party.[5] Critics complained that Cleveland had little imagination and seemed overwhelmed by the nation's economic disasters—depressions and strikes—in his second term.[5] so, his reputation for probity and good character survived the troubles of his second term. Biographer Allan Nevins wrote, "[I]n Grover Cleveland, the greatness lies in typical rather than unusual qualities. He had no endowments that thousands of men do not have. He possessed honesty, courage, firmness, independence, and common sense. But he possessed them to a degree other men do not."[6] By the end of his second term, public perception showed him to be one of the most unpopular U.S. presidents, and he was by then rejected even by most Democrats.[7] Cleveland is considered by most historians to have been a successful leader, and has been praised for honesty, integrity, adherence to his morals and defying party boundaries, and effective leadership. He is generally ranked among the upper-mid tier of American presidents. DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19 ; William J. Seymour, Pentecostal Saint, Commemorated September 28, 1922; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Elizabeth Evelyn Wright of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, (13 March 1911); CHARLES HENRY BRENT, Missionary Bishop (27 March 1929); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Henry Beard Delany of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Hudson Stuck of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; CORNELIUS HILL, PRIEST and CHIEF AMONG THE ONEIDA, 1907, Commemorated June 27;

US, 1897-1901, Pres Will McKinley, expert on protective tarriffs, Spanish-American War, gold standard, rapid econ growth
US President, 1897-1901, William McKinley; McKinley (born William McKinley Jr., January 29, 1843 - September 14, 1901) was the 25th president of the United States, serving from 1897 until his assassination in 1901. He was president during the Spanish–American War of 1898, raised protective tariffs to boost American industry, and rejected the expansionary monetary policy of free silver, keeping the nation on the gold standard. Republican, McKinley was the last president to have served in the American Civil War; he was the only one to begin his service as an enlisted man, and end as a brevet major. After the war, he settled in Canton, Ohio, where he practiced law and married Ida Saxton. In 1876, McKinley was elected to Congress, where he became the Republican Party's expert on the protective tariff, which he promised would bring prosperity. His 1890 McKinley Tariff was highly controversial and, together with a Democratic redistricting aimed at gerrymandering him out of office, led to his defeat in the Democratic landslide of 1890. He was elected governor of Ohio in 1891 and 1893, steering a moderate course between capital and labor interests. With the aid of his close adviser Mark Hanna, he secured the Republican nomination for president in 1896 amid a deep economic depression. He defeated his Democratic rival William Jennings Bryan after a front porch campaign in which he advocated "sound money" (the gold standard unless altered by international agreement) and promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity. economic growth marked McKinley's presidency. He promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition and in 1900 secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act. He hoped to persuade Spain to grant independence to rebellious Cuba without conflict, but when negotiation failed, requested and signed Congress's declaration of war to begin the Spanish-American War of 1898. The United States victory was quick and decisive. As part of the peace settlement, Spain turned over to the United States its main overseas colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines while Cuba was promised independence, but at that time remained under the control of the United States Army. The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 and it became a United States territory. regard McKinley's 1896 victory as a realigning election in which the political stalemate of the post-Civil War era gave way to the Republican-dominated Fourth Party System, beginning with the Progressive Era. McKinley defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election in a campaign focused on imperialism, protectionism, and free silver. His achievements were cut short when he was fatally shot on September 6, 1901, by Leon Czolgosz, a second-generation Polish-American anarchist. McKinley died eight days later and was succeeded by Vice President Theodore Roosevelt. As an innovator of American interventionism and pro-business sentiment, McKinley is generally ranked above average. His popularity was soon overshadowed by Roosevelt's. WILLIAM REED HUNTINGTON, PRIEST (27 JULY 1909); SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; GEORGE FREEMAN BRAGG, Jr., PRIEST, 3 August 1940; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); Thomas Gallaudet of THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890); CHARLES CHAPMAN GRAFTON, BISHOP OF FOND DU LAC & ECUMENIST, 30 August 1912 ; DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; HARRY THACKER BURLIEGH, COMPOSER, 11 Sept. 1949; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; William J. Seymour, Pentecostal Saint, Commemorated September 28, 1922; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; William Dwight Porter Bliss of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31; Charles Harrison (C.H.) Mason, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1961, Commemorated November 17 ; JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16 ; LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22; FRANCES JOSEPH-GAUDET, EDUCATOR AND PRISON REFORMER, (30 December 1934); JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922); Charles Fox Parham, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated January 29 ; FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Elizabeth Evelyn Wright of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); CHARLES HENRY BRENT, Missionary Bishop (27 March 1929); Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Henry Beard Delany of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Hudson Stuck of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); CORNELIUS HILL, PRIEST and CHIEF AMONG THE ONEIDA, 1907, Commemorated June 27; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2; Washington Gladden of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ;

