Germany Folder, its Rivers, forests and mountains.kmz

Germany Folder, its Rivers, forests and mountains

Germany
Germany; CONRAD WEISER, WITNESS TO PEACE and RECONCILIATION, 1760, Commemorated July 13 ; THOMAS A KEMPIS, PRIEST, MONK, AND WRITER (24 JULY 1471) ; Johann Sebastian Bach of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ; Albrecht Durer of ALBRECHT DÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Lucas Cranach of ALBRECHT DÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Matthias Grunewald of ALBRECHT DÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553, ARTISTS, 5 August ; CATHERINE WINKWORTH, Poet, Commemorated August 7 ; Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 16; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906) ; William Tyndale of WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE], TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians; KARL BARTH PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10 ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Venerable Joasaph of Snetogorsk, Pskov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœCzestochowaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945); OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804); Johannes Kepler of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23 AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605); BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754); Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

German History Folder

Germany, 0-99 History Folder, First Century, Dionysius the Aeropygite

Germany, 70-96, Dionysis the Aeropygite
Areopagus Council, Athens (Athenian high court, Hill of Ares); Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3;

Germany, 274-761 History Folder, Metz was the capital of the Franks

Germany, 200, 3rd Century History Folder, Ripuarian Franks, Meuse and Moselle Valleys, Gaul

Germany, 274-496, Ripuarian Franks, Meuse and Moselle River Valleys
Germany, 274-496, Ripuarian Franks, Meuse and Moselle River Valleys; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6;

Germany, 300, 4th Century History Folder, Gaul Caesar, Constantine's Father, Zebulon Enlightener of Gaul

Germany, 293-306, Roman Britain and Gaul Caesar, Constantius Chlorus, Father of Constantine the Great
England, 293-306, Roman Britain and Gaul Caesar, Constantius Chlorus, Father of Constantine the Great; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

Germany, 303-323, Zebulon, Enlightener of the Franks and Gaul, Father of St Nino Enlightner of Georgia
Belgium, 303-323 (about 20 years from his relative Great-martyr George's death in 303), Zebulon, Enlightener of the Franks and Gaul, Father of St Nino Enlightner of Georgia; Francia: the Frankish Empire, the capital later (508) moved to Paris; Franks; Glorification of the Venerable Zebulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28;

Germany, 336-397, St Martin of Tours, Martin the Merciful
France, 336-397, St Martin of Tours, Martin the Merciful; Tours; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11 ;

Germany, 400, 5th Century History Folder, Gaul, Upper Rhine River, Clovis, Franks, Swabia

Germany, 496, Upper Rhine River, Land of the Alemanni, Clovis, Franks, Swabia
Alemanni, 496, Upper Rhine River, Land of the Alemanni, Clovis, Franks; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530);

Germany, 500, 6th Century History Folder, Austrasia, Metz, Franks Homeland

Franks, 567-761 (Austrasia, Metz, Germany was the Capital, Homeland of the Franks)
Austrasia (Metz, Germany was the Capital, Homeland of the Franks) ; Franks; Francia; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

Germany, 600, 7th Century History Folder, Austrasia, Metz, Franks

Germany, 700, 8th Century, Sacred Oak of Thor at Geismar

Germany, 723, Sacred Oak of Thor at Geismar
Sacred Oak of Thor at Geismar; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

Germany, 800, History Folder, 9th Century, Sons of Charlemagne

Germany, 814-840, HRE Emperor, Louis the Pious, v over muslim Barcelona, sons' civil war
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 814-840, Louis the Pious; St Theophanes the Confessor and Hymnographer, Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated on October 11 ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); Icon of the Mother of God œIveron, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6;

Germany, 817-876, Louis the German, Louis II, Bavaria then East Francia
Louis the German, Bavaria then East Francia, 817-876, Grandson of Charlemagne; Kingdom of Bavaria; East Francia or Germany (West Francia was beginning of France); St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11;

Germany, 840-855, HRE Emperor, Lothair I, governed Bavaria, civil war led to Ger and Fra
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 840-855, Lothair I; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; Icon of the Mother of God œIveron, Commemorated on February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4;

Germany, 875-877, HRE Emperor, Charles the Bald, heir to Gaul a
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 875-877, Charles the Bald; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ;

Germany, 876-879, Carloman of Bavaria
Germany, 876-879, Carloman of Bavaria;

Germany, 879-882, Louis the Younger, Louis III
Germany, 879-882, Louis the Younger, Louis III ;

Germany, 881-887, Charles the Fat, Charles III, HRE Emperor, Lst Carolingian, L Frank
Germany, 881-887, Charles the Fat, Charles III, Holy Roman Emperor; St. Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25;

Germany, 962-1806 History Folder, Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation

Germany, 962-1806 and 2009-, Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, 962-1806 and 2009-; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869);

Germany, 1084-1105, Henry IV, HRE Emperor, appointed commoners, walk to C, Inv c
Roman Emperor, 1084-1105, Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 3;

Germany, 1118-1179, Saint Hildegard of Bingen
Germany, 1118-1179, Saint Hildegard of Bingen; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179);

Germany, 1212-1250, HRE Emperor, Frederick II, 6th and N Crusades, King of Jrslm, pope conflicts, interregnum
Germany, 1212-1250,G King, HRE Emperor, Frederick II; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); CLARE OF ASSISI, NUN (11 AUGUST 1253) ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270); FRANCIS OF ASSISI, FRIAR (4 OCT 1226); St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated on October 16; ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231); THOMAS AQUINAS, PRIEST, FRIAR, AND THEOLOGIAN (28 JAN 1274);

Germany, 1220-1227, Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia, husband of Elizabeth of Hungary
Germany, 1220-1227, Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia, Elizabeth of Hungary; ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231);

Germany, 1433-1437, HRE Emperor, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
Germany, 1433-1437, Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor; St. Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11;

Germany, 1437-1493, HRE Emperor, Frederick III, first Hapsburg
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1437-1493, Frederick III Holy Roman Emperor; THOMAS A KEMPIS, PRIEST, MONK, AND WRITER (24 JULY 1471) ; Lucas Cranach of ALBRECHT DEœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GREœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Matthias Grunewald of ALBRECHT DEœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GREœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553, ARTISTS, 5 August ; Venerable Serapion of Spaso-Eleazar Monastery, Pskov, Commemorated September 7 ; Venerable Hilarion the Abbot of Gdov and Pskov Lake, Commemorated on October 21; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14;

Germany, 1497 and after, Northern Renaissance, France, Germany, England, Low Countries and Poland
Northern Renaissance, 1497 and after, France, Germany, England, Low Countries and Poland; Nuremberg; Albrecht Durer of ALBRECHT DÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August;

Germany, 1500-1546, Clergyman and Scholar, Martin Luther
German Clergyman and Scholar, 1500-1546, Martin Luther; OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant
Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant ; Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546);

