Serbia Folder, its Danube rivers North, Balkan mountains, and Kosovo Rivers South.kmz

Serbia Folder, its Danube rivers North, Balkan mountains, and Kosovo Rivers South

Serbia (Belgrade)
Serbia; Icon of the Mother of God "of the Three Hands"on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated on July 19 ; St Militsa of Serbia, Commemorated on July 19; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; St Macarius the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; St Sava I, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30 ; St Joannicius the first Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on September 3; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated December 10 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated July 19 ; St Militsa of Serbia, Commemorated July 19 ; Venerable Angelina of Serbia; Serbian Hierarchs; St Sava I, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12; St Spyridon the Patriarch; St Macarius the Patriarch; St Gabriel I the Patriarch; St Joannicius the first Patriarch of Serbia; St Vladislav of Serbia, Commemorated on September 24; St Stephen Stiljianovitch of Serbia, Commemorated October 4 ; St Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind oneÂ, Commemorated on October 9 ; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14 ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28 ; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30 ; Venerable Dragutin (Theoctistus in Monasticism) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30 ; St Helen of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30 ; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated on December 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Venerable Gregory the Founder of Grigoriou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 7 ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated December 10 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilkgiverÂ, Commemorated on January 12 ; Martyr Stratonicus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; St Prochorus the Abbot in the Vranski Desert on the river Pshina in Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18 ; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11 Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Manuel, Commemorated on March 27; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Basil the Bishop of Ostrog in Montenegro, Serbia, Commemorated on April 29; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Hieromartyr Erasmus the Bishop of Formia in Campania, Commemorated on May 4; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11 ; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5; Synaxis of the Saints of Siberia, Commemorated on June 10; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Anastasia of Serbia, Commemorated on June 21; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1; Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilk-GiverÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3;

Serbia, Yugoslavia (Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia)
Yugoslavia; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Yugoslavia (Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia) 1918-1992
Yugoslavia; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Serbia, 1196-1346, Serbian Kingdom
Serbia, 1196-1346, Serbian Kingdom ; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11;

Serbia, 1346-1371, Serbian Empire
Serbia, 1346-1371, Serbian Empire ;

Serbia, 1389, Battle of Kosovo Field 1389
Serbia, 1389, Battle of Kosovo Field 1389 (Kosovo Field, 5km northwest of Pristina) ; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Serbia, 1402-1459, Serbian Despotate
Serbia, Serbian Despotate, 1402-1459 ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10;

Serbia, 1459-1800, Ottoman Serbia
Serbia, 1459-1800, Ottoman Serbia; Ottoman Empire, 1299-1923; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ;

Serbia, 1804-1813, First Serbian Uprising
Serbia, 1804-1813, First Serbian Uprising; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17;

Serbian History Folder

Serbia, 46 BC - 500 AD, Folder, Roman Serbia

Serbia, 000, 1st Century Folder, Adronicus and Junia, Paul's kin

Serbia, 30-68, Apostle Andronicus, bishop of Pannonia, relatives of Paul, and preached other lands
Serbia, Pannonia, 30-68, Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy and his fellow-laborer, Junia, bishop of Pannonia (parts of: Hungary, Austia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Croatia, Bosnia, Hezegovinia), relatives of Paul, and preached other lands; Pannonia (parts of: Hungary, Austia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Croatia, Bosnia, Hezegovinia) ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy and his fellow-laborer, Junia, Commemorated on May 17; Andronicus Apostle of the Seventy and Saint Junia were relatives of the holy Apostle Paul. They labored much, preaching the Gospel to pagans. Saint Paul mentions them in his Epistle to the Romans: “Salute Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen and fellow prisoners, who are of note among the Apostles, who also were in Christ, before me” (Romans 16:7). Andronicus was made Bishop of Pannonia, but his preaching also took him and Saint Junia to other lands, far from the boundaries of his diocese. the efforts of Saints Andronicus and Junia the Church of Christ was strengthened, pagans were converted to the knowledge of God, many pagan temples closed, and in their place Christian churches were built. The service in honor of these saints states that they suffered martyrdom for Christ. the fifth century, during the reign of the emperors Arcadius and Honorius, their holy relics were uncovered on the outskirts of Constantinople together with the relics of other martyrs at the gate of Eugenius (February 22). was revealed to the pious cleric Nicholas Kalligraphos that among the relics of these seventeen martyrs were the relics of the holy Apostle Andronicus. Afterwards, a magnificent church was built on this spot.

Serbia, 200, 3rd Century Folder, Roman Emperor Decius from Serbia

Roman Emperor Decius (249-251) from Serbia
Roman Emperor Decius (249-251); Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27;

Serbia, 274-327, Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Nish, Serbia, Constantine's Birthplace 274
Rome, 294, Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Nish, Serbia, Constantine's Birthplace (South Morava River 5), she a christian commoner, in 294 her husband Constantius Chlorus Western Roman Caesar (Gaul and Britain) divorced her to marry a noble, father did not persecute christians, Constantine succeeded father in 306, 313 by Sign of Cross he defeated Maximian Galerius in the East and the fierce tyrant Maxentius in the West, 313 Edict of Milan made Christianity legal, 323 defeated Licinius to be sole ruler, 330 moved capital to Brizantium, B renamed Constantinople, 326 sent Helen to J to find Cross, 316 rise of Arianism, Donatism, Novatism, 325 first E council at Nicea; Nish, Serbia; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Church calls Saint Constantine (306-337) “the Equal of the Apostles,” and historians call him “the Great.” He was the son of the Caesar Constantius Chlorus (305-306), who governed the lands of Gaul and Britain. His mother was Saint Helen, a Christian of humble birth. this time the immense Roman Empire was divided into Western and Eastern halves, governed by two independent emperors and their corulers called “Caesars.” Constantius Chlorus was Caesar in the Western Roman Empire. Saint Constantine was born in 274, possibly at Nish in Serbia. In 294, Constantius divorced Helen in order to further his political ambition by marrying a woman of noble rank. After he became emperor, Constantine showed his mother great honor and respect, granting her the imperial title “Augusta.” the future ruler of all the whole Roman Empire, was raised to respect Christianity. His father did not persecute Christians in the lands he governed. This was at a time when Christians were persecuted throughout the Roman Empire by the emperors Diocletian (284-305) and his corulers Maximian Galerius (305-311) in the East, and the emperor Maximian Hercules (284-305) in the West. the death of Constantius Chlorus in 306, Constantine was acclaimed by the army at York as emperor of Gaul and Britain. The first act of the new emperor was to grant the freedom to practice Christianity in the lands subject to him. The pagan Maximian Galerius in the East and the fierce tyrant Maxentius in the West hated Constantine and they plotted to overthrow and kill him, but Constantine bested them in a series of battles, defeating his opponents with the help of God. He prayed to God to give him a sign which would inspire his army to fight valiantly, and the Lord showed him a radiant Sign of the Cross in the heavens with the inscription “In this Sign, conquer.” Constantine became the sole ruler of the Western Roman Empire, he issued the Edict of Milan in 313 which guaranteed religious tolerance for Christians. Saint Helen, who was a Christian, may have influenced him in this decision. In 323, when he became the sole ruler of the entire Roman Empire, he extended the provisions of the Edict of Milan to the Eastern half of the Empire. After three hundred years of persecution, Christians could finally practice their faith without fear. paganism, the Emperor did not let his capital remain in ancient Rome, the former center of the pagan realm. He transferred his capital to the East, to the city of Byzantium, which was renamed Constantinople, the city of Constantine (May 11). Constantine was deeply convinced that only Christianity could unify the immense Roman Empire with its diverse peoples. He supported the Church in every way. He recalled Christian confessors from banishment, he built churches, and he showed concern for the clergy. emperor deeply revered the victory-bearing Sign of the Cross of the Lord, and also wanted to find the actual Cross upon which our Lord Jesus Christ was crucified. For this purpose he sent his own mother, the holy Empress Helen, to Jerusalem, granting her both power and money. Patriarch Macarius of Jerusalem and Saint Helen began the search, and through the will of God, the Life-Creating Cross was miraculously discovered in 326. (The account of the finding of the Cross of the Lord is found under the Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross, September 14). The Orthodox Church commemorates the Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Holy Empress Helen on March 6. in Palestine, the holy empress did much of benefit for the Church. She ordered that all places connected with the earthly life of the Lord and His All-Pure Mother, should be freed of all traces of paganism, and she commanded that churches should be built at these places. emperor Constantine ordered a magnificent church in honor of Christ’s Resurrection to be built over His tomb. Saint Helen gave the Life-Creating Cross to the Patriarch for safe-keeping, and took part of the Cross with her for the emperor. After distributing generous alms at Jerusalem and feeding the needy (at times she even served them herself), the holy Empress Helen returned to Constantinople, where she died in the year 327. of her great services to the Church and her efforts in finding the Life-Creating Cross, the empress Helen is called “the Equal of the Apostles.” peaceful state of the Christian Church was disturbed by quarrels, dissensions and heresies which had appeared within the Church. Already at the beginning of Saint Constantine’s reign the heresies of the Donatists and the Novatians had arisen in the West. They demanded a second baptism for those who lapsed during the persecutions against Christians. These heresies, repudiated by two local Church councils, were finally condemned at the Council of Milan in 316. ruinous for the Church was the rise of the Arian heresy in the East, which denied the Divine Nature of the Son of God, and taught that Jesus Christ was a mere creature. By order of the emperor, the First Ecumenical Council was convened in the city of Nicea in 325. bishops attended this Council. Among its participants were confessor-bishops from the period of the persecutions and many other luminaries of the Church, among whom was Saint Nicholas of Myra in Lycia. (The account about the Council is found under May 29). The emperor was present at the sessions of the Council. The heresy of Arius was condemned and a Symbol of Faith (Creed) composed, in which was included the term “consubstantial with the Father,” at the insistence of the Emperor, confirming the truth of the divinity of Jesus Christ, Who assumed human nature for the redemption of all the human race. the Council of Nicea, Saint Constantine continued with his active role in the welfare of the Church. He accepted holy Baptism on his deathbed, having prepared for it all his whole life. Saint Constantine died on the day of Pentecost in the year 337 and was buried in the church of the Holy Apostles, in a crypt he had prepared for himself.

Serbia, 300, 4th Century Folder, Hermylus&Stratonicus

Serbia, 303-305, Hieromartyr Irenaeus, Bishop, Sirmium, Serbia (Pannonia Secunda, Srem Plain, Sava River 19), Diocletian persecution, torture, long prison, beheaded
Serbia, 303-305, Hieromartyr Irenaeus, Bishop, Sirmium, Serbia (Pannonia Secunda, Srem Plain, Sava River 19), Diocletian persecution, torture, long prison, beheaded; Sirmium; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Irenaeus suffered during the persecution against Christians under the Roman emperors Diocletian and Maximian (284-305). was a presbyter, and he and his wife raised their children in Christian piety. Saint Irenaeus was greatly respected for his education and strict manner of life. was later made Bishop of Sirmium in Pannonia. Because of his fervent preaching of the Gospel he was arrested and brought before an official named Probus. Refusing to deny Christ and offer sacrifice to the pagan gods, the saint was handed over for torture. Witnessing his torments were the saint’s parents, relatives and friends, who attempted to persuade him to submit, but the martyr remained steadfast. cruel tortures, the holy confessor spent a long time in prison. Probus tried to persuade the martyr, urging him to spare his life for the sake of his sons. Saint Irenaeus replied, “My sons believe in God, Who will care for them. As for me, nothing will force me to renounce my Christ.” governor ordered the saint to be thrown into a river. They led the martyr on the bridge crossing the River Savva, where he knelt and prayed to the Lord for his flock. Then they beheaded the Hieromartyr Irenaeus, and threw his body into the river.

Serbia, 311-324, Hermylus&Stratonicus of Belgrade, Slavs, H mocked pagan gods, p Licinius' wounds, voice, 3 days suffer
Serbia, 311-324, Hermylus and Stratonicus of Belgrade, Serbia (Sava Mouth and Danube River 9), Slavs, H mocked pagan gods, predicted Licinius' wounds, voice heard, 3 days suffering, S cried, H&S drowned in net; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Holy Martyrs Hermylus and Stratonicus, Slavs by origin, lived at the beginning of the fourth century during a persecution against Christians by the emperor Licinius (311-324). Saint Hermylus served as deacon in the city of Singidunum (Belgrade). Condemned by Licinius to imprisonment, he was long and cruelly tortured for Christ, but he remained unyielding. mocked the pagan gods, calling them deaf, dumb, and blind idols. In anger Licinius ordered more severe torments for him, saying that he could avoid them if he would offer sacrifice. The holy martyr predicted that Licinius would suffer terrible wounds himself because he worshiped idols instead of the Creator. His words came true, for Licinius was killed in 324. three days Hermylus was brought before the tribunal again and asked whether he would avoid more torture by offering sacrifice. The saint replied that he would offer worship and sacrifice only to the true God. Hermylus prayed that the Lord would give him strength to endure his torments and triumph over the pagans. A voice was heard saying, “Hermylus, you will be delivered from your suffering in three days, and will receive a great reward.” The torturers fell to the ground in fear, and took the saint back to prison. Stratonicus was one of the prison guards and a secret Christian. Seeing the agonizing torments of his friend, he was unable to keep from weeping, and he revealed that he was a Christian. They also subjected him to punishment. the torture, they put both martyrs into a net and threw them into the Danube. On the third day, the bodies of the saints were found by Christians on the bank of the river and buried near Singidunum. Their venerable heads were in the Church of Hagia Sophia, where the Russian pilgrim Anthony saw them in the year 1200. Martyr Stratonicus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Holy Martyrs Hermylus and Stratonicus, Slavs by origin, lived at the beginning of the fourth century during a persecution against Christians by the emperor Licinius (311-324). Saint Hermylus served as deacon in the city of Singidunum (Belgrade). Condemned by Licinius to imprisonment, he was long and cruelly tortured for Christ, but he remained unyielding. mocked the pagan gods, calling them deaf, dumb, and blind idols. In anger Licinius ordered more severe torments for him, saying that he could avoid them if he would offer sacrifice. The holy martyr predicted that Licinius would suffer terrible wounds himself because he worshiped idols instead of the Creator. His words came true, for Licinius was killed in 324. three days Hermylus was brought before the tribunal again and asked whether he would avoid more torture by offering sacrifice. The saint replied that he would offer worship and sacrifice only to the true God. Hermylus prayed that the Lord would give him strength to endure his torments and triumph over the pagans. A voice was heard saying, “Hermylus, you will be delivered from your suffering in three days, and will receive a great reward.” The torturers fell to the ground in fear, and took the saint back to prison. Stratonicus was one of the prison guards and a secret Christian. Seeing the agonizing torments of his friend, he was unable to keep from weeping, and he revealed that he was a Christian. They also subjected him to punishment. the torture, they put both martyrs into a net and threw them into the Danube. On the third day, the bodies of the saints were found by Christians on the bank of the river and buried near Singidunum. Their venerable heads were in the Church of Hagia Sophia, where the Russian pilgrim Anthony saw them in the year 1200.

Serbia, 400, 5th Century Folder, Roman Gothic and Byzantine victory over the Huns at Bassianae

Serbia, 469, Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns)
Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns) 469; The war ended in 469. Marcellinus Comes shortly recorded "The head of Dinzic, son of Attila, king of the Huns, was brought to Constantinople".[14] The Chronicon Paschale recounts "Dinzirichus, Attila's son, was killed by Anagastes, general in Thrace. His head was brought to Constantinople, carried in procession through the Middle Street, and fixed on a pole at the Wooden Circus. The whole city turned out to look at it".[14] Jordanes recounts events in c. 468: "Now after firm peace was established between Goths and Romans, the Goths found that what they received from the emperor was not sufficient for them. Furthermore, they were eager to display their wonted valor, and so began to plunder the neighboring peoples around them, first attacking the Sadagis[nb 1] who held the interior of Pannonia. When Dintzic, king of the Huns, a son of Attila, learned this, he gathered to him the few who still seemed to have remained under his sway, namely, the Ultzinzures[nb 2] the Angisciri[nb 3] the Bittugures[nb 4] and the Bardores[nb 5] Coming to Bassianae (see Battle of Bassianae), a city of Pannonia, he beleaguered it and began to plunder its territory. When the Goths learned this, they abandoned the expedition they had planned against the Sadagis and turned upon the Huns and drove them so ingloriously from their own land that those who remained have been in dread of the arms of the Goths from that time down to the present day."[22] Dengizich, Atilla's Son; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœJerusalemÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12;

Serbia, 500-1459, Folder, Slavic Serbia, Kingdom and Empire, Orthodox

Serbia, 800, 9th-11th Century Folder, Before Christianization

Serbia, 500-1100, Slavic Serbia, White (unbaptised) Serbs
Serbia, 500-1100, Slavic Serbia, White (unbaptised) Serbs; Saint Clement, Bishop of Ochrid, Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25;

Serbia, 976-1025, Byzantium Emperor, Basil II, Bulgar Slayer, with Rus over First B Empire and Georgia
Byzantine Emperor, 976-1025, Basil II ; II Porphyrogenitus (c.958 -“ 15 December 1025), nicknamed the Bulgar Slayer [note 3] was the senior Byzantine Emperor for almost 50 years (10 January 976 -“ 15 December 1025), having been a junior colleague to other emperors since 960. He and his brother Constantine[note 4] were named as co-rulers before their father Romanos II died in 963. The throne went to two generals, Nikephoros Phokas (r. 963-“969) then John Tzimiskes (r. 969-“976), before Basil became senior emperor. His influential great-uncle Basil Lekapenos was the de facto ruler of the Byzantine Empire until 985.[note 5] Basil II then held power for forty years. early years of Basil's reign were dominated by civil wars against two powerful generals from the Anatolian aristocracy; first Bardas Skleros and later Bardas Phokas, which ended shortly after Phokas' death and Skleros' submission in 989. then oversaw the stabilization and expansion of the eastern frontier of the Byzantine Empire and the complete subjugation of the First Bulgarian Empire, its foremost European foe, after a prolonged struggle. Although the Byzantine Empire had made a truce with the Fatimid Caliphate in 987-“988, Basil led a campaign against the Caliphate that ended with another truce in 1000. He also conducted a campaign against the Khazar Khaganate that gained the Byzantine Empire part of Crimea and a series of successful campaigns against the Kingdom of Georgia. near-constant warfare, Basil distinguished himself as an administrator, reducing the power of the great land-owning families who dominated the Empire's administration and military, filling its treasury, and leaving it with its greatest expanse in four centuries. his successors were largely incapable rulers, the Empire flourished for decades after Basil's death. One of the most important decisions taken during his reign was to offer the hand of his sister Anna Porphyrogenita to Vladimir I of Kiev in exchange for military support, thus forming the Byzantine military unit known as the Varangian Guard. marriage of Anna and Vladimir led to the Christianization of the Kievan Rus' and the incorporation of later successor states of Kievan Rus' within the Byzantine cultural and religious tradition. Basil is seen as a Greek national hero but as a despised figure among Bulgarians. Venerable Lazarus the Wonderworker of Mt. Galesius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on November 7; Icon of the Mother of God œthe MercifulÂ, Commemorated on November 12; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19; Icon of the Mother of God œthe MercifulÂ, Commemorated on December 27; Venerable Philotheus the Founder of Philotheou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 24; Icon of the Mother of God œIveronÂ, Commemorated on February 12; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, the Builder, Commemorated on July 28;