US, 1898, Spanish-American War, US gets Guam, Phillipines, Puerto Rico, Cuba, R the Maine
Spanish-American War, 1898; Spanish–American War (April 21 – August 13, 1898, Spanish: Guerra hispano-estadounidense or Guerra hispano-americana; Filipino: Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano)[d] was an armed conflict between Spain and the United States. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba, leading to U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. The war led to the U.S. emerging predominant in the Caribbean region,[14] and resulted in U.S. acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions. It led to U.S. involvement in the Philippine Revolution and later to the Philippine–American War. The main issue was Cuban independence. Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish colonial rule. The U.S. backed these revolts upon entering the Spanish–American War. There had been war scares before, as in the Virginius Affair in 1873. But in the late 1890s, American public opinion swayed in support of the rebellion due to reports of concentration camps (death estimates range from 150,000 to 400,000 people) set up to control the populace.[15][16] Yellow journalism exaggerated the atrocities to further increase public fervor and to sell more newspapers and magazines.[17] business community had just recovered from a deep depression and feared that a war would reverse the gains. Accordingly, most business interests lobbied vigorously against going to war.[18] President William McKinley ignored the exaggerated news reporting and sought a peaceful settlement.[19] However, after the United States Navy armored cruiser Maine mysteriously exploded and sank in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898, political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed McKinley into a war that he had wished to avoid. April 20, 1898, McKinley signed a joint Congressional resolution demanding Spanish withdrawal and authorizing the President to use military force to help Cuba gain independence.[20] In response, Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21. On the same day, the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba.[21] Both sides declared war; neither had allies. 10-week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific. As U.S. agitators for war well knew,[22] U.S. naval power would prove decisive, allowing expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba against a Spanish garrison already facing nationwide Cuban insurgent attacks and further wasted by yellow fever.[23] The invaders obtained the surrender of Santiago de Cuba and Manila despite the good performance of some Spanish infantry units, and fierce fighting for positions such as San Juan Hill.[24] Madrid sued for peace after two Spanish squadrons were sunk in the battles of Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay, and a third, more modern fleet was recalled home to protect the Spanish coasts.[25] result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favorable to the U.S. which allowed it temporary control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine islands. The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ($620 million today) to Spain by the U.S. to cover infrastructure owned by Spain.[26] defeat and loss of the Spanish Empire's last remnants was a profound shock to Spain's national psyche and provoked a thorough philosophical and artistic reevaluation of Spanish society known as the Generation of '98.[25] The United States gained several island possessions spanning the globe, which provoked rancorous debate over the wisdom of expansionism.[27] Philippine-“American War 1899-1902; GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; William J. Seymour, Pentecostal Saint, Commemorated September 28, 1922;

US, 1901-1909, Pres Theo Roosevelt, Republican, anti-trust and Progressive policies, split helped P Woodrow Wilson
US President, 1901-1909, Theodore Roosevelt ; Roosevelt Jr. (October 27, 1858 - January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or his initials T. R., an American statesman, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer, who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. previously served as the 33rd governor of New York from 1899 to 1900 and the 25th vice president of the United States from March to September 1901. emerged as a leader of the Republican Party and became a driving force for anti-trust and Progressive policies. was a sickly child with debilitating asthma but partly overcame his health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle. He integrated his exuberant personality, a vast range of interests and achievements into a "cowboy" persona defined by robust masculinity. was home-schooled and began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard. book The Naval War of 1812 (1882) established his reputation as a learned historian and popular writer. Upon entering politics, he became the leader of the reform faction of Republicans in New York's state legislature. wife and mother both died in rapid succession, and he began to frequent a cattle ranch in the Dakotas. He served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President William McKinley but resigned to lead the Rough Riders during the Spanish–American War. Returning a war hero, he was elected governor of New York in 1898.[2] Vice President Garret Hobart died in 1899, the New York state party leadership convinced McKinley to accept Roosevelt as his running mate in the 1900 election. Roosevelt campaigned vigorously, and the McKinley–Roosevelt ticket won a landslide victory based on a platform of peace, prosperity, and conservation. took office as vice president in 1901 and assumed the presidency at age 42 after McKinley was assassinated the following September.[3] He remains the youngest person to become President of the United States. Roosevelt was a leader of the progressive movement and championed his "Square Deal" domestic policies, promising the average citizen fairness, breaking of trusts, regulation of railroads, and pure food and drugs. He prioritized conservation and established national parks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nation's natural resources. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America where he began construction of the Panama Canal. He expanded the Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project American naval power. His successful efforts to broker the end of the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize. was elected to a full term in 1904 and continued to promote progressive policies. He groomed his close friend William Howard Taft to succeed him in the 1908 presidential election. grew frustrated with Taft's brand of conservatism and belatedly tried to win the 1912 Republican nomination for president. He failed, walked out, and founded the Progressive Party. He ran in the 1912 presidential election and the split allowed the Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson to win the election. Following the defeat, Roosevelt led a two-year expedition to the Amazon basin where he nearly died of tropical disease. During World War I, he criticized Wilson for keeping the country out of the war; his offer to lead volunteers to France was rejected. He considered running for president again in 1920, but his health continued to deteriorate. He died in 1919. He is generally ranked in polls of historians and political scientists as one of the five best presidents. ADELAIDE TEAGUE CASE, TEACHER, 1948, Commemorated July 19; WILLIAM REED HUNTINGTON, PRIEST (27 JULY 1909); SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; GEORGE FREEMAN BRAGG, Jr., PRIEST, 3 August 1940; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); Thomas Gallaudet of THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890); CHARLES CHAPMAN GRAFTON, BISHOP OF FOND DU LAC & ECUMENIST, 30 August 1912 ; DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; PAUL JONES, BISHOP (4 SEP 1941); HARRY THACKER BURLIEGH, COMPOSER, 11 Sept. 1949; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; William J. Seymour, Pentecostal Saint, Commemorated September 28, 1922; ANNA ELLISON BUTLER ALEXANDER, EDUCATOR, 24 SEPT. 1947; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; William Dwight Porter Bliss of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31; Charles Harrison (C.H.) Mason, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1961, Commemorated November 17 ; JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16 ; LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22; FRANCES JOSEPH-GAUDET, EDUCATOR AND PRISON REFORMER, (30 December 1934); JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922); Charles Fox Parham, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated January 29 ; FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Elizabeth Evelyn Wright of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); CHARLES HENRY BRENT, Missionary Bishop (27 March 1929); Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Henry Beard Delany of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Hudson Stuck of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ; John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); CORNELIUS HILL, PRIEST and CHIEF AMONG THE ONEIDA, 1907, Commemorated June 27; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2; Walter Rauschenbusch of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ; Washington Gladden of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ;