Germany, 1508-1519, HRE Emperor, Maximilian I, second Hapsbgh, married Burgendy, Jews cancelled, lost Swis&Italy
Holy Roman Emperor, 1486-1519, Maximilian I ; I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death. was never crowned by the Pope, as the journey to Rome was always too risky. He was instead proclaimed emperor elect by Pope Julius II at Trent, thus breaking the long tradition of requiring a Papal coronation for the adoption of the Imperial title. was the son of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, and Eleanor of Portugal. He ruled jointly with his father for the last ten years of the latter's reign, from c. 1483 until his father's death in 1493. expanded the influence of the House of Habsburg through war and his marriage in 1477 to Mary of Burgundy, the heiress to the Duchy of Burgundy, though he also lost his family's original lands in today's Switzerland to the Swiss Confederacy. marriage of his son Philip the Handsome to eventual queen Joanna of Castile in 1498, Maximilian helped to establish the Habsburg dynasty in Spain, which allowed his grandson Charles to hold the thrones of both Castile and Aragon.[2] 1 Background and childhood 2 Reign in Burgundy and the Netherlands 3 Reign in the Holy Roman Empire 3.1 Peaceful Recapture of Austria 3.2 Italian and Swiss wars 3.3 Banning of Jewish literature and expulsion of Jews 3.4 Reforms 4 Tu felix Austria nube 5 Succession 6 Death and legacy 7 Ancestry 8 Official style 8.1 Chivalric order 9 Marriages and offspring 10 Triumphal woodcuts 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links and childhood[edit] III and Eleanor of Portugal. was born at Wiener Neustadt on 22 March 1459. His father, Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, named him for an obscure saint, Maximilian of Tebessa, who Frederick believed had once warned him of imminent peril in a dream. his infancy, he and his parents were besieged in Vienna by Albert of Austria. One source relates that, during the siege's bleakest days, the young prince wandered about the castle garrison, begging the servants and men-at-arms for bits of bread.[3] The young prince was an excellent hunter, his favorite hobby was hunting for birds as a horse archer. the time, the dukes of Burgundy, a cadet branch of the French royal family, with their sophisticated nobility and court culture, were the rulers of substantial territories on the eastern and northern boundaries of France. The reigning duke, Charles the Bold, was the chief political opponent of Maximilian's father Frederick III. Frederick was concerned about Burgundy's expansive tendencies on the western border of his Holy Roman Empire, and, to forestall military conflict, he attempted to secure the marriage of Charles' only daughter, Mary of Burgundy, to his son Maximilian. After the Siege of Neuss (1474–75), he was successful. The wedding between Maximilian and Mary took place on 19 August 1477.[4] in Burgundy and the Netherlands[edit] hommage ceremony of the estates to the emperor (depiction from the Liber missarum of Margaret of Austria, 1515) gold-and-silver coin featuring the bust of a crowned man in armour, holding a sceptre and a sword. The bust is surrounded with the text 'Maximilianus Dei Gra Rex & Imper Augustus'. A gold-and-silver coin featuring five coats of arms, three crowned, and the chain of the Order of the Golden Fleece. The coin is surrounded by text. coin with the Burgundian Order of the Golden Fleece wife had inherited the large Burgundian domains in France and the Low Countries upon her father's death in the Battle of Nancy on 5 January 1477. Already before his coronation as the King of the Romans in 1486, Maximilian decided to secure this distant and extensive Burgundian inheritance to his family, the House of Habsburg, at all costs.[5] Duchy of Burgundy was also claimed by the French crown under Salic Law,[6] with Louis XI of France vigorously contesting the Habsburg claim to the Burgundian inheritance by means of military force. Maximilian undertook the defence of his wife's dominions from an attack by Louis XI and defeated the French forces at Guinegate, the modern Enguinegatte, on 7 August 1479.[7] and Mary's wedding contract stipulated that their children would succeed them but that the couple could not be each other's heirs. Mary tried to bypass this rule with a promise to transfer territories as a gift in case of her death, but her plans were confounded. After Mary's death in a riding accident on 27 March 1482 near the Wijnendale Castle, Maximilian's aim was now to secure the inheritance to his and Mary's son, Philip the Handsome.[5] of the Netherlander provinces were hostile to Maximilian, and, in 1482, they signed a treaty with Louis XI in Arras that forced Maximilian to give up Franche-Comté and Artois to the French crown.[6] They openly rebelled twice in the period 1482–1492, attempting to regain the autonomy they had enjoined under Mary. Flemish rebels managed to capture Philip and even Maximilian himself, but they were defeated when Frederick III intervened.[8][9] Maximilian continued to govern Mary's remaining inheritance in the name of Philip the Handsome. After the regency ended, Maximilian and Charles VIII of France exchanged these two territories for Burgundy and Picardy in the Treaty of Senlis (1493). Thus a large part of the Netherlands (known as the Seventeen Provinces) stayed in the Habsburg patrimony.[6] in the Holy Roman Empire[edit] Recapture of Austria[edit] was elected King of the Romans on 16 February 1486 in Frankfurt-am-Main at his father's initiative and crowned on 9 April 1486 in Aachen. Much of Austria was under Hungarian rule, as a result of the Austrian-Hungarian War (1477-1488). After the death of king Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, the Habsburgs were able to occupy the Austrian territories without military conflict. Maximilian entered Vienna without siege in 1490. The peaceful Habsburg annexation of Austrian territories was possible after Maximilian and the newly elected Hungarian King Vladislaus II signed the peace treaty of Pressburg. Maximilian became ruler of the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his father in 1493. and Swiss wars[edit] of Maximilian I, c. 1490–95, by Lorenz Helmschmid, Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Golden Roof" residence in Innsbruck, Tyrol the Treaty of Senlis had resolved French differences with the Holy Roman Empire, King Louis XII of France had secured borders in the north and turned his attention to Italy, where he made claims for the Duchy of Milan. In 1499/1500 he conquered it and drove the Sforza regent Lodovico il Moro into exile.[10] This brought him into a potential conflict with Maximilian, who on 16 March 1494 had married Bianca Maria Sforza, a daughter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, duke of Milan.[6][10] However, Maximilian was unable to hinder the French from taking over Milan.[10] The prolonged Italian Wars resulted[6] in Maximilian joining the Holy League to counter the French. In 1513, with Henry VIII of England, Maximilian won an important victory at the battle of the Spurs against the French, stopping their advance in northern France. His campaigns in Italy were not as successful, and his progress there was quickly checked. situation in Italy was not the only problem Maximilian had at the time. The Swiss won a decisive victory against the Empire in the Battle of Dornach on 22 July 1499. Maximilian had no choice but to agree to a peace treaty signed on 22 September 1499 in Basel that granted the Swiss Confederacy independence from the Holy Roman Empire. addition, the County of Tyrol and Duchy of Bavaria went to war in the late 15th century. Bavaria demanded money from Tyrol that had been loaned on the collateral of Tyrolean lands. In 1490, the two nations demanded that Maximilian I step in to mediate the dispute. In response, he assumed control of Tyrol and its debt. Because Tyrol had no law code at this time, the nobility freely expropriated money from the populace, which caused the royal palace in Innsbruck to fester with corruption. After taking control, Maximilian instituted immediate financial reform. In order to symbolize his new wealth and power, he built the Golden Roof, a canopy overlooking the town center of Innsbruck, from which to watch the festivities celebrating his assumption of rule over Tyrol. The canopy is made entirely from golden shingles. Gaining theoretical control of Tyrol for the Habsburgs was of strategic importance because it linked the Swiss Confederacy to the Habsburg-controlled Austrian lands, which facilitated some imperial geographic continuity. of Jewish literature and expulsion of Jews[edit] 1496, Maximilian issued a decree which expelled all Jews from Styria and Wiener Neustadt.[11] Similarly, in 1509 he passed the "Imperial Confiscation Mandate" which ordered the destruction of all Jewish literature apart from the Bible.[12] However he still conducted financial business with Jews like Abraham of Bohemia. article: Imperial Reform personally led his troops at the battle of Wenzenbach in 1504. the Holy Roman Empire, Maximilian faced pressure from local rulers who believed that the King's continued wars with the French to increase the power of his own house were not in their best interests. There was also a consensus that deep reforms were needed to preserve the unity of the Empire.[13] The reforms, which had been delayed for a long time, were launched in the 1495 Reichstag at Worms. A new organ was introduced, the Reichskammergericht, that was to be largely independent from the Emperor. A new tax was launched to finance it, the Gemeine Pfennig, though its collection was never fully successful.[13] The local rulers wanted more independence from the Emperor and a strengthening of their own territorial rule. This led to Maximilian agreeing to establish an organ called the Reichsregiment, which met in Nuremberg and consisted of the deputies of the Emperor, local rulers, commoners, and the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire. The new organ proved politically weak, and its power returned to Maximilian in 1502.