Serbia, 997-1014, Tsar, Samuel of Bulgaria, Orthodox, constant warfare against ambitious Byzantine Basil II
Bulgarian Tsar, 997-1014, Samuel of Bulgaria; was the Tsar (Emperor) of the First Bulgarian Empire from 997 to 6 October 1014.[5] 977 to 997, he was a general under Roman I of Bulgaria,[6] the second surviving son of Emperor Peter I of Bulgaria, and co-ruled with him, as Roman bestowed upon him the command of the army and the effective royal authority.[7] As Samuel struggled to preserve his country's independence from the Byzantine Empire, his rule was characterized by constant warfare against the Byzantines and their equally ambitious ruler Basil II. his early years Samuel managed to inflict several major defeats on the Byzantines and to launch offensive campaigns into their territory.[8] In the late 10th century, the Bulgarian armies conquered the Serb principality of Duklja[9] and led campaigns against the Kingdoms of Croatia and Hungary. But from 1001, he was forced mainly to defend the Empire against the superior Byzantine armies. Samuel died of a heart attack on 6 October 1014, two months after the catastrophic battle of Kleidion. His successors failed to organize a resistance, and in 1018, four years after Samuel's death, the country capitulated, ending the five decades-long Byzantine–Bulgarian conflict.[10] was considered "invincible in power and unsurpassable in strength".[11][12] Similar comments were made even in Constantinople, where John Kyriotes penned a poem offering a punning comparison between the Bulgarian Emperor and Halley's comet, which appeared in 989.[13][14] During Samuel's reign, Bulgaria gained control of most of the Balkans (with the notable exception of Thrace) as far as southern Greece. He moved the capital from Skopje to Ohrid,[8][15] which had been the cultural and military centre of southwestern Bulgaria since Boris I's rule,[16] and made the city the seat of the Bulgarian Patriarchate. Because of this, his realm is sometimes called the Western Bulgarian Empire.[17][18] Samuel's energetic reign restored Bulgarian might on the Balkans, and although the Empire was disestablished after his death, he is regarded as a heroic ruler in Bulgaria.[19][20] Samuel is considered also a heroic ruler in today North Macedonia[21] (see the section Nomenclature). Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Serbia, 1000, 11th Century Folder, Prince John-Vladimir, married to d of Bulgarian Tsar

Serbia, 1000-1016, John-Vladimir, Serbian Prince murdered by John-Vladislav, married to d of Bulgarian Tsar
Bulgaria, 1000-1016, Prince, John-Vladimir, Serbian Prince murdered by John-Vladislav; Vladimir or John Vladimir ([a] c. 990 - 22 May 1016) was the ruler of Duklja, the most powerful Serbian principality of the time,[1] from around 1000 to 1016. ruled during the protracted war between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire. Vladimir was acknowledged as a pious, just, and peaceful ruler. He is recognized as a martyr and saint, with his feast day being celebrated on 22 May.[b] Vladimir had a close relationship with Byzantium but this did not save Duklja from the expansionist Tsar Samuel of Bulgaria, who conquered the principality around 1010 and took Vladimir prisoner. medieval chronicle asserts that Samuel's daughter, Theodora Kosara, fell in love with Vladimir and begged her father for his hand. The tsar allowed the marriage and returned Duklja to Vladimir, who ruled as his vassal. Vladimir took no part in his father-in-law's war efforts. The warfare culminated with Tsar Samuel's defeat by the Byzantines in 1014 and death soon after. 1016, Vladimir fell victim to a plot by Ivan Vladislav, the last ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire. He was beheaded in front of a church in Prespa, the empire's capital, and was buried there. was soon recognized as a martyr and saint. His widow, Kosara, reburied him in the Precista Krajinska Church, near his court in southeastern Duklja. 1381, his remains were preserved in the Church of St Jovan Vladimir near Elbasan, and since 1995 they have been kept in the Orthodox cathedral of Tirana, Albania. saint's remains are considered Christian relics, and attract many believers, especially on his feast day, when the relics are taken to the church near Elbasan for a celebration. cross Vladimir held when he was beheaded is also regarded as a relic. Traditionally under the care of the AndroviÄ‡ family from the village of Velji MikuliÄ‡i in southeastern Montenegro, the cross is only shown to believers on the Feast of Pentecost, when it is carried in a procession to the summit of Mount Rumija. Vladimir is regarded as the first Serbian saint and the patron saint of the town of Bar in Montenegro. earliest, lost hagiography was probably written sometime between 1075 and 1089; a shortened version, written in Latin, is preserved in the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja. His hagiographies in Greek and Church Slavonic were first published, respectively, in 1690 and 1802. The saint is classically depicted in icons as a monarch wearing a crown and regal clothes, with a cross in his right hand and his own head in his left hand. He is fabled to have carried his severed head to his place of burial. Bulgaria, 1015-1018, Tsar, John-Vladislav; Vladislav ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from August or September 1015 to February 1018. The year of his birth is unknown; he was born at least a decade before 987, but probably not much earlier than that. from death by his cousin Gavril Radomir, the Bulgarian Emperor, in 976, Ivan Vladislav murdered him in October 1015 and seized the Bulgarian throne. to the desperate situation of the country following the decades-long war with the Byzantine Empire, and in an attempt to consolidate his position, he tried to negotiate truce with the Byzantine emperor Basil II. the failure of the negotiations he continued the resistance, attempting unsuccessfully to push the Byzantines back. During his period of rule, Ivan Vladislav tried to strengthen the Bulgarian army, reconstructed many Bulgarian fortresses and even carried out a counter-offensive, but he died at the Battle of Dyrrhachium in 1018. his death his widow, Empress Maria, the Patriarch and most of the nobility finally surrendered to Basil II, who soon suppressed the last remnants of resistance and brought about the end of the First Bulgarian Empire. Vladislav left a mixed heritage, varying from a reputation of being a ruthless murderer to a hero defending his country as well as he could. The descendants of Ivan Vladislav entered the Byzantine nobility and rose to the highest ranks of the hierarchy. women of his family became empresses of the Byzantine Empire and others became military commanders or high-ranking officials. He was an ancestor of the Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos. Bulgarian Tsar, 997-1014, Samuel of Bulgaria; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; Holy Martyr John-Vladimir, a Serbian prince, was born in the tenth century. From his childhood he was raised in piety, and at maturity he wisely governed his holdings Illyria and Dalmatia, preserving the holy Faith in purity. noble prince was married to Kosara, a daughter of the Bulgarian Tsar Samuel. Summoned for talks with the Bulgarian Tsar John-Vladislav, he was treacherously murdered by the Tsar on May 22, 1015, at the entrance to a church. Kosara, the pious spouse of the holy prince, entered a women’s monastery that she built, and where also she died, not leaving the church until the very end of her life. The relics of the holy prince are located near Elbosan.

Serbia, 1015-1018, Bulgarian Tsar, John-Vladislav, Murderer, lost empire to Byzantium
Bulgaria, 1015-1018, Tsar, John-Vladislav; Vladislav ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from August or September 1015 to February 1018. The year of his birth is unknown; he was born at least a decade before 987, but probably not much earlier than that. Saved from death by his cousin Gavril Radomir, the Bulgarian Emperor, in 976, Ivan Vladislav murdered him in October 1015 and seized the Bulgarian throne. Due to the desperate situation of the country following the decades-long war with the Byzantine Empire, and in an attempt to consolidate his position, he tried to negotiate truce with the Byzantine emperor Basil II. After the failure of the negotiations he continued the resistance, attempting unsuccessfully to push the Byzantines back. During his period of rule, Ivan Vladislav tried to strengthen the Bulgarian army, reconstructed many Bulgarian fortresses and even carried out a counter-offensive, but he died at the Battle of Dyrrhachium in 1018. After his death his widow, Empress Maria, the Patriarch and most of the nobility finally surrendered to Basil II, who soon suppressed the last remnants of resistance and brought about the end of the First Bulgarian Empire. Ivan Vladislav left a mixed heritage, varying from a reputation of being a ruthless murderer to a hero defending his country as well as he could. The descendants of Ivan Vladislav entered the Byzantine nobility and rose to the highest ranks of the hierarchy. Two women of his family became empresses of the Byzantine Empire and others became military commanders or high-ranking officials. He was an ancestor of the Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos. Bulgarian Tsar, 997-1014, Samuel of Bulgaria; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Serbia, 1100, 12th Century Folder, Prince Stefan Nemanja, King Stefan Nemanjic, Hilandar Mt. Athos

Serbia, 1166-1196, Prince and Saint, S Nemanja, Empire, Church, Hilandar, Myrrh
Serbian Prince and Saint, 1166-1196, Stefan Nemanja ; Nemanja (ca 1113 - 13 February 1199) was the Grand Prince of the Serbian Grand Principality from 1166 to 1196. member of the VukanoviÄ‡ dynasty, Nemanja founded the NemanjiÄ‡ dynasty, is remembered for his contributions to Serbian culture and history, founding what would evolve into the Serbian Empire, as well as the national church. to the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Nemanja is also among the most remarkable Serbs for his literary contributions and altruistic attributes.[1] 1196, after three decades of warfare and negotiations which consolidated Serbia while distinguishing it from both Western and Byzantine spheres of influence, Nemanja abdicated in favor of his middle son Stefan NemanjiÄ‡, who became the first King of Serbia. ultimately went to Mount Athos, where he became a monk and took the name of Symeon, joining his youngest son (later known as Saint Sava), who had already become the first archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church. with his son Sava, Nemanja restored the Hilandar Monastery at Mount Athos from 1198–1199, and issued the "Charter of Hilandar". The monastery later became the cradle of the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Serbian Orthodox Church canonized Stefan Nemanja shortly after his death under the name Saint Simeon the Myrrh-streaming (Ð¡Ð²ÐµÑ‚Ð¸ Ð¡Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ¾Ð½ ÐœÐ¸Ñ€Ð¾Ñ‚Ð¾Ñ‡Ð¸Ð²Ð¸) after numerous miracles. Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Anastasia of Serbia, Commemorated on June 21;

Serbia, 1166-1196, Queen and Saint, Anastasia of Serbia
Serbia, 1166-1196, Queen and Saint, Anastasia of Serbia ; Serbian Prince and Saint, 1166-1196, Stefan Nemanja ; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Anastasia of Serbia, Commemorated on June 21;

Serbia, 1189-1236, St Sava 1, Enlightener, Prince, Orthodox monk, estab Hilandar, first Serb Archbishop, S constitution
Serbia, 1189-1236, St Sava 1, Panteleimon Monastery, Russian, Mt Athos, first archbishop, tonsured 1186, encouraged family to tonsure, estab Hilandar m, archmandrite of Thessalonica, then 1219 Archbishop of Serbia, MOG dream my patronage, why sorrowful, negotiated peace and conversion w Hungarian King, crowned b Stephen as Serbian King, then nephew Radislav, then Vladislav, died in Bulgaria, r transfered to S; Sava (1169 or 1174 – 14 January 1236), known as the Enlightener, was a Serbian prince and Orthodox monk, the first Archbishop of the autocephalous Serbian Church, the founder of Serbian law, and a diplomat. born as Rastko Nemanjić, was the youngest son of Serbian Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja (founder of the Nemanjić dynasty), and ruled the appanage of Zachlumia briefly in 1190–92. then left for Mount Athos, where he became a monk with the name Sava (Sabbas). Athos he established the monastery of Hilandar, which became one of the most important cultural and religious centres of the Serbian people. 1219 the Patriarchate exiled in Nicea recognized him as the first Serbian Archbishop, in the same year he authored the oldest known constitution of Serbia, the Zakonopravilo nomocanon, thus securing full independence; both religious and political. is regarded as the founder of Serbian medieval literature.[4][5][6][7][8] is widely considered one of the most important figures of Serbian history. In fact, Sava is to the Serbs what Averroes is to the Muslims and Maimonides is to the Jews. Sava is venerated by the Eastern Orthodox Church on January 27 [O.S. January 14]. Many artistic works from the Middle Ages to modern times have interpreted his career. is the patron saint of Serbia, Serbs, and Serbian education. The Church of Saint Sava in Belgrade is dedicated to him, built where the Ottomans burnt his remains in 1594,[9] during an uprising in which Serbs used icons of Sava as their war flags; the church is one of the largest church buildings in the world. Russian monastery of St Panteleimon ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Savva, First Archbishop of Serbia, in the world Rostislav (Rastko), was a son of the Serbian king Stephen Nemanya and Anna, daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Romanus. From his early years he fervently attended church services and had a special love for icons. seventeen years of age, Rostislav met a monk from Mount Athos, secretly left his father’s house and set off for the Saint Panteleimon monastery. divine Providence in 1169, the year of the saint’s birth, the ancient monastery of the Great Martyr and healer Panteleimon was given to Russian monks.) that his son was on Athos, his father mobilized his retainers headed by a faithful voevod and wrote to the governor of the district which included Athos, saying that if his son were not returned to him, he would go to war against the Greeks. they arrived at the monastery, the voevod was ordered not to take his eyes off Rostislav. the evening services, when the soldiers had fallen asleep under the influence of wine, Rostislav received monastic tonsure (in 1186) and sent to his parents his worldly clothes, his hair and a letter. Savva sought to persuade his powerful parents to accept monasticism. monk’s father (in monasticism Simeon, commemorated on February 13) and his son pursued asceticism at the Vatopedi monastery. Athos they established the Serbian Hilandar monastery, and this monastery received its name by imperial grant. Hilandar monastery, Saint Savva was ordained to the diaconate and then presbyter. His mother Anna became a nun with the name Anastasia (June 21). his holy life and virtuous deeds on Mount Athos, the monk was made an archimandrite at Thessalonica. Nicea in the year 1219 on the Feast of the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos, the Ecumenical Patriarch Germanus consecrated Archimandrite Savva as Archbishop of Serbia. saint petitioned the Byzantine Emperor to grant permission for Serbian bishops to elect their own Archbishop in future. This was a very important consideration in a time of frequent wars between the eastern and western powers. returned to the Holy Mountain from Nicea, the saint visited all the monasteries for the last time. He made prostrations in all the churches and, calling to mind the blessed lives of the wilderness Fathers, he made his farewells to the ascetics with deep remorse, “leaving the Holy Mountain, as if from Paradise.” by his separation from the Holy Mountain, the saint went along the path from Athos just barely moving. Most Holy Theotokos spoke to the saint in a dream, “Having My Patronage, why do you remain sorrowful?” These words roused him from despondency, changing his sorrow into joy. In memory of this appearance, the saint commissioned large icons of the Savior and of the Mother of God at Thessalonica, and put them in a church. Serbia, the activity of the Hierarch in organizing the work of his native Church was accompanied by numerous signs and miracles. During the Liturgy and the all-night Vigil, when the saint came to cense the grave of his father the monk Simeon, the holy relics exuded fragrant myrrh. in charge of negotiations with the Hungarian King Vladislav, who had declared war on Serbia, the holy bishop not only brought about the desired peace for his country, but he also brought the Hungarian monarch to Orthodoxy. he facilitated the start of the historical existence of the autonomous Serbian Church. Savva also contributed to strengthening the Serbian state. order to insure the independence of the Serbian state, Archbishop Savva crowned his powerful brother Stephen as king. the death of Stephen, his eldest son Radislav was crowned king, and Saint Savva set off to the Holy Land “to worship at the holy tomb of Christ and fearsome Golgotha.” he returned to his native land, the saint blessed and crowned Vladislav as king. To further strengthen the Serbian throne, he betrothed him to the daughter of the Bulgarian prince Asan. holy hierarch visited churches all across Serbia, he reformed monastic rules on the model of Athos and Palestine, and he established and consecrated many churches, strengthening the Orthodox in their faith. finished his work in his native land, the saint appointed the hieromonk Arsenius as his successor, consecrating him bishop and giving his blessing to all. then set off on a journey of no return, desiring “to end his days as a wanderer in a foreign land.” He passed through Palestine, Syria and Persia, Babylon, Egypt and Anatolia, everywhere visiting the holy places, conversing with great ascetics, and collecting the holy relics of saints. The saint finished his wanderings at Trnovo in Bulgaria at the home of his kinsman Asan, where with spiritual joy he gave up his soul to the Lord (+ 1237). the time of transfer of the holy relics of Saint Savva to Serbia in 1237, there were so many healings that the Bulgarians began to complain about Asan, “because he had given up such a treasure.” the saint’s own country, his venerable relics were placed in the Church of Mileshevo, bestowing healing on all who approached with faith. The inhabitants of Trnovo continued to receive healing from the remnants of the saint’s coffin, which Asan ordered to be gathered together and placed in a newly built sarcophagus. legacy of Saint Savva lives on in the Orthodox Church traditions of the Slavic nations. He is associated with the introduction of the Jerusalem Typikon as the basis for Slavic Monastic Rules. Serbian Hilandar monastery on Mt. Athos lives by the Typikon of Saint Savva to this day. of The Rudder (a collection of church canons) of Saint Savva, with commentary by Alexis Aristines, are the most widely disseminated in the Russian Church. 1270 the first copy of The Rudder of Saint Savva was sent from Bulgaria to Metropolitan Cyril of Kiev. From this was copied one of the most ancient of the Russian Rudders, the Ryazan Rudder of 1284. It in turn was the source for a printed Rudder published in 1653, and since that time often reprinted by the Russian Church. Such was the legacy of Saint Savva to the canonical treasury of Orthodoxy.

Serbia, 1196-1228, K S Nemanjic, the First-Crowned, son and brother
Serbian King, 1196-1228, Stefan Nemanjic, the First-Crowned; Nemanjic or Stefan the First-Crowned (around 1165-24 September 1228) was Grand Prince of Serbia from 1196, and the King of Serbia from 1217 until his death in 1228. was the first Rascian king, and through his promotion of the Serbian Grand Principality into a kingdom and helping his brother Saint Sava in establishing the Serbian Church, he is regarded one of the most important of the Nemanjic dynasty. Holy King Stephen of Serbia, Commemorated on September 24; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilkgiverÂ, Commemorated on January 12; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 12; St Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Anastasia of Serbia, Commemorated on June 21;

Serbia, 1198, Founding of Hilandar monastery, Mt Athos (Serbian and Bulgarian)
Hilandar monastery; Icon of the Mother of God "of the Three Hands" on Mt Athos; Icon of the Mother of God the "Milk-Giver" of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated July 3 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Three Hands"Â on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Akathist, Commemorated January 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God the "œMilkgiver"Â, Commemorated on January 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God, the "Priestly", Commemorated January 12 ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13 ; Venerable Damian of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated February 23 ; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Akathist"Â, Commemorated on March 27; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; Icon of the Mother of God of "œthe Three Hands"Â, Commemorated on June 28; Icon of the Mother of God the "œMilk-Giver"Â of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3;

Serbia, 1200, 13th Century Folder, Serbian Kingdom, St Sava

Serbia, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, led to Serbian Kingdom and Empire
Constantinople, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade Byzantine Emperor, 1205-1215, Michael I Komnenos Doukas; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated on July 17; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21;

Serbia, 1204-1261, Latin Empire Constantinople, Crusader State
Constantinople, 1204-1261, Latin Empire, Crusader State; The Latin Empire, also referred to as the Latin Empire of Constantinople, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire was intended to replace the Byzantine Empire as the Western-recognized Roman Empire in the east, with a Catholic emperor enthroned in place of the Eastern Orthodox Roman emperors. The Fourth Crusade had originally been called to retake the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem but a sequence of economic and political events culminated in the Crusader army sacking the city of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Originally, the plan had been to restore the deposed Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos, who had been usurped by Alexios III Angelos, to the throne. The crusaders had been promised financial and military aid by Isaac's son Alexios, with which they had planned to continue to Jerusalem. When the crusaders reached Constantinople the situation quickly turned volatile and while Isaac and Alexios briefly ruled, the crusaders did not receive the payment they had hoped for. In April 1204, they captured and plundered the city's enormous wealth. The crusaders selected their own emperor from among their own ranks, Baldwin of Flanders, and divided the territory of the Byzantine Empire into various new vassal crusader states. The Latin Empire's authority was immediately challenged by Byzantine rump states led by the Laskaris family (connected to the Angelos dynasty of 1185-“1204) in Nicaea and the Komnenos family (which had ruled as Byzantine Emperors 1081-“1185) in Trebizond. From 1224 to 1242 the Komnenos Doukas family, also connected to the Angeloi, challenged Latin authority from Thessalonica. The Latin Empire failed to attain political or economic dominance over the other Latin powers that had been established in former Byzantine territories in the wake of the Fourth Crusade, especially Venice, and after a short initial period of military successes it went into a steady decline due to constant war with Bulgaria to the north and the various Byzantine claimants. Eventually, the Nicaean Empire recovered Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire under Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261. The last Latin emperor, Baldwin II, went into exile, but the imperial title survived, with several pretenders to it, until the 14th century. Like the term "Byzantine Empire", "Latin Empire" was not a contemporary term used by the empire itself or the rest of the world. The Byzantines referred to the Latin Empire as the Frankokratia and the Latin Emperors themselves referred to the empire by various names, commonly imperium Constantinopolitanum (lit. Empire of Constantinople), but also imperium Romaniae (lit. Empire of Romania) and imperium Romanorum (lit. Empire of the Romans). The term Romania ("Land of the Romans") had been used unofficially by the population of the Byzantine Empire for their country for centuries.