US, 1909-1913, Pres Will H Taft, Conservative Republican, P Roosevelt conflict helped P Wilson win, SCOTUS Chief
US President, 1909-1913, William Howard Taft; ---------------------William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 - March 8, 1930) was the 27th president of the United States (1909–1913) and the tenth chief justice of the United States (1921-1930), the only person to have held both offices. Taft was elected president in 1908, the chosen successor of Theodore Roosevelt, but was defeated for reelection by Woodrow Wilson in 1912 after Roosevelt split the Republican vote by running as a third-party candidate. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, a position he held until a month before his death. was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1857. His father, Alphonso Taft, was a U.S. attorney general and secretary of war. Taft attended Yale and joined the Skull and Bones, of which his father was a founding member. becoming a lawyer, Taft was appointed a judge while still in his twenties. He continued a rapid rise, being named solicitor general and a judge of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals. 1901, President William McKinley appointed Taft civilian governor of the Philippines. 1904, Roosevelt made him Secretary of War, and he became Roosevelt's hand-picked successor. Despite his personal ambition to become chief justice, Taft declined repeated offers of appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States, believing his political work to be more important. Roosevelt's help, Taft had little opposition for the Republican nomination for president in 1908 and easily defeated William Jennings Bryan for the presidency in that November's election. the White House, he focused on East Asia more than European affairs and repeatedly intervened to prop up or remove Latin American governments. sought reductions to trade tariffs, then a major source of governmental income, but the resulting bill was heavily influenced by special interests. His administration was filled with conflict between the Republican Party's conservative wing, with which Taft often sympathized, and its progressive wing, toward which Roosevelt moved more and more. over conservation and antitrust cases filed by the Taft administration served to further separate the two men. Roosevelt challenged Taft for renomination in 1912. Taft used his control of the party machinery to gain a bare majority of delegates and Roosevelt bolted the party. The split left Taft with little chance of reelection, and he took only Utah and Vermont in Wilson's victory. leaving office, Taft returned to Yale as a professor, continuing his political activity and working against war through the League to Enforce Peace. 1921, Harding appointed Taft chief justice, an office he had long sought. Chief Justice Taft was a conservative on business issues, and under him there were advances in individual rights. poor health, he resigned in February 1930, and died the following month. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, the first president and first Supreme Court justice to be interred there. Taft is generally listed near the middle in historians' rankings of U.S. presidents. SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; GEORGE FREEMAN BRAGG, Jr., PRIEST, 3 August 1940; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); CHARLES CHAPMAN GRAFTON, BISHOP OF FOND DU LAC & ECUMENIST, 30 August 1912 ; DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); PAUL JONES, BISHOP (4 SEP 1941); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; HARRY THACKER BURLIEGH, COMPOSER, 11 Sept. 1949; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; William J. Seymour, Pentecostal Saint, Commemorated September 28, 1922; ANNA ELLISON BUTLER ALEXANDER, EDUCATOR, 24 SEPT. 1947; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; William Dwight Porter Bliss of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31; Charles Harrison (C.H.) Mason, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1961, Commemorated November 17 ; JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961, Commemorated December 19; LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22; FRANCES JOSEPH-GAUDET, EDUCATOR AND PRISON REFORMER, (30 December 1934); HARRIET BEDELL, DEACONESS AND MISSIONARY, (8 January 1969); JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922); Charles Fox Parham, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated January 29 ; FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); CHARLES HENRY BRENT, Missionary Bishop (27 March 1929); Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Henry Beard Delany of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Hudson Stuck of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13;

US, 1913-1921, President Woodrow Wilson, progressive, southern dem, professor, income tax, fed reserve, WWI, segregation
President, 1913-1921, Woodrow Wilson ; Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of Princeton University and as the governor of New Jersey before winning the 1912 presidential election. As President, Wilson changed the nation's economic policies and led the United States into World War I in 1917. He was the leading architect of the League of Nations, and his progressive stance on foreign policy came to be known as Wilsonianism. grew up in the American South, mainly in Augusta, Georgia, during the Civil War and Reconstruction. After earning a Ph.D. in political science from Johns Hopkins University, Wilson taught at various colleges before becoming the president of Princeton University and a spokesman for progressivism in higher education. As governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913, Wilson broke with party bosses and won the passage of several progressive reforms. To win the presidential nomination he mobilized progressives and Southerners to his cause at the 1912 Democratic National Convention. Wilson defeated incumbent Republican William Howard Taft and third-party nominee Theodore Roosevelt to easily win the 1912 United States presidential election, becoming the first Southerner to do so since 1848. allowed the continuing imposition of segregation inside the federal bureaucracy. His first term was largely devoted to pursuing passage of his progressive New Freedom domestic agenda. His first major priority was the Revenue Act of 1913, which lowered tariffs and began the modern income tax. Wilson also negotiated the passage of the Federal Reserve Act, which created the Federal Reserve System. Two major laws, the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act, were enacted to promote business competition and combat extreme corporate power. the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the U.S. declared neutrality as Wilson tried to negotiate a peace between the Allied and Central Powers. He narrowly won re-election in the 1916 United States presidential election, boasting how he kept the nation out of wars in Europe and Mexico. April 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany in response to its policy of unrestricted submarine warfare that sank American merchant ships. Wilson nominally presided over war-time mobilization and left military matters to the generals. instead concentrated on diplomacy, issuing the Fourteen Points that the Allies and Germany accepted as a basis for post-war peace. He wanted the off-year elections of 1918 to be a referendum endorsing his policies, but instead the Republicans took control of Congress. the Allied victory in November 1918, Wilson went to Paris where he and the British and French leaders dominated the Paris Peace Conference. successfully advocated for the establishment of a multinational organization, the League of Nations. It was incorporated into the Treaty of Versailles that he signed. Wilson had refused to bring any leading Republican into the Paris talks, and back home he rejected a Republican compromise that would have allowed the Senate to ratify the Versailles Treaty and join the League. had intended to seek a third term in office but suffered a severe stroke in October 1919 that left him incapacitated. His wife and his doctor controlled Wilson, and no significant decisions were made. his policies alienated German and Irish Democrats and the Republicans won a landslide in the 1920 presidential election. Scholars have generally ranked Wilson in the upper tier of U.S presidents, although he has been criticized for supporting racial segregation. His liberalism nevertheless lives on as a major factor in American foreign policy, and his vision of ethnic self-determination resonated globally. SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; GEORGE FREEMAN BRAGG, Jr., PRIEST, 3 August 1940; ADELAIDE TEAGUE CASE, TEACHER, 1948, Commemorated July 19; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; PAUL JONES, BISHOP (4 SEP 1941); HARRY THACKER BURLIEGH, COMPOSER, 11 Sept. 1949; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; William J. Seymour, Pentecostal Saint, Commemorated September 28, 1922; ANNA ELLISON BUTLER ALEXANDER, EDUCATOR, 24 SEPT. 1947; Aimee Semple McPherson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1944, Commemorated September 27 ; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; William Dwight Porter Bliss of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31; Charles Harrison (C.H.) Mason, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1961, Commemorated November 17 ; JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961, Commemorated December 19; FRANCES JOSEPH-GAUDET, EDUCATOR AND PRISON REFORMER, (30 December 1934); HARRIET BEDELL, DEACONESS AND MISSIONARY, (8 January 1969); JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922); Charles Fox Parham, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated January 29 ; SAMUEL SHOEMAKER, PRIEST AND EVANGELIST, 1963, Commemorated January 31 ; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; CHARLES HENRY BRENT, Missionary Bishop (27 March 1929); Henry Beard Delany of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Ida B. Robinson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1946, Commemorated April 20; Hudson Stuck of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; TOYOHIKO KAGAWA, RENEWER OF SOCIETY, 23 APRIL 1960; GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE 1915-1923, Commemorated April 24; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2; Walter Rauschenbusch of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ; Washington Gladden of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ;