[10] to the difficult external and internal situation he faced, Maximilian also felt it necessary to introduce reforms in the historic territories of the House of Habsburg in order to finance his army. Using Burgundian institutions as a model, he attempted to create a unified state. This was not very successful, but one of the lasting results was the creation of three different subdivisions of the Austrian lands: Lower Austria, Upper Austria, and Vorderösterreich.[10] was always troubled by financial shortcomings; his income never seemed to be enough to sustain his large-scale goals and policies. For this reason he was forced to take substantial credits from Upper German banker families, especially from the Baumgarten, Fugger and Welser families. Jörg Baumgarten even served as Maximilian's financial advisor. The Fuggers, who dominated the copper and silver mining business in Tyrol, provided a credit of almost 1 million gulden for the purpose of bribing the prince-electors to choose Maximilian's grandson Charles V as the new Emperor. At the end of Maximilian's rule, the Habsburgs' mountain of debt totalled six million gulden, corresponding to a decade's worth of tax revenues from their inherited lands. It took until the end of the 16th century to repay this debt. 1508, Maximilian, with the assent of Pope Julius II, took the title Erwählter Römischer Kaiser ("Elected Roman Emperor"), thus ending the centuries-old custom that the Holy Roman Emperor had to be crowned by the Pope. felix Austria nube[edit] Weisskunig: Maximilian on horseback in besieged town part of the Treaty of Arras, Maximilian betrothed his three-year-old daughter Margaret to the Dauphin of France (later Charles VIII), son of his adversary Louis XI. Under the terms of Margaret's betrothal, she was sent to Louis to be brought up under his guardianship. Despite Louis's death in 1483, shortly after Margaret arrived in France, she remained at the French court. The Dauphin, now Charles VIII, was still a minor, and his regent until 1491 was his sister Anne.[14][15] shortly after signing the Treaty of Le Verger, Francis II, Duke of Brittany, left his realm to his daughter Anne. In her search of alliances to protect her domain from neighboring interests, she betrothed Maximilian I in 1490. About a year later, they married by proxy.[16][17][18] Charles and his sister wanted her inheritance for France. So, when the former came of age in 1491, and taking advantage of Maximilian and his father's interest in the succession of their adversary Mathias Corvinus, King of Hungary,[19] Charles repudiated his betrothal to Margaret, invaded Brittany, forced Anne of Brittany to repudiate her unconsummated marriage to Maximilian, and married Anne of Brittany himself.[20][21][22] then remained in France as a hostage of sorts until 1493, when she was finally returned to her father with the signing of the Treaty of Senlis.[23][24] the same year, as the hostilities of the lengthy Italian Wars with France were in preparation,[25] Maximilian contracted another marriage for himself, this time to Bianca Maria Sforza, daughter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan, with the intercession of his brother, Ludovico Sforza,[26][27][28][29] then regent of the duchy after the former's death.[30] talking to German knights (depiction from the contemporary Weisskunig) later, in order to reduce the growing pressures on the Empire brought about by treaties between the rulers of France, Poland, Hungary, Bohemia, and Russia, as well as to secure Bohemia and Hungary for the Habsburgs, Maximilian met with the Jagiellonian kings Ladislaus II of Hungary and Bohemia and Sigismund I of Poland at the First Congress of Vienna in 1515. There they arranged for Maximilian's granddaughter Mary to marry Louis, the son of Ladislaus, and for Anne (the sister of Louis) to marry Maximilian's grandson Ferdinand (both grandchildren being the children of Philip the Handsome, Maximilian's son, and Joanna of Castile).[31][32] The marriages arranged there brought Habsburg kingship over Hungary and Bohemia in 1526.[33][34] Both Anne and Louis were adopted by Maximilian following the death of Ladislaus.[citation needed] Maximilian through his own marriages and those of his descendants (attempted unsuccessfully and successfully alike) sought, as was current practice for dynastic states at the time, to extend his sphere of influence.[34] The marriages he arranged for both of his children more successfully fulfilled the specific goal of thwarting French interests, and after the turn of the sixteenth century, his matchmaking focused on his grandchildren, for whom he looked away from France towards the east.[34][35] These political marriages were summed up in the following Latin elegiac couplet: Bella gerant aliī, tū fēlix Austria nūbe/ Nam quae Mars aliīs, dat tibi regna Venus, "Let others wage war, but thou, O happy Austria, marry; for those kingdoms which Mars gives to others, Venus gives to thee."[36] policies in Italy had been unsuccessful, and after 1517 Venice reconquered the last pieces of their territory. began to focus entirely on the question of his succession. His goal was to secure the throne for a member of his house and prevent Francis I of France from gaining the throne; the resulting "election campaign" was unprecedented due to the massive use of bribery.[37] The Fugger family provided Maximilian a credit of one million gulden, which was used to bribe the prince-electors.[38] However, the bribery claims have been challenged.[39] At first, this policy seemed successful, and Maximilian managed to secure the votes from Mainz, Cologne, Brandenburg and Bohemia for his grandson Charles V. The death of Maximilian in 1519 seemed to put the succession at risk, but in a few months the election of Charles V was secured.[10] and legacy[edit] cenotaph, Hofkirche, Innsbruck 1501, Maximilian fell from his horse and badly injured his leg, causing him pain for the rest of his life. Some historians have suggested that Maximilian was "morbidly" depressed: from 1514, he travelled everywhere with his coffin.[40] Maximilian died in Wels, Upper Austria, and was succeeded as Emperor by his grandson Charles V, his son Philip the Handsome having died in 1506. For penitential reasons, Maximilian gave very specific instructions for the treatment of his body after death. He wanted his hair to be cut off and his teeth knocked out, and the body was to be whipped and covered with lime and ash, wrapped in linen, and "publicly displayed to show the perishableness of all earthly glory".[41] Although he is buried in the Castle Chapel at Wiener Neustadt, an extremely elaborate cenotaph tomb for Maximilian is in the Hofkirche, Innsbruck, where the tomb is surrounded by statues of heroes from the past.[42] Much of the work was done in his lifetime, but it was not completed until decades later.[citation needed] was a keen supporter of the arts and sciences, and he surrounded himself with scholars such as Joachim Vadian and Andreas Stoberl (Stiborius), promoting them to important court posts. Many of them were commissioned to assist him complete a series of projects, in different art forms, intended to glorify for posterity his life and deeds and those of his Habsburg ancestors.[43][44] He referred to these projects as Gedechtnus ("memorial"),[44][45] which included a series of stylised autobiographical works: the epic poems Theuerdank and Freydal, and the chivalric novel Weisskunig, both published in editions lavishly illustrated with woodcuts.[43] In this vein, he commissioned a series of three monumental woodblock prints: The Triumphal Arch (1512–18, 192 woodcut panels, 295 cm wide and 357 cm high – approximately 9'8" by 11'8½"); and a Triumphal Procession (1516–18, 137 woodcut panels, 54 m long), which is led by a Large Triumphal Carriage (1522, 8 woodcut panels, 1½' high and 8' long), created by artists including Albrecht Dürer, Albrecht Altdorfer and Hans Burgkmair.[46][47] had a great passion for armour, not only as equipment for battle or tournaments, but as an art form. The style of armour that became popular during the second half of his reign featured elaborate fluting and metalworking, and became known as Maximilian armour. It emphasized the details in the shaping of the metal itself, rather than the etched or gilded designs popular in the Milanese style. Maximilian also gave a bizarre jousting helmet as a gift to King Henry VIII – the helmet's visor features a human face, with eyes, nose and a grinning mouth, and was modelled after the appearance of Maximilian himself.[48] It also sports a pair of curled ram's horns, brass spectacles, and even etched beard stubble.[48] had appointed his daughter Margaret as both Regent of the Netherlands and the guardian and educator of his grandsons Charles and Ferdinand (their father, Philip, having predeceased Maximilian), and she fulfilled this task well. Through wars and marriages he extended the Habsburg influence in every direction: to the Netherlands, Spain, Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, and Italy. This influence lasted for centuries and shaped much of European history. The Habsburg Empire survived as the Austro-Hungarian Empire until it was dissolved 3 November 1918 – 399 years 11 months and 9 days after the passing of Maximilian. Albrecht Durer of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Lucas Cranach of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Matthias Grunewald of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553, ARTISTS, 5 August ; St Eutychius of Nursia, Commemorated on August 23; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546) ; OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, Commemorated May 28;