Serbia, 1205-1479, Serbia with Despotate of Epirus, against Latin Empire of Constantinople
Greece, 1205-1479, Despotate of Epirus, against Latin Empire of Constantinople; Saint Philothea of Thrace, Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7

Serbia, 1217-1346, Serbian Kingdom
Serbia, 1217-1346, Serbian Kingdom ; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11;

Serbia, 1219-1235, Saint Sava I, Metropolitan of Zica, Son of Nemanja, Hilandar, Law, Constttn
Serbian Saint, 1219-1235, Saint Sava, Metropolitan of Zica; Sava (1174 -14 January 1236), known as the Enlightener, was a Serbian prince and Orthodox monk, the first Archbishop of the autocephalous Serbian Church, the founder of Serbian law, and a diplomat. Sava, born as Rastko, was the youngest son of Serbian Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja (founder of the NemanjiÄ‡ dynasty), and ruled the appanage of Hum briefly in 1190–92. then left for Mount Athos, where he became a monk with the name Sava (Sabbas). Athos he established the monastery of Hilandar, which became one of the most important cultural and religious centres of the Serbian people. In 1219 the Patriarchate exiled in Nicea recognized him as the first Serbian Archbishop, and in the same year he authored the oldest known constitution of Serbia, the Zakonopravilo nomocanon, thus securing full independence; both religious and political. Sava is regarded as the founder of Serbian medieval literature.[6][7][8] is widely considered as one of the most important figures of Serbian history. Saint Sava is venerated by the Serbian Orthodox Church as its founder on January 27 [O.S. January 14]. Many artistic works from the Middle Ages to modern times have interpreted his career. He is the patron saint of Serbia, Serbs, and Serbian education. The Church of Saint Sava in Belgrade is dedicated to him, built where the Ottomans burnt his remains in 1594 during an uprising in which the Serbs used icons of Sava as their war flags; the church is one of the largest church buildings in the world. St Savva I, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 14 Savva, First Archbishop of Serbia, in the world Rostislav (Rastko), was a son of the Serbian king Stephen Nemanya and Anna, daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Romanus. From his early years he fervently attended church services and had a special love for icons. seventeen years of age, Rostislav met a monk from Mount Athos, secretly left his father’s house and set off for the Saint Panteleimon monastery. (By divine Providence in 1169, the year of the saint’s birth, the ancient monastery of the Great Martyr and healer Panteleimon was given to Russian monks.) that his son was on Athos, his father mobilized his retainers headed by a faithful voevod and wrote to the governor of the district which included Athos, saying that if his son were not returned to him, he would go to war against the Greeks. When they arrived at the monastery, the voevod was ordered not to take his eyes off Rostislav. During the evening services, when the soldiers had fallen asleep under the influence of wine, Rostislav received monastic tonsure (in 1186) and sent to his parents his worldly clothes, his hair and a letter. Saint Savva sought to persuade his powerful parents to accept monasticism. The monk’s father (in monasticism Simeon, commemorated on February 13) and his son pursued asceticism at the Vatopedi monastery. On Athos they established the Serbian Hilandar monastery, and this monastery received its name by imperial grant. At Hilandar monastery, Saint Savva was ordained to the diaconate and then presbyter. His mother Anna became a nun with the name Anastasia (June 21). his holy life and virtuous deeds on Mount Athos, the monk was made an archimandrite at Thessalonica. At Nicea in the year 1219 on the Feast of the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos, the Ecumenical Patriarch Germanus consecrated Archimandrite Savva as Archbishop of Serbia. The saint petitioned the Byzantine Emperor to grant permission for Serbian bishops to elect their own Archbishop in future. This was a very important consideration in a time of frequent wars between the eastern and western powers. returned to the Holy Mountain from Nicea, the saint visited all the monasteries for the last time. He made prostrations in all the churches and, calling to mind the blessed lives of the wilderness Fathers, he made his farewells to the ascetics with deep remorse, “leaving the Holy Mountain, as if from Paradise.” by his separation from the Holy Mountain, the saint went along the path from Athos just barely moving. The Most Holy Theotokos spoke to the saint in a dream, “Having My Patronage, why do you remain sorrowful?” These words roused him from despondency, changing his sorrow into joy. In memory of this appearance, the saint commissioned large icons of the Savior and of the Mother of God at Thessalonica, and put them in a church. Serbia, the activity of the Hierarch in organizing the work of his native Church was accompanied by numerous signs and miracles. During the Liturgy and the all-night Vigil, when the saint came to cense the grave of his father the monk Simeon, the holy relics exuded fragrant myrrh. in charge of negotiations with the Hungarian King Vladislav, who had declared war on Serbia, the holy bishop not only brought about the desired peace for his country, but he also brought the Hungarian monarch to Orthodoxy. Thus he facilitated the start of the historical existence of the autonomous Serbian Church. Saint Savva also contributed to strengthening the Serbian state. In order to insure the independence of the Serbian state, Archbishop Savva crowned his powerful brother Stephen as king. Upon the death of Stephen, his eldest son Radislav was crowned king, and Saint Savva set off to the Holy Land “to worship at the holy tomb of Christ and fearsome Golgotha.” he returned to his native land, the saint blessed and crowned Vladislav as king. To further strengthen the Serbian throne, he betrothed him to the daughter of the Bulgarian prince Asan. The holy hierarch visited churches all across Serbia, he reformed monastic rules on the model of Athos and Palestine, and he established and consecrated many churches, strengthening the Orthodox in their faith. Having finished his work in his native land, the saint appointed the hieromonk Arsenius as his successor, consecrating him bishop and giving his blessing to all. then set off on a journey of no return, desiring “to end his days as a wanderer in a foreign land.” He passed through Palestine, Syria and Persia, Babylon, Egypt and Anatolia, everywhere visiting the holy places, conversing with great ascetics, and collecting the holy relics of saints. The saint finished his wanderings at Trnovo in Bulgaria at the home of his kinsman Asan, where with spiritual joy he gave up his soul to the Lord (+ 1237). the time of transfer of the holy relics of Saint Savva to Serbia in 1237, there were so many healings that the Bulgarians began to complain about Asan, “because he had given up such a treasure.” In the saint’s own country, his venerable relics were placed in the Church of Mileshevo, bestowing healing on all who approached with faith. The inhabitants of Trnovo continued to receive healing from the remnants of the saint’s coffin, which Asan ordered to be gathered together and placed in a newly built sarcophagus. legacy of Saint Savva lives on in the Orthodox Church traditions of the Slavic nations. He is associated with the introduction of the Jerusalem Typikon as the basis for Slavic Monastic Rules. The Serbian Hilandar monastery on Mt. Athos lives by the Typikon of Saint Savva to this day. Editions of The Rudder (a collection of church canons) of Saint Savva, with commentary by Alexis Aristines, are the most widely disseminated in the Russian Church. In 1270 the first copy of The Rudder of Saint Savva was sent from Bulgaria to Metropolitan Cyril of Kiev. From this was copied one of the most ancient of the Russian Rudders, the Ryazan Rudder of 1284. It in turn was the source for a printed Rudder published in 1653, and since that time often reprinted by the Russian Church. Such was the legacy of Saint Savva to the canonical treasury of Orthodoxy. Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilkgiverÂ, Commemorated on January 12; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 12; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilk-GiverÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; Milk-Giver Icon of the Mother of God was originally located at the Lavra of Saint Savva the Sanctified near Jerusalem. Before his death, the holy founder of the Lavra foretold that a royal pilgrim having the same name as himself would visit the Lavra. Saint Savva told the brethren to give the wonderworking icon to that pilgrim as a blessing. the thirteenth century, Saint Savva of Serbia visited the Lavra. As he approached the reliquary of Saint Savva the Sanctified, the saint’s staff fell at his feet. The brethren asked the visitor his name, and he told them he was Archbishop Savva of Serbia. Obeying the instructions of their founder, the monks gave Saint Savva his staff, the “Milk-Giverâ€ Icon, and the Icon “Of the Three Handsâ€ (June 28 & July 12). holy archbishop took the icon to Hilandar on Mount Athos and put it on the right side of the iconostasis in the church of Saint Savva at the kellion of Karyes, which is attached to Hilandar. The icon was later named Typikonissa, since the Rule (Typikon) of Saint Savva was preserved there. Hilandar “Milk-Giverâ€ Icon is also commemorated on January 12.

Serbia, 1221-1271, Serbian Saint, Sava II, Archbishop of Serbia, distinguished in monastic life ascetic practices
Serbian Saint, 1221-1271, Sava II, Archbishop of Serbia; Sava II (1201–1271) was the third archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church, serving from 1263 until his death in 1271. He was the middle son of King Stefan the First-Crowned of the NemanjiÄ‡ dynasty and his Byzantine wife Eudokia Angelina. He had two brothers, Stefan Radoslav and Stefan Vladislav, and a sister, Komnena. Predislav took the monastic name of Sava, after his uncle, Saint Sava, the first Serbian archbishop. The Serbian Orthodox Church celebrates him as a saint and his feast-day is 21 February. as Predislav in c. 1198, he was the middle son of King Stefan the First-Crowned and Eudokia Angelina. He had brothers Stefan Radoslav (b. 1192), Stefan Vladislav (b. 1198), and half-brother Stefan UroÅ¡ I (b. 1223). He also had two sisters, Komnena being the only one whose name is known. Stefan the First-Crowned, who had become ill, took monastic vows and died in 1227.[1] Radoslav who was the eldest son succeeded as King, crowned at Zica by Archbishop Sava,[1] his uncle. The younger sons, Vladislav and UroÅ¡ I, received appanages.[1] Sava II (Predislav) was appointed bishop of Hum shortly thereafter, later serving as archbishop of Serbia (1263-1270).[1] The Church and state was thus dominated by the same family and the ties between the two as well as the family's role within the Church continued.[2] Serbian King, 1243-1276, Stefan Uros I of Serbia; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 28; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8; Predislav Nemanjic, the son of Saint-King Stephen Prvovencani the First-Crowned (September 24) and the nephew of Saint Savva I, the first Archbishop of Serbia (January 14), Saint Savva II distinguished himself in monastic life by his ascetic practices, in imitation of his sainted uncle. succeeded Saint Arsenius (October 28) as Archbishop of Serbia in 1266. He guided the Church with great love and dedication until his repose, variously dated as 1268, 1269 and 1271. His holy relics are at Pec, the site of the ancient Serbian Patriarchate. Icon of the Mother of God “Of the Three Handsâ€, Commemorated on June 28; Icon of the Mother of God, “Of the Three Handsâ€: In the eighth century during the time of the Iconoclasts, Saint John of Damascus (December 4) was zealous in his veneration of holy icons. Because of this, he was slandered by the emperor and iconoclast Leo III the Isaurian (717-740), who informed the Damascus caliph that Saint John was committing treasonous acts against him. The caliph gave orders to cut off the hand of the monk and take it to the marketplace. Towards evening Saint John, having asked the caliph for the cut-off hand, put it to its joint and fell to the ground before the icon of the Mother of God. The monk begged Our Lady to heal the hand, which had written in defense of Orthodoxy. After long prayer he fell asleep and saw in a dream that the All-Pure Mother of God had turned to him promising him quick healing. this the Mother of God bid him toil without fail with this hand. Having awakened from sleep, Saint John saw that his hand was unharmed. In thankfulness for this healing Saint John placed on the icon a hand fashioned of silver, from which the icon received its name “Of Three Hands.â€ (Some iconographers, in their ignorance, have mistakenly depicted the Most Holy Theotokos with three arms and three hands.) According to Tradition, Saint John wrote a hymn of thanksgiving to the Mother of God: “All of creation rejoices in You, O Full of Grace,â€ which appears in place of the hymn “It is Truly Meetâ€ in the Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great. John Damascene accepted monasticism at the monastery of Saint Savva the Sanctified and there bestowed his wonderworking icon. The Lavra presented the icon “Of Three Handsâ€ in blessing to Saint Savva, Archbishop of Serbia (+ 1237, January 12). During the time of an invasion of Serbia by the Turks, some Christians who wanted to protect the icon, entrusted it to the safekeeping of the Mother of God Herself. They placed it upon a donkey, which without a driver proceeded to Athos and stopped in front of the Hilandar monastery. The monks put the icon in the monastery’s cathedral church (katholikon). During a time of discord over the choice of igumen, the Mother of God deigned to head the monastery Herself, and from that time Her holy icon has occupied the igumen’s place in the temple. At the Hilandar monastery there is chosen only a vicar, and from the holy icon the monks take a blessing for every obedience. Greek usage, this Icon is commemorated on June 28; but on July 12 in Slavic usage.

Serbia, 1224-1246, Empire of Thessalonica, r by Komnenos Doukas d of Epirus, v Crusader Latin Empire of C
Greece, 1224-1246, Empire of Thessalonica; Empire of Thessalonica is a historiographic term used by some modern scholars[1] to refer to the short-lived Byzantine Greek state centred on the city of Thessalonica between 1224 and 1246 (sensu stricto until 1242) and ruled by the Komnenodoukas dynasty of Epirus. At the time of its establishment, the Empire of Thessalonica, under the capable Theodore Komnenos Doukas, rivaled the Empire of Nicaea and the Second Bulgarian Empire as the strongest state in the region, and aspired to capturing Constantinople, putting an end to the Latin Empire, and restoring the Byzantine Empire that had been extinguished in 1204. ----------------------------------------------------------- Thessalonica's ascendancy was brief, ending with the disastrous Battle of Klokotnitsa against Bulgaria in 1230, where Theodore Komnenos Doukas was captured. Reduced to a Bulgarian vassal, Theodore's brother and successor Manuel Komnenos Doukas was unable to prevent the loss of most of his brother's conquests in Macedonia and Thrace, while the original nucleus of the state, Epirus, broke free under Michael II Komnenos Doukas. Theodore recovered Thessalonica in 1237, installing his son John Komnenos Doukas, and after him Demetrios Angelos Doukas, as rulers of the city, while Manuel, with Nicaean support, seized Thessaly. The rulers of Thessalonica bore the imperial title from 1225/7 until 1242, when they were forced to renounce it and recognize the suzerainty of the rival Empire of Nicaea. The Komnenodoukai continued to rule as Despots of Thessalonica for four more years after that, but in 1246 the city was annexed by Nicaea. Greece, 1224-1230, Empire of Thessalonica, Theodore Komnenos Doukas ; Saint Philothea of Thrace, Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7