US President's Folder, 1921-1933

US, 1921-1923, President Warren G. Harding, rep, very popular while alive, Teapot Dome bribery and other scandals after d
US President, 1921-1923, Warren G. Harding; Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 - August 2, 1923) was the 29th president of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death in 1923. A member of the Republican Party, he was one of the most popular U.S. presidents to that point. After his death, a number of scandals, including Teapot Dome, came to light, as did his extramarital affair with Nan Britton; those eroded his popular regard. lived in rural Ohio all his life, except when political service took him elsewhere. As a young man, he bought The Marion Star and built it into a successful newspaper. He served in the Ohio State Senate from 1900 to 1904, then as lieutenant governor for two years. He was defeated for governor in 1910, but was elected to the United States Senate in 1914, the state's first direct election for that office. ran for the Republican nomination for president in 1920, and was considered a long shot until after the convention began. The leading candidates could not gain the needed majority, and the convention deadlocked. Harding's support gradually grew until he was nominated on the tenth ballot. He conducted a front porch campaign, remaining for the most part in Marion and allowing the people to come to him, and running on a theme of a return to normalcy of the pre-World War period. won in a landslide over Democrat James M. Cox and Socialist Party candidate Eugene Debs, to become the first sitting senator elected president. appointed a number of well-regarded figures to his cabinet, including Andrew Mellon at Treasury, Herbert Hoover at Commerce, and Charles Evans Hughes at the State Department. major foreign policy achievement came with the Washington Naval Conference of 1921–1922, in which the world's major naval powers agreed on a naval limitations program that lasted a decade. released political prisoners who had been arrested for their opposition to the World War. cabinet members Albert B. Fall (Interior Secretary) and Harry Daugherty (Attorney General) were each later tried for corruption in office; Fall was convicted though Daugherty was not. These and other scandals greatly damaged Harding's posthumous reputation; he is generally regarded as one of the worst presidents in U.S. history. Harding died of a heart attack in San Francisco while on a western tour, and was succeeded by Vice President Calvin Coolidge. Teapot Dome scandal was a bribery scandal involving the administration of United States President Warren G. Harding from 1921 to 1923. Secretary of the Interior Albert Bacon Fall had leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome in Wyoming, as well as two locations in California, to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding.[1] The leases were the subject of a seminal investigation by Senator Thomas J. Walsh. Convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies, Fall became the first presidential cabinet member to go to prison; no one was convicted of paying the bribes. the Watergate scandal, Teapot Dome was regarded as the "greatest and most sensational scandal in the history of American politics".[2] It damaged the reputation of the Harding administration, which was already severely diminished by its controversial handling of the Great Railroad Strike of 1922 and Harding's veto of the Bonus Bill in 1922.[3] Congress subsequently passed legislation, enduring to this day, giving subpoena power to the House and Senate for review of tax records of any U.S. citizen regardless of elected or appointed position.[4] These resulting laws are also considered to have empowered the role of Congress more generally.[5] ADELAIDE TEAGUE CASE, TEACHER, 1948, Commemorated July 19; CHARLES RAYMOND BARNES, PRIEST, 26 July 1938; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); PAUL JONES, BISHOP (4 SEP 1941); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; HARRY THACKER BURLIEGH, COMPOSER, 11 Sept. 1949; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; ANNA ELLISON BUTLER ALEXANDER, EDUCATOR, 24 SEPT. 1947; Aimee Semple McPherson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1944, Commemorated September 27 ; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; William Dwight Porter Bliss of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; Charles Harrison (C.H.) Mason, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1961, Commemorated November 17 ; JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961, Commemorated December 19; FRANCES JOSEPH-GAUDET, EDUCATOR AND PRISON REFORMER, (30 December 1934); HARRIET BEDELL, DEACONESS AND MISSIONARY, (8 January 1969); Charles Fox Parham, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated January 29 ; SAMUEL SHOEMAKER, PRIEST AND EVANGELIST, 1963, Commemorated January 31 ; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; CHARLES HENRY BRENT, Missionary Bishop (27 March 1929); Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Henry Beard Delany of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Ida B. Robinson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1946, Commemorated April 20; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13;