Germany, 1526-1804, Holy Roman Empire, Hapsburg Empire, Austria
Belgium, Holy Roman Empire, 1526-1804, Hapsburg Empire, Austria; St John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; Martyr Oprea of Salistie in Romania, Commemorated on October 21;

Germany, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant
Germany, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant; Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant ; Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Germany, 1519-1556, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V from Ghent, Belgium
Holy Roman Emperor, 1519-1556, Charles V from Ghent, Belgium; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); Albrecht Durer of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Lucas Cranach of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Matthias Grunewald of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553, ARTISTS, 5 August ; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; TERESA OF AVILA, REFORMER AND CONTEMPLATIVE (15 OCT 1582); Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546) ; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on February 20; OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ; St Basil the Bishop of Ostrog in Montenegro, Serbia, Commemorated on April 29; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23 ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

Germany, 1556-1564, HRE Emperor, Ferdinand I, Spaniard, Bohemian, German, wars w M's and P's
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1556-1564, Ferdinand I; I (Spanish: Fernando I) (10 March 1503-“ 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1527, and Archduke of Austria from 1521 until his death in 1564.[1][2] Before his accession, he ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburgs in the name of his elder brother, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Also, he often served as Charles' representative in Germany and developed encouraging relationships with German princes. The key events during his reign were the contest with the Ottoman Empire, which in the 1520s began a great advance into Central Europe, and the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in several wars of religion. Ferdinand was able to defend his realm and make it somewhat more cohesive, but he could not conquer the major part of Hungary. His flexible approach to Imperial problems, mainly religious, finally brought more result than the more confrontational attitude of his brother.[3] Ferdinand's motto was Fiat iustitia, et pereat mundus: "Let justice be done, though the world perish".[4] Icon of the Mother of God of Narva, Commemorated on August 14; TERESA OF AVILA, REFORMER AND CONTEMPLATIVE (15 OCT 1582); Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on February 20; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

Germany, 1591-1630, Rennaissance Man, Johannes Kepler
Germany, 1591-1630, Rennaissance Man, Johannes Kepler; Johannes Kepler of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Germany, 1618-1648, Thirty Years War, Protestant vs Catholic
Thirty Years War, Battlle of White Mountain, 1620; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Thirty Years War, Battlle of White Mountain, 1620
Thirty Years War, Battlle of White Mountain, 1620; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Germany, 1663-1727, Clergyman and Scholar, August Hermann Francke
German Clergyman and Scholar, 1663-1727, August Hermann Francke; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Germany, 1699, Treaty of Karlowitz, Ended Ottoman Contorl Central Europe, Established Hapsburg Monarchy
Austria, 1699, Treaty of Karlowitz, Ended Ottoman Contorl Central Europe, Established Hapsburg Monarchy;

Germany, 1705-1711, Holy Roman Emperor, Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor
Germany, Holy Roman Emperor, 1705-1711, Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor; Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel of of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28;

Germany, 1711-1740, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VI
Germany, Holy Roman Emperor, 1711-1740, Charles VI; Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel of of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Germany, 1720-1756, Erdmuthe Dorothea of Reuss-Ebersdorf
Erdmuthe Dorothea of Reuss-Ebersdorf; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Germany, 1740-1745, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VII, German House of Wittelsbach
Germany, Holy Roman Emperor, 1740-1745, Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor ; Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel of of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Germany, 1744, 13 Jan 1743 OS, Treaty of Breslau/Treaty of Berlin
Germany, 1744, 13 Jan 1743 OS, Treaty of Breslau/Treaty of Berlin; Germany, 1744, January 24, 1744 NS: Naphtali's Seal Date; Germany, 1740-1745, Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor;

Germany, 1744, 13 Jan 1743 OS, Treaty of Berlin
Germany, 1744, 13 Jan 1743 OS, Treaty of Berlin Germany, 1744, 13 Jan 1743 OS, Treaty of Breslau/Treaty of Berlin; Germany, 1744, January 24, 1744 NS: Naphtali's Seal Date; Germany, 1740-1745, Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor;

Germany, 1744, January 24, 1744 NS: Naphtali's Seal Date
Germany, 1744, January 24, 1744 NS: Naphtali's Seal Date; Germany, 1740-1745, Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor;

Germany, 1745-1765, Holy Roman Emperor, Francis I
Germany, Holy Roman Emperor, 1745-1765, Francis I; Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel of of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787; St John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; St Moses (Macinic), Martyr and Confessor, Commemorated on October 21; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Germany, 1745-1765, Holy Roman Emperor, Emperess Maria Theresa
Germany, Holy Roman Emperor, 1745-1765, Emperess Maria Theresa; Holy Roman Emperor, 1745-1765, Francis I; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787; Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel of of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28; St John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; St Moses (Macinic), Martyr and Confessor, Commemorated on October 21; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Germany, 1765-1790, HRE Emperor, Joseph II, Francis and Theresa's son, enlightened absolutism
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1765-1790, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787; Martyr Oprea of Salistie in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Germany, 1790-1792, HRE Emperor, Leopold II, brother of Joseph II, enlightened absolutism, no capital punishment
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1790-1792, Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor;

Germany, 1792-1806, HRE Emperor, Francis II, Last HRE, attacked and lost to Napoleon
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1792-1806, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated on October 12; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17; Damien of DAMIEN and MARIANNE of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889; RELIGIOUS 1918, Commemorated April 15;

Germany, 1815-1866 History Folder, German Confederation, Hanover Kingdom

Germany, 1815-1866, German Confederation, Replaced HRE with 39 German Speaking States
German Confederation, 1815-1866; CATHERINE WINKWORTH, POET, 7 August 1878;

Germany, 1814-1866, Kingdom of Hanover, Congress of Vienna after Napoleon, a Viceroy, no queens, lost to Prussia in 66
Germany, 1814-1866, Kingdom of Hanover; Kingdom of Hanover was established in October 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian territories after the Napoleonic era. It succeeded the former Electorate of Hanover (known formally as the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg), and joined 38 other sovereign states in the German Confederation in June 1815. The kingdom was ruled by the House of Hanover, a cadet branch of the House of Welf, in personal union with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland since 1714. Since its monarch resided in London, a viceroy, usually a younger member of the British Royal Family, handled the administration of the Kingdom of Hanover. personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 upon the accession of Queen Victoria because semi-Salic law prevented females from inheriting the Hanoverian throne while a dynastic male was still alive. uncle thus became the ruler of Hanover, which backed the losing side in the Austro-Prussian War and was conquered by Prussia in 1866. It then became a Prussian province. with the rest of Prussia, Hanover became part of the German Empire upon the unification of Germany in January 1871. Briefly revived as the State of Hanover in 1946, the state was later merged with some smaller states to form the current state of Lower Saxony in West Germany. England, 1830-1837, King of Great Britain, William IV of the United Kingdom ; IV (William Henry; 21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death in 1837. The third son of George III, William succeeded his elder brother George IV, becoming the last king and penultimate monarch of Britain's House of Hanover. served in the Royal Navy in his youth, spending time in North America and the Caribbean, and was later nicknamed the "Sailor King".[1][2] 1789, he was created Duke of Clarence and St Andrews. In 1827, he was appointed as Britain's first Lord High Admiral since 1709. As his two older brothers died without leaving legitimate issue, he inherited the throne when he was 64 years old. reign saw several reforms: the poor law was updated, child labour restricted, slavery abolished in nearly all of the British Empire, and the British electoral system refashioned by the Reform Act 1832. William did not engage in politics as much as his brother or his father, he was the last monarch to appoint a British prime minister contrary to the will of Parliament. He granted his German kingdom a short-lived liberal constitution. the time of his death, William had no surviving legitimate children, but he was survived by eight of the ten illegitimate children he had by the actress Dorothea Jordan, with whom he cohabited for twenty years. Late in life, he married and apparently remained faithful to the young princess who would become Queen Adelaide. was succeeded by his niece Queen Victoria in the United Kingdom, and his brother King Ernest Augustus in Hanover. WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30; EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, PRIEST, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (18 SEP 1882); WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834; Richard Meau Benson of RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, AND CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 JOHN KEBLE, PRIEST, POET, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (29 MAR 1866), Commemorated March 29; FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE, Priest and Theologian (1 April 1872); GEORGE AUGUSTUS SELWYN, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (11 APR 1878);