Serbia, 1228-1233, King, Stefan Radoslav of Serbia, w Epirus Ruler against Crusaders' Latin Empire of C
Serbian King, 1228-1233, Stefan Radoslav of Serbia; Stefan Radoslav was the King of Serbia from 1228 to 1233. was the only known son of Stefan Nemanjic (r. 1196-“1228) by his first wife Eudokia Angelina.[1] His maternal grandparents were the Byzantine Emperor Alexios III Angelos (r. 1195-“1203) and Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamaterina.[2] He reportedly had two unnamed sisters, the first of whom married first the Albanian prince Dhimit Progoni and secondly the Greco-Albanian lord Gregorios Kamonas, while the second married the sebastokrator Alexander Asen,[1] whom George Acropolites identifies as a son of Tsar Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria (r. 1189-“96). It is uncertain if his mother was Maria or Helena, respectively the first and second wife of Ivan Asen I. Alexander was the father of Kaliman II of Bulgaria (r. 1256).[3] to the historian John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr., Eudokia was repudiated on grounds of adultery in c. 1200-“01. Fine summarizes a passage of Niketas Choniates to state "She left on foot with only the clothes on her back". Eudokia sought refuge with her brother-in-law Vukan Nemanjic, Prince of Zeta. Vukan provided her with hospitality for a while and then arranged for her transportation to Durras, where she boarded a Byzantine ship heading for Constantinople and returned safely to her father.[4] This indicates Stefan Radoslav was born either in the 1190s or the early 1200s (decade).[1] considers the treatment of Eudokia to be an indication of a decline in the prestige the Byzantine Empire held at the time. The senior Stefan was evidently unafraid of a military confrontation with his former father-in-law which could have occurred in retaliation for his actions. The alliance with the Empire had apparently outlived its use to the Serbian rulers. Stefan Nemanjic had ongoing border disputes with both Vukan Nemanjic and Emeric of Hungary, though outright war had not started yet. The Byzantines had failed to provide him with any military support and Stefan had apparently despaired of any help arriving from that direction. At the same time the senior Stefan was negotiating submitting himself and his subjects to the Roman Catholic Church in exchange for Pope Innocent III declaring him a King. He had reasons to distance himself from the Byzantines and the Eastern Orthodox Church associated with them.[4] father was later remarried to Anna Dandolo.[1] She was a daughter of Ranier Dandolo and granddaughter of Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice.[5] Stefan Radoslav had three paternal half-brothers from this marriage. They were Serbian Archbishop Saint Sava II, Stefan Vladislav and Stefan Uros I.[1] His mother would proceed to marry secondly to Alexios V Doukas and thirdly to Leo Sgouros, ruler of Nafplion. However, there were no known children by either marriage. Stefan Radoslav consequently had no maternal half-siblings.[6] of Zachlumia[edit] Visoki Deani to "The Realm of the Slavs" (1601) by Mavro Orbin, Stefan Radoslav served as ruler of Zachlumia during the reign of his father. However the sources Orbin used for his history of Zachlumia are not identified by name. They are considered lost and Orbin remains our earliest extant source for several of the events mentioned. to it Miroslav, the Great was succeeded by his son Andrew (Andrija), only ten-years-old. ----------------------------------------Missing from the text is Toljen, a son of Miroslav who was mentioned as heir apparent in other sources. With Andrew being underage, the local nobility proceeded to depose him. They offered the crown to Peter (Petar), whose relation to his predecessors is not mentioned by Orbin. Fine notes that later scholars tend to assume Peter was another son of Miroslav and brother or half-brother to Andrew. Some time later, the cause of the exiled Andrew was taken up by Stefan Nemanjic who invated Zachlumia. Peter was forced to retreat to the areas west and north of the river Neretva. The rest of Zachlumia fell into the control of Nemanjic. Fine points that the areas supposedly held by Peter would not be uncontested. They are known from other sources to have been claimed by Andrew, Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia since 1198. Orbin next claims that Nemanjic divided Zachlumia between his cousin Andrew, son of Miroslav and his own son, Radolslav. Andrew was given control of Popovo and coastal Hum. The mainland was granted to Radoslav. Orbin then claims that Radoslav died and Nemanjic granted his area to Andrew. Fine points that Radoslav could not have predeceased his father. We know from other sources that he went on to succeed him. Nemanjic could have simply removed him for his position of authority for reasons lost to us. Orbin continues his account but Radoslav is not mentioned again.[7] points that the reliability of the above account is at times difficult to determine because the lack of further sources. There are some obvious inaccuracies at times but the basics of the story could be true. A succession crisis in Zachlumia with the existence of rival heirs would be quite plausible. Nemanjic would have reason to get involved. His ongoing rivalry with his brother in the late 1190s would require him to secure control over Zachlumia, in order to prevent Vukan from claiming control for himself. However his activities in the area are otherwise unrecorded. His motivation for backing Andrew against Peter is also unclear. Either of the two could serve as rulers of a puppet state. Installing Radoslav as ruler of eastern Zachlumia would be a way to secure tighter control of the region.[8] does not actually provide dates for the events of his account. Fine proceeds to estimate them, based on sources recording other events in the wider region. He estimates the death of Miroslav to 1198. Explaining why Andrew of Croatia and Dalmatia chose that year to attack. He acquired control over areas of Zachlumia northwest of the Neretva. By 1203, this Andrew was involved in conflict with his own brother, Emeric of Hungary. The ongoing conflict would allow Peter to claim the areas northwest of the Neretva for himself. He could have either taken advantage of Andrew's troops already withdrawing or using his own forces to drive them out. Either way, Andrew could probably not afford maintaining two fronts of war at the same time. Securing the area as his powerbase, Peter could then drive his brother from eastern Zachlumia. The amount of time between the time Andrew of Zachlumia went into exile and the decision of Nemanjic to intervene is left unclear in the account by Orbin. Fine suggests it could have been more than a decade. He suggests it could be as late as 1216, just a year before Nemanjic was declared a King by Pope Honorius III. Nemanjic could by then devote his forces to securing eastern Zachlumia for Andrew, his intended puppet ruler. He could then attempt to secure even tighter control by appointing Radoslav in the areas directly bordering Ra¡ka. The area could have stayed under his control for longer than Orbin indicates. Fine points that Andrew seems to have "disappeared from the scene" by 1218 when Peter is recorded to have taken over the coastal areas. There seems to be no indication of Peter extending his control to the areas supposedly ruled by Radoslav.[9] and deposition[edit] of Stefan Radoslav elsewhere mentions Radoslav acting as governor of the Principality of Zeta for part the reign of his father. In a charter variously dated to 1222 or 1228, Radoslav appears as co-founder of the monastery of Zeta with his father.[10] Stefan the First-Crowned, who had become ill, took monastic vows and died in 1227.[11] Radoslav who was the eldest son succeeded as King, crowned at Å½iÄÂÂÂa by Archbishop Sava, his uncle.[11] The younger sons, Vladislav and UroÅ¡ I, received appanages.[11] The youngest of the brothers, Sava II, was appointed Bishop of Hum shortly thereafter, later serving as Archbishop of Serbia (1263-1270).[11] The Church and state were thus dominated by the same family and the ties between the two as well as the family's role within the Church continued.[12] According to biographer and monk Theodosius, Radoslav was a good ruler at first, but then fell under the influence of his wife, who was the daughter of the ruler of Epirus and Thessalonica, Theodore Komnenos Doukas (r. 1215â€“1230).[12] Radoslav was most likely not beloved by the Serbian nobility due to this Greek influence.[13] Radoslav used his Greek name, Stephanos Doukas, on his coinage, in several Greek documents and even once in his signature.[14] Radoslav was probably safe from domestic rebellion as long as his father-in-law Theodore remained strong.[12][13] In 1230, however, Theodore was defeated and captured by Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Asen II, after which Radoslav's position seems to have weakened; some of his nobility revolted in autumn 1233.[12] Theodosius said that the nobility had left the support of Radoslav and stood itself behind the younger Vladislav.[15] Radoslav fled the country between 1 September 1233 and 4 February 1234, and was unable to regain the kingdom, but eventually returned as a monk.[12] Radoslav fled to Dubrovnik (1233) with his wife, and there are indications that Radoslav had organized some actions against Vladislav and that he thought that he would manage to return to the throne - this is evident from an dated 4 February 1234, regarding a promise to Ragusan trading privileges once he had returned to Serbia.[15] Because of this, Vladislav began threatening Ragusa, which then had to turn to Bosnian Ban Ninoslav for help, and as the action against Vladislav was unsuccessful, Radoslav found refuge with the Epirote ruler Michael II Komnenos Doukas in Dyrrhachium.[15] According to Theodosius, Radoslav's wife Anna had left him for a commander of the fortress, a Frank.[15] However, this account has been proven to be false,[16] as there was no Frankish commander in Dyrrachium in Radoslav's time.[16] After some time, Radoslav and his wife returned together to Serbia and took monastic vows.[15][16] Radoslav and Anna are believed to have had a son during their exile, the veliki kaznac Jovan Dragoslav (fl. 1290â€“1315). His parentage has not been fully confirmed. Vladislav was crowned King upon Radoslav's flight.[15] Vladislav married the daughter of Ivan Asen II,[12] much thanks to Sava.[15] Sava then abdicated in favour of his apprentice Arsenije in the end of 1233.[12][15] Sava died while heading home from a Holy Land trip, while visiting the Bulgarian court in 1235, and was respectfully buried at the Holy Forty Martyrs Church in Tarnovo.[12][15] Sava's body was returned to Serbia after a series of requests,[12] and was then buried in the MileÅ¡eva monastery, built by Vladislav in 1234.[12][15] Sava was canonized and his relics were miraculous; his cult remained important throughout the Middle Ages and the Ottoman occupation.[12] Radoslav added a narthex to the church in the Studenica Monastery According to Fine both Radoslav and Anna retired into monastic life following their deposition. His monastic name was Jovan. The time and circumstances of his death are unknown.[10] The relations between Vladislav and Radoslav after he had returned and became a monk are not fully known, but he did not disturb his brother. There is a hypothesis that Radoslav even received a part of Serbian land to administrate. In any case, Radoslav continued the rest of his life in peace.[15] The EuropÃ¤ische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der EuropÃ¤ischen Staaten (1978) by Detlev Schwennicke, reports Radoslav betrothed to Theodora Komnene c. 1217. She was a daughter of Michael I Komnenos Doukas, ruler of Epirus. Both of his wives were members of the Melissenos family. Uncertain which of the two was her mother. Fine indicates Radoslav would instead marry her first cousin Anna Doukaina Angelina in 1219/1220. She was a daughter of Theodore Komnenos Doukas and Maria Petraliphaina. The EuropÃ¤ische Stammtafeln reports the marriage resulting in the birth of a single child. The name is not listed and Charles Cawley, a modern genealogist, has been unable to find primary sources on the existence of the child.[17] Icon of the Mother of God the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœMilkgiverÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on January 12; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 12;

Serbia, 1233-1266, St Arsenius, Archbishop of Serbia at Zhicha monastery, then at Pec
Serbia, 1233-1266, St Arsenius, Archbishop of Serbia at Zhicha monastery; Sremac ( fl. 1219 - 1266) was the second Archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church (1233-1263) and a disciple of Saint Sava of Serbia. life[edit] was born in the village of Dabar, near Slankamen (today Stari Slankamen), at the time part of the Kingdom of Syrmia (modern Srem, Serbia). The exact date of his birth is unknown. He took monastic vows, probably in St. Demetrius Monastery in today's Sremska Mitrovica. When he heard of St. Sava's work, he was impressed and left for the monastery of Žiča. He soon became St. Sava's disciple and his synkellos. He was appointed as the ecclesiarch of the monastery and later Archimandrite of Žiča, because of his religious life. Serbia was invaded by Hungary, St. Sava sent St. Arsenius to find a safer place in the south to establish a new episcopal See. Arsenius chose Peć, where he built a monastery and a church which was at first dedicated to the Holy Apostles, and then to the Lord's Ascension. Archbishop Arsenije Sremac, fresco from the Church of the Holy Apostles, Patriarchal Monastery of Peć. St. Sava decided to abdicate, he decided that Arsenije would succeed him. Arsenije was consecrated bishop. He was able to continue in the work of his predecessor. He built Monastery of Peć and participated in the translation of St. Sava's sacred bones from Trnovo to the monastery of Mileševa. St. Arsenije crowned King Stefan Uroš I. He helped King Stefan Uroš I and Queen St. Helene in building the monasteries Sopoćani and Gradac. suffered a stroke in 1263, after which he was succeeded by Saint Sava II, nephew of Saint Sava. St. Arsenije died on October 28, 1266. relics were buried at the Pech monastery but now rest in the Ždrebaonik monastery in Montenegro. His feast day is celebrated according to the Orthodox liturgical calendar on October 28 (Julian Calendar, i.e. November 10 of the Gregorian Calendar). Zhicha monastery; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated October 28 ; Arsenius, Archbishop of Pec, was born in Srem. He spent a large part of his life as a monk at the Zhicha monastery under the spiritual direction of Saint Savva (January 14). Because of his strict ascetic life, Saint Savva made him the igumen of the monastery. Serbia was invaded by Hungary, Saint Savva sent Saint Arsenius to find a safer place in the south for a new episcopal See. Arsenius chose Pec, where he built a monastery and a church which was dedicated to the Holy Apostles, and then to the Lord’s Ascension. leaving for Jerusalem, Saint Savva designated Arsenius as his successor. 1223, Saint Savva died in Trnovo on the way home, and Saint Arsenius urged King Vladislav to bring his body home for burial in Serbia. After thirty-three years of wisely guiding his flock, Saint Arsenius fell asleep in the Lord in the year 1266. His relics were buried at the Pec monastery, but now rest in the Zhrebaonik, Montenegro.

Serbia, 1233-1266, St Arsenius, Archbishop of Serbia at Pec
Serbia, 1233-1266, St Arsenius, Archbishop of Serbia at Zhicha monastery; Sremac ( fl. 1219 - 1266) was the second Archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church (1233-1263) and a disciple of Saint Sava of Serbia. life[edit] was born in the village of Dabar, near Slankamen (today Stari Slankamen), at the time part of the Kingdom of Syrmia (modern Srem, Serbia). The exact date of his birth is unknown. He took monastic vows, probably in St. Demetrius Monastery in today's Sremska Mitrovica. When he heard of St. Sava's work, he was impressed and left for the monastery of Žiča. He soon became St. Sava's disciple and his synkellos. He was appointed as the ecclesiarch of the monastery and later Archimandrite of Žiča, because of his religious life. Serbia was invaded by Hungary, St. Sava sent St. Arsenius to find a safer place in the south to establish a new episcopal See. Arsenius chose Peć, where he built a monastery and a church which was at first dedicated to the Holy Apostles, and then to the Lord's Ascension. Archbishop Arsenije Sremac, fresco from the Church of the Holy Apostles, Patriarchal Monastery of Peć. St. Sava decided to abdicate, he decided that Arsenije would succeed him. Arsenije was consecrated bishop. He was able to continue in the work of his predecessor. He built Monastery of Peć and participated in the translation of St. Sava's sacred bones from Trnovo to the monastery of Mileševa. St. Arsenije crowned King Stefan Uroš I. He helped King Stefan Uroš I and Queen St. Helene in building the monasteries Sopoćani and Gradac. suffered a stroke in 1263, after which he was succeeded by Saint Sava II, nephew of Saint Sava. St. Arsenije died on October 28, 1266. relics were buried at the Pech monastery but now rest in the Ždrebaonik monastery in Montenegro. His feast day is celebrated according to the Orthodox liturgical calendar on October 28 (Julian Calendar, i.e. November 10 of the Gregorian Calendar). Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated October 28 ; Arsenius, Archbishop of Pec, was born in Srem. He spent a large part of his life as a monk at the Zhicha monastery under the spiritual direction of Saint Savva (January 14). Because of his strict ascetic life, Saint Savva made him the igumen of the monastery. Serbia was invaded by Hungary, Saint Savva sent Saint Arsenius to find a safer place in the south for a new episcopal See. Arsenius chose Pec, where he built a monastery and a church which was dedicated to the Holy Apostles, and then to the Lord’s Ascension. leaving for Jerusalem, Saint Savva designated Arsenius as his successor. 1223, Saint Savva died in Trnovo on the way home, and Saint Arsenius urged King Vladislav to bring his body home for burial in Serbia. After thirty-three years of wisely guiding his flock, Saint Arsenius fell asleep in the Lord in the year 1266. His relics were buried at the Pec monastery, but now rest in the Zhrebaonik, Montenegro.

Serbia, 1234-1243, Stefan Vladislav, King, energetic, reliable, hot tempered, w Epiris and Bulgaria, abdicated
Serbian King, 1234-1243, Stefan Vladislav of Serbia; Vladislav (Serbian Cyrillic:1198-“ after 1264) was the King of Serbia from 1234 to 1243. He was the middle son of Stefan the First-Crowned of the Nemanjia dynasty, who ruled Serbia from 1196 to 1228. the eldest son of Stefan the First-Crowned, was ousted by the Serbian nobility due to increasing Epirote influence through his marriage alliance to Theodore Komnenos Doukas; Vladislav was appointed as his successor. He is celebrated as Saint Vladislav by the Serbian Orthodox Church. Vladislav's reign, his uncle Archbishop Sava went on a pilgrimage and died in Bulgaria while on his way home. Vladislav obtained the remains and buried them in the Mileaeva monastery, which he had built intended to be his burial place. was politically aligned with Bulgaria at the time, since Vladislav was married to Beloslava, the daughter of Ivan Asen II. Vladislav secured Hum, a maritime province under attack by Hungarian crusaders. the death of Ivan Asen II, there was unrest in Serbia. The Mongols, led by Kadan, invaded Hungary and devastated the Balkans, at which time the Serbian nobility rose up against Vladislav. In 1243, he abdicated in favour of his younger brother, but remained the ruler of Zeta. was described as very energetic, reliable, and hot-tempered. The Serbian Orthodox Church venerates him as a saint on September 24 [O.S. October 7]. Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 12;

Serbia, 1237, Icon of Three Hands to Serbia for Donkey story, John of Damascus' hand, MOG leads Donkey, becomes Hilander Igumen
Syria, 717-740, Icon of Three Hands, John of Damascus' hand, Syria (Barada River foothills, Kings Highway 17, Way of the Sea 17), J slandered by Leo III, caliph cut off J's hand, MOG puts it back on, hand had written Orthodoxy defense, MOG commanded toil w o fail before healing, John to Sabbas w icon, icon to Serbia, MOG leads icon donkey to Hilandar, MOG icon becomes igumen of H; Damascus (Barada River foothills); Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Three Hands, Commemorated on June 28; Icon of the Mother of God, “Of the Three Hands”: the eighth century during the time of the Iconoclasts, Saint John of Damascus (December 4) was zealous in his veneration of holy icons. of this, he was slandered by the emperor and iconoclast Leo III the Isaurian (717-740), informed the Damascus caliph that Saint John was committing treasonous acts against him. caliph gave orders to cut off the hand of the monk and take it to the marketplace. evening Saint John, having asked the caliph for the cut-off hand, put it to its joint and fell to the ground before the icon of the Mother of God. monk begged Our Lady to heal the hand, which had written in defense of Orthodoxy. long prayer he fell asleep and saw in a dream that the All-Pure Mother of God had turned to him promising him quick healing. this the Mother of God bid him toil without fail with this hand. awakened from sleep, Saint John saw that his hand was unharmed. thankfulness for this healing Saint John placed on the icon a hand fashioned of silver, from which the icon received its name “Of Three Hands.” iconographers, in their ignorance, have mistakenly depicted the Most Holy Theotokos with three arms and three hands.) to Tradition, Saint John wrote a hymn of thanksgiving to the Mother of God: “All of creation rejoices in You, O Full of Grace,” which appears in place of the hymn “It is Truly Meet” in the Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great. John Damascene accepted monasticism at the monastery of Saint Savva the Sanctified and there bestowed his wonderworking icon. Lavra presented the icon “Of Three Hands” in blessing to Saint Savva, Archbishop of Serbia (+ 1237, January 12). the time of an invasion of Serbia by the Turks, some Christians who wanted to protect the icon, entrusted it to the safekeeping of the Mother of God Herself. placed it upon a donkey, which without a driver proceeded to Athos and stopped in front of the Hilandar monastery. monks put the icon in the monastery’s cathedral church (katholikon). a time of discord over the choice of igumen, the Mother of God deigned to head the monastery Herself, and from that time Her holy icon has occupied the igumen’s place in the temple. the Hilandar monastery there is chosen only a vicar, and from the holy icon the monks take a blessing for every obedience. Greek usage, this Icon is commemorated on June 28; but on July 12 in Slavic usage.