US, 1923-1929, President Calvin Coolidge, Northeast Rep, small govt conservative, popular
US President, 1923-1929, Calvin Coolidge; Coolidge[1] (July 4, 1872 - January 5, 1933) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 30th president of the United States from 1923 to 1929. Republican lawyer from New England, born in Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of Massachusetts. response to the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action. next year, he was elected the 29th vice president of the United States, and he succeeded to the presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative and also as a man who said very little and had a rather dry sense of humor.[2][3] restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessor's administration, and left office with considerable popularity.[4] a Coolidge biographer wrote: "He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength."[5] have ranked Coolidge in the lower half of those presidents that they have assessed. He is praised by advocates of smaller government and laissez-faire economics, while supporters of an active central government generally view him less favorably, although most praise his stalwart support of racial equality.[6] ADELAIDE TEAGUE CASE, TEACHER, 1948, Commemorated July 19; CHARLES RAYMOND BARNES, PRIEST, 26 July 1938; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); PAUL JONES, BISHOP (4 SEP 1941); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; HARRY THACKER BURLIEGH, COMPOSER, 11 Sept. 1949; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ; ANNA ELLISON BUTLER ALEXANDER, EDUCATOR, 24 SEPT. 1947; Aimee Semple McPherson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1944, Commemorated September 27 ; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; William Dwight Porter Bliss of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; Charles Harrison (C.H.) Mason, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1961, Commemorated November 17 ; JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961, Commemorated December 19; FRANCES JOSEPH-GAUDET, EDUCATOR AND PRISON REFORMER, (30 December 1934); HARRIET BEDELL, DEACONESS AND MISSIONARY, (8 January 1969); Charles Fox Parham, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated January 29 ; SAMUEL SHOEMAKER, PRIEST AND EVANGELIST, 1963, Commemorated January 31 ; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; CHARLES HENRY BRENT, Missionary Bishop (27 March 1929); Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Henry Beard Delany of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Ida B. Robinson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1946, Commemorated April 20; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13;

US, 1929-1933, President Herbert Hoover, progressive rep, stock market crash, progressive recovery caused depression
US President, 1929-1933, Herbert Hoover; Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was an American politician, businessman, and engineer who served as the 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933. member of the Republican Party, he held office during the onset of the Great Depression. serving as president, Hoover led the Commission for Relief in Belgium, served as the director of the U.S. Food Administration, and served as the third U.S. secretary of commerce. to a Quaker family in West Branch, Iowa, he grew up in Oregon.[1] Hoover took a position with a London-based mining company after graduating from Stanford University in 1895. the outbreak of World War I, he became the head of the Commission for Relief in Belgium, an international relief organization that provided food to occupied Belgium. the U.S. entered the war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to lead the Food Administration, and Hoover became known as the country's "food czar". the war, Hoover led the American Relief Administration, which provided food to the inhabitants of Central and Eastern Europe. Hoover's war-time service made him a favorite of many progressives, and he unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination in the 1920 presidential election. the 1920 election, newly elected Republican President Warren G. Harding appointed Hoover as Secretary of Commerce; Hoover continued to serve under President Calvin Coolidge after Harding died in 1923. was an unusually active and visible cabinet member, becoming known as "Secretary of Commerce and Under-Secretary of all other departments". was influential in the development of air travel and radio. He led the federal response to the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927. won the Republican nomination in the 1928 presidential election, and decisively defeated the Democratic candidate, Al Smith. stock market crashed shortly after Hoover took office, and the Great Depression became the central issue of his presidency. pursued a variety of policies in an attempt to lift the economy, but opposed directly involving the federal government in relief efforts. the midst of the economic crisis, Hoover was decisively defeated by Democratic nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election. leaving office, Hoover's retirement was over 31 years long, one of the longest retirements of any U.S president, and he authored numerous works in subsequent decades. Hoover became increasingly conservative in this time, and he strongly criticized Roosevelt's foreign policy and New Deal domestic agenda. the 1940s and 1950s, Hoover's public reputation was slightly rehabilitated, because he served in various assignments for Presidents Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower, including as chairman of the Hoover Commission. he managed somewhat to rehabilitate his legacy, Hoover is still widely regarded as a below average U.S. president, and most polls of historians and political scientists rank him in the bottom third overall. ADELAIDE TEAGUE CASE, TEACHER, 1948, Commemorated July 19; CHARLES RAYMOND BARNES, PRIEST, 26 July 1938; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); PAUL JONES, BISHOP (4 SEP 1941); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; HARRY THACKER BURLIEGH, COMPOSER, 11 Sept. 1949; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ; ANNA ELLISON BUTLER ALEXANDER, EDUCATOR, 24 SEPT. 1947; Aimee Semple McPherson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1944, Commemorated September 27 ; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; Charles Harrison (C.H.) Mason, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1961, Commemorated November 17 ; JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961, Commemorated December 19; FRANCES JOSEPH-GAUDET, EDUCATOR AND PRISON REFORMER, (30 December 1934); HARRIET BEDELL, DEACONESS AND MISSIONARY, (8 January 1969); SAMUEL SHOEMAKER, PRIEST AND EVANGELIST, 1963, Commemorated January 31 ; Kathryn Kuhlman, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1976, Commemorated February 20 ; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Ida B. Robinson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1946, Commemorated April 20; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US Presidents Folder, 1933-2009