Germany, 1830-1837, King of Great Britain and Hanover, William IV of the United Kingdom, reforms, child labor, slavery, electoral sys
England, 1830-1837, King of Great Britain, William IV of the United Kingdom ; IV (William Henry; 21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death in 1837. The third son of George III, William succeeded his elder brother George IV, becoming the last king and penultimate monarch of Britain's House of Hanover. served in the Royal Navy in his youth, spending time in North America and the Caribbean, and was later nicknamed the "Sailor King".[1][2] 1789, he was created Duke of Clarence and St Andrews. In 1827, he was appointed as Britain's first Lord High Admiral since 1709. As his two older brothers died without leaving legitimate issue, he inherited the throne when he was 64 years old. reign saw several reforms: the poor law was updated, child labour restricted, slavery abolished in nearly all of the British Empire, and the British electoral system refashioned by the Reform Act 1832. William did not engage in politics as much as his brother or his father, he was the last monarch to appoint a British prime minister contrary to the will of Parliament. He granted his German kingdom a short-lived liberal constitution. the time of his death, William had no surviving legitimate children, but he was survived by eight of the ten illegitimate children he had by the actress Dorothea Jordan, with whom he cohabited for twenty years. Late in life, he married and apparently remained faithful to the young princess who would become Queen Adelaide. was succeeded by his niece Queen Victoria in the United Kingdom, and his brother King Ernest Augustus in Hanover. WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30; EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, PRIEST, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (18 SEP 1882); WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834; Richard Meau Benson of RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, AND CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 JOHN KEBLE, PRIEST, POET, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (29 MAR 1866), Commemorated March 29; FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE, Priest and Theologian (1 April 1872); GEORGE AUGUSTUS SELWYN, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (11 APR 1878);

Germany, 1835-1838, German President, Ferdinand I of Austria
German President, 1835-1848, Ferdinand I of Austria; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906);

Germany, 1835-1848, Ferdinand I of Austria
Austria, 1835-1848, Ferdinand I of Austria;

Germany, 1848-1916, President, Franz Joseph I of Austria
German President, 1848-1916, Franz Joseph I of Austria; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910);

Germany, 1867-1871 History Folder, North German Confederation

Germany, 1867-1871, North German Confederation
North German Confederation, 1867-1871; CATHERINE WINKWORTH, POET, 7 August 1878;

Germany, 1871-1918 History Folder, German Empire

Germany, 1871-1918, German Empire
Germany, German Empire, 1871-1918; CATHERINE WINKWORTH, POET, 7 August 1878; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10;

Germany, 1914-1918, World War I
Germany, 1914-1918, World War I; Germany, German Empire, 1871-1918; CATHERINE WINKWORTH, POET, 7 August 1878; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10;

Germany, 1919-1933 History Folder, Weimar Republic

Germany, 1918-1919, German Revolution of 1918-Ã‚Â“19
Germany, 1918-1919, German Revolution of 1918-Ã‚Â“19; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10;

Germany, 1919-1933, Weimar Republic
Germany, 1919-1933, Weimar Republic; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10;

Germany, 1933-1945 History Folder, Nazi Germany

Germany, 1933-1945, Nazi Germany
Germany, 1933-1945, Nazi Germany; Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9;

Germany, 1933-1945, German Chancellor, Adolf Hitler
German Chancellor, 1933-1945, Adolf Hitler ; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10; DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945);

Germany, 1934, Barmen Declaration
1934 Barmen Declaration ; Bergisches Land; GEORGE BELL BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958 ;

Operation Queen, 1944, Siegfried Line (Otterbach to Steinfeld), WWII
Operation Queen, WWII, Siegfried Line in the Wissembourg Gap, a formidable defense to block the natural gateway to the Fatherland.;

Germany, 1937-1945, Buchenwald concentration camp
Buchenwald concentration camp; DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945);

Germany, 1945-Present History Folder, Federal Republic of Germany

German Chancellor, 1945-Present, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany
German Chancellor, 1945-Present, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10;

Germany, 1960- , Reinhard Bonnke, Pentecostal Evangelist
Germany, 1960- , Reinhard Bonnke, Pentecostal Evangelist; George Jeffreys (pastor);

Germany, Eastern Germany, Order River Folder, Germany Poland Border

Oder River

Oder River Source (Selesian Beskids)

Oder River 1 (Czech Republic)

Oder River 2 (Czech Republic)

Oder River 3 (Poland)

Oder River 4

Oder River 5

Oder River 6 (Opolsk)

Oder River 7

Oder River 10 (Amber Road, Wroclaw, Poland)

Oder River 17 (Poland)

Oder River 18 (Lusatian River, G P Border)

Germany, Eastern Germany, Order River 18, Lusatian Neisse River Folder

Lusatian Neisse River

Jizera Mountains
Jizera Mountains;

Lusatian Mountains, Germany and Czech Republic
Lusatian Mountains;

Sokol Peak (Lusatian Mountains)
Sokol Peak (Lusatian Mountains);

Lusatian Neisse River Source (Jizera Mountains)

Lusatian Neisse River 1

Lusatian Neisse River 2 (Berthelsdorf, Hernhut and Gorlitz)

Lusatian Neisse River 3

Lusatian Neisse River 4

Lusatian Neisse River Mouth (Oder River 18)

Zittau, Germany (tripoint Poland, Chech, and Germany)

Gorlitz, Germany (Lusatian Neisse River 2)
Gorlitz, Germany (Lusatian Neisse River 2) ; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Berthelsdorf, Germany (Lusatian Neisse River 2)
Berthelsdorf; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Herrnhut, Germany (Lusatian Neisse River 2)
Herrnhut; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Zinzendorf, Herrnhut (Lusatian Neisse River 2)
Zinzendorf (Herrnhut); NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Oder River 19 (Germany Poland Border)

Oder River 20 (Warta River Mouth)

Oder River 21 (G P Border)

Oder River 22 (G P Border)

Oder River 23 (G P Border)

Oder River 24 (Poland)

Oder River Mouth (Gulf of Pomerania, Baltic Sea)

Germany, Eastern Germany, Berlin Folder ( Elbe River 18.5, Spree and Havel Rivers)

Spree River

Spree River Source (Upper Lusatia)

Spree River 1 (Ebersbach, Gorlitz)
Spree River 1 (Ebersbach, Gorlitz);

Spree River 2 (Oppach)
Spree River 2 (Oppach);

Spree River 3 (Bautzen)
Spree River 3 (Bautzen);

University of Berlin, Germany, 1810
University of Berlin; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945);

Spree River 4 (Spremberg)
Spree River 4 (Spremberg);

Spree River 5 (Cottbus)
Spree River 5 (Cottbus);

Spree River 6 (Lubbenau, Spreewald Wetlands)
Spree River 6 (Lubbenau, Spreewald Wetlands);

Spree River 7 (Leibsch)
Spree River 7 (Leibsch);

Spree River 8 (Furstenwalde)
Spree River 8 (Furstenwalde);

Spree River 9 (Dameritzsee)
Spree River 9 (Dameritzsee);

Spree River 10 (Lake Muggelsee)
Spree River 10 (Lake Muggelsee);

Spree River 11 (Kopenick)
Spree River 11 (Kopenick, River Dahme Mouth);

Spree River Mouth (Havel River 1)

Berlin, Capitol of Germany (Spree River Mouth, Havel River 1)
Berlin; Lucas Cranach of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 16; DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945); NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Havel River

Havel River Source (Mecklenburg)
Havel River Source (Mecklenburg Lake Plateau);

Havel River 1 (Spandau)
Havel River 1 (Spandau);

Havel River 2 (Brandenburg an der Havel)
Havel River 1 (Brandenburg an der Havel);

Havel River Mouth (Elbe River 18.5)
Havel River Mouth (Elbe River 18.5);

Germany, North Central Germany, Elbe River Folder

Elbe River

Elbe River Source (Krkonose Mountains)
Krkonose Mountains;

Elbe River 1 (Sudetenland, Sudetes Mountains)