Serbia, 1243-1276, King, Stefan Uros I, Venetian wife, nobility, trade, military, mines, lit, unity, but Dragutin
Serbian King, 1243-1276, Stefan Uros I of Serbia; UroÅ¡ I (Serbian Cyrillic: Ð¡Ñ‚ÐµÑ„Ð°Ð½ Ð£Ñ€Ð¾Ñˆ I; c. 1223 – May 1, 1277), known as UroÅ¡ the Great (Ð£Ñ€Ð¾Ñˆ Ð’ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¸)[a] was the King of Serbia from 1243 to 1276, succeeding his brother Stefan Vladislav. He was one of the most important rulers in Serbian history.[1] life[edit] UroÅ¡ was the youngest son of Stefan the First-Crowned and Anna, the granddaughter of Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice. UroÅ¡ inherited many personality traits from his mother and paternal grandfather Stefan Nemanja, who raised him along with his two older brothers (Stefan Radoslav and Stefan Vladislav).[1] (Note that "Stefan" is a high-ranking title, not only a name). have argued that Bulgarian influence had been strong and unpopular, causing opposition that led to Vladislav's deposition after the death of Asen.[2] The revolting nobility had chosen UroÅ¡ as their candidate for king; from 1242 to spring 1243, a war for the throne was fought, which ended with Vladislav being forced to give up the crown in favour of UroÅ¡.[3] It seems that UroÅ¡ quickly captured Vladislav and held him in prison. The main resistance against UroÅ¡ was led by Vladislav's wife, Beloslava.[3] The hostilities did not last long, and the brothers quickly settled.[3] UroÅ¡ was courteous towards Vladislav, gave him the administration of Zeta, and allowed him to use the title of "king".[3] It is not known exactly why the nobility revolted against Vladislav, nor are the details of the conflict between the two brothers.[3] 25 years of age, very young, he took the throne from his brother Vladislav, and despite not having support from in-laws as was the case with his brothers, he immediately ruled energetic and determined.[1] Prior to his accession, the land had been looted by the Tatars and there were widespread internal conflicts;[1] UroÅ¡ managed in a short time to resolve all important issues in the state and in its foreign policy.[4] situation in Europe and in the Balkans were quite favorable for Serbia, which he very cleverly used for his benefit. During his reign Serbia significantly strengthened itself and progressed in every way.[4] UroÅ¡ correctly determined the direction in political pretensions through penetrating the south in Macedonia and conflict with Hungary in Podunavlje.[4] The land was politically and militarily prepared for serious politics and definitive fortification of Serbia and the Serb people in the Vardar valley and the middle Podunavlje.[4] Apart from this, UroÅ¡ also correctly determined the direction of Serbian trade politics, as he on several occasions in his fight against the Republic of Ragusa wanted to eliminate Ragusan brokerage and exploitation in his state.[4] significance in his domestic politics is that he strongly stressed the state principle above all else, and subordinated the churches (both Orthodox and Catholic) to state interests.[4] He was instrumental in the definite solution to the conflict between the archbishoprics of Bar and Dubrovnik regarding power in Serbia, resolved in favour of Bar.[4] Å¡ was the first to begin exploiting the mines, which would later become one of the main sources of material wealth and power of the Serbian state in the Middle Ages. As a first result of the opening of mines came the forging of Serbian coins, which he first minted on the Venetian model.[4] protected and assisted literature and writers; i.e. gave impetus to the preparation of a new, more comprehensive and ornate biography of his grandfather Nemanja, whom he fully modeled himself after.[4] to Helen of the French royal family, he lived a modest patriarchal life, happy and content within his family, and he in contrast to the splendor of the Byzantine court, proudly emphasized modesty to the Byzantine deputies, which dominated at his court, where everyone had to work.[4] foreign policy UroÅ¡ skillfully used to his advantage the conflict between the Despotate of Epirus and the Empire of Nicaea, two Greek states, both of which sought to inherit the Byzantine Empire and take Constantinople from the Latin Empire.[4] But when the Latin Empire fell, and Emperor Michael Palaiologos of Nicaea took Constantinople, UroÅ¡ began to coalite with his wife's cousin, Charles of Anjou, who wanted to recapture Constantinople, and through that alliance take as much Byzantine land as possible.[4] Via Charles, who had family ties with the Hungarian kings, UroÅ¡ at the end of his reign also approached Hungary, with whom he long had been in a bad relation with, and married his eldest son and heir, Stefan Dragutin, to Catherine, the daughter of Hungarian King Stephen V.[4] by his in-laws, with the help of the army he received from Hungary, Dragutin, unhappy with not getting more participation in the government, revolted and defeated his father and took over the throne.[4] UroÅ¡ retired with his loyals to Hum, where, disappointed, dissatisfied and angry, he died soon thereafter.[4] development[edit] Stefan UroÅ¡ I, Serbia became a significant power in the Balkans, partly due to economic development through opening of mines.[5] The mines were developed by the "Sasi" (Saxons), who were experienced in the extracting of ore.[5] Their settlements, located by the mines, had privileged status – they lived under their own laws and were allowed to adhere to Catholicism and build their churches.[5] Important mines were located at Novo Brdo, Brskovo and Rudnik. prosperity was also fostered by the related intensification of trade with the Dalmatian cities of Dubrovnik and Kotor. The increase in the mining of silver and in trade naturally led to the introduction of larger quantities of royal coinage, modeled after the Venetian standard. operations[edit] with Ragusa[edit] 1252–1253, UroÅ¡ I was at war with the Republic of Ragusa, which bordered the Hum, which was held by his kinsman Radoslav AndrijiÄ‡. Radoslav swore to fight Ragusa as long as it was in conflict with Serbia, at the same time boasting relations with Béla IV of Hungary. Ragusa took up an alliance with Bulgaria. Peace was ensured in a charter dated May 22, 1254, and the crisis ended. the second half of the 1260s a new war broke out with Ragusa, which was secretly favored by the Serbian queen. A treaty was signed in 1268, specifying the amount of protection money that Dubrovnik was expected to supply annually to the Serbian king. The arrangement remained largely unbroken for the next century. with Hungary[edit] of Serbia in 1265. 1268 the Serbian king invaded the Hungarian possessions south of the Danube in MaÄva, what is now western central Serbia. In spite of some initial success, Stefan UroÅ¡ was captured by the Hungarians and forced to purchase his release. A peace treaty was signed between the two kingdoms, and Stefan UroÅ¡'s son Stefan Dragutin of Serbia was married to Catherine, the daughter of the future king Stephen V of Hungary. with Dragutin[edit] the end of his reign, Stefan UroÅ¡ apparently succeeded in suppressing the autonomy of Zahumlje, where the local princes became virtually indistinguishable from the rest of the nobility. In his effort to achieve centralization, the king appears to have alienated his eldest son by refusing to grant him an appanage. The conflict between father and son exacerbated, and the king apparently considered making his younger son, the future Stefan Milutin, his heir. about the inheritance and his very life, Stefan Dragutin finally demanded the throne in 1276. When Stefan UroÅ¡ refused, Dragutin rebelled and received help from his Hungarian relatives. The allies defeated the Serbian king and Stefan UroÅ¡ was forced to abdicate and retire to an unidentified monastery in Hum where he died a year or two later. His remains were later moved to his monastic foundation of SopoÄ‡ani. Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 28; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8;

Serbia, 1256-1276, Saint Helen of Serbia, Helen of Anjou
Serbia, 1256-1276, Saint Helen of Serbia, Helen of Anjou; Serbian King, 1243-1276, Stefan Uros I of Serbia; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; St Helen of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 28; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8;

Serbia, 1263-1270, Serbian Saint, Sava II, Archbishop of Serbia
Serbian Saint, 1221-1271, Sava II, Archbishop of Serbia; Sava II (1201–1271) was the third archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church, serving from 1263 until his death in 1271. He was the middle son of King Stefan the First-Crowned of the NemanjiÄ‡ dynasty and his Byzantine wife Eudokia Angelina. He had two brothers, Stefan Radoslav and Stefan Vladislav, and a sister, Komnena. Predislav took the monastic name of Sava, after his uncle, Saint Sava, the first Serbian archbishop. The Serbian Orthodox Church celebrates him as a saint and his feast-day is 21 February. as Predislav in c. 1198, he was the middle son of King Stefan the First-Crowned and Eudokia Angelina. He had brothers Stefan Radoslav (b. 1192), Stefan Vladislav (b. 1198), and half-brother Stefan UroÅ¡ I (b. 1223). He also had two sisters, Komnena being the only one whose name is known. Stefan the First-Crowned, who had become ill, took monastic vows and died in 1227.[1] Radoslav who was the eldest son succeeded as King, crowned at Zica by Archbishop Sava,[1] his uncle. The younger sons, Vladislav and UroÅ¡ I, received appanages.[1] Sava II (Predislav) was appointed bishop of Hum shortly thereafter, later serving as archbishop of Serbia (1263-1270).[1] The Church and state was thus dominated by the same family and the ties between the two as well as the family's role within the Church continued.[2] Serbian King, 1243-1276, Stefan Uros I of Serbia; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 28; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8;

Serbia, 1276-1282, King, Stefan Dragutin, rebelled father with Hungarian and noblemen support, Belgrade
Serbian King, 1276-1282, Stefan Dragutin of Serbia; Dragutin (c. 1244 -12 March 1316) was King of Serbia from 1276 to 1282. 1282, he ruled a separate kingdom which included northern Serbia, and (from 1284) the neighboring Hungarian banates (or border provinces), for which he was unofficially styled "King of Syrmia". He was the eldest son of King Stefan Uros¡ I of Serbia and Helen of Anjou. Dragutin married Catherine of Hungary, likely after his father concluded a peace treaty with her grandfather, Bacla IV of Hungary, in 1268. By 1271, he received the title of "young king" in recognition of his right to succeed his father. He rebelled against his father, and with Hungarian assistance, forced him to abdicate in 1276. abandoned Uros I's centralizing policy and ceded large territories to his mother in appanage. After a riding accident, he abdicated in favor of his brother, Milutin, in 1282, but he retained the northern regions of Serbia along the Hungarian border. Two years later, his brother-in-law, Ladislaus IV of Hungary, granted him three banaesa Matva (or Sirmia ulterior), Usora and Solia him. He was the first Serbian monarch to rule Belgrade. With his brother's support, he also occupied the Banate of Branievo in 1284 or 1285. theory, Dragutin was a vassal both to his brother (for his Serbian territories), and to the Hungarian monarchs (for the four banates), but in practice he ruled his realm as an independent ruler from the 1290s. His conflicts with Milutin developed into open war in 1301, and he frequently raided the neighboring Hungarian lords from 1307. Most of the Serbian noblemen supported Dragutin, but he was forced to make peace with Milutin after Milutin's mercenaries routed him in 1311 or 1312. Before his death, he entered a monastery and died as the monk Teoktist. On the list of Serbian saints, Dragutin is venerated on 12 November or 30 October (Old Style and New Style dates). Serbian King, 1281-1321, Stefan Milutin; Serbian Kingdom, 1217-1346; St Helen of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Dragutin (Theoctistus in Monasticism) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 28; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11;

Serbia, 1281-1321, King Stefan Uros II Milutin, Resisted Byzantine Roman Catholicism
Serbian King, 1281-1321, Stefan Uros II Milutin; UroÅ¡ II Milutin (Serbian Cyrillic: Ð¡Ñ‚ÐµÑ„Ð°Ð½ Ð£Ñ€Ð¾Ñˆ II ÐœÐ¸Ð»ÑƒÑ‚Ð¸Ð½; c. 1253 – 29 October 1321), known as Stefan Milutin (Ð¡Ñ‚ÐµÑ„Ð°Ð½ ÐœÐ¸Ð»ÑƒÑ‚Ð¸Ð½), was the King of Serbia between 1282–1321, a member of the NemanjiÄ‡ dynasty. was one of the most powerful rulers of Serbia in the Middle Ages. Milutin is credited with strongly resisting the efforts of Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos to impose Roman Catholicism on the Balkans after the Union of Lyons in 1274. his regin, Serbian economic power grew rapidly, mostly due to the development of mining. He founded Novo Brdo, which became an internationally important silver mining site. As most of the NemanjiÄ‡ monarchs, he was proclaimed a saint by the Serbian Orthodox Church with a feast day on October 30.[1] Milutin appears in the Dante Alighieri's narrative poem Divine Comedy. Serbian Kingdom, 1217-1346; St Helen of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Dragutin (Theoctistus in Monasticism) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20; St Prochorus the Abbot in the Vranski Desert on the river Pshina in Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 15; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11;

Serbia, 1300, 14th Century Folder, Serbian Empire, Battle of Kosovo Field

Serbia, 1324-1337, Archbishop Daniel II, biography writer, Hilandar Crusaders, Serbian arbitrator
Serbia, 1324-1337, Archbishop Daniel II ; II (Serbian Cyrillic: II) was the Archbishop of Serbs 1324 to 1337, under the rule of Kings Stephen Uro III (1321-“1331) and Duan the Mighty (1331-“1355, crowned Emperor in 1345). As a Serbian monk, he was also a chronicler, active in court and Church politics, holding the office during the zenith of the Nemanji- dynasty-era; he wrote many biographies which are considered part of the most notable medieval Serbian literature. He was proclaimed Saint Danilo II ( II) of the Serbian Orthodox Church, and is celebrated on the same day as Saint Ignatius of Antioch on 2 January [O.S. 20 December]. it was time to choose the igumen for the Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos, Saint Daniel received the appointment. The saint was igumen at a most difficult time for the Holy Mountain. After the Crusaders were expelled from Palestine, they joined with the Arabs to plunder and loot the Athonite monasteries, not sparing anything sacred. the internecine war of Kings Milutin and Dragutin and Stephen of Dechani (November 11), the ascetic was summoned to Serbia, where he reconciled the adversaries. St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated on December 2; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Serbia, 1322-1331, King, Stefan Decanski, lived in Khan's court till 1299, then B 5 years, d by son
Serbia, 1322-1331, Serbian King, Stefan Decanski ; Uros III , known as Stefan DeÄanski ( c. 1276 – 11 November 1331), was the King of Serbia from 6 January 1322 to 8 September 1331. Decanski was the son of King Stefan Milutin (d. 1321). He defeated two other pretenders to the Serbian throne. Stefan is known as Decanski after the great Monastery of Visoki Decani he built.[1][2][3][4] Repose of St Stephen of Dechani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11; Nicholas (December 6) appeared to him in the church of Ovche Polje (Sheep Pasture) and said, œDo not be afraid. Your eyes have been given to me, and I shall return them to you at the appropriate time. the end of the five years, Saint Nicholas appeared to him again. Making the Sign of the Cross over his eyes, he restored Stephen'™s sight. In gratitude for this miracle, Stephen built the Decani Monastery in Serbia.

Serbia, 1331-1346, King Stephen Uros IV Dusan the mighty, drowned his father, first emperor, Dunstan's Code
Serbian King, 1331-1346, Stephen Uros IV Dusan of Serbia; Uros (circa 1308 -“ 20 December 1355), was the King of Serbia from 8 September 1331 and Tsar (or Emperor) and autocrat of the Serbs and Greeks (or Romans) from 16 April 1346 until his death. Dusan conquered a large part of southeast Europe, becoming one of the most powerful monarchs of the era. Under Dusan's rule, Serbia was the major power in the Balkans, and an Eastern Orthodox multi-ethnic and multi-lingual empire that stretched from the Danube in the north to the Gulf of Corynth in the south, with its capital in Skopje.[1] He enacted the constitution of the Serbian Empire, known as Dusan's Code, perhaps the most important literary work of medieval Serbia. promoted the Serbian Church from an archbishopric to a patriarchate, finished the construction of the Visoki Deani monastery (now a UNESCO site), and founded the Monastery of the Holy Archangels, among others. Under his rule, Serbia reached its territorial, political, economic, and cultural peak.[2] died in 1355, seen as the end of resistance against the advancing Ottoman Empire and the subsequent fall of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the region.[3] St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated on December 2; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Serbia, 1346-1371, Serbian Empire
Serbia, 1346-1371, Serbian Empire ; Serbian Empire is a historiographical term for the empire in the Balkan peninsula that emerged from the medieval Serbian Kingdom. It was established in 1346 by King Stefan Dusan, known as "the Mighty", who significantly expanded the state. Dusan's rule Serbia was the major power in the Balkans, and a multi-lingual empire that stretched from the Danube to the Gulf of Corinth, with its capital in Skopje.[1] also promoted the Serbian Archbishopric to the Serbian Patriarchate. son and successor, Uros the Weak, lost most of the territory conquered by Dusan, hence his epithet. The Serbian Empire effectively ended with the death of Uros V in 1371 and the break-up of the Serbian state. Some successors of Stefan V claimed the title of Emperor in parts of Serbia until 1402, but the territory in Greece was never recovered.

Serbia, 1355-1371, Emperor, Stefan Uros V, The Weak, rejected external attacks, then, lost empire to new rich nobles
Serbia, 1355-1371, Serbian Emperor, Stefan Uros V; the death of his father (+ 1355), Saint Stephen Urosh became the independent and actual ruler of Serbia. was faithful to the Lord; like a father he provided for widows and orphans, he pacified quarrels and maintained peace, he was charitable to the poor, and he defended the downtrodden. the interests of peace in Serbia and indeed for the preservation of his own life, Saint Stephen was obliged to flee to his kinsman, Prince Lazar. Stephen'™s uncle, Vulkashin, immediately seized the throne, but his fear of rivals gave him no peace. Through his sister, Saint Stephen'™s mother, he invited his nephew to come to the city of Skopje, on the pretext of a reconciliation. Greeting him with honor, as Tsar, he invited him to go hunting. When Saint Stephen, weary from the hunt, went off with his horse to a well and bent over to take a sip of water, Vulkashin struck him a mortal blow on the head with a mace. Stefan Uros V (1336 -“ 2/4 December 1371), known in historiography and folk tradition as Uros the Weak, was the second Emperor (Tsar) of the Serbian Empire (1355-“1371), and before that he was Serbian King and co-ruler (since 1346) with his father, Emperor Stefan Dusan.[1] St Joannicius the first Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on September 3; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17;