US, 1933-1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, progressive dem, 4 elections, Depression New Deal exec orders, WWII
US President, 1933-1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt; Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. member of the Democratic Party, he won a record four presidential elections and became a central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century. Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. As a dominant leader of his party, he built the New Deal Coalition, which defined modern liberalism in the United States throughout the middle third of the 20th century. His third and fourth terms were dominated by World War II, which ended shortly after he died in office. was born in Hyde Park, New York, to the Roosevelt family made well known by the reputation of Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th president of the United States, as well as by the reputation of prominent businessman William Henry Aspinwall. graduated from the Groton School and Harvard College, and attended Columbia Law School but left after passing the bar exam to practice law in New York City. 1905, he married his fifth cousin once removed Eleanor Roosevelt. They had six children, of whom five survived into adulthood. He won election to the New York State Senate in 1910, and then served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. was James M. Cox's running mate on the Democratic Party's 1920 national ticket, but Cox was defeated by Republican Warren G. Harding. 1921, Roosevelt contracted a paralytic illness, believed at the time to be polio, and his legs became permanently paralyzed. While attempting to recover from his condition, Roosevelt founded a polio rehabilitation center in Warm Springs, Georgia. In spite of being unable to walk unaided, Roosevelt returned to public office by winning election as Governor of New York in 1928. He served as governor from 1929 to 1933, promoting programs to combat the economic crisis besetting the United States. the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated Republican incumbent Herbert Hoover in a landslide. Roosevelt took office in the midst of the Great Depression, the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. During the first 100 days of the 73rd United States Congress, Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented federal legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal—a variety of programs designed to produce relief, recovery, and reform. created numerous programs to provide relief to the unemployed and farmers while seeking economic recovery with the National Recovery Administration and other programs. also instituted major regulatory reforms related to finance, communications, and labor, and presided over the end of Prohibition. used radio to speak directly to the American people, giving 30 "fireside chat" radio addresses during his presidency and became the first American president to be televised. With the economy having improved rapidly from 1933 to 1936, Roosevelt won a landslide reelection in 1936. After the 1936 election, Roosevelt sought passage of the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 (the "court packing plan"), which would have expanded the size of the Supreme Court of the United States. bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented passage of the bill and blocked the implementation of further New Deal programs and reforms. The economy then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937 and 1938. Major surviving programs and legislation implemented under Roosevelt include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the National Labor Relations Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Social Security, and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. was reelected in 1940 for his third term, making him the only U.S. president to serve for more than two terms. With World War II looming after 1938, the U.S. remained officially neutral, Roosevelt gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China, the United Kingdom, and eventually the Soviet Union. the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, an event he called "a date which will live in infamy", Roosevelt obtained a congressional declaration of war on Japan, and, a few days later, on Germany and Italy. by his top aide Harry Hopkins and with very strong national support, he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allied Powers against the Axis Powers. supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort, and implemented a Europe first strategy, making the defeat of Germany a priority over that of Japan. also initiated the development of the world's first atomic bomb and worked with other Allied leaders to lay the groundwork for the United Nations and other post-war institutions. It was under his wartime leadership that the United States would become a superpower on the world stage. won reelection in 1944, but with his physical health declining during the war years, he died in April 1945, less than three months into his fourth term. Axis Powers surrendered to the Allies in the months following Roosevelt's death, during the presidency of his successor, Harry S. Truman. Roosevelt is usually rated by scholars among the nation's greatest presidents, alongside George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. However in the decades following his death, his legacy has come under scrutiny. THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Raoul Wallenberg and Carl Lutz, Commemorated July 16 ; ADELAIDE TEAGUE CASE, TEACHER, 1948, Commemorated July 19; CHARLES RAYMOND BARNES, PRIEST, 26 July 1938; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; THE MARTYRS OF NEW GUINEA, (2 SEP 1942); PAUL JONES, BISHOP (4 SEP 1941); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; HARRY THACKER BURLIEGH, COMPOSER, 11 Sept. 1949; Aimee Semple McPherson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1944, Commemorated September 27 ; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; Charles Harrison (C.H.) Mason, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1961, Commemorated November 17 ; JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemorated December 10; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961, Commemorated December 19; HARRIET BEDELL, DEACONESS AND MISSIONARY, (8 January 1969); SAMUEL SHOEMAKER, PRIEST AND EVANGELIST, 1963, Commemorated January 31 ; DORCHESTER CHAPLAINS: Lieutenant George Fox, Lieutenant Alexander D. Goode, Lieutenant Clark V. Poling, Lieutenant John P. Washington, 1943, Commemorated February 3 ; Kathryn Kuhlman, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1976, Commemorated February 20 ; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Ida B. Robinson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1946, Commemorated April 20; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US and Great Britain, 1941, March 12, 1941: Joseph's Seal Date
US and Great Britain, 1941, March 12, 1941: Joseph's Seal Date ; US Policy, 1941-1945, Lend-Lease Policy; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US, 1941-1945, US Policy, Lend-Lease Policy
US Policy, 1941-1945, Lend-Lease Policy; March 12, 1941: Joseph's Seal Date; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17;