Krkonose (Sudetes) Mountains
Krkonose Mountains;

Elbe River 2 (Hradee Kralove, Czech Republic)

Elbe River 3 (Czech Republic)

Elbe River 4 (Prague, Vltava River Mouth)

Elbe River 5 (Vltava River Mouth)

Elbe River 6 (Czech Republic)

Elbe River 7 (Czech Republic)

Elbe River 8 (Czechoslovakia)

Elbe River 9 (Germany)

Elbe River 10 (Dresden, Saxony)

Dresden, Saxony, Germany (Elbe River 10)
Dresden; CATHERINE WINKWORTH, POET, 7 August 1878; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Saxony, Germany (Upper Elbe River)
Saxony; Lucas Cranach of ALBRECHT DuœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRuœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Elbe River 11 (Germany)

Elbe River 12 (Germany)

Elbe River 13 (Wittenberg)

Wittenberg, Germany, Lutherhaus (Elbe River 13)
Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546); OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ;

Elbe River 15 (Saale River Mouth)

Germany, Central Germany, Elbe River 15, Saale River Folder

Saale River

Saale River Source (Waldstein Ridge)
Waldstein Ridge;

Saale River 1

Hof, Bavaria (Saale River 1)
Hof, Bavaria (Saale River 1) ; George Fredrick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ;

Saale River 2 (Ebersdorf)

Ebersdorf, Thuringa, Germany (Saale River 2)
Ebersdorf, Saale River; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Saale River 3

Saale River 4

Saale River 9 (Weisse Elster and Parthe Rivers)

Germany, Central Germany, Elbe River 15, Saale River 9, Ilm River Folder

Ilm (Thuringia) River

Weimar, Thuringa (Ilm (Thuringa) River 4)
Weimar (Ilm (Thuringa) River 4) ; John Sebastian Bach of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ;

Buchenwald concentration camp (Ilm River 4) 1937
Buchenwald concentration camp; DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945);

Erfurt, Germany (Ilm River 3)
City of Erfurt; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546);

Thuringian Forest
Thuringian Forest;

Ilm (Thuringia) River Source (Thuringian Forest)
Ilm (Thuringia) River Source (near this point somewhere)

Ilm (Thuringia) River 1

Ilm (Thuringia) River 2

Ilm (Thuringia) River 3 (Erfurt)

Ilm (Thuringia) River 4 (Weimar, Erfut and Buchenwald)

Ilm (Thuringia) River Mouth (Saale River 9)

Germany, Central Germany, Elbe River 15, Saale River 9, Weisse Elster, Parthe and Pleisse Rivers Folder

Weisse Elster River

Weisse Elster River Source (along the border)

Weisse Elster River 1

Weisse Elster River 2

Weisse Elster River 3

Weisse Elster River Mouth (Saale River 9)

Parthe River

Parthe River Source (along the border)

Parthe River 1

Parthe River 2

Parthe River 3 (Pleisse River Mouth)

Parthe River Mouth (Halle, Saale River 9)

Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany (Saale River 9, Parthe River Mouth)
Halle, Saxony-Anhalt ; George Fredrick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Halle on the Saale river
Halle, Saxony-Anhalt ; George Fredrick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ;

Halle University (Parthe River Mouth, Saale River 9) 1502
Halle University; George Fredrick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787;

Pleisse River

Pleisse River Source

Pleisse River 1

Pleisse River 2

Pleisse River 3

Pleisse River Mouth (Parthe River 3)

Leipzig (four rivers, Pleisse, Parthe,Weisse, and Saale)
Leipzig (three rivers: Parthe, Pleisse, and Saale); George Fredrick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ;

Saale River Mouth (Elbe River 15)

Coethen (Anhalt region, Saale Mouth, Elbe River 14)
Coethen (Anhalt region, Saale Mouth, Elbe River 14); Johann Sebastian Bach of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ;

Elbe River 17 (near Berlin)

Elbe River 20 (Techin)

Elbe River 21 (Hamburg)

Hamburg, Germany (Elbe River 21, Port of Hamburg)
Hamburg (Elbe River 21, Port of Hamburg); ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865);

Elbe River Mouth (North Sea)

Germany, Northeastern Germany, North German Plain Folder

North German Plain
North German Plain;

Saxonia (North German Plain)
The Saxons were a confederation of tribes from the Northern German Plain; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31; ALFRED THE GREAT, KING OF THE WEST SAXONS (26 OCT 899) ; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA, KING AND MARTYR (20 NOV 870); AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605); BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ;

Techin (North German Plain, Elbe River 20)
Techin - Lake Boissow and Lake Neuenkirchen South Nature Reserve has an area of ca. 86 hectares and incorporates part of the town of Zarrentin am Schaalsee in the local subdistricts (Germarkungen) of Boissow, Techin, Neuhof and Neuenkirchen. Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 16;

Germany, Central Germany, Harz Mountains Area Folder

Harz Mountains
Harz Mountains;

Germany, South Central Germany, Weser River Folder

Weser River

Weser River Source (Rivers Fulda and Werra)

Germany, South Central Germany, Weser River Source, Werra River Folder

Werra River

Werra River Source (Thuringian Forest)

Werra River 1

Werra River 2

Werra River 3

Werra River 6 (Wartburg and Eisenach, Thuringia)

Wartburg, Thuringa, Germany (Werra River 6)
Wartburg is a castle. ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231);

Eisenach, Thuringia, Germany (Werra River 6)
Eisenach, Thuringia, Germany; ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231) ; Johann Sebastian Bach of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ;

Werra River 7 (Geismar)

Geismar, Germany (Werra River 7)
Geismar; Sacred Oak of Thor at Geismar; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

Werra River Mouth (Fulda River Mouth, Weser River Source)

Germany, South Central Germany, Weser River Source, Fulda River Folder

Fulda River

Fulda River Source (Rhon Mountains)

Rhon Mountains

Fulda River 1

Fulda River 2

Fulda River 3 (Overview)

Knull Mountains
Knull Mountains;

Fulda River 4

Fulda River Mouth (Werra River Mouth, Weser River Source)

Weser River 1

Goettingen University, Germany (Weser River 1) 1734
Goettingen University; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787; KARL BARTH PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10 ;

Weser River 2 (Overview)

Weser River 3

Weser River 4

Einbeck, Germany (Weser River 4)
Einbeck, Germany HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 178;

Weser Uplands
Weser Uplands;

Munster, University of Munster (not far from Weser River 6) 1780
University of Munster ; KARL BARTH PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10 ;

Halle (Westfalen), Bundesland of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Halle (Westfalen), Bundesland of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany;

Wiehen Hills
Wiehen Hills;

Halle, Bentheim, Lower Saxony, Germany

Weser River 11 (Bremen)

Bremen, Germany (Weser River 11)
Bremen (Weser River 11); Hanseatic League; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865);

Weser River Mouth (North Sea)

Bremerhaven, Germany (Weser River Mouth, North Sea)
Bremerhaven, Germany (Weser River Mouth, North Sea); New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Germany, Southern Germany, Danube Area Folder

Danube River

Southern Germany (Danube River)
Southern Germany; CONRAD WEISER, WITNESS TO PEACE and RECONCILIATION, 1760, Commemorated July 13 ; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179) ;

Affstatt Village, Wurttemberg (Danube River Source)
Affstatt Village, Wurttemberg; CONRAD WEISER, WITNESS TO PEACE and RECONCILIATION, 1760, Commemorated July 13 ;

Tubingen, Southern Germany (Danube River Source)
Tubingen, Southern Germany (Danube River Source); England, 1508-1569, Bible Translator and Bishop, Miles Coverdale; WILLIAM TYNDALE and MILES CLOVERDALE, TRANSLATOR OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569);

Swabia, Angle of the Rhine and Danube Area, Alemanni People
Swabia, Angle of the Rhine and Danube Area, Alemanni People; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11;

Bingen, Baden-Warttemberg
Bingen, Baden-Warttemberg; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN

Danube Source (Germany's Black Forest)

Danube River 2 (Ulm, Germany)

Danube River 3 (Munich (Isar) and Inn Rivers)