Serbia, 1371-1403, Moravian Serbia or Serbian Despotate, Great Morava River, not Czech M, Orthodox
Serbia, Moravian Serbia, 1373-1403; Serbia or Realm of Prince Lazar is the name used in historiography for the largest and most powerful Serbian principality to emerge from the ruins of the Serbian Empire (1371).[1] Serbia is named after Morava, the main river of the region.[2] principality in the region of Morava was established in 1371, and attained its largest extent in 1379 through the military and political activities of its first ruler, prince Lazar Hrebeljanov. 1402 it was raised to the Serbian Despotate, which would exist until 1459 (de jure until the 1560s). adjective Moravian does not imply that the state (Moravian Serbia) is affiliated in any way with the region of Moravia in the present-day Czech Republic. The term Moravian Serbia refers to the fact that the state comprised the basins of the Great Morava, West Morava, and South Morava rivers in present-day central Serbia. information: History of Serbia Hrebeljanovic was born in around 1329 in the fortress of Prilepac, near the town of Novo Brdo in the region of Kosovo, Kingdom of Serbia. was a courtier at the court of Serbian Tsar Stefan Uros Dusan, and at the court of Dusan's successor, Tsar Stefan Uros V (r. 1356-“1371).[3] Uros's reign was characterized by the weakening of the central authority and the gradual disintegration of the Serbian Empire. Powerful Serbian nobles became practically independent in the regions they controlled.[4] Lazar left the court Tsar Uros in 1363 or 1365, and became a regional lord. He held the title of prince since at least 1371.[4] territory initially developed in the shadow of stronger regional lords. The strongest were the Mrnjavcevic brothers, Vukasin and Jovan Uglijesa. were defeated and killed by the Ottoman Turks in the Battle of Maritsa in 1371, after which Lazar took a part of their territory. Lazar and Tvrtko I, the Ban of Bosnia, jointly defeated in 1373 another strong noble, Nikola Altomanovic. Most of Altomanovic's territory was acquired by Lazar. that time, Lazar accepted the suzerainty of King Louis I of Hungary,[5] who granted him the region of Macva, or at least a part of it. all these territorial gains, Lazar emerged as the most powerful Serbian lord.[6] The state he then created is known in historiography as Moravian Serbia.[7] Moravian Serbia attained its full extent in 1379, when Lazar took Branicevo and Kucevo, ousting the Hungarian vassal Radic Brankovic Rastislalic from these regions.[8] state was larger than the domains of the other lords on the territory of the former Serbian Empire. It also had a better organized government and army. The state comprised the basins of the Great Morava, West Morava, and South Morava Rivers, extending from the source of South Morava northward to the Danube and Sava Rivers. Its north-western border ran along the Drina River. the capital Krusevac, the state included important towns of Nis and Uzice, as well as Novo Brdo and Rudnik, two richest mining centres of medieval Serbia. all the Serbian lands, Lazar's state lay furthest from Ottoman centres, and was least exposed to the ravages of Turkish raiding parties. circumstance attracted immigrants from Turkish-threatened areas, who built new villages and hamlets in previously poorly inhabited and uncultivated areas of Moravian Serbia. There were also spiritual persons among the immigrants, which stimulated the revival of old ecclesiastical centres and the foundation of new ones in Lazar's state.[6][7] A Turkish raiding party, passing unobstructed through territories of Ottoman vassals, broke into Moravian Serbia in 1381. It was routed by Lazar's nobles Crep Vukoslavic and Vitomir in the Battle of Dubravica, fought near the town of Paracin.[7] 1386, the Ottoman Sultan Murad I himself led much larger forces that took Nic from Lazar. It is unclear whether the encounter between the armies of Lazar and Murad at Plocnik, a site southwest of Nic, happened shortly before or after the capture of Nic. rebuffed Murad at Plocnik.[9] the death of King Louis in 1382, a civil war broke out in the Kingdom of Hungary. Lazar briefly participated in the war as one of the opponents of Prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, and he sent some troops to fight in the regions of Belgrade and Syrmia. These fights ended with no territorial gains for Lazar, who made peace with Sigismund in 1387.[10] In the Battle of Kosovo fought on 15 June 1389, Lazar led the army which confronted a massive invading army of the Ottoman Empire commanded by Sultan Murad I. Prince Lazar and Sultan Murad lost their lives in the battle. Although the battle was tactically a draw, the mutual heavy losses were devastating only for the Lazar was succeeded by his eldest son Stefan Lazarevic. he was still a minor, Moravian Serbia was administered by Lazar's widow, Milica. was attacked from north, five months after the battle, by troops of the Hungarian King Sigismund. When Turkish forces, moving toward Hungary, reached the borders of Moravian Serbia in the summer of 1390, Milica accepted Ottoman suzerainty.[11] Lazarevic participated as an Ottoman vassal in the Battle of Karanovasa in 1394, the Battle of Rovine in 1395, the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, and in the Battle of Angora in 1402. Angora, he visited Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, where he was given the title of Despot, and since then his state became known as the Serbian Despotate in 1402.[12] Commons has media related to Principality of Serbia (late medieval). Lazar Hrebeljanovic “1389) Stefan Lazarevic (1389-“1402) Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated on July 19 ; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; Holy Prince Lazar of Serbia lived during the fourteenth century at a time when the Turks, having conquered neighboring lands, were preparing to invade Serbia. Lazar was raised at the court of the holy King Dushan, and was appointed governor of one of the Serbian districts. In the year 1371 he was chosen King of all Serbia and he toiled much at strengthening the condition of the country. He pacified neighboring princes, who had wronged or plundered Serbian settlements. He was concerned also for the Christian enlightenment of the nation, he built churches, supported the monasteries and charitable establishments. In 1380 the saint established the monastery at Rovanetz. Saint Lazar petitioned the Patriarch of Constantinople to remove the anathema from the people of Serbia. During the course of the ten years of his rule, Serbia was at peace. there began war with the Turks. At the time of the Battle of Kosovo, the wounded king was taken prisoner. On the orders of Sultan Bayazet, he was beheaded with a sword on June 15, 1389. The body of the holy King Lazar was buried at a nearby church. In 1391 his incorrupt relics were transferred to the Ravanica monastery. The monastery was destroyed by the Turks in 1683, and the relics of King Lazar were transferred to the monastery of New Ravanica on Mount Thruzh. He was the founder of the Monastery of Saint Panteleimon on the Holy Mountain, as well as numerous other monasteries and churches. St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Serbia, 1373-1389, Prince, Lazar of Serbia, First Prince of Moravian Serbia
Serbian Prince, 1373-1389, Lazar of Serbia, First Prince of Serbian Empire in Kosovo; Lazar Hrebeljanovic (ca. 1329-15 June 1389) was a medieval Serbian ruler who created the largest and most powerful state on the territory of the disintegrated Serbian Empire. state, referred to by historians as Moravian Serbia, comprised the basins of the Great Morava, West Morava, and South Morava rivers. ruled Moravian Serbia from 1373 until his death in 1389. sought to resurrect the Serbian Empire and place himself at its helm, claiming to be the direct successor of the Nemanjic dynasty, which went extinct in 1371 after ruling over Serbia for two centuries. programme had the full support of the Serbian Orthodox Church, but the Serbian nobility did not recognize him as their supreme ruler. He is often referred to as Tsar Lazar Hrebeljanovc, however, he only held the title of prince. was killed at the Battle of Kosovo in June 1389 while leading a pan-Christian army assembled to confront the invading Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Murad I. battle ended without a clear victor, though both sides endured heavy losses, which were more devastating for the less numerous Serbs and their Christian allies. widow, Milica, who ruled as regent for their adolescent son Stefan Lazarevic, Lazar's successor, accepted Ottoman suzerainty in the summer of 1390. is venerated in the Orthodox Christian Church as a martyr and saint, and is highly regarded in Serbian history, culture and tradition. In Serbian epic poetry, he is referred to as Tsar Lazar. Serbian Empire, 1346-1371 ; Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated on July 19 ; St Militsa of Serbia, Commemorated on July 19; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; Holy Prince Lazar of Serbia lived during the fourteenth century at a time when the Turks, having conquered neighboring lands, were preparing to invade Serbia. Lazar was raised at the court of the holy King Dushan, and was appointed governor of one of the Serbian districts. In the year 1371 he was chosen King of all Serbia and he toiled much at strengthening the condition of the country. He pacified neighboring princes, who had wronged or plundered Serbian settlements. He was concerned also for the Christian enlightenment of the nation, he built churches, supported the monasteries and charitable establishments. In 1380 the saint established the monastery at Rovanetz. Saint Lazar petitioned the Patriarch of Constantinople to remove the anathema from the people of Serbia. During the course of the ten years of his rule, Serbia was at peace. there began war with the Turks. At the time of the Battle of Kosovo, the wounded king was taken prisoner. On the orders of Sultan Bayazet, he was beheaded with a sword on June 15, 1389. The body of the holy King Lazar was buried at a nearby church. In 1391 his incorrupt relics were transferred to the Ravanica monastery. The monastery was destroyed by the Turks in 1683, and the relics of King Lazar were transferred to the monastery of New Ravanica on Mount Thruzh. He was the founder of the Monastery of Saint Panteleimon on the Holy Mountain, as well as numerous other monasteries and churches. St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Serbia, 1382-1388, Patriarch, St Spyridon the Patriarch
Serbian Patriarch, 1382-1388, St Spyridon the Patriarch; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30;

Serbia, 1389, Battle of Kosovo Field 1389, Serb Orthodox v. Sunni Muslim Turks, fall of Serb Empire
Serbia, 1389, Battle of Kosovo Field 1389 (Kosovo Field, 5km northwest of Pristina) ; Battle of Kosovo took place on 15 June 1389[A] between an army led by the Serbian Prince Lazar Hrebeljanovic and an invading army of the Ottoman Empire under the command of Sultan Murad Hudavendigar. battle was fought on the Kosovo field in the territory ruled by Serbian nobleman Vuk Brankovic, in what is today Kosovo,[a] about 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) northwest of the modern city of Pristina. army under Prince Lazar consisted of his own troops, a contingent led by Brankovic, and a contingent sent from Bosnia by King Tvrtko I, commanded by Vlatko Vukovic.[11] Lazar was the ruler of Moravian Serbia and the most powerful among the Serbian regional lords of the time, while Brankovic ruled the District of Brankovic and other areas, recognizing Lazar as his overlord. historical accounts of the battle are scarce.[12] The bulk of both armies were wiped out, and Lazar, Murad and Brankovic were killed. Although the Ottomans managed to annihilate the Serbian army, they also suffered huge casualties that delayed their progress. The Serbs were left with too few men to effectively defend their lands, while the Turks had many more troops in the east. Consequently, the Serbian principalities that were not already Ottoman vassals became so consecutively in the following years. St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Serbia, 1389-1427, Serbian Prince, Stefan Lazarevic, the tall, fine knight and leader, Battle of Nicopolis d
Serbian Prince, 1389-1427, Stefan Lazarevic ; Lazarevic (c. 1377 - 19 July 1427), also known as Stefan the Tall, was the ruler of Serbia as prince (1389--“1402) and despot (1402-“1427). son of Prince Lazar Hrebeljanovic, he was regarded as one of the finest knights and military leaders at that time. the death of his father at Kosovo (1389), he became ruler of Moravian Serbia and ruled with his mother Milica (a Nemanjic), until he reached adulthood in 1393. led troops in several battles as an Ottoman vassal, until asserting independence after receiving the title of despot from the Byzantines in 1402. an Hungarian ally in 1403-“04, he received large possessions, including the important Belgrade and Golubac Fortress. also held the superior rank in the chivalric Order of the Dragon. his reign there was a long conflict with his nephew Durad Brankovic, which ended in 1412. also inherited Zeta, and waged war against Venice. he was childless, he designated his nephew Durad as heir in 1426, a year before his death. the domestic front, he broke the resistance of the Serbian nobles, and used the periods of peace to strengthen Serbia politically, economically, culturally and militarily. 1412 he issued the Code of Mines, with a separate section on governing of Novo Brdo -“ the largest mine in the Balkans at that time. code increased the development of mining in Serbia, which had been the main economic backbone of the Serbian Despotate. the time of his death, Serbia was one of the largest silver producers in Europe. the field of architecture, he continued development of the Morava school. reign and personal literary works are sometimes associated with early signs of the Renaissance in the Serbian lands. introduced knightly tournaments, modern battle tactics, and firearms to Serbia. was a great patron of the arts and culture by providing shelter and support to scholars and refugees from neighboring countries that had been taken by the Ottomans. In addition, he was himself a writer, and his most important work is A Homage to Love, which is characterized by the Renaissance lines. During his reign the Resava School was formed. Serbian Empire, 1346-1371 ; Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated on July 19 ; St Militsa of Serbia, Commemorated on July 19; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Serbia, 1400-1459, 15th Century Folder, Turks take over Serbia

Serbia, 1402-1459, Serbian Despotate of Hungary, cultural and political renaissance before Ottomans in 57
Serbia, Serbian Despotate, 1402-1459 ; The Serbian Despotate was a medieval Serbian state in the first half of the 15th century. Although the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 is generally considered the end of medieval Serbia, the Despotate, a successor of the Serbian Empire and Moravian Serbia, lasted for another 60 years, experiencing a cultural and political renaissance before it was conquered by the Ottomans in 1459. Before its conquest the Despotate nominally had a suzerain status to the Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Empire and Kingdom of Hungary.[1] After being fully subjugated to the Ottoman Empire in 1459, it continued to exist in exile in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary until the mid-16th century. Pavle Bakia was the last Despot of Serbia to be recognized by both the Ottoman and the Habsburg Monarchy. Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10;

Serbia, 1405, Despot Stephen Tower, fortress in Belgrade
Despot Stephen Tower; The Despot Stefan Tower is a structure in Belgrade, Serbia, built ca. 1405, a couple of years after the city became the capital of Serbian Despotate under Despot Stefan Lazarevic. May 1963, representatives of the city administration, Institute for the protection of the cultural monuments and members of the astronomical societies, agreed to adapt the Dizdar Tower into an observatory. Works began in May, instruments were to be installed by autumn, and the observatory was to become operational in October 1963.[1] the tower is the seat of the Astronomical Society Ruder Boskovic and houses its Popular Observatory. The Observatory has two instruments: refractor Zeiss (110/2200mm) and reflector Tall 200 K (200/2200mm), both of which are used mainly for observations at night. Four panoramic telescopes are also mounted on the tower, which can be used to observe the panorama of Belgrade.[2] Turkish Yoke Ottoman Empire ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10;

Serbia, 1457, Serbia Seized by the Turks
Serbia, 1457, Serbia Seized by the Turks; Despot Stephen Tower; Turkish Yoke Ottoman Empire ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10;

Serbia, 1457, Icon of Three Hands to Serbia and Donkey story, John of Damascus' hand, MOG leads Donkey, becomes Hilander Igumen
Syria, 717-740, Icon of Three Hands, John of Damascus' hand, Syria (Barada River foothills, Kings Highway 17, Way of the Sea 17), J slandered by Leo III, caliph cut off J's hand, MOG puts it back on, hand had written Orthodoxy defense, MOG commanded toil w o fail before healing, John to Sabbas w icon, icon to Serbia, MOG leads icon donkey to Hilandar, MOG icon becomes igumen of H; Damascus (Barada River foothills); Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Three Hands, Commemorated on June 28; Icon of the Mother of God, “Of the Three Hands”: the eighth century during the time of the Iconoclasts, Saint John of Damascus (December 4) was zealous in his veneration of holy icons. of this, he was slandered by the emperor and iconoclast Leo III the Isaurian (717-740), informed the Damascus caliph that Saint John was committing treasonous acts against him. caliph gave orders to cut off the hand of the monk and take it to the marketplace. evening Saint John, having asked the caliph for the cut-off hand, put it to its joint and fell to the ground before the icon of the Mother of God. monk begged Our Lady to heal the hand, which had written in defense of Orthodoxy. long prayer he fell asleep and saw in a dream that the All-Pure Mother of God had turned to him promising him quick healing. this the Mother of God bid him toil without fail with this hand. awakened from sleep, Saint John saw that his hand was unharmed. thankfulness for this healing Saint John placed on the icon a hand fashioned of silver, from which the icon received its name “Of Three Hands.” iconographers, in their ignorance, have mistakenly depicted the Most Holy Theotokos with three arms and three hands.) to Tradition, Saint John wrote a hymn of thanksgiving to the Mother of God: “All of creation rejoices in You, O Full of Grace,” which appears in place of the hymn “It is Truly Meet” in the Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great. John Damascene accepted monasticism at the monastery of Saint Savva the Sanctified and there bestowed his wonderworking icon. Lavra presented the icon “Of Three Hands” in blessing to Saint Savva, Archbishop of Serbia (+ 1237, January 12). the time of an invasion of Serbia by the Turks, some Christians who wanted to protect the icon, entrusted it to the safekeeping of the Mother of God Herself. placed it upon a donkey, which without a driver proceeded to Athos and stopped in front of the Hilandar monastery. monks put the icon in the monastery’s cathedral church (katholikon). a time of discord over the choice of igumen, the Mother of God deigned to head the monastery Herself, and from that time Her holy icon has occupied the igumen’s place in the temple. the Hilandar monastery there is chosen only a vicar, and from the holy icon the monks take a blessing for every obedience. Greek usage, this Icon is commemorated on June 28; but on July 12 in Slavic usage.

Serbia, 1458-1459, Stephen Brancovich, Despot, went to Jedriene 1457 blinded, ruled, exiled, incorrupt relics
Serbia, 1458-1459, Stephen Brancovich (the Blind), Despot Prince, went to Ottomans at Jedriene 1457 blinded, ruled 1458, fled to Albania, married Angelina, 2 sons, fled to Italy, Turks invaded Albania, incorrupt relics ; St Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind one, Commemorated on October 9; Stephen Brancovich was the son of the Despot George and Queen Irene, and lived in the fifteenth century. and his sister Mara lived in the court of Sultan Murat II. Saint Stephen and his brother Gregory were blinded at Jedrene by the Turkish Sultan for some perceived offense. Since he was innocent, he bore his affliction with courage. became ruler of Serbia in 1458, but was soon forced to flee to Albania. Saint Stephen was not only Prince George Skenderbeg’s guest, but he was also treated as a member of his family. There he met Saint Angelina (July 1 & 30 and December 10), the daughter of Prince George . Not surprisingly, Stephen and Angelina eventually fell in love. With her parents’ blessing, they were married in church. After a few years, they were blessed with two sons: George and John. the boys were grown, Saint Stephen and his family were forced to flee to Italy for their safety, because the Turks invaded Albania and began to slaughter men, women, and even children. died as an exile in Italy in 1468. He was buried in Serbia in the monastery of Krushedol in Frushka Gora, which was founded by his son the monk Maximus. After eight years, Saint Steven’s relics were uncovered and were found incorrupt and fragrant. Many miracles took place at his tomb. Stephen is also commemorated on December 10 with Saint Angelina and Saint John. was married, but had no sons. He died in 1503 at a young age, and many miracles took place before his holy relics. Angelina survived her husband and both of her sons. Mindful of her soul’s salvation, she entered a women’s monastery. She departed to the Lord in peace, and her body was buried in the same tomb as her sons in the monastery of Krushedol. Angelina is also commemorated on December 10 with her husband Saint Stephen and her son Saint John. Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; life of the Serbian ruler Stephen Brankovich and his family was filled with instability and misfortune. After Serbia was seized in 1457 by the Turks, the then Serbian ruler’s middle son, Stephen (October 9), distinguished by a meek disposition and fine knowledge of Holy Scripture, went to the capital of Turkey after his sister had been given to Sultan Murat in marriage. Learning that the Turks had burned the Mileshevsk monastery with fanatic cruelty, Saint Stephen rose up to defend Serbia from oppression. he married Angelina (July 30), the daughter of the Prince of Albania, the Turks threatened Saint Stephen and his family with punishment. With his wife and three children he was forced to hide first in Albania, and then in Italy, where he died. Angelina transferred the incorrupt relics of her spouse to Kupinovo. At the end of the fifteenth century a son of the Righteous Stephen and Angelina, Saint John, became ruler of Serbia. The incorrupt relics of Saint John and his parents were afterwards glorified by many miracles. St Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Serbia, 1458-1520, Saint Angelina of Serbia and Albania, Steven's wife, two sons
Serbian Saint, 1458-1520, Saint Angelina of Serbia; St Stephen of Serbia, "œthe blind one"Â, Commemorated on October 9; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18;

Serbia, 1459-1800, Folder, Ottoman Serbia

Serbia, 1459-1499, 15th Century Folder, Ottoman Serbia in Bosnia, Kingdom of Hungary in the North

Serbia, 1461-1463, P, Stephen Tomasevic, Bosnia, R Catholic, lost Bosnia, Serbia to Mehemed, killed by M
Serbian Prince, 1461-1463, Stephen Tomasevic of Bosnia ; Tomasevic or Stephen II ( died on 25 May 1463) was the last sovereign from the Bosnian Kotromani dynasty, reigning as Despot of Serbia briefly in 1459 and as King of Bosnia from 1461 until 1463. Stephen's father, King Thomas, had great ambitions for him. An attempt to expand into Croatia by marrying Stephen to a wealthy noblewoman failed, and negotiations for a marital alliance with the Sforzas of Milan were abandoned when a more prestigious opportunity presented itself: marriage to the heiress Maria of Serbia. in April 1459, it made Stephen the ruler of the remnants of the neighbouring country. The intent was to unite the Kingdom of Bosnia and the Serbian Despotate under Stephen to combat the expanding Ottoman Empire. Catholicism made him unpopular in Orthodox Serbia. ruling it for merely two months, he surrendered it to the encroaching Ottoman forces and fled back to his father's court, which earned him the contempt of the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus and other Christian rulers in Europe. Stephen succeeded his father on the throne following the latter's death in July 1461 and became the first Bosnian king to receive a crown from the Holy See. kingdom's existence, however, was increasingly threatened by the Ottomans. King Stephen had the unanimous support of his noblemen in resistance to the Ottomans, but not of the common people. He maintained an active correspondence with Pope Pius II, who forgave him for the loss of Serbia and worked with him to preserve Bosnia for Christendom. Hungarian king was placated, but all Western monarchs contacted by Stephen refused to assist him. that at least Matthias would come to his aid, Stephen refused to deliver the customary tribute to the Ottoman sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, which provoked an invasion. May 1463, Mehmed marched into Bosnia, meeting little effective resistance, and captured Stephen, who was then beheaded. The execution marks the fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia to the Ottoman Empire. 1 Family 2 Marriage 3 Despotism 4 Kingship 4.1 Accession and coronation 4.2 Ottoman invasion 4.3 Capture and death 5 Assessment and legacy 6 Family tree 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading St Stephen of Serbia, "œthe blind one"Â, Commemorated on October 9; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Serbia, 1486-1496, Despot, George Brancovich, Maximus, relinquished, monk, krusedol monastery, Romanian envoy
Serbian Prince, 1486-1496, George Brancovich ; as George; also known as Saint Maksim; b. 1461 “ d. 1516) was the last male member of the Brankovic dynasty, and titular Despot of Serbia from 1486 to 1497. The title was granted to him by Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus. From 1493, he shared the title with his brother Jovan. In 1497, he relinquished all titles and possessions to his brother, and decided to take monastic vows, adopting the name Maksim. built the Kruskedol monastery, and served as diplomatic envoy for prince Radu IV the Great of Wallachia (1507). 1513, he became Metropolitan of Belgrade. After his death (1516), he was venerated as saint, and canonized by the Serbian Orthodox Church.[1][2] Son of Serbian Prince, 1458-1459, Stephen Brancovich; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Serbia, 1496-1502, Despot, John Brancovich, received d from b Maximus, Hilandar and Krusedol
Serbian Prince, 1496-1502, John Brancovich ; Brankovich, born c. 1465 - died 10 December 1502) was the titular Despot of Serbia from 1493 until his death in 1502. of despot was given to him by Hungarian king Vladislas II of Hungary. From 1493 to 1497 he held the title together with his elder brother George, who was despot since 1486. In 1497, George relinquished the title, and Jovan remained the sole Despot of Serbia, until his death in 1502. Jovan was the last Serbian Despot of the Brankovich dynasty. built the Kruckedol monastery, and made various donations to Hilandar and other Eastern Orthodox monasteries. He was proclaimed a saint by the Serbian Orthodox Church.[1][2] Son of Serbian Prince, 1458-1459, Stephen Brancovich; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; St Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Serbia, 1500, 16th Century Folder, Ottoman Serbia, Light from grave attracts Turks, St Macarius the Patriarch