US, 1945-1953, President Harry S. Truman, Lib Dem, WWII End, Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine, NATO, Atomic Bomb
US President, 1945-1953, Harry S. Truman; S. Truman[b] (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as the 34th vice president in early 1945. implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO to contain communist expansion. He proposed numerous liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted by the Conservative Coalition that dominated Congress. grew up in Independence, Missouri, and during World War I fought in France as a captain in the Field Artillery. Returning home, he opened a haberdashery in Kansas City, Missouri, and was later elected as a Jackson County official in 1922. was elected to the United States Senate from Missouri in 1934 and gained national prominence as chairman of the Truman Committee, which was aimed at reducing waste and inefficiency in wartime contracts. Soon after succeeding to the presidency, he authorized the first and only use of nuclear weapons in war. administration engaged in an internationalist foreign policy and renounced isolationism. He rallied his New Deal coalition during the 1948 presidential election and won a surprise victory that secured his own presidential term. the onset of the Cold War, Truman oversaw the Berlin Airlift and Marshall Plan in 1948. When North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he gained United Nations approval to intervene in the Korean War. He did not ask for Congressional approval, and as the war stalemated his popularity fell. His administration successfully guided the U.S. economy through the postwar economic challenges; the expected postwar depression never happened. In 1948, he submitted the first comprehensive civil rights legislation. It did not pass, so he instead issued Executive Orders 9980 and 9981 to begin racial equality in federal agencies and the military. in the Truman administration became a central campaign issue in the 1952 presidential election. He was eligible for reelection in 1952, but with weak polls he decided not to run. Dwight D. Eisenhower attacked Truman's record and won easily. Truman went into a retirement marked by the founding of his presidential library and the publication of his memoirs. was long thought that his retirement years were financially difficult for Truman, resulting in Congress voting a pension for former presidents, but ample evidence eventually emerged that he amassed considerable wealth after leaving office. When he left office, Truman's presidency was heavily criticized, though critical reassessment of his tenure has been favorable. ADELAIDE TEAGUE CASE, TEACHER, 1948, Commemorated July 19; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; HARRY THACKER BURLIEGH, COMPOSER, 11 Sept. 1949; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Charles Harrison (C.H.) Mason, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1961, Commemorated November 17 ; THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemorated December 10; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961, Commemorated December 19; HARRIET BEDELL, DEACONESS AND MISSIONARY, (8 January 1969); SAMUEL SHOEMAKER, PRIEST AND EVANGELIST, 1963, Commemorated January 31 ; Kathryn Kuhlman, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1976, Commemorated February 20 ; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., Civil Rights Leader (4 April 1968); Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US, 1953-1961, President Dwight D. Eisenhower, NATO, anti communist, interstate HWY system, integration
US President, 1933-1961, Dwight D. Eisenhower; David "Ike" Eisenhower GCB, OM, RE, GCS, CCLH, KC, NPk (October 14, 1890 - March 28, 1969) was an American military officer and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe, and achieved the rare five-star rank of General of the Army. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–1943 and the successful invasion of Normandy in 1944–1945 from the Western Front. born David Dwight Eisenhower, was raised in Abilene, Kansas, in a large family of mostly Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry. His family had a strong religious background. His mother became a Jehovah's Witness. Eisenhower, however, did not belong to any organized church until 1952. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud, with whom he had two sons. During World War I, he was denied a request to serve in Europe and instead commanded a unit that trained tank crews. Following the war, he served under various generals and was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in 1941. After the United States entered World War II, Eisenhower oversaw the invasions of North Africa and Sicily before supervising the invasions of France and Germany. After the war, he served as Army Chief of Staff (1945–1948), as president of Columbia University (1948–1953) and as the first Supreme Commander of NATO (1951–1952). 1952, Eisenhower entered the presidential race as a Republican to block the isolationist foreign policies of Senator Robert A. Taft; Taft opposed NATO and wanted no foreign entanglements. Eisenhower won that election and the 1956 election in landslides, both times defeating Adlai Stevenson II. Eisenhower's main goals in office were to contain the spread of communism and reduce federal deficits. In 1953, he considered using nuclear weapons to end the Korean War, and may have threatened China with nuclear attack if an armistice was not reached quickly. China did agree and an armistice resulted which remains in effect. His New Look policy of nuclear deterrence prioritized inexpensive nuclear weapons while reducing funding for expensive Army divisions. He continued Harry S. Truman's policy of recognizing Taiwan as the legitimate government of China, and he won congressional approval of the Formosa Resolution. His administration provided major aid to help the French fight off Vietnamese Communists in the First Indochina War. After the French left, he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam. He supported regime-changing military coups in Iran and Guatemala orchestrated by his own administration. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, he condemned the Israeli, British, and French invasion of Egypt, and he forced them to withdraw. He also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. After the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the Space Race. He deployed 15,000 soldiers during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Near the end of his term, he failed to set up a summit meeting with the Soviets when a U.S. spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. He approved the Bay of Pigs invasion, which was left to John F. Kennedy to carry out. the domestic front, Eisenhower was a moderate conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. He covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege. He signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and sent Army troops to enforce federal court orders which integrated schools in Little Rock, Arkansas. His largest program was the Interstate Highway System. He promoted the establishment of strong science education via the National Defense Education Act. His two terms saw unprecedented economic prosperity except for a minor recession in 1958. In his farewell address to the nation, he expressed his concerns about the dangers of massive military spending, particularly deficit spending and government contracts to private military manufacturers, which he dubbed "the military–industrial complex". Historical evaluations of his presidency place him among the upper tier of American presidents. W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; Charles Harrison (C.H.) Mason, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1961, Commemorated November 17 ; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemorated December 10; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961, Commemorated December 19; HARRIET BEDELL, DEACONESS AND MISSIONARY, (8 January 1969); SAMUEL SHOEMAKER, PRIEST AND EVANGELIST, 1963, Commemorated January 31 ; Kathryn Kuhlman, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1976, Commemorated February 20 ; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., Civil Rights Leader (4 April 1968); Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US, 1961-1963, President John F. Kennedy
US President, 1961-1963, John F. Kennedy; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; JONATHAN MYRICK DANIELS, SEMINARIAN (14 AUGUST 1965); Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemorated December 10; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; SAMUEL SHOEMAKER, PRIEST AND EVANGELIST, 1963, Commemorated January 31 ; Kathryn Kuhlman, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1976, Commemorated February 20 ; MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., Civil Rights Leader (4 April 1968); FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US, 1963-1969, President Lyndon B. Johnson
US President, 1963-1969, Lyndon B. Johnson; JONATHAN MYRICK DANIELS, SEMINARIAN (14 AUGUST 1965); Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemorated December 10; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; Kathryn Kuhlman, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1976, Commemorated February 20 ; MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., Civil Rights Leader (4 April 1968); THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US, 1969-1974, President Richard Nixon
US President, 1969-1974, Richard Nixon; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; Kathryn Kuhlman, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1976, Commemorated February 20 ; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US, 1974-1976, President Gerald Ford
US President, 1974-1976, Gerald Ford; FIRST ORDINATION OF WOMEN TO THE PRIESTHOOD IN THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH, (29 JULY 1974) ; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; Kathryn Kuhlman, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1976, Commemorated February 20 ; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US, 1976-1981, President Jimmy Carter
US President, 1976-1981, Jimmy Carter; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US, 1981-1989, President Ronald Reagan
US President, 1981-1989, Ronald Reagan; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7 ; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US, 1989-1993, President George H. W. Bush
US President, 1989-1993, George H. W. Bush; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17;

US, 1993-2001, President Bill Clinton
US President, 1993-2001, Bill Clinton; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17;