Germany, Southern Germany, Danube 3, Munich River Folder (Bavaria)

Munich, Germany (Isar River, Bavaria)
Munich (Isar River, Bavaria); Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated January 31; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Munich (Isar) River

Bavaria (German Bavarian Alps, Munich area, Danube and Isar Rivers)
Bavaria; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœCzestochowaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754); Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Karwendel Range Northern Alps
Karwendel Range Northern Alps ;

Dachau Death Camp, near Munich, Germany
Dachau Death Camp; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Munich (Isar) River Source (Karwendel Alps, Austria)

Munich (Isar) River 1 (Munich)

Munich (Isar) River Mouth (Danube River 3)

Loisach River

Loisach River Source (Zugspitze, near Ehrwald, Germany)
Loisach River;

Loisach River 1 (Garmish-Partenkirchen, Loisach Valley)

Loisach River Mouth (Munich (Isar) River)

Germany, Southern Germany, Danube 3, German Czech Border Folder

Schoenberg Prison (Bohemian Forest) 1938
Schoenberg Prison is also Flossenberg Concentration Camp . DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945);

Flossenberg Concentration Camp (Bohemian Forest) 1938
Schoenberg Prison is also Flossenberg Concentration Camp. DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945);

Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge Mountains, German Czech Border)
Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge Mountains)

Bohemian Forest (Bohmerwald Mountains, Southern Germany)
Bohemian Forest;

Germany, West Germany, German Frontier Folder- Roman Limes Germanticus
Frontier (Limes) Germanticus;

Germany, German Frontier, Lower Rhine Frontier Folder

Roman German Frontier - Lower Limes Germanica

Roman German Frontier - Katwijk, South Holland, Netherlands
Roman German Frontier - Katwijk;

Roman German Frontier- Valkenburg, South Holland
Valkenburg, South Holland

Roman German Frontier - Leiden, South Holland
Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Alphen aan den Rijn, South Holland
Alphen aan den Rijn;

Roman German Frontier - Zwammerdam
Roman German Frontier - Zwammerdam;

Roman German Frontier - Bodegraven, South Holland

Roman German Frontier - Woerden, Central Netherlands
Woerden, Central Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Vleuten, Central Netherlands
Vleuten, Central Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Utrecht, Central Netherlands
Utrecht, Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Fectio, Central Netherlands
Roman German Frontier - Fectio, Central Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Rijswijk, Gelderland
Rijswijk, Gelderland; Central Eastern Netherlands

Roman German Frontier - Maurik, Gelderland
Maurik, Gelderland, Central Eastern Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Kesteren, Gelderland
Kesteren, Gelderland;

Roman German Frontier - Arnhem, Gelderland
Arnhem, Gelderland, Eastern Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Duiven, Eastern Netherlands
Duiven, Eastern Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Herwen, Eastern Netherlands
Herwen, Gelderland, Eastern Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Kleve, Germany
Kleve, Northwest Rineland, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Bedburg-Hau, Germany
Bedburg-Hau, Northwest Rineland, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Kalkar, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Kalkar, Northwest Rineland, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Xanten, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Xanten, Northwest Rineland, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Moers, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Moers, Rhine River 10, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Krefeld, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Krefeld, Rhine River 9.5, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Neuss, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Neuss, Rhine River 9, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Monheim am Rhein, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Monheim am Rhein, Rhine River 8.5, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Dormagen, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Dormagen, Rhine River 8.5, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Cologne, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Cologne, Rhine River 8, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Bonn, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Bonn, Rhine River 7, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Remagen, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Remagen, Rhine River 6.5, Germany;

Germany, German Frontier, Upper Rhine Frontier Folder

Roman German Frontier - Upper Limes Germanticus

Roman German Frontier - Rheinbrohl, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Rheinbrohl, Rhineland Palentine, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Bad Ems, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Bad Ems, Rhineland Plaz, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Bad Schwalbach, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Bad Schwalbach, Hesse, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Bad Homburg vor der HÃƒÂ¶he, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Bad Homburg vor der HÃƒÂ¶he, Hesse, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Wetterau, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Wetterau, Hesse, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Grobkrotzenburg, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Grobkrotzenburg, Hesse, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Miltenberg, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Miltenberg, Bavaria, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Rehberg (Harz) Mountain, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Rehberg (Harz) Mountain, Lower Saxony, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Buchen, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Buchen, Badem Wurttemburg, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Osterburken, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Osterburken, Baden Wurttemburg, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Jagsthausen, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Jagsthausen, Baden Wurttemburg, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Welzheim, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Welzheim, Baden Wurttemburg, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Lorch (Wurttemberg), Germany
Roman German Frontier - Lorch (Wurttemberg), Baden Wurttemburg, Germany:

Germany, German Frontier, Rhaetian Frontier Folder
Roman Province of Rhaetia; Reschen Pass;

Roman German Frontier - Rhaetian Limes Germaticus

Roman German Frontier - Aalen, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Aalen, Baden Wurttemburg, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Gunzenhausen, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Gunzenhausen, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Weibenburg in Bayern, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Weibenburg in Bayern, Middle Franconia, Germany;

Roman German Frontier, Kipfenberg, Germany
Roman German Frontier, Kipfenberg, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Regensburg, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Pfunz Roman Fort, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Pfunz Roman Fort, Bavaria, Germany;

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River Folder

Rhine River

Rhine River Trade Route

Rhine River Source (Grisons, Switzerland)
Grisons, Switzerland; Grison Alps;

Vosges Mt Range, France
Vosges Mt Range

Rhine River 1 (Basel, Switzerland)

Rhine River 2 (Strausburg, France)

Strausburg, France (Rhine River 2, German Border)
Strausburg, Alsace, France ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, Commemorated May 28 ;

Alemanni, Land of the Alemanni, Upper Rhine River, Swabia
Alemanni, 496, Upper Rhine River, Land of the Alemanni, Clovis, Franks; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530);

Rhine River 3 (Karlsruhe, Germany)

Palatinate Forest

Bad Bergzabern, Rhineland Palintate, Siegfried Line, Germany (Rhine River 3)
Bad Bergzabern, Rhineland Palatinate, Germany England, 1508-1569, Bible Translator and Bishop, Miles Coverdale; WILLIAM TYNDALE and MILES CLOVERDALE, TRANSLATOR OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569);

Siegfried Line - German Line between Germany and France
Siegfried Line - German Line between Germany and France;

Maginot Line - French line between France and Germany
Maginot Line;

Rhine River 4 (Mannheim)

Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg (Rhein River 4) 1386
Heidelberg University; RICHARD THEODORE ELY, October 8, ECONOMIST, 1943;

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River 4, Speyer, Walk to Canossa in 1077 Folder

Walk to Canossa

Walk to Canossa - from Speyer
Walk to Canossa; from Speyer ; to confrontation at Canossa ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Walk to Canossa - Mont Cenis Pass
Mont Cenis Pass;

Walk to Canossa - to Canossa
Walk to Canossa; from Speyer ; to confrontation at Canossa ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Palatinate Region (Rhine River 4)
Palatinate (region); CONRAD WEISER, WITNESS TO PEACE and RECONCILIATION, 1760, Commemorated July 13 ; Pennsylvania Dutch from Palantine Region;

Worms, West Germany (Rhine River 4)
Worms (Rhine River 4) ; William Tyndale of WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE], TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569);

Walk to Canossa in 1077 Folder

Heppenheim, Germany (in the Rhine rift)
Heppenheim; Rhine rift; DAMIEN of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889, Commemorated April 15 ; MARIANNE of MOLOKAI, RELIGIOUS 1918;

Heppenheim, Hesse, Germany (Rhine River 4.1)
Heppenheim, Hesse, Germany; DAMIEN and MARIANNE of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889; RELIGIOUS 1918, Commemorated April 15;

Mount St Disibode Monastery, Rhineland-Palatinate, 640
Mount St Disibode and Disbodenburg; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179);

Rhine River 5 (Mainz)

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River 5, Main River Folder

Main River

Fichtel mountains
Fichtel mountains;

Main River Source (Waldstein Ridge)