Serbia, 1515, Saint Stephen Stiljianovitch, Light from his grave attracts Turks
Serbia, 1515, Saint Stephen Stiljianovitch, Light from his grave attracts Turks; Stephen Stiljianovich of Serbia was born into a pious Christian family in the Serbian city of Zhupa (south of Zakholmya). During this time Serbia was often subjected to invasions by the Turks, who devastated the land. Saint Stephen defended his native land, did military service in the army of the Serbian ruler. When famine began in the country, the kindly Saint Stephen distributed his own bread to the hungry. patriotic activity of the saintly soldier was indissolubly bound up with his truly Christian life. “In virtue, he lived as an ascetic with charity, purity, prayer, the Orthodox Faith and unhypocritical love of neighbor.â€ saint fell asleep in the Lord on October 4, 1515. After a time, the Turks saw a light shining over his grave. Thinking that they had found a hidden treasure, they opened the grave and found the incorrupt body of Saint Stephen. Serbian monks ransomed the relics from the Turkish Pasha and transferred them to the Shishatovets monastery on Mount Phrushtsk. Serbian Church prays to him as a glorious righteous defender of his native land, “Glory in the struggles, warrior Stephen Stiljianovich, great healer of those who pray to you in faith.â€

Serbia, 1557-1574, Serbian Patriarch, St Macarius the Patriarch
Serbian Patriarch, 1557-1574, St Macarius the Patriarch; St Macarius the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30;

Serbia, 1600, 17th Century Folder, Ottoman Serbia, Russo-Turkish War

Serbia, 1657, Serbian Patriarch, Gabriel II of Constantinople
Serbian Patriarch, 1657, Gabriel II of Constantinople; St Gabriel I the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30;

Serbia, 1686-1700, Russo-Turkish War
Serbia, 1686-1700, Russo-Turkish War ; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Serbia, 1700, 18th Century Folder, temporary Hapsburg Serbian Kingdom then back to Ottoman in 39

Serbia, 1800-Present, Folder, Uprising, Russia Turkish War

Serbia, 1800, 19th Century Folder, First Serbian Uprising, Karageorgea's Revolt, Russo-Turkish War

Serbia, 1804-1813, First Serbian Uprising (against the Turks)
Serbia, 1804-1813, First Serbian Uprising; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17;

Serbia, 1804-1813, Karageorgea's town, Topola, Karageorgea's revolt 1804-1813
Serbia, Karageorge'™s town, Topola, Karageorge's revolt 1804-1809, First Serbian Uprising against the Turks from Constantinople, 1804, Collapse 1813 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated December 17 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17;

Serbia, 1811-1813, President, Karadorde, Black George, Orthodox, with Ottomans, then against, Jihad, k by rival
Serbia, President, 1811-1813, Karadorde; Karadorde (16 November [O.S. 3 November] 1768 - 26 July [O.S. 14 July] 1817), was a Serbian revolutionary who led the struggle for his country's independence from the Ottoman Empire during the First Serbian Uprising of 1804-“1813. Born into an impoverished family in the Sumadija region of Ottoman Serbia, Karadorde distinguished himself during the Austro-Turkish War of 1788-“1791 as a member of the Serbian Free Corps, a militia of Habsburg and Ottoman Serbs, armed and trained by the Austrians. Fearing retribution following the Austrians' and Serb rebels' defeat in 1791, he and his family fled to the Austrian Empire, where they lived until 1794, when a general amnesty was declared. Karadorde subsequently returned to Sumadija and became a livestock merchant. In 1796, the rogue governor of the Sanjak of Vidin, Osman PazvantogŸlu, invaded the Pashalik of Belgrade, and Karadorde fought alongside the Ottomans to quash the incursion. In early 1804, following a massacre of Serb chieftains by renegade Ottoman janissaries known as Dahis, the Serbs of the Pashalik rebelled. Karadorde was unanimously elected to lead the uprising against the Dahis at an assembly of surviving chiefs in February 1804. Within six months, most of the Dahi leaders had been captured and executed by Karadordee's forces, and by 1805, the final remnants of Dahi resistance had been crushed. Karadorde and his followers demanded far-reaching autonomy, which Sultan Selim interpreted as but the first step towards complete independence. Selim promptly declared jihad against the rebels and ordered an army to march into the Pashalik. The Ottomans suffered a string of defeats at the hands of Karadorde's forces. By 1806, the rebels had captured all the major towns in the Pashalik, including Belgrade and Smederevo, and expelled their Muslim inhabitants. Burdened by the demands of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1806-“1812, Selim offered the Serbs extensive autonomy, but Karadorde refused in light of Russia's avowal to aid the rebels should they continue fighting. Frequent infighting, together with Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812, weakened the rebels, and the Ottomans were able to reverse many of their gains. Karadorde was forced to flee Serbia in October 1813 and Belgrade fell later that month, bringing the First Serbian Uprising to a close. He and his followers sought refuge in the Austrian Empire, but were arrested and detained. Despite Ottoman requests for his extradition, the Austrians handed Karadorde over to the Russians, who offered him refuge in Bessarabia. There, he joined the Greek secret society known as Filiki Eteria, which planned to launch a pan-Balkan uprising against the Ottomans. Karadorde returned to Serbia in secret in July 1817, but was killed shortly thereafter by agents of Milos Obrenovic, a rival rebel leader, who was concerned that Karadorde's reappearance would cause the Ottomans to renege on the concessions that they had agreed to following the Second Serbian Uprising of 1815. Karadorde is considered the founder of the Karadorde dynasty, which ruled Serbia in several intervals during the 19th and 20th centuries. His murder resulted in a violent, decades-long feud between his descendants and those of Obrenovic, with the Serbian throne changing hands several times. New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated December 17 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17;

Serbia, 1814, Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic's town, Nevede, Hadj-Prodan's Revolt 1814
Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic's town, Nevede, Serbia, Hadj-Prodan's Revolt 1814 ; Gligorijevic, known simply as Hadj-Prodan (1760 -1825) was a Serbian voivode (military commander) in the First Serbian Uprising of the Serbian Revolution, then the Greek War of Independence, against the Ottoman Empire. He led an unsuccessful rebellion in 1814, dubbedHadj-Prodan's Revolt. Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated December 17 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17;

Serbia, 1814-1815, Avakum, Bosnia Region, two failed revolts, to be impaled, sooner I die the fewer sins
Serbia, 1814-1815, Avakum, Bosnia Region (Sarajvo, Bosna River, Flows North), two failed revolts, spiritual father and mother accepted Islam and urged him to, sentenced to be impaled on a stake, the sooner I die the fewer sins I will have; Bosnia Region ; Bosnia lies mainly in the Dinaric Alps, ranging to the southern borders of the Pannonian plain, with the rivers Sava and Drina marking its northern and eastern borders ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; holy New Martyr Avakum (Habakkuk) was born in Bosnia in 1794, and was named Lepoje by his parents. ’s father died when he was still a young boy, so his mother took him to the Mostanica monastery, where his uncle was the spiritual Father. He grew up in the monastery, and later became a monk with the name Avakum. When he was eighteen, he was ordained a deacon by Metropolitan Joseph (Sakabenta). 1809, the monks took part in an unsuccessful revolt against the Turks, and had to flee for their lives. They settled in the Annunciation monastery in Trnava near Cacak, where the igumen was Saint Paisius. the collapse of Karageorge’s revolt in 1813, the Turks began a reign of terror against the Serbs. also swept the area because of the many bodies left unburied. people attempted another revolt under Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic, and the monks of Trnava became involved in it. The rebellion took place on the Feast of the Cross (September 14), but it was crushed by the Turks. Many people were captured, and some were executed on the spot as a warning to others. of the prisoners were sent to Suleiman Pasha in Belgrade, among whom were Saints Paisius and Avakum. The holy deacon Avakum sang “God is with us” (from Compline) in the prison cell, while Saint Paisius prayed. The Turks offered to free anyone who would convert to Islam. Some of the prisoners agreed to this, but the majority refused to deny Christ, and so they were put to death. Turks tried to pressure Avakum to save himself by embracing their religion, but he refused even to consider it. former spiritual Father, Gennadius, accepted the offer of the Turks and urged Avakum to follow his example. The courageous deacon declared that he was a warrior of Christ, and preferred to die rather than deny Christ. Avakum was sentenced to be impaled on a stake, which he was forced to carry to the place of execution. own mother urged him to embrace Islam, then to seek forgiveness later because he had been forced into it. The saint thanked her for giving him life, but not for her advice. the place of execution, the Turks asked him one more time to consider his youth and not to die before his time. Avakum laughed and asked, “Don’t even Turks eventually die?” replied, “Of course they do.” “Well then,” he said, “the sooner I die, the fewer sins I will have.” of his courage and steadfastness in his faith, the Turks decided not to impale him. They killed him quickly by stabbing him in the heart with a sword on January 27, 1815. Avakum the deacon is commemorated on December 17 with Saint Paisius. St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17 ; holy New Martyr Paisius was igumen of the Annunciation monastery in Trnava near Cacak, Serbia. the collapse of Karageorge’s revolt in 1813, the Turks began a reign of terror against the Serbs. also swept the area because of the many bodies left unburied. people attempted another revolt under Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic, and the monks of Trnava became involved in it. rebellion took place on the Feast of the Cross (September 14), but it was crushed by the Turks. Many people were captured, and some were executed on the spot as a warning to others. of the prisoners were sent to Suleiman Pasha in Belgrade, among whom were Saints Paisius and Avakum. holy deacon Avakum sang “God is with us” (from Compline) in the prison cell, while Saint Paisius prayed. The Turks offered to free anyone who would convert to Islam. Some of the prisoners agreed to this, but the majority refused to deny Christ, and so they were put to death. Paisius was taken from prison and forced to carry a stake to the place of execution. was impaled, and the stake was set into the ground. The holy martyr exclaimed, “Glory to God.” Then the vizier clapped his hands to signal his soldiers to draw their swords and begin killing some of the other prisoners. people were killed, and their bodies were raised up on posts. After suffering for some time, Saint Paisius surrendered his soul to God, thereby obtaining the crown of martyrdom on December 17, 1814.

Serbia, 1814-1815, Paisius, Bosnia Region, two failed revolts, impaled, Igumen Trnava monastery
Serbia, 1814-1815, Avakum, Bosnia Region (Sarajvo, Bosna River, Flows North), two failed revolts, spiritual father and mother accepted Islam and urged him to, sentenced to be impaled on a stake, the sooner I die the fewer sins I will have; Bosnia Region ; Bosnia lies mainly in the Dinaric Alps, ranging to the southern borders of the Pannonian plain, with the rivers Sava and Drina marking its northern and eastern borders ; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17 ; holy New Martyr Paisius was igumen of the Annunciation monastery in Trnava near Cacak, Serbia. the collapse of Karageorge’s revolt in 1813, the Turks began a reign of terror against the Serbs. also swept the area because of the many bodies left unburied. people attempted another revolt under Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic, and the monks of Trnava became involved in it. rebellion took place on the Feast of the Cross (September 14), but it was crushed by the Turks. Many people were captured, and some were executed on the spot as a warning to others. of the prisoners were sent to Suleiman Pasha in Belgrade, among whom were Saints Paisius and Avakum. holy deacon Avakum sang “God is with us” (from Compline) in the prison cell, while Saint Paisius prayed. The Turks offered to free anyone who would convert to Islam. Some of the prisoners agreed to this, but the majority refused to deny Christ, and so they were put to death. Paisius was taken from prison and forced to carry a stake to the place of execution. was impaled, and the stake was set into the ground. The holy martyr exclaimed, “Glory to God.” Then the vizier clapped his hands to signal his soldiers to draw their swords and begin killing some of the other prisoners. people were killed, and their bodies were raised up on posts. After suffering for some time, Saint Paisius surrendered his soul to God, thereby obtaining the crown of martyrdom on December 17, 1814. Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; holy New Martyr Avakum (Habakkuk) was born in Bosnia in 1794, and was named Lepoje by his parents. ’s father died when he was still a young boy, so his mother took him to the Mostanica monastery, where his uncle was the spiritual Father. He grew up in the monastery, and later became a monk with the name Avakum. When he was eighteen, he was ordained a deacon by Metropolitan Joseph (Sakabenta). 1809, the monks took part in an unsuccessful revolt against the Turks, and had to flee for their lives. They settled in the Annunciation monastery in Trnava near Cacak, where the igumen was Saint Paisius. the collapse of Karageorge’s revolt in 1813, the Turks began a reign of terror against the Serbs. also swept the area because of the many bodies left unburied. people attempted another revolt under Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic, and the monks of Trnava became involved in it. The rebellion took place on the Feast of the Cross (September 14), but it was crushed by the Turks. Many people were captured, and some were executed on the spot as a warning to others. of the prisoners were sent to Suleiman Pasha in Belgrade, among whom were Saints Paisius and Avakum. The holy deacon Avakum sang “God is with us” (from Compline) in the prison cell, while Saint Paisius prayed. The Turks offered to free anyone who would convert to Islam. Some of the prisoners agreed to this, but the majority refused to deny Christ, and so they were put to death. Turks tried to pressure Avakum to save himself by embracing their religion, but he refused even to consider it. former spiritual Father, Gennadius, accepted the offer of the Turks and urged Avakum to follow his example. The courageous deacon declared that he was a warrior of Christ, and preferred to die rather than deny Christ. Avakum was sentenced to be impaled on a stake, which he was forced to carry to the place of execution. own mother urged him to embrace Islam, then to seek forgiveness later because he had been forced into it. The saint thanked her for giving him life, but not for her advice. the place of execution, the Turks asked him one more time to consider his youth and not to die before his time. Avakum laughed and asked, “Don’t even Turks eventually die?” replied, “Of course they do.” “Well then,” he said, “the sooner I die, the fewer sins I will have.” of his courage and steadfastness in his faith, the Turks decided not to impale him. They killed him quickly by stabbing him in the heart with a sword on January 27, 1815. Avakum the deacon is commemorated on December 17 with Saint Paisius.

Serbia, 1875, June 26 1875: Issachar's Seal Date
Serbia, 1875, June 26 1875: Issachar's Seal Date; Serbia, 1877-1878, Russo-Turkish War (1877-“78); Congress of Berlin, 1878;

Serbia, 1877-1878, Russo-Turkish War (1877-“78); Serbia, 1875, June 26 1875: Issachar's Seal Date;

Serbia, 1878, Treaty of Berlin 1878
Serbia, 1878, Treaty of Berlin 1878; Serbia, 1877-1878, Russo-Turkish War (1877-“78); Serbia, 1875, June 26 1875: Issachar's Seal Date;

Serbia, 1900, 20th Century Folder, Communist Leader Tito, St Nikolai Velimirovich of Ohrid

Serbia, 1901-1956, Saint Nikolai Velimirovich of Ohrid and Zica
Serbia, 1901-1956, Saint Nikolai Velimirovich of Ohrid and Zica; Repose of St Nikolai of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Serbia, 1943-1980, Yugoslav Communist Leader, Tito, Josip Broz
Serbia, 1943-1980, Yugoslav Communist Leader, Tito, Josip Broz; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Serbia, Kosovo Folder, Rivers flow South

Serbia, 1373-1403, Moravian Serbia (Great Morava River Serbia, Danube 10, not Czech Moravia)
Serbia, Moravian Serbia, 1373-1403; Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated on July 19 ; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Serbia, Kosovo, Eastern Kosovo Folder, Kosovo Field

Kosovo, Serbia
Kosovo; St Joannicius the first Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on September 3; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Battle of Kosovo, Serbia, 1389
Battle of Kosovo; Saint Spyridon, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Kosovo battle with Turks, 1389
Kosovo battle with Turks, 1389; Saint Spyridon, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Kosovo Pole (Blackbird Field)
Kosovo Pole St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated August 30 ; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Kosovo Sink Hole - Smaller View

Kosovo Sink Hole - Larger View

Goljak Mountains
Goljak Mountains;

Serbia, Kosovo, Unjimir River Folder, Central Kosovo

Unjimir River
Unjimir River between Kosovo and Pec;

Unjimir River Source (on the divide)

Unjimir River 1 (Unjimir, Kosovo)

Unjimir, Kosovo (Unjimir River 1)
Unjimir (between Kosovo and Pec); St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5; Saint Peter was born in 1211 in the village of Unjimir between the city of Pech and the Field of Kosovo.