US, 1700, 18th Century Folder, Great Awakening, Declaration of I, Constitution, Presidents Washington and Adams

US, 1740, Great Awakening of 1740, First Great Awakening
Great Awakening of 1740, First Great Awakening; George Whitefield of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15 ;

US, 1800, 19th Century Folder, War of 1812, Civil War, Spanish American War

US 1804-1806, Lewis and Clark Expedition Folder

National Road Folder, 1811-Present (Cumberland Road, National Pike)

Santa Fe Trail Folder, 1821

Rio Grande River Folder, 1821

Old Spanish Trail, 1830 (auto trail) Jacksonville Beach, Florida to San Diego, California

US, 1900, 20th Century Folder, World War I, World War II, Korean War, Viet Nam War, Gulf War

US Policy, 1941-1945, Lend-Lease Policy
US Policy, 1941-1945, Lend-Lease Policy; March 12, 1941: Joseph's Seal Date; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17;

US President, 1961-1963, John F. Kennedy
US President, 1961-1963, John F. Kennedy; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; JONATHAN MYRICK DANIELS, SEMINARIAN (14 AUGUST 1965); Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemorated December 10; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; SAMUEL SHOEMAKER, PRIEST AND EVANGELIST, 1963, Commemorated January 31 ; Kathryn Kuhlman, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1976, Commemorated February 20 ; MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., Civil Rights Leader (4 April 1968); FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US President, 1963-1969, Lyndon B. Johnson
US President, 1963-1969, Lyndon B. Johnson; JONATHAN MYRICK DANIELS, SEMINARIAN (14 AUGUST 1965); Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemorated December 10; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; Kathryn Kuhlman, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1976, Commemorated February 20 ; MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., Civil Rights Leader (4 April 1968); THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US President, 1969-1974, Richard Nixon
US President, 1969-1974, Richard Nixon; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; Kathryn Kuhlman, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1976, Commemorated February 20 ; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US President, 1974-1976, Gerald Ford
US President, 1974-1976, Gerald Ford; FIRST ORDINATION OF WOMEN TO THE PRIESTHOOD IN THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH, (29 JULY 1974) ; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; Kathryn Kuhlman, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1976, Commemorated February 20 ; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US President, 1976-1981, Jimmy Carter
US President, 1976-1981, Jimmy Carter; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US President, 1981-1989, Ronald Reagan
US President, 1981-1989, Ronald Reagan; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7 ; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US President, 1989-1993, George H. W. Bush
US President, 1989-1993, George H. W. Bush; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17;

US President, 1993-2001, Bill Clinton
US President, 1993-2001, Bill Clinton; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17;

US, 2000, 21st Century Folder, Iraq and Afghanastan Wars

US President, 2001-2009, George W. Bush
US President, 2001-2009, George W. Bush; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7 ; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12;

US Capitol, Washington, DC, 10 Mile Square Folder, Patomac and Anacostia Rivers

Potomac River Source (Fairfax Stone, North Branch Source)
Fairfax Stone

Potomac River Mouth (Chesapeake Bay)

Potomac River

Anacostia River Source (Prince George's County, MD)

Anacostia River 1

Anacostia River Mouth (Washington Channel, Potomac River)

Anaostia River

District of Columbia (DC, inside the blue square)
District of Columbia; FREDERICK DOUGLASS;

Washington Monument
Washington Monument; This Satanic Masonic phallic symbol is at the heart of both Washington DC's ten mile square. In the spirit of Humanism and the One World Government, Religion and Economy of the Anti-Christ, the Satanic Masonic Casket the faces east to the sun rise and the Capitol Building. Masonic Deliverance - Exposing Freemasonry; Masonic Deliverance - Prayers;

Capitol Building
Capitol Building;

Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington DC
Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington DC ; THOMAS TRAHERNE, PRIEST AND POET, 27 Sept. 1674;

Lincoln Memorial
Lincoln Memorial;

1963, March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Martin Luther King Jr
1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom; MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., Civil Rights Leader (4 April 1968) ;

Jefferson Memorial
Jefferson Memorial;

Virginia Theological Seminary, near Washington, DC
Virginia Theological Seminary; PHILLIPS BROOKS, BISHOP AND PREACHER (23 JAN 1893) ;

Satanic Masonic Egyptian Coffin
All secret sin will be revealed. The Satanic Masonic Egyptian Coffin binds the initiate to the spirit of death and destruction. It symbolizes the ancient Egyptian death cult worshipping the god of the dead who is that ugly lord of the underworld. Masonic Deliverance - Exposing Freemasonry; Masonic Deliverance - Prayers;

Ten Mile Square Dedicated to Satan
Every mile of this Ten Mile Square has a monument dedicated with Satanic symbols. In other words, there are 40 monuments surrounding Washington, DC dedicated to Satan. These monuments are just like the Satanic Masonic Phallic monuments we see across the Canada US border and along the Mexico US border, four or five foot high Phallic Symbols like the Washington Monument in the center of the Satanic Masonic Egyptian Coffin at the center of the Ten Mile Square. Masonic Deliverance - Exposing Freemasonry; Masonic Deliverance - Prayers;

Frelinghuysen University, Washington D.C.
Frelinghuysen University; ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER, Educator (1964), Commemorated Febraury 28 ;

Freedmen's Hospital, Howard University Hospital
Freedmen's Hospital, Howard University Hospital; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17;

Howard University, Washington, DC
Howard University, Washington, DC; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

Gallaudet College in Washington, DC, 1864
Gallaudet College in Washington, DC; Henry Winter Syle of THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE, PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890) ; Thomas Gallaudet of THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE, PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890) ;

White House
White House; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13 ; PHILLIPS BROOKS, BISHOP AND PREACHER (23 JAN 1893) ;

America
America; RICHARD HOOKER, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (3 NOV 1600) ; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ;

Anacostia (neighborhood), Washington DC
Anacostia (neighborhood of Washington, DC); FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 18;

Howard University School of Law, Washington, DC
Howard University School of Law; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17;