Waldstein Ridge
Waldstein Ridge;

Main River 1

Main River 4

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River 5, Main River 4, Rhine-Main-Danube Canal Folder, 793

Rhine-Main-Danube Canal 1 (Bamberg)

Rhein-Main-Danube Canal 2 (Nuremberg)

Rhine-Main-Danube Canal 3
Rhine-Main-Danube Canal;

Rhein-Main-Danube Canal 4 (Kelheim)

Rhein-Main-Danube Canal

Nuremberg (Rhein-Maine Danube Canal 2)
Nuremberg; Albrecht Durer of ALBRECHT DÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August;

Northern Renaissance, 1497 and after, France, Germany, England, Low Countries and Poland
Northern Renaissance, 1497 and after, France, Germany, England, Low Countries and Poland; Nuremberg; Albrecht Durer of ALBRECHT DÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August;

Main River 7

Castell, Bavaria (Main River 8)
Castell, Bavaria; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Main River 19 (Frankfurt)

Frankfurt, Germany (Main River 19, Hesse Region)
Frankfurt, Germany Franconia, Frankfurt is located on an ancient ford (German: Furt) on the Main river. As a part of early Franconia, the inhabitants were the early Franks, thus the city's name reveals its legacy as being "the ford of the Franks on the Main river"; Matthias Grunewald of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553, ARTISTS, 5 August ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated January 3 ;

Hesse (Region and State, between Rhein, Main and Rhur Rivers)
Hesse (Region and State, Frankfort and Weisbaden); Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

Marburg, University town, Hesse Region
Marburg, University town, Hesse Region; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, commemorated December 10;

Principality of Orange-Nassau
Principality of Orange-Nassau ;

Rhine Frontier, Gaul and Roman Empire (Limes Germanicus, Roman Line of Forts in Germany)
Rhine Frontier, Gaul and Roman Empire (Limes Germanicus, German Line of Forts); Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

Main River Mouth (Rhine River 5)

Main River Mouth (Wiesbaden, Rhine River 5)

Mainz (Main River Mouth, Rhine River 5)
Mainz; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Hesse (central Rhine and lower Mainz River Valleys)
Hesse; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

Hesse District, Weisbaden and Frankfurt (Main River at Rhein River 5)
Hesse District, Weisbaden and Frankfurt (Main River at Rhein River 5) ; Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17;

Bingen, Germany (Rhine River 5, between Main and Moselle Rivers)
Bingen am Rhein ; Bingen Famous people Hildegard of Bingen (1098ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“1179), abbess and author, mystic, writer, composer, musician, and medic. After her the Bingen girlsÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ school (Gymnasium and vocational school), the Hildegardisschule (ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœHigaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ), is named. Hildegard is said to be a peopleÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s saint; she has, however, never been beatified or canonized by the Vatican. HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179) ;

Rhineland-Palatinate (Rhine River and Palatinate Forest)
Rhineland-Palatinate (Rhine River and Palatinate Forest); BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Rhine River 6 (Koblenz)

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River 6, Moselle River Folder, Metz, Franks, Luxemburg

Moselle River

Lorraine Region, Germany (Moselle River)
Lorraine (region); BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Ballon d'Alsace Mountain in the Vosages Mountains
Ballon d'Alsace Mountain in the Vosages Mountains;

Moselle River Source (western slope Ballon d'Alsace)

Moselle River 1 (Epinal, France)

Moselle River 2 (Nancy, France)

Moselle River 3 (Metz, Germany)

Metz, Germany (Seille River Mouth at Moselle River 3) Capitol of the Franks
Metz, Located near the tripoint along the junction of France, Germany, and Luxembourg, Metz forms a central place of the European Greater Region and the SaarLorLux euroregion.; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Moselle River 4 (Chateau de Meinsberg)

Moselle River 4 (ChÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢teau Fort du Sierck-les-Bains)

Moselle River 4 (Schloss Berg Castle)

Germany, German French Border Folder (Moselle River 4)

Luxemburg
Luxemburg; WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT, ARCHBISHOP AND MISSIONARY (NOV 7, 739) ;

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River 6, Moselle River 5, Saar River Folder

Saar River

Saar River Source (Vosges Mountains)

Saar River 1 (Abreschviller)

Saar River 2 (Lorquin)

Saar River 3 (Sarrebourg)

Saar River 4 (Fenetrange)

Saar River 5 (Sarre-Union)

Saar River 6 (Sarralbe)

Saar River 7 (Sarreguemines)

Saar River 8 (Saarbrucken)

Saar River 9 (Volklingen)

Saar River 10 (Saarlouis)

Saar River 11 (Merzig)

Saar River 12 (Saarburg)

Saar River Mouth (Moselle River 5, Trier)
Saar River;

Treves, Gaul (Trier Germany), (Saar River Mouth, Moselle River 5)
Trier in Germany; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; Emperor Maximian (305-311) ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Trier, Germany (Saar River Mouth, Moselle River 5)
Trier in Germany; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; Emperor Maximian (305-311) ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Trier monastery
Trier monastery The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31;

Moselle River 5 (Alte Burg Manor House)

Moselle River 6 (Schloss Lieser Palace)

Moselle River 6 (Burg Landshut Castle)

Moselle River 6 (Grevenburg Castle)

Moselle River 7 (Marienburg Castle

Moselle River 7 (Burg Arras)

Moselle River 8 (Burg Metternich Castle)

Moselle River 8 (Cochem Castle)

Moselle River 9 (Burg Eltz Castle)

Moselle River 9 (Ehrenburg Castle)

Moselle River 9 (Burg Thurant Castle)

Moselle River Mouth (Rhine River 6, Koblenz)
Moselle River;

Rhine River 7 (Bonn)

Bonn, University of Bonn, Germany (Rhine River 7) 1818
University of Bonn; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10 ;

University of Bonn, Germany (Rhine River 7) 1818
University of Bonn; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10 ;

Rhine River 8 (Cologne)

Cologne (Koln), Germany (Rhine River 8)
Cologne (Rhine River 8); St Melchior of the Magi, Commemorated December 25 ; St Gaspar of the Magi, Commemorated December 25 ; St Balthasar of the Magi, Commemorated December 25 ; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546) ;

Rhine River 9 (Dusseldorf and Kaiserswerth)

Rhineland, Germany (Middle and Lower Rhine River)
Rhineland; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804);

Franks, Land of the Franks (Lower and Middle Rhine River, Germany and Belgium)
Land of the Franks (Lower and Middle Rhine River); Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ;

Rhine River 10 (Ruhr River Mouth, Duisberg and Essen)

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River 10, Rhur River Folder

Rhur River

Rhur River Source (along the border)

Schwarzenau Brethren (Rhur River Source)
Schwarzenau; Schwarzenau Brethren; CONRAD WEISER, WITNESS TO PEACE and RECONCILIATION, 1760, Commemorated July 13 ;

Rhur River 1

Rhur River 4

Rhur River 7

Rhur District
Rhur District;

Kamen, Germany (Rhur River 7)

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia;

Barmen (1934 Barmen Declaration, Ruhr River Mouth, Rhine River 10)
Bergisches Land; Barmen Declaration ; GEORGE BELL BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958 ;

Rhur River Mouth (Rhine River 10, Duisburg and Essen)

Kaiserswerth, Germany (Rhur River Mouth, Rhine River 9)
Kaiserswerth, Germany; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated January 3 ;

Kempen, Germany (North Rhine Westphalia, Rhur River)
Kempen, Germany (North Rhine Westphalia) ; THOMAS A KEMPIS, PRIEST, MONK, AND WRITER (24 JULY 1471) ;

Wesel, Germany (Rhine River 10.3)
Wesel, Germany (Rhine River 10.5); England, 1508-1569, Bible Translator and Bishop, Miles Coverdale; WILLIAM TYNDALE and MILES CLOVERDALE, TRANSLATOR OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569);

Rhine River 11 (Arnhem, Netherlands)

Rhine River 12 (Nijmegen)

Rhine River 13 (Utrecht)

Rhine River 14 (Rotterdam and The Hague)

Rhine River Mouth (North Sea)