Unjimir River Mouth ( Pec River 4)

Serbia, Kosovo, Pec River Folder, Western Kosovo

Pec River

Pec River Source (on the divide)

Pec River 1 (Rugova Canyon and Caves)

Rugova Canyon monastic caves, 1985
Rugova Canyon monastic caves; Repose of St Stephen of Dechani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11 ; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8;

Pec River 2 (Pech)

Pech (Pec), Kosovo, Serbia (Pec River 2)
Pech; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; Repose of St Stephen of Dechani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11 ; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Pec Rive 3 (Dechani)

Dechani, Kosovo, Serbia (Pec River 3)
Dechani, Serbia; Repose of St Stephen of Dechani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11 ; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ;

Vysokie Dechani Monastery, Serbia, 1327
Vysokie Dechani, Serbia; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15;

Dechani (Vysokie) Monastery, Serbia, 1327
Vysokie Dechani, Serbia; Saint Gabriel I, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15;

Patriarchate of Pec (monastery), Serbia, 1327
Patriarchate of Pec (monastery), Serbia, 1327; Vysokie Dechani, Serbia; Saint Gabriel I, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30; Saint Macarius, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15;

Pec River 4 (Unjimir River)

Pec River 5 (Prizren, Korisha)

Prizren, Kosovo, Serbia (Pec River 5)
Prizren; St Joannicius the first Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated September 3 ; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Korisha, Kosovo, Serbia (Pec River 5)
Korisha; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Archangelsk monastery, Prizren, Kosovo, Serbia
Archangelsk monastery, Prizren, Kosovo, Serbia; Saint Spyridon, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30;

Serbia, Danube Rivers Folder, Rivers flow North

Danube River in Serbia

Danube River 9 (Belgrade, Serbia)

Serbia, Danube 9, Sava River Folder

Sava River

Sava River Source (Julian Alps, Kranjska Gora, Slovenia)

Sava River 1 (Kranjska Gora, Slovenia)

Sava River 2 (Slovenia)

Sava River 3 (Slovenia)

Sava River 4 (Slovenka, Slovenia)

Sora River Mouth (Sava River 4)

Sava River 5 (Slovenia)

Sava River 9 (border Slovenia and Croatia)

Sava River 10 (Zagreb, Croatia)

Sava River 11 (Croatia)

Sava River 12 (Dubica, Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Sava River 13 (border Croatia and Bosnia)

Sava River 14 (border Croatia and Bosnia)

Sava River 15 (border Croatia and Bosnia)

Sava River 16 (border Slavonia (Croatia) and Bosnia)

Sava River 17 (Vrsani, Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Sava River 18 (Drina River, Serbia)

Serbia, Danube 9, Sava 18, Drina River Folder

Drina River

Drina River Source (Maglic Mountain)
Maglic Mountain;

Drina River 1

Drina River 2

Drina River 3 (Overview)

Drina River 4

Drina River 5 (Lim River)

Serbia, Danube 9, Sava 18, Drina 5, Lim River Folder

Lim River

Lim River Source (Lake Plav, Northeast Montenegro

Lim River 1 (Budimlje, Serbia, aka Berane, Montenegro)

Budimlje, Serbia aka Berane, Montenegro (Lim River 1)
Budimlje aka Berane (; Repose of Saint Stephen of DeÃƒÂ„Ã‚ÂÂÂÂani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11

Lim River 2 (Montenegro-Serbia Border, Brodarevo)

Serbia, Danube 9, Sava 18, Drina 5, Lim River 2, Milesevka River Folder

Milesevka River

Milesevka River Source (Mount Jadovnik)

Milesevka River 1

Milesevka River 2

Milesevka River 3

Milesevka River Mouth (Lim River 2)

Mileshevsk monastery, Serbia (Mileshevsk River, Lim River 2) 1236
Mileshevsk (Milesheva) monastery ; St Vladislav of Serbia, Commemorated on September 24 ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ;

Lim River 3 (Milesevka River and Monestary)

Banja Monastery (Lim River 3.7, south of Prboj)
Banja Monastery Monastery (Serbian Cyrillic: ÃÂœÃÂ°ÃÂ½ÃÂ°ÑÂÑ‚ÃÂ¸Ñ€ ÃÂ‘ÃÂ°ÑšÃÂ°) is a Serbian Orthodox Monastery located near Priboj, Serbia. Monastery Banja presents Cultural Monument of Exceptional Importance in Serbia.[1] History 1890s photograph. Time of founding of the monastery is unknown, but the first historical sources (Studenica Typicon) mention it in the 12th century.[1] In 1220 Banja became center of Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Dabar.[2] There are three churches within the monastery, the Church of St. Nicholas, of St. Eliah and the Church of Ascension of the Holy Virgin. St. Nicholas Church, the main monastery church, was founded by King Stefan DeÄÂanski (r. 1322–31) in 1329. The original church was burned during the Ottoman invasion.[3] The church was restored in 1570 and gained its present look in 1904 when the last restoration took place. The monastery was not only center of the bishopric but the mausoleum of VojnoviÄ‡ noble family. Saint Daniel II, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20;

Banja district (Lim River 3.7, south of Prboj)
Banja Monastery Monastery (Serbian Cyrillic: ÃÂœÃÂ°ÃÂ½ÃÂ°ÑÂÑ‚ÃÂ¸Ñ€ ÃÂ‘ÃÂ°ÑšÃÂ°) is a Serbian Orthodox Monastery located near Priboj, Serbia. Monastery Banja presents Cultural Monument of Exceptional Importance in Serbia.[1] History 1890s photograph. Time of founding of the monastery is unknown, but the first historical sources (Studenica Typicon) mention it in the 12th century.[1] In 1220 Banja became center of Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Dabar.[2] There are three churches within the monastery, the Church of St. Nicholas, of St. Eliah and the Church of Ascension of the Holy Virgin. St. Nicholas Church, the main monastery church, was founded by King Stefan DeÄÂanski (r. 1322–31) in 1329. The original church was burned during the Ottoman invasion.[3] The church was restored in 1570 and gained its present look in 1904 when the last restoration took place. The monastery was not only center of the bishopric but the mausoleum of VojnoviÄ‡ noble family. Saint Daniel II, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20;

Lim River 4 (Pribo)

Lim River 5 (Rudo)

Lim River Mouth (Drina River 5)

Laze, Serbia (Drina River 6)
Lazes could mean the region of the Lazes River in Romania, but it probably is Laze in Bosnia and Herzegovina, or it could be neither; however, they are both on the way from Armenia to Albania. GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Chelije Monastery, Serbia, 1280's
Chelije Monastery; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Lelich, Serbia (Drina River 9.5, 3 mile walk from Chelije Monastery)
Lelich, Serbia (3 mile walk from Chelije Monastery); Repose of St Nikolai of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Drina River 12 (Pech Monastery)

Tavna monastery, Serbia (Drina River 12) 1316
Tavna monastery Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated October 28 ;

Drina River Mouth (Sirmium, Pannonia, Sava River 18)

Sava River 19 (Srem Plain, Serbia)

Serbia, Danube 9, Sava 19, Srem Plain Region Folder, Pannonia

Srem Plain Region (divided Croatia west and Serbia east, between Sava and Danube Rs.)
Srem Region, between Drava, Sava and Danube, divided between Croatia in the West and Serbia in the east ; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated October 28 ; Venerable Dragutin (Theoctistus in Monasticism) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Krushedol Monastery, Ravenica, Srem Plain, 1509
Krushedol Monastery, Ravenica, Srem Plain, 1509; Ravenica monestary, 1377; Frushka Gora Mountain; St Stephen of Serbia, "the blind one", Commemorated October 9 ; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Ravenica monastery, Serbia (Srem Plain, near Danube River 8) 1377
Ravenica monestary; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Frushka Gora, Serbia (Srem Plain)
Frushka Gora, Serbia (Srem Plain); Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30 ; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Sirmium, Serbia (Pannonia Secunda, Srem Plain, Sava River 19)
Sirmium; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Martyr Manuel, Commemorated on March 27; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Hieromartyr Erasmus the Bishop of Formia in Campania, Commemorated on May 4;

Pannonia Secunda, Srem Plain, Serbia, Roman Province, 296-476
Pannonia Secunda ; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Hieromartyr Erasmus the Bishop of Formia in Campania, Commemorated on May 4;

Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns) 469
Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns) 469; The war ended in 469. Marcellinus Comes shortly recorded "The head of Dinzic, son of Attila, king of the Huns, was brought to Constantinople".[14] The Chronicon Paschale recounts "Dinzirichus, Attila's son, was killed by Anagastes, general in Thrace. His head was brought to Constantinople, carried in procession through the Middle Street, and fixed on a pole at the Wooden Circus. The whole city turned out to look at it".[14] Jordanes recounts events in c. 468: "Now after firm peace was established between Goths and Romans, the Goths found that what they received from the emperor was not sufficient for them. Furthermore, they were eager to display their wonted valor, and so began to plunder the neighboring peoples around them, first attacking the Sadagis[nb 1] who held the interior of Pannonia. When Dintzic, king of the Huns, a son of Attila, learned this, he gathered to him the few who still seemed to have remained under his sway, namely, the Ultzinzures[nb 2] the Angisciri[nb 3] the Bittugures[nb 4] and the Bardores[nb 5] Coming to Bassianae (see Battle of Bassianae), a city of Pannonia, he beleaguered it and began to plunder its territory. When the Goths learned this, they abandoned the expedition they had planned against the Sadagis and turned upon the Huns and drove them so ingloriously from their own land that those who remained have been in dread of the arms of the Goths from that time down to the present day."[22] Dengizich, Atilla's Son; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœJerusalemÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12;

Pannonia (parts of: Hungary, Austia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Croatia, Bosnia, Hezegovinia)
Pannonia (parts of: Hungary, Austia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Croatia, Bosnia, Hezegovinia) ; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy and his fellow-laborer, Junia, Commemorated on May 17;

Pannonia (left side Sava River Drainage)
Pannonia (parts of: Hungary, Austia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Croatia, Bosnia, Hezegovinia) ; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11;

Kupinovo, Serbia (Srem Plain, Sava River 19, capitol Moravian Serbia and Serbian Despotate)
Kupinovo; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Dechani, Serbia (Srem Plain)
Repose of St Stephen of Dechani, Serbia;

Rakovica Monastery, Belgrade, Serbia (Srem Plain), 1600 17th Century
Rakovica Monastery, Belgrade; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Mount Abul (Avala), Serbia (south of Belgrade, Sava Mouth, Danube 9)
Mount Abul (Avala), Serbia; Icon of the Mother of God of Putivil, Commemorated on May 2;

Sava River Mouth (Belgrade, Serbia, Danube River 9)

Belgrade, Serbia (Sava Mouth and Danube River 9, Roman Road Via Militaris 1)
Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia; Icon of the Mother of God Three Hands on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated on July 19 ; St Militsa of Serbia, Commemorated on July 19; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17 ; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Martyr Stratonicus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; Icon of the Mother of God the "œMilk-Giver"Â of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3;

Roman Road, Via Militarius 1, Singidunum (Belgrade)
Roman Road, Via Militarius 1, Singidunum (Belgrade); Roman Road, Via Militarius;

Despot Stephen Tower, 1405, fortress in Belgrade
Despot Stephen Tower; Despot Stefan Tower is a structure in Belgrade, Serbia, built ca. 1405, a couple of years after the city became the capital of Serbian Despotate under Despot Stefan Lazarevic. May 1963, representatives of the city administration, Institute for the protection of the cultural monuments and members of the astronomical societies, agreed to adapt the Dizdar Tower into an observatory. Works began in May, instruments were to be installed by autumn, and the observatory was to become operational in October 1963.[1] the tower is the seat of the Astronomical Society Ruder Boskovic and houses its Popular Observatory. The Observatory has two instruments: refractor Zeiss (110/2200mm) and reflector Tall 200 K (200/2200mm), both of which are used mainly for observations at night. Four panoramic telescopes are also mounted on the tower, which can be used to observe the panorama of Belgrade.[2] Turkish Yoke Ottoman Empire ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10;

Saint Sava Seminary and Church, Belgrade, 1895
Saint Sava Seminary and Church, 1895; Repose of St Nikolai of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

New Ravanica on Mount Thruzh, Srem Plain, Serbia
New Ravanica on Mount Thruzh; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Lazarevo, Serbia, Transylvania or Hungary (Tisza River 14)
Lazarevo, Serbia; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ;

Danube River 10 (Great Morava River)

Serbia, Danube 10, Great Morava River Folder

Great Morava River (final section of the Morava Rivers of Serbia)
Great Morava River;

Serbia, Danube 10, Great Morava Source, West Morava River Folder

West Morava River

West Morava River Source

Serbia, Danube 10, Great Morava Source, West Morava Source, Children's River Folder

Childrens (Detinja) River

Childrens (Detinja) River Source (Mt Zlatibor)
Mt Zlatibor;

Mount Zlatibor
Mt Zlatibor;

Childrens River 1

Childrens River 2

Childrens River 3

Childrens (Detinja) River Mouth (West Morava River)

Serbia, Danube 10, Great Morava Source, West Morava Source, Golija River Folder

Golija Morava River

Golija Morava River Source (Mt Golija)
Golija Mountain;

Golija Mountain
Golija Mountain;

Golija Morava River 1

Golija Morava River 2

Golija Morava River 3

Sveti Arhanteli Monestary
Sveti Arhanteli Monestary is at the north end of the Ivanjica depression.

Golija Morava River Mouth (West Morava River)

West Morava River 1

West Morava River 2 (Ovcar-Kablar Gorge Monasteries)

Ovcar-Kablar Gorge Monestaries (30)
Ovcar-Kablar Gorge Monestaries, Ovcar-Kablar Gorge; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, commemorated December 17 ;

Annunciation monastery in Trnava, one of the 30 Ovcar-Kablar Gorge Monestaries
Ovcar-Kablar Gorge Monestaries, Ovcar-Kablar Gorge; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, commemorated December 17 ;

West Morava River 3

Cacak, Serbia (West Morava River 3)
Cacak, West Central Serbia (West Morava River 3); Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, commemorated December 17 ;

West Morava River 4

West Morava River 5 (Ibar River)

Serbia, Danube 10, Great Morava Source, West Morava 5, Ibar River Folder

Ibar River

Ibar River Source (Hajla Mountain, Prokletije Range, Dinaric Alps)
Hajla Mountain;

Ibar River 1

Ibar River 2 (Crna Reka)

Crna Reka (Black River, Ibar River 2)
Crna Reka Monastery; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Crna Reka Monastery
Crna Reka Monastery; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Ibar River 3

Ibar River 4

Zhicha, Serbia (Ibar River, West Morava River 5)
Zhicha, Serbia; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

Zhicha monastery, Serbia (Ibar River, West Morava River 5) 1192
Zhicha monastery; ---------------------------------------------The description of Kraljevo agrees with the description of Konchul in the following: St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia; The monestary at Konchul then could be Zhicha Monestary. Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated October 28 ; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

Konchul monastery, Serbia (Ibar River, West Morava River 5) 1192
Zhicha monastery; ---------------------------------------------The description of Kraljevo agrees with the description of Konchul in the following: St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia; The monestary at Konchul then could be Zhicha Monestary. Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated October 28 ; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

cell of St Sava of Serbia (at Karyes, Ibar River, West Morava River 5)
cell of St Sava of Serbia (at Karyes); St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

Stari Ras, home of Serbian Princes (high point, Ibar River 6)
Stari Ras, home of Serbian Princes (high point, Ibar River 6);

Ras, home of Serbian Kings (high point, Ibar River 6)
Stari Ras, home of Serbian Princes (high point, Ibar River 6);

Tracts or Pillars of St George Monastery, 1170
Pillars of St George Monastery, 1170; Holy King Stephen of Serbia, Commemorated on September 24;

Ibar River 8 (Studenica Monastery)

Studenica monastery, Serbia (Ibar River 8) 1196
Studenica monastery, Serbia ; Holy King Stephen of Serbia, Commemorated September 24 ;

Saint Stephen's (Nemanja) Studenica monastery, Serbia (Ibar River 8) 1196
Studenica monastery, Serbia ; Holy King Stephen of Serbia, Commemorated September 24 ;

Ibar River Mouth (West Morava River 5)

Konchul, Serbia (near Ibar River Mouth, West Morava River 5)
The description of Kraljevo agrees with the description of Konchul in the following: St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia; The monestary at Konchul then could be Zhicha Monestary. St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

West Morava River 6 (Ljubostinja monestary)

Ljubostinja monastery, Serbia (West Morava 6) 1388
Ljubostinja monastery; St. Militsa of Serbia, Commemorated on July 19; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

West Morava River Mouth (Great Morava River Source)

Serbia, Danube 10, Great Morava River Source, South Morava River Folder

South Morava River

Black Mountain of Skopje
Black Mountain of Skopje: Skopska Crna Gora;

South Morava River Source (Black Mt of Skopje)

South Morava River 1
South Morava River 1: Gnjilane Valley

South Morava River 2

South Morava 2 tributary

South Morava River 3
South Morava River 3: Vranje Valley

Pcinja District, Southeast Serbia (South Morava River 3)
Pcinja District; Venerable Prochorus of Pcinja;

South Morava River 4: Leskovac Valley

village of Slatena, Meglena diocese, on the border of Bulgaria and Serbia
village of Slatena, Meglena diocese, on the border of Bulgaria and Serbia; New Martyr Chryse (Zlata) of Meglena, Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 13;

South Morava River 5 (Nish, Serbia)
South Morava River 5: Nis Valley

Nish, Serbia, Constantine's Birthplace (South Morava River 5)
Nish, Serbia; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

Roman Road, Via Militaris 3 (Naissus or Nish, Serbia (South Morava River 5)
Roman Road, Via Militaris 3 (Naissus or Nish, Serbia (South Morava River 5) Nish, Serbia; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

South Morava River 6: Aleksinac Valley

South Morava River 7: Stalac Gorge

South Morava River Mouth (Great Morava River)

Great Morava River Source (West and South Morava Rivers)

Great Morava River 1 (Ravenica Monastery)

Ravanica Monastery, Serbia (Great Morava River 1) 1375
Ravanica Monastery; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Great Morava River 2 (Manasija Monastery)

Manasija monastery, Serbia (Great Morava River 1) 1406
Manasija monastery; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ;

Great Morava River 3

Banja, Serbia (Arandelovac Springs)
Banja (Arandelovac Springs); St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

Topola, Serbia, Karageorgea'™s town, Karageorgea's revolt 1804-1813
Serbia, Karageorge'™s town, Topola, Karageorge'™s revolt 1804-1809, First Serbian Uprising against the Turks from Constantinople, 1804, Collapse 1813 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated December 17 ;

Nevede, Serbia, Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic's town, Hadj-Prodan's Revolt 1814
Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic's town, Nevede, Serbia, Hadj-Prodan's Revolt 1814 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated December 17 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17;

Great Morava River 4

monastery of St Stephen or Koporin, Serbia (Great Morava River 4)
monastery of St Stephen or Koporin Monestary; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

Great Morava (Velika) River Mouth (Danube River 10)

Viminacium, Roman Moesia Superior (Prima), Serbia, on Via Militarius, Theodocius I in Illiricum
Viminacium, capital of Roman Moesia Superior (Prima), on Via Militarius; Saint Donatus, Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30;

Roman Road, Via Militarius 2 , Viminacium, Roman Moesia Superior (Prima) Capitol
Viminacium, capital of Roman Moesia Superior (Prima), on Via Militarius; Saint Donatus, Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30;

Danube River 11

Danube River 12 (Iskar River)

Serbia, Roman Roads Folder

Serbia, Roman Roads, Via Militaris Folder, from Belgrade, Serbia to Adrianopolis, Bulgaia

Roman Road, Via Militarius

Roman Road, Via Militaris 1, Singidunum (Belgrade)
Roman Road, Via Militarius 1, Singidunum (Belgrade); Roman Road, Via Militarius;

Roman Road, Via Militaris 2 , Viminacium, Roman Moesia Superior (Prima) Capitol
Viminacium, capital of Roman Moesia Superior (Prima), on Via Militarius; Saint Donatus, Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30;

Hemus Pass
Saturninus and Traianus blocked the Goths near the passes of the Haemus, building a line of fortifications that repulsed the Gothic attacks. The two generals hoped to force the Goths to suffer through the cold winter and the scarcity of food in order to force them into submission; alternatively, the two generals planned to call back the sentinels, luring the Goths of Fritigern into an open-field battle in the plains between the Haemus and the Danube, where they were confident of winning.[2] Fritigern did not accept battle, but enlisted Hunnic and Alan reinforcements. Saturninus realised that he could no longer fight the enemy with his troops, lifted the block on the mountain passes, and retired.[3] magister militum per Thracias, Emperor Theodosius I, who had succeeded Valens after his death in the Battle of Adrianople, entrusted Saturninus to negotiate peace with the Goths: in October 382 he signed a treaty according to which the Goths were to live in the Low Danube as foederati. successful negotiation guaranteed Saturninus the imperial favour, and he was appointed consul for the year 383. Themistius dedicated to him a panegyric. 400 Saturninus was serving under the Eastern Emperor Arcadius, when the magister militum Gainas deposed and exiled him.

Roman Road, Via Militaris 5, Philippopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria (Maritza River 5)
Philippoplis; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated on August 20; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated November 5 ; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 8; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19;

Roman Road, Via Militaris 6, Adrianopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria
Adrianople; Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on August 3; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St. Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind oneÂ, Commemorated on October 9; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22 ; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated October 28 